Long-term effects of alcohol

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below or above this level increases risk, with the risk level of drinking a large amount of alcohol greater than the risk level of abstinence. Other studies have found a dose-response relationship, with lifetime abstention from alcohol being the optimal strategy and more consumption incurring more risk. The studies use different data sets and statistical techniques so cannot be directly compared. Some older studies included former and occasional drinkers in the "abstainers" category, which obscures the benefits of lifetime abstention as former drinkers often are in poor health. However, the J-curve was reconfirmed by studies that took the mentioned confounders into account. Nonetheless, some authors remain suspicious that the apparent health benefits of light alcohol use are in large part due to various selection biases and competing risks. Mendelian randomization studies have been inconsistent regarding the risk curve, with 3 studies finding linear dose-response risks overall and 2 studies finding a J-shape for lipid profiles. The variance in alcohol consumption that is explained by genetics is small, requiring large sample sizes and potentially violating assumptions of the analysis.

606:. This impaired cognitive ability leads to increased failure to carry out an intended task at a later date, for example, forgetting to lock the door or to post a letter on time. The higher the volume of alcohol consumed and the longer consumed, the more severe the impairments. One of the organs most sensitive to the toxic effects of chronic alcohol consumption is the brain. In the United States approximately 20% of admissions to mental health facilities are related to alcohol-related cognitive impairment, most notably alcohol-related dementia. Chronic excessive alcohol intake is also associated with serious cognitive decline and a range of neuropsychiatric complications. The elderly are the most sensitive to the toxic effects of alcohol on the brain. There is some inconclusive evidence that small amounts of alcohol taken in earlier adult life is protective in later life against cognitive decline and dementia. However, a study concluded, "Our findings suggest that, despite previous suggestions, moderate alcohol consumption does not protect older people from cognitive decline." 402:

dissolve clots. These changes were estimated to reduce coronary heart disease risk by about 24%. Another meta-analysis in 2011 found favorable changes in HDL cholesterol, adiponectin, and fibrinogen associated with moderate alcohol consumption. A systematic review based on 16,351 participants showed J-shaped curve for the overall relationship between cardiovascular mortality and alcohol intake. Maximal protective effect was shown with 5–10 g of alcohol consumption per day and the effect was significant up to 26 g/day alcohol consumption. Serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a putative marker of inflammation and predictor of CHD (coronary heart disease) risk, are lower in moderate drinkers than in those who abstain from alcohol, suggesting that alcohol consumption in moderation might have anti-inflammatory effects. Data from one prospective study suggest that, among men with initially low alcohol consumption (</=1 drink per week), a subsequent moderate increase in alcohol consumption may lower their CVD risk.

939:. Compared with alcohol abstainers, the relative risk of gallstone disease, controlling for age, sex, education, smoking, and body mass index, is 0.83 for occasional and regular moderate drinkers (< 25 ml of ethanol per day), 0.67 for intermediate drinkers (25-50 ml per day), and 0.58 for heavy drinkers. This inverse association was consistent across strata of age, sex, and body mass index." Frequency of drinking also appears to be a factor. "An increase in frequency of alcohol consumption also was related to decreased risk. Combining the reports of quantity and frequency of alcohol intake, a consumption pattern that reflected frequent intake (5–7 days/week) of any given amount of alcohol was associated with a decreased risk, as compared with nondrinkers. In contrast, infrequent alcohol intake (1–2 days/week) showed no significant association with risk." 273:. Similarly to alcohol, observational studies for each of these treatments showed significantly reduced risk of coronary heart disease. However, initial randomized trials of these treatments failed to replicate the effect. For HRT, pooling multiple RCTs and stratifying the data by age and time since menopause showed the benefits were limited to treatment soon after menopause. For vitamin E, trials have shown that the benefits are limited to certain populations such as those with diabetes and a specific genotype. For β-carotene, the randomized trials have shown that β-carotene increases CVD risk when supplemented, with all beneficial effects due to other vitamins in foods providing β-carotene. 1062:

explaining the relationship between the two are still unclear; however, several explanations have been suggested. One explanation is the weakening of neutrophil activity by alcohol consumption which potentially leads to bacterial overgrowth and increases bacterial penetration subsequently leading to periodontal inflammation and periodontal disease. Characteristics of the disease include shrinkage of gingival height and increased mobility of teeth which may exfoliate if the disease continues to progress. A patient's consumption of alcohol needs to be monitored to estimate the risk of periodontitis, but further well-designed cohort studies are needed to reaffirm theses results.

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ischemic, whereas non-western cultures have more hemorrhagic stroke. In contrast to the beneficial effect of alcohol on ischemic stroke, consumption of more than two drinks per day increases the risk of hemorrhagic stroke. The National Stroke Association estimates this higher amount of alcohol increases stroke risk by 50%. "For stroke, the observed relationship between alcohol consumption and risk in a given population depends on the proportion of strokes that are hemorrhagic. Light-to-moderate alcohol intake is associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke which is likely to be, in part, causal. Hemorrhagic stroke, on the other hand, displays a

159: 540:. At present, due to poor study design and methodology, the literature is inconclusive on whether moderate alcohol consumption increases the risk of dementia or decreases it. Evidence for a protective effect of low to moderate alcohol consumption on age-related cognitive decline and dementia has been suggested by some research; however, other research has not found a protective effect of low to moderate alcohol consumption. Some evidence suggests that low to moderate alcohol consumption may speed up brain volume loss. Chronic consumption of alcohol may result in increased plasma levels of the toxic amino acid 769:). Evidence that the mental health disorders are often induced by alcohol misuse via distortion of brain neurochemistry is indicated by the improvement or disappearance of symptoms that occurs after prolonged abstinence, although problems may worsen in early withdrawal and recovery periods. Psychosis is secondary to several alcohol-related conditions including acute intoxication and withdrawal after significant exposure. Chronic alcohol misuse can cause psychotic type symptoms to develop, more so than with other illicit substances. Alcohol misuse has been shown to cause an 800% increased risk of 379:(CDC) report, "From 2001–2005, there were approximately 79,000 deaths annually attributable to excessive alcohol use. In fact, excessive alcohol use is the 3rd leading lifestyle-related cause of death for people in the United States each year." A 1993 study estimated US deaths through alcohol at 100,000. Another CDC report from 2001 estimated that medium and high consumption of alcohol led to 75,754 deaths in the United States in 2001. Low consumption of alcohol had some beneficial effects, so a net 59,180 deaths were attributed to alcohol. 281:, with industry participation in the wording of messages and warnings. The debate is not purely scientific, with groups such as ISFAR critiquing anti-alcohol studies as distorting the evidence, scientists in turn accusing these groups of bias due to industry funding, and members of the groups responding that these are false and misleading assertions. Studies with industry funding find less risk of stroke, and industry-linked systematic reviews consistently find cardioprotective effects, compared to 54% of reviews with no associations. 1049:

carcinogen within the oral cavity are currently not fully understood. It is thought to be a multifactorial disease which then gives rise to a cancerous lesion. Many theories have become apparent in research, including alcohol being responsible for high estrogen and androgen levels, specifically in women, which may facilitate the alcohol-related immunodeficiency and/or immunosuppression that causes carcinogenesis. Therefore, immediate cessation of the habit of alcohol consumption can aid in decreasing the risk of oral cancer.

927:, with a favorable influence on lipids, waist circumference, and fasting insulin. This association was strongest among whites and among beer and wine drinkers." Similarly, a national survey conducted in Korea reported a J-curve association between alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome: "The results of the present study suggest that the metabolic syndrome is negatively associated with light alcohol consumption (1–15 g alcohol/d) in Korean adults," but risk increased at higher alcohol consumption. 12610: 339:

heavy drinking on breast cancer mortality. Other studies have found that alcohol increases breast cancer risk. The study used 43,802 deaths linked to alcohol or tobacco but only 5475 other deaths as controls. Competing causes of death might have confounded the results through a lack of data on other risk factors. For example, the study may have attributed a death to alcohol-related causes, even when a woman was diagnosed with terminal breast cancer.

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programs. The economic cost was mostly borne by individuals between 30 and 49 years old. In another study conducted with data from eight European countries, 77% of alcohol dependent patients had psychiatric and somatic co-morbidity, which in turn increased systematic healthcare and economic cost. Alcohol consumption can also affect the immune system and produce complications in people with HIV, pneumonia, and tuberculosis.

294:

2016 was approximately 40 grams of ethanol per day. 1.03 billion males (35.1% of the male population aged ≥15 years, ~2/3 of male drinkers) and 312 million females (10.5% of the female population aged ≥15 years, ~1/3 of female drinkers) consumed harmful amounts of alcohol. The proportion of the population consuming harmful amounts of alcohol has stayed at approximately the same level over the past three decades.

1045:

alcohol dissolves the lipid component of epithelium and increases the permeability, amplifying the toxicity of carcinogenic components of tobacco. Limiting the overall consumption of the two has shown to reduce the risk of OSCC by three-fourth. The knowledge provided is useful for better understanding the differences in the effect of the combined consumption of alcohol and tobacco, in the development of OSCC.

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involved in accidents, and more likely to benefit from alcohol's cardiovascular effects. Taking the lower bound of the confidence intervals, the GBD 2020 study suggests that people do not need to drink until age 25, and in many regions, the study did not find any significant benefit for drinking over abstinence even as late as ages 45 or 60. Other studies have found similar patterns.

1451:. Insecure attachment contributes to trust and bonding issues with intimate partners and offspring. In addition, prior parental emotional unavailability contributes to poor conflict resolution skills in adult relationships. Evidence shows a correlation between alcoholic fathers who display harsh and ineffective parenting practices with adolescent and adult alcohol dependence. 1197:

consuming 22 g/day alcohol and became deleterious at just over 60 g/day alcohol. Among women, consumption of 24 g/day alcohol was most protective, and became deleterious at about 50 g/day alcohol. A systematic review on intervention studies in women also supported this finding. It reported that alcohol consumption in moderation improved insulin sensitivity among women.

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ethanol, plays a role in the carcinogenesis of alcohol in oral cancer. Acetaldehyde, has been found to increase when in the salivary medium after an alcoholic beverage has been consumed and could possibly occur with alcohol-based mouthwashes as well, posing as a possible risk factor for oral cancer. However, more research must be conducted regarding these theories.

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5-20 times greater. About 15 percent of alcoholics commit suicide, the most common methods being overdosing and cutting/scratching. There are high rates of suicide attempts, self-harm, suicidal ideation, and self-harm ideation in people with substance dependence who have been hospitalized. Use of other illicit drugs is also associated with an increased risk of

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Female binge drinkers have higher absenteeism by 0.4–0.9 days. Premature mortality is another large contributor to indirect costs of alcohol dependence. In 2004, 3.8% of global deaths were attributable to alcohol (6.3% for men and 1.1% for women). Those under 60 years old have much higher prevalence in global deaths attributable to alcohol at 5.3%.

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of alcohol consumption was still associated with some elevated risk for squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus (sRR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.09 to 1.56), oropharyngeal cancer (sRR, 1.17; 95% CI, 1.06 to 1.29), and breast cancer (sRR, 1.05; 95% CI, 1.02 to 1.08), but no discernable associations were seen for cancers of the colorectum, larynx, and liver.

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cirrhosis and liver cancer would rank between malaria (#19) and refractive errors (#20), and all alcohol-attributed DALYs would rank between stroke (#3) and lower respiratory infections (#4). Similarly the number of alcohol-attributed deaths would rank between chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (#3) and lower respiratory infections (#4).

1458:. Further, because children learn their bonding behaviors from watching their parents' interactions, daughters of alcoholic fathers may be unable to interact appropriately with men when they reach adulthood. Poor behavior modeling by alcoholic parents contributes to inadequate understanding of how to engage in opposite gender interactions. 150:. However, these are only observational studies and high-quality evidence for the beneficial effects of alcohol is nonexistent. Alcohol does have psychosocial benefits such as stress reduction, mood elevation, increased sociability, and relaxation, but it is unclear if these outweigh the confirmed increase in the risk of cancer. 1385:, a metabolic product of alcohol, is suspected to promote cancer. Typically the liver eliminates 99% of acetaldehyde produced. However, liver disease and certain genetic enzyme deficiencies result in high acetaldehyde levels. Heavy drinkers who are exposed to high acetaldehyde levels due to a genetic defect in 439:. A review of the literature found that half a drink of alcohol offered the best level of protection. However, they noted that at present there have been no randomised trials to confirm the evidence which suggests a protective role of low doses of alcohol against heart attacks. There is an increased risk of 9975:

Clearly, the greatest cancer risks are concentrated in the heavy and moderate drinker categories. Nevertheless, some cancer risk persists even at low levels of consumption. A meta-analysis that focused solely on cancer risks associated with drinking one drink or fewer per day observed that this level

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Stockwell, Tim; Zhao, Jinhui; Clay, James; Levesque, Christine; Sanger, Nitika; Sherk, Adam; Naimi, Timothy (30 January 2024). "Why do only some cohort studies find health benefits from low volume alcohol use? A systematic review and meta-analysis of study characteristics that may bias mortality risk

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There is currently no consistent approach to measuring the economic impact of alcohol consumption. The economic burden such as direct, indirect, and intangible cost of diseases can be estimated through cost-of-illness studies. Direct costs are estimated through prevalence and incidence studies, while

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The researchers noted that moderate alcohol consumption also reduces the risk of other inflammatory processes such as cardiovascular disease. Some of the biological mechanisms by which ethanol reduces the risk of destructive arthritis and prevents the loss of bone mineral density (BMD), which is part

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Kingdom "advice on weekly consumption is avoided". A twenty-year twin study from Finland reported that moderate alcohol consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes in men and women. However, binge drinking and high alcohol consumption was found to increase the risk of type 2 diabetes in women.

1200:

The way in which alcohol is consumed (i.e., with meals or binge drinking) affects various health outcomes. It may be the case that the risk of diabetes associated with heavy alcohol consumption is due to consumption mainly on the weekend as opposed to the same amount spread over a week. In the United

1052:

Alcohol-based mouthwashes used to be very common and can still be purchased for use today. Correlation in the presence of alcohol in mouthwashes with development of oral and pharyngeal cancer is unknown due to lack of evidence. However, it has been suggested that acetaldehyde, the first metabolite of

857:

The effect on depression and returning to drinking among individuals with alcohol dependence has always been controversial. Studies show that after doing a study on men and women hospitalized for alcohol dependence the likelihood of returning to drinking with depression is extremely high. A diagnosis

355:

A governmental report from Britain has found that "There were 8,724 alcohol-related deaths in 2007, lower than 2006, but more than double the 4,144 recorded in 1991. The alcohol-related death rate was 13.3 per 100,000 population in 2007, compared with 6.9 per 100,000 population in 1991." In Scotland,

306:

Research of Western cultures has consistently shown increased survival associated with light to moderate alcohol consumption. Australasia and Europe are also the locations with the highest levels of harmful alcohol consumption. Researchers have investigated cultures with different alcohol consumption

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Considered as a treatment for cardiovascular disease, alcohol is addictive, has greater risk of adverse effects, and is less effective than other interventions such as heart medications, exercise, or good nutrition. The available evidence is in agreement that current drinking levels are too high. The

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Jarl, Johan; Johansson, Pia; Eriksson, Antonina; Eriksson, Mimmi; Gerdtham, Ulf-G.; Hemström, Orjan; Selin, Klara Hradilova; Lenke, Leif; Ramstedt, Mats (November 2008). "The societal cost of alcohol consumption: an estimation of the economic and human cost including health effects in Sweden, 2002".

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and combining the GBD 2016 and GBD 2020 analyses based on the statement that "Since 1990, the global proportion of drinkers consuming alcohol in excess of the NDE has not changed significantly." For example, GBD 2016 states there were 1.5 billion male current drinkers in 2016, WorldBank states there

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have been found to be at greater risk of developing cancers of the upper gastrointestinal tract and liver. A review in 2007 found "convincing evidence that acetaldehyde... is responsible for the carcinogenic effect of ethanol... owing to its multiple mutagenic effects on DNA." Acetaldehyde can react

1044:

The consumption of alcohol alone is not associated with an increased risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC); however, the synergistic consumption of alcohol and tobacco is positively associated with the occurrence of (OSCC), and significantly increases an individual's risk. Studies confirm that

359:

A UK report came to the result that the effects of low-to-moderate alcohol consumption on mortality are age-dependent. Low-to-moderate alcohol use increases the risk of death for individuals aged 16–34 (due to increased risk of cancers, accidents, liver disease, and other factors), but decreases the

323:

A large study of 4465 subjects in India confirmed the possible harm of alcohol consumption on coronary risk in men. Compared to lifetime abstainers, alcohol users had higher blood sugar (2 mg/dl), blood pressure (2 mm Hg) levels, and the HDL-C levels (2 mg/dl) and significantly higher

3827:

Joshi, Prashant; Islam, Shofiqul; Pais, Prem; Reddy, Srinath; Dorairaj, Prabhakaran; Kazmi, Khawar; Pandey, Mrigendra Raj; Haque, Sirajul; Mendis, Shanthi; Rangarajan, Sumathy; Yusuf, Salim (17 January 2007). "Risk Factors for Early Myocardial Infarction in South Asians Compared With Individuals in

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Alcohol consumption is associated with a higher risk of periodontitis, an inflammatory disease of the gums around the teeth. There was also found to be a dose-response relationship in which the risk of periodontitis increased by 0.4% for each additional gram of daily alcohol consumption. Mechanisms

293:

Globally, assuming the J-shaped curve is correct, the age-standardised, both-sexes consumption that minimizes risk is about 5 grams of ethanol per day, and an average individual would cause themselves harm by drinking more than 17 grams per day. However, the average intake among current drinkers in

658:

Ethanol is known to activate aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) and inhibit N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptors, which are both implicated in essential tremor pathology and could underlie the ameliorative effects. Additionally, the effects of ethanol have been studied in different animal

338:

A study by Zaridze et al. found that "excessive alcohol consumption in Russia, particularly by men, has in recent years caused more than half of all the deaths at ages 15–54 years." However, there are some difficulties with this study. For instance, the same study also found a protective effect of

1490:

In general, indirect costs such as premature mortality due to alcohol dependence, loss of productivity due to absenteeism and presenteeism, and cost of property damage and enforcement, far exceed the direct health care and law enforcement costs. Aggregating the economic cost from all sources, the

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and is implicated in the drug-seeking behavior expressed nearly universally across all documented addiction syndromes. This long-term dysregulation of glutamate transmission is associated with an increase in vulnerability to both relapse-events after re-exposure to drug-use triggers as well as an

714:

rate. A study of people hospitalized for suicide attempts found that those who were alcoholics were 75 times more likely to go on to successfully commit suicide than non-alcoholic suicide attempts. In the general alcoholic population the increased risk of suicide compared to the general public is

709:

occur in heavy drinkers. Whether it is more true that major depressive disorder causes self-medicating alcohol use, or the increased incidence of the disorder in people with an alcohol use disorder is caused by the drinking, is not known though some evidence suggests drinking causes the disorder.

297:

Estimates of the worldwide number of deaths per year caused by alcohol vary. The GBD 2016 study estimated 2.8 million, while the GBD 2020 study estimated 1.78 million. The WHO estimates 3 million deaths per year from harmful use of alcohol, representing 5.3% of all deaths across the globe. All of

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Indirect costs due to alcohol dependence are significant. The biggest indirect cost comes from lost productivity, followed by premature mortality. Men with alcohol dependence in the U.S. have lower labor force participation by 2.5%, lower earnings by 5.0%, and higher absenteeism by 0.5–1.2 days.

1030:

Alcohol affects the nutritional state of chronic drinkers. It can decrease food consumption and lead to malabsorption. It can also create imbalances in skeletal muscle mass and cause muscle wasting. Chronic consumption of alcohol can also increase the breakdown of important proteins in the body

314:

which may result in violence or traffic accidents. It is less risky and potentially more beneficial for an older individual to consume a given amount of alcohol, compared to a similar younger individual, as they are less likely to develop cancer during their remaining lifespan, less likely to be

249:

The level of ethanol consumption that minimizes the risk of disease, injury, and death is subject to some controversy. Several studies have found a J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and health, meaning that risk is minimized at a certain (non-zero) consumption level, and drinking

145:

Conversely, light intake of alcohol may have some beneficial effects. The association of alcohol intake with reduced cardiovascular risk has been noted since 1904 and remains even after adjusting for known confounders. Light alcohol intake is also associated with reduced risk of type 2 diabetes,

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has a far reaching impact on health outcomes. A study conducted in Germany in 2016 found the economic burden for those dependent on alcohol was 50% higher than those who were not. In the study, over half of the economic cost was due to lost productivity, and only 6% was due to alcohol treatment

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in men and a 300% increased risk of psychotic disorders in women which are not related to pre-existing psychiatric disorders. This is significantly higher than the increased risk of psychotic disorders seen from cannabis use making alcohol misuse a very significant cause of psychotic disorders.

571:

Epidemiological studies of middle-aged populations generally find the relationship between alcohol intake and the risk of stroke to be either U- or J-shaped. There may be very different effects of alcohol based on the type of stroke studied. The predominant form of stroke in Western cultures is

1461:

Sons of alcoholics are at risk for poor self-regulation that is often displayed in the preschool years. This leads to blaming others for behavioral problems and difficulties with impulse control. Poor decision-making correlates to early alcohol use, especially in sons of alcoholics. Sons often

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in postmenopausal women. "...Alcohol consumption significantly decreased the likelihood ." "Moderate alcohol intake was associated with higher BMD in postmenopausal elderly women." "Social drinking is associated with higher bone mineral density in men and women ." However, heavy alcohol use is

401:

is lower among moderate drinkers than abstainers. A meta-analysis of randomized trials found that alcohol consumption in moderation decreases serum levels of fibrinogen, a protein that promotes clot formation, while it increases levels of tissue type plasminogen activator, an enzyme that helps

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attributes 5.1% of the global burden of disease and injury to alcohol, as measured in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). The WHO does not list alcohol in its 2019 list of the top 20 leading causes of DALYs, but alcohol use disorder would rank around #39, combining AUD with alcohol-related

410:

A prospective study published in 1997 found "moderate alcohol consumption appears to decrease the risk of PAD in apparently healthy men." In a large population-based study, moderate alcohol consumption was inversely associated with peripheral arterial disease in women but not in men. But when

276:

In light of the conflicting evidence, many have cautioned against recommendations for the use of alcohol for health benefits. At a symposium in 1997, Peter Anderson labeled such alcohol promotion as "ridiculous and dangerous". It has been argued that the health benefits from alcohol have been

1439:

Children raised in alcoholic families have the potential to suffer emotional distress as they move into their own committed relationships. These children are at a higher risk for divorce and separation, unstable marital conditions and fractured families. Feelings of depression and antisocial

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A meta-analysis determined the dose-response relationships by sex and end point using lifetime abstainers as the reference group. A U-shaped relationship was found for both sexes. Compared with lifetime abstainers, the relative risk (RR) for type 2 diabetes among men was most protective when

1048:

Alcohol consumption has frequently been associated with an increased risk of oral cancer in current literature. Studies have found that people that consume alcohol were two times more likely to develop oral cancer in comparison to people who did not. The mechanisms in which alcohol acts as a

1306:

A study on the common cold found that "Greater numbers of alcoholic drinks (up to three or four per day) were associated with decreased risk for developing colds because drinking was associated with decreased illness following infection. However, the benefits of drinking occurred only among

324:

tobacco use (63% vs. 21%). Asian Indians who consume alcohol had a 60% higher risk of heart attack which was greater with local spirits (80%) than branded spirits (50%). The harm was observed in alcohol users classified as occasional as well as regular light, moderate, and heavy consumers.

1355:

It was estimated in 2006 that "3.6% of all cancer cases worldwide are related to alcohol drinking, resulting in 3.5% of all cancer deaths." A European study from 2011 found that one in 10 of all cancers in men and one in 33 in women were caused by past or current alcohol intake. The

1217:. Two recent studies report that the more alcohol consumed, the lower the risk of developing rheumatoid arthritis. Among those who drank regularly, the one-quarter who drank the most were up to 50% less likely to develop the disease compared to the half who drank the least. 1224:

A study concluded, "Alcohol either protects from RA or, subjects with RA curtail their drinking after the manifestation of RA". Another study found, "Postmenopausal women who averaged more than 14 alcoholic drinks per week had a reduced risk of rheumatoid arthritis..."

1446:

often incorporate behaviors learned as children into their marital relationships. These behaviors lead to poor parenting practices. For example, adult children of alcoholics may simultaneously express love and rejection toward a child or spouse. This is known as

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impact can range from 0.45 to 5.44% of a country's gross domestic product (GDP). The wide range is due to inconsistency in measurement of economic burden, as researchers in some studies attributed possible positive effects from long term alcohol consumption.

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Tjønneland, A.; Christensen, J.; Olsen, A.; Stripp, C.; Thomsen, BL.; Overvad, K.; Peeters, PH.; van Gils, CH.; et al. (May 2007). "Alcohol intake and breast cancer risk: the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)".

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Rehm, Jürgen; Mathers, Colin; Popova, Svetlana; Thavorncharoensap, Montarat; Teerawattananon, Yot; Patra, Jayadeep (2009-06-27). "Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders".

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Stockwell, Tim; Chikritzhs, Tanya; Naimi, Timothy; Zhao, Jinhui (September 2016). "ISFAR Doth Protest Too Much: Another Attempt From Industry Sympathizers to Marginalize Scientific Skepticism About Alcohol's Hypothesized Health Benefits?".

822:. It was noted that every individual has an individual sensitivity level to alcohol or sedative hypnotic drugs and what one person can tolerate without ill health another will have very ill health and that even moderate drinking can cause 594:. Alcohol related brain damage is not only due to the direct toxic effects of alcohol; alcohol withdrawal, nutritional deficiency, electrolyte disturbances, and liver damage are also believed to contribute to alcohol-related brain damage. 6291:

Chignon JM, Cortes MJ, Martin P, Chabannes JP (1998). "Tentative de suicide et dépendance alcoolique : résultats d'une enquête épidémiologique" [Attempted suicide and alcohol dependence: results of an epidemiologic survey].

3683:

Roy, A.; Prabhakaran, D.; Jeemon, P.; Thankappan, K.R.; Mohan, V.; Ramakrishnan, L.; Joshi, P.; Ahmed, F.; Mohan, B.V.; Saran, R.K.; Sinha, N.; Reddy, K.S. (26 February 2010). "Impact of alcohol on coronary heart disease in Indian men".

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method, the demographic method, and the friction cost method. However, it is difficult to accurately measure the economic impact due to differences in methodologies, cost items related to alcohol consumption, and measurement techniques.

942:

A large self-reported study published in 1998 found no correlation between gallbladder disease and multiple factors including smoking, alcohol consumption, hypertension, and coffee consumption. A retrospective study from 1997 found

459:

of alcohol are taken per day. A systematic review reported that reducing alcohol intake lowers blood pressure in a dose-dependent manner in heavy drinkers. For people who drank two or fewer drinks per day, no difference was found.

9385:

Siris ES, Miller PD, Barrett-Connor E, et al. (December 2001). "Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment".

3563:

Di Castelnuovo A, Costanzo S, Bagnardi V, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G. Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies. Arch Intern Med. 2006 Dec 11–25;166(22)

1310:

Another study concluded, "Findings suggest that wine intake, especially red wine, may have a protective effect against common cold. Beer, spirits, and total alcohol intakes do not seem to affect the incidence of common cold."

797:

initially helps social phobia or panic symptoms, with longer term alcohol misuse can often worsen social phobia symptoms and can cause panic disorder to develop or worsen, during alcohol intoxication and especially during the

298:

these numbers are net deaths, subtracting deaths prevented from deaths caused. Stockwell argues that alcohol may not prevent any deaths and guesses that as many as 6 million deaths may be caused by alcohol. Besides this, the

5107:

Panza, F.; Capurso, C.; D'Introno, A.; Colacicco, AM.; Frisardi, V.; Lorusso, M.; Santamato, A.; Seripa, D.; et al. (May 2009). "Alcohol drinking, cognitive functions in older age, predementia, and dementia syndromes".

3125:"Vested interests in addiction research and policy. Why do we not see the corporate interests of the alcohol industry as clearly as we see those of the tobacco industry?: Alcohol corporate interests compared with tobacco" 122:) can occur from chronic heavy alcohol consumption. There is also an increased risk for accidental injuries, for example, those sustained in traffic accidents and falls. Excessive alcohol consumption can have a negative 2892:

El Khoudary, Samar R.; Aggarwal, Brooke; Beckie, Theresa M.; Hodis, Howard N.; Johnson, Amber E.; Langer, Robert D.; Limacher, Marian C.; Manson, JoAnn E.; Stefanick, Marcia L.; Allison, Matthew A. (22 December 2020).

1075:

Chronic alcohol ingestion can impair multiple critical cellular functions in the lungs. These cellular impairments can lead to increased susceptibility to serious complications from lung disease. Recent research cites

756:

in children. Depression, anxiety and panic disorder are disorders commonly reported by alcohol dependent people. Alcoholism is associated with dampened activation in brain networks responsible for emotional processing

790:. The effects of an alcohol-related psychosis include an increased risk of depression and suicide as well as psychosocial impairments. However, moderate wine drinking has been shown to lower the risk for depression. 356:

the NHS estimate that in 2003 one in every 20 deaths could be attributed to alcohol. A 2009 report noted that the death rate from alcohol-related disease was 9,000, a number three times that of 25 years previously.

5348:

Wilhelm J, Bayerlein K, Hillemacher T, et al. (March 2006). "Short-term cognition deficits during early alcohol withdrawal are associated with elevated plasma homocysteine levels in patients with alcoholism".

7297:

Simon JA, Grady D, Snabes MC, Fong J, Hunninghake DB (March 1998). "Ascorbic acid supplement use and the prevalence of gallbladder disease. Heart & Estrogen-Progestin Replacement Study (HERS) Research Group".

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confounding by smoking was considered, the benefit extended to men. The study concluded "an inverse association between alcohol consumption and peripheral arterial disease was found in nonsmoking men and women."

11172: 655:—or, in the case of essential tremors on a background of family history of essential tremors, familial tremors—can be temporarily relieved in up to two-thirds of patients by drinking small amounts of alcohol. 2265:

Di Castelnuovo, A.; Costanzo, S.; Bagnardi, V.; Donati, MB.; Iacoviello, L.; de Gaetano, G. (2006). "Alcohol dosing and total mortality in men and women: an updated meta-analysis of 34 prospective studies".

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van de Luitgaarden, IAT; van Oort, S; Bouman, EJ; Schoonmade, LJ; Schrieks, IC; Grobbee, DE; van der Schouw, YT; Larsson, SC; Burgess, S; van Ballegooijen, AJ; Onland-Moret, NC; Beulens, JWJ (July 2022).

1281:

A 2010 study concluded, "Nonlight beer intake is associated with an increased risk of developing psoriasis among women. Other alcoholic beverages did not increase the risk of psoriasis in this study."

261:

cancelled it in 2018 due to irregular interactions by the program staff with the alcohol industry. A trial in Spain is expected to complete in 2028. Fekjær compares the present situation to those of

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syndromes and sleep disorders. A person who is experiencing the toxic effects of alcohol will not benefit from other therapies or medications as they do not address the root cause of the symptoms.

5392:

Di Castelnuovo, A.; Costanzo, S.; di Giuseppe, R.; de Gaetano, G.; Iacoviello, L. (Sep 2009). "Alcohol consumption and cardiovascular risk: mechanisms of action and epidemiologic perspectives".

2814: 544:; which may explain alcohol withdrawal seizures, alcohol-induced brain atrophy and alcohol-related cognitive disturbances. Alcohol's impact on the nervous system can also include disruptions of 13533: 4516:

Mingardi R, Avogaro A, Noventa F, et al. (1997). "Alcohol intake is no longer associated with a lower prevalence of peripheral vascular disease in non-insulin dependent diabetic women".

8561:

Emanuele, MA; Halloran, MM; Uddin, S; Tentler, JJ; Emanuele, NV; Lawrence, AM; Kelly, MR (1993). "The effects of alcohol on the neuroendocrine control of reproduction". In Zakhari, S (ed.).

1440:

behaviors experienced in early childhood frequently contribute to marital conflict and domestic violence. Women are more likely than men to be victims of alcohol-related domestic violence.

1364:

finds the evidence "convincing" that alcoholic drinks increase the risk of the following cancers: mouth, pharynx and larynx, oesophagus, colorectum (men), breast (pre- and postmenopause).

13129: 7948: 6143:

Iseri, P. K.; Karson, A.; Gullu, K. M.; Akman, O.; Kokturk, S.; Yardýmoglu, M.; Erturk, S.; Ates, N. (2011). "The effect of memantine in harmaline-induced tremor and neurodegeneration".

253:

As one reviewer noted, "Despite the wealth of observational data, it is not absolutely clear that alcohol reduces risk, because no randomized controlled trials have been performed." The

2012: 9923:

World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington DC: AICR, 2007

1307:

nonsmokers. ... Although alcohol consumption did not influence risk of clinical illness for smokers, moderate alcohol consumption was associated with decreased risk for nonsmokers."

1125:

Men's sexual behaviors can be affected dramatically by high alcohol consumption. Both chronic and acute alcohol consumption have been shown in most studies (but not all) to inhibit

10959:

Thavorncharoensap, Montarat; Teerawattananon, Yot; Yothasamut, Jomkwan; Lertpitakpong, Chanida; Thitiboonsuwan, Khannika; Neramitpitagkul, Prapag; Chaikledkaew, Usa (2010-06-09).

774:

Approximately 3 percent of people who are alcohol dependent experience psychosis during acute intoxication or withdrawal. Alcohol-related psychosis may manifest itself through a

7104:"Alcohol consumption and the prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in the US.: a cross-sectional analysis of data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" 1390:

with DNA to create DNA adducts including the Cr-PdG adduct. This Cr-PdG adduct "is likely to play a central role in the mechanism of alcoholic beverage related carcinogenesis."

786:

deficiency. It is possible in some cases that excessive alcohol use, via a kindling mechanism, can cause the development of a chronic substance-induced psychotic disorder, i.e.

4380:

Sesso HD, Stampfer MJ, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Manson JE, Gaziano JM (2000). "Seven-Year Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Subsequent Risk of Cardiovascular Disease in Men".

962:

is a major public health problem. For example, in the United States up to two million people have alcohol-related liver disorders. Chronic heavy alcohol consumption can cause

347:

The landmark INTERHEART Study has revealed that alcohol consumption in South Asians was not protective against CAD in sharp contrast to other populations who benefit from it.

9988:

Garaycoechea, Juan I.; Crossan, Gerry P.; Langevin, Frédéric; Mulderrig, Lee; Louzada, Sandra; Yang, Fentang; Guilbaud, Guillaume; Park, Naomi; Roerink, Sophie (2018-01-03).

7221:

Leitzmann MF, Giovannucci EL, Stampfer MJ, et al. (May 1999). "Prospective study of alcohol consumption patterns in relation to symptomatic gallstone disease in men".

806:, which are sometimes prescribed as tranquilizers to people with alcohol problems. Approximately half of patients attending mental health services for conditions including 4219:

Costanzo S, Di Castelnuovo A, Donati MB, Iacoviello L, de Gaetano G (2010). "Alcohol consumption and mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease: a meta-analysis".

3319:

Conibear, Helena (August 2014). "Response to Babor & Miller Editorial 'McCarthyism, conflict of interest and Addiction's new transparency declaration procedures'".

974:. Treatment options are limited and consist of most importantly discontinuing alcohol consumption. In cases of severe liver disease, the only treatment option may be a 8417:"Effects of acute alcohol intoxication on pituitary-gonadal axis hormones, pituitary-adrenal axis hormones, beta-endorphin and prolactin in human adults of both sexes" 6037:

Boecker H, Wills AJ, Ceballos-Baumann A, et al. (May 1996). "The effect of ethanol on alcohol-responsive essential tremor: a positron emission tomography study".

5227:

Bleich S, Carl M, Bayerlein K, et al. (March 2005). "Evidence of increased homocysteine levels in alcoholism: the Franconian alcoholism research studies (FARS)".

31:

consumption on health vary depending on the amount consumed. Even light drinking poses health risks, but atypically small amounts of alcohol may have health benefits.

1559:

were 3,770,341,364 males and 1,018,695,045 males under 15, and we can assume based on GBD 2020 that 35.1% of males 15+ were drinking harmful amounts, so we calculate

1543: 1337:, stating "There is sufficient evidence for the carcinogenicity of alcoholic beverages in humans.... Alcoholic beverages are carcinogenic to humans (Group 1)." The 12021: 4172:"Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies" 3222:

Stockley, Creina S.; Hendriks, Henk F.J.; Ellison, R. Curtis (12 December 2023). "ISFAR reiterates its defence of moderate alcohol consumption's health benefits".

2778:

DeJong, William (29 December 2021). "The Moderate Alcohol and Cardiovascular Health Trial: Public health advocates should support good science, not undermine it".

3528: 1868:

In fact, alcohol consumption is known to increase the risk of several cancers, including head and neck, esophageal, liver, colorectal and female breast cancers.

7680:

Mello, Fernanda Weber; Melo, Gilberto; Pasetto, Júlia Jacoby; Silva, Carolina Amália Barcellos; Warnakulasuriya, Saman; Rivero, Elena Riet Correa (July 2019).

5305:

Bleich S, Bandelow B, Javaheripour K, et al. (January 2003). "Hyperhomocysteinemia as a new risk factor for brain shrinkage in patients with alcoholism".

3356:"Has industry funding biased studies of the protective effects of alcohol on cardiovascular disease? A preliminary investigation of prospective cohort studies" 3196: 2895:"Menopause Transition and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Implications for Timing of Early Prevention: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association" 7258:"Body mass index, cigarette smoking, and other characteristics as predictors of self-reported, physician-diagnosed gallbladder disease in male college alumni" 126:. The developing adolescent brain is particularly vulnerable to the toxic effects of alcohol. In addition, the developing fetal brain is also vulnerable, and 8497: 7052: 5143:

Verbaten, MN. (Apr 2009). "Chronic effects of low to moderate alcohol consumption on structural and functional properties of the brain: beneficial or not?".

1338: 858:

of major depression at entry into an inpatient treatment for alcohol dependence showed shorter times to first drink and also relapse in both women and men.

13097: 12646: 11274: 3914: 1621:"Population-level risks of alcohol consumption by amount, geography, age, sex, and year: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2020" 9358:

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11945: 3483: 1852: 1977:

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5262:

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4078:

Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Havlik RJ, et al. (1996). "Alcohol consumption and risk of deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism in older persons".

1687: 994:

in the Western world, accounting for 32-45% of hepatic cancers. Up to half a million people in the United States develop alcohol-related liver cancer.

3088:

Naimi TS, Brown DW, Brewer RD, et al. (2005). "Cardiovascular risk factors and confounders among nondrinking and moderate-drinking U.S. adults".

2864:"UNATI - A non-inferiority randomized trial testing an advice of moderate drinking pattern versus advice on abstention on major disease and mortality" 802:. This effect is not unique to alcohol but can also occur with long-term use of drugs which have a similar mechanism of action to alcohol such as the 11950: 11355: 9518:

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6668:

Cosci F; Schruers KR; Abrams K; Griez EJ (June 2007). "Alcohol use disorders and panic disorder: a review of the evidence of a direct relationship".

4627:

Mukamal KJ, Maclure M, Muller JE, Sherwood JB, Mittleman MA (2001). "Prior alcohol consumption and mortality following acute myocardial infarction".

2575:

Arriola, L.; Martinez-Camblor, P.; Larrañaga, N.; Basterretxea, M.; Amiano, P.; Moreno-Iribas, C.; Carracedo, R.; Agudo, A.; Ardanaz, E. (Jan 2010).

842:

overall increase in the likelihood of developing addiction to other reinforcing drugs. Drugs which help to re-stabilize the glutamate system such as

7990: 4337:

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3576:"Risk thresholds for alcohol consumption: combined analysis of individual-participant data for 599 912 current drinkers in 83 prospective studies" 12332: 11894: 1668: 9941:

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8526: 8460: 951:) supplement use in drinkers was associated with a lower prevalence of gallbladder disease, but this association was not seen in non-drinkers. 923:

A national survey (NHANES) conducted in the U.S. concluded, "Mild to moderate alcohol consumption is associated with a lower prevalence of the

685:. Stopping chronic alcohol misuse can also lead to profound disturbances of sleep with vivid dreams. Chronic alcohol misuse is associated with 285:

World Health Organization has emphasized the need to revise alcohol control policies worldwide in order to reduce overall alcohol consumption.

7183: 4029: 644:", intravenous fluid containers containing vitamins and minerals (bright yellow due to the vitamins), can be used to mitigate these outcomes. 9786: 3546: 2070:"The effect of alcohol consumption on insulin sensitivity and glycemic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis of intervention studies" 10195:

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4584:

Muntwyler J, Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Gaziano JM (1998). "Mortality and light to moderate alcohol consumption after myocardial infarction".

3163: 888:

The impact of alcohol on weight-gain is contentious: some studies find no effect, others find decreased or increased effect on weight gain.

11236: 6910:

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2306:"Do "Moderate" Drinkers Have Reduced Mortality Risk? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Alcohol Consumption and All-Cause Mortality" 13326: 13196: 9766: 1586: 1326: 5912:

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ratio both in the liver and the testes; since the synthesis of testosterone requires NAD, this tends to reduce testosterone production.

12535: 12105: 4416: 4014: 1691: 376: 10517:

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8495:

Mendelson, JH; Mello, NK; Ellingboe, J (1977). "Effects of acute alcohol intake on pituitary-gonadal hormones in normal human males".

2987:"β-Carotene Supplementation and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials" 1423:

and brain structures, and cause other physical, mental, or behavioural problems. Fetal alcohol exposure is the leading known cause of

12087: 11437: 8566: 1500: 555: 4950: 12672: 12639: 11478: 10103: 9211:"Alcohol consumption is associated with decreased risk of rheumatoid arthritis; Results from two Scandinavian case-control studies" 7143:"Alcohol consumption and the metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey" 6256:

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8994: 7682:"The synergistic effect of tobacco and alcohol consumption on oral squamous cell carcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis" 2704:"