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49:. Looting typically involves either the illegal exportation of artifacts from their country of origin or the domestic distribution of looted goods. Looting has been linked to the economic and political stability of the possessing nation, with levels of looting increasing during times of crisis, but it has been known to occur during peacetimes and some looters take part in the practice as a means of income, referred to as subsistence looting. However, looting is also endemic in so-called "archaeological countries" like Italy, Greece, Turkey, Cyprus and other areas of the Mediterranean Basin, as well as many areas of Africa, South East Asia and Central and South America, which have a rich heritage of archaeological sites, a large proportion of which are still unknown to formal archaeological science. Many countries have antique looting laws which state that the removal of the cultural object without formal permission is illegal and considered theft. Looting is not only illegal; the practice may also threaten access to
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and by corroborating reports from locals on the ground, and recent technological advancements have enabled the use of software which automatically parses through satellite images applied to digital elevation models (DEMs) to find irregularities consistent with sites of looting. Satellites have also been used effectively to keep an eye on sites where looting has been known to occur. Additional measures of aerial surveillance of archaeological sites, including by drones, helicopters, and airplanes, have seen limited application due to interference imposed by local governments and conflict. Satellite imaging may be effective at detecting locations which have been looted in this visually distinct way, but these techniques are ineffective when applied to other ways in which historic sites can be stolen from or defaced.
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209:. It is the location of a temple built roughly around 2000 BCE, making it one of the oldest archaeological sites in South America. The site has been looted repeatedly, mostly due to low surveillance and resources to protect the site. A study by Lasapornara et al. uses satellite imagery to investigate the extension of the looting.
336:
Illegal excavations leave distinctive pits across the surface of an archaeological site which bear no resemblance to the surface changes made by official, methodological archaeological work. Satellite imaging is one method employed to help identify sites of looting, both by detecting recent lootings
242:
was the
Ottoman Empire's British ambassador. Some say that the 7th Earl of Elgin looted the Marbles, but others say that he received permission from the Ottoman authorities. The Elgin Marbles were removed from Greece and brought to London. The Marbles were bought from the 7th Earl of Elgin by Great
1077:
Lasaponara, Rosa; Leucci, Giovanni; Masini, Nicola; Persico, Raffaele (2014). "Lasaponara, Rosa, et al. "Investigating
Archaeological Looting Using Satellite Images and GEORADAR: the Experience in Lambayeque in North Peru." Journal of Archaeological Science, vol. 42, Feb. 2014, pp. 216–230.,
98:. Many sites are often left unguarded and unmonitored due to a lack of funding, but there has been a recent surge in social media activism that seeks to report and document the loss and damage caused by looters, in an attempt to combat further theft and vandalism.
243:
Britain and they are now displayed in the
British Museum. It is a controversial topic as to who the Elgin Marbles belong to. The Greek government wants the Marbles back because at the time the Marbles were taken to London, Greece was under the control of the
160:
Dura-Europos is an ancient city located in modern-day southeast Syria covering about 140 acres of land. It was built from stone in 256 CE in an early Roman era town. In 1920, it was discovered by
British soldiers while digging trenches during
193:
Christ. The site represents a blend of many different cultural traditions. It is said that 70 percent of the site has been ruined because of looters. Based on images from satellites in 2014, the mud-brick walls have been left cratered.
59:
is a type of archaeological looting. Grave robbing is the illegal removal of bodies from grave sites. Often, grave robbing involves stealing artefacts or personal items within ones burial which may later be sold on the
299:
surrounding
Sarapedon. The vessel also includes a painting of 3 children of Athens preparing for a battle. One popular story for the Euphronios Krater is that the Krater was looted by grave robbers and then sold to
1034:
1155:(2006). "Management and Conservation of Guatemala's Cultural Heritage: A Challenge to Keep History Alive". In Barbara T. Hoffman (ed.). Art and cultural heritage: law, policy, and practice. New York, USA:
85:
revolution has only since exacerbated the problem. Three regions have been especially hit hard since the revolution, with some estimates citing a five hundred percent increase in looting in the sites of
400:
701:"Ancient History, Modern Destruction: Assessing the Status of Syria's Tentative World Heritage Sites Using High-Resolution Satellite Imagery | American Association for the Advancement of Science"
457:
81:'s cultural heritage has been and remains under threat of pillage. Tomb raiders and looters have been attempting to steal from Pharaonic sites since such structures were built, and the 2011
944:
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is said to have purchased the
Euphronios Krater in 1972 for one million dollars. Eventually, the Krater was returned to the Italian Government and the Krater was brought to the
30:
756:
700:
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279:. The vessel was used to mix wine and water. The vessel is said to have been excavated from an Etruscan tomb. The painting on it is an image of
304:
who is an
Italian art dealer who has been convicted of receiving and exporting stolen objects. The Krater is said to have then been sold to
648:"'Looting marks' in space-borne SAR imagery: Measuring rates of archaeological looting in Apamea (Syria) with TerraSAR-X Staring Spotlight"
17:
1164:
488:
888:
34:
A looter's pit (left) at the ancient
Sumerian city of Kish, Iraq. Fragments of pottery (right) are scattered near the pit
1007:
807:"Investigating archaeological looting using satellite images and GEORADAR: the experience in Lambayeque in North Peru"
351:
478:
239:
235:
234:, or Parthenon Marbles are a collection of architecture and sculptures originating from the Parthenon in Athens.
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wants to keep the marbles in London because they claim they are saving the
Marbles from damage despite the
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547:"Archaeological Looting in Egypt: A Geospatial View (Case Studies from Saqqara, Lisht, and el Hibeh)"
123:
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130:, the site has been looted and damaged extensively, as evidenced by satellite imagery of the area.
46:
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The telltale "pockmarks" at a looted site which algorithms can recognize and flag as suspicious
186:
147:
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Ikram, Salima, and Monica Hanna. "Looting and land grabbing: the current situation in Egypt."
480:
The Rape of the Nile: Tomb
Robbers, Tourists, and Archaeologists in Egypt, Revised and Updated
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Parcak, Sarah; Gathings, David; Childs, Chase; Mumford, Greg; Cline, Eric (February 2016).
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in Athens having been built specifically with the protection of these artifacts in mind.
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728:"Church of Dura-Europos · Christian Architecture Through the Middle Ages · Medieval Art"
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of Scotland, the 7th Earl of Elgin removed the Marbles and had them shipped to England.
189:) were found here. It also contains sacred architecture, wall paintings, and the oldest
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445:"Detection of Archaeological Looting from Space: Methods, Achievements and Challenges."
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Lasaponara, Rosa; Leucci, Giovanni; Masini, Nicola; Persico, Raffaele (2014-02-01).
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1122:"Archaeological Site Looting in "Glocal" Perspective: Nature, Scope, and Frequency"
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889:"Why are the Elgin marbles so controversial – and everything else you need to know"
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122:. It is an important archaeological site, with several notable remains such as the
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was a Greco-Roman city with a large acropolis in the western region of modern-day
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275:, is an ancient Greek vessel. It was made around 515 BC in Athens by the artist
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165:. Multiple figures, shrines, and sculptures of various cultures and religions (
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Tapete, Deodato; Cigna, Francesca; Donoghue, Daniel N.M. (2016-06-01).
506:"Satellite evidence of archaeological site looting in Egypt: 2002–2013"
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757:"Via Satellite, Tracking The Plunder Of Middle East Cultural History"
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202:
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Fagan, Brian; Fagan, Professor of Anthropology Brian (2004-09-15).
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is an archaeological site in the Lambayeque region in Northern
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1008:"The Euphronios Krater Controversy | Museum Studies 2015"
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and a sizable Roman theater. In the chaos created by the
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who is an American antiques dealer and then sold to the
45:. Such looting is the major source of artifacts for the
601:"Satellites track heritage loss across Syria and Iraq"
323:
974:"Greece Unveils Museum Meant For 'Stolen' Sculptures"
1035:"Euphronios (Sarpedon) Krater "Trafficking Culture""
921:"Thomas Bruce, 7th earl of Elgin | British diplomat"
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67:
587:Bulletin of the American Research Center in Egypt
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458:"Illicit Antiquities « Trafficking Culture"
267:The Euphronios Krater painting of Sarpedon dying
226:The Elgin Marbles residing in the British Museum
41:is the illicit removal of artifacts from an
27:Theft of artifacts from archaeological sites
1055:"Giacomo Medici « Trafficking Culture"
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945:"How the Parthenon Lost Its Marbles"
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401:"Expedition Magazine - Penn Museum"
324:Detecting looted sites by satellite
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1080:Journal of Archaeological Science
864:"Elgin Marbles | Greek sculpture"
811:Journal of Archaeological Science
352:Archaeological looting in Romania
1078:doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.032".
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347:Archaeological looting in Iraq
273:Euphronios, or Sarpedon Krater
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1:
887:Ward, Victoria (2020-06-18).
652:Remote Sensing of Environment
617:10.1126/science.346.6214.1162
599:Lawler, Andrew (2014-12-05).
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357:Hobby Lobby smuggling scandal
118:, located on the bank of the
951:. 2017-03-28. Archived from
545:Parcak, Sarah (2015-09-01).
7:
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1157:Cambridge University Press
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390:Bowman Proulx 2013, p.111.
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868:Encyclopedia Britannica
213:Controversial artefacts
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1138:10.3764/aja.117.1.0111
732:projects.leadr.msu.edu
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148:Dura-Europos synagogue
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18:Looting of antiquities
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1190:Archaeological theft
1153:Valdés, Juan Antonio
1092:2014JArSc..42..216L
955:on October 11, 2019
823:2014JArSc..42..216L
664:2016RSEnv.178...42T
611:(6214): 1162–1163.
523:10.15184/aqy.2016.1
423:Valdés 2006, p. 98.
318:Villa Giulia Museum
144:Dura-Europos church
43:archaeological site
1159:. pp. 94–99.
589:202 (2013): 34-39.
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191:depiction of Jesus
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47:antiquities market
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953:the original
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787:. 2016-01-07
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236:Thomas Bruce
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134:Dura-Europos
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817:: 216–230.
163:World War I
83:Arab Spring
1184:Categories
1060:2020-08-01
1040:2020-08-01
1017:2020-08-01
984:2022-03-28
959:2020-08-01
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410:2020-08-01
378:References
277:Euphronios
1173:434442795
901:0307-1235
839:0305-4403
682:0034-4257
658:: 42–58.
625:0036-8075
573:1094-2076
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510:Antiquity
362:Art theft
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203:Ventarron
175:Palmyrene
633:25477436
341:See also
297:Thanatos
281:Sarpedon
183:Parthian
171:Sumerian
96:el Hibeh
77:Much of
1195:Looting
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289:Hermes
247:. The
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146:, and
112:Apamea
107:Apamea
94:, and
1134:JSTOR
187:Greek
167:Roman
116:Syria
102:Syria
92:Lisht
79:Egypt
73:Egypt
1169:OCLC
1161:ISBN
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485:ISBN
285:Zeus
271:The
230:The
207:Peru
1141:doi
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1096:doi
978:NPR
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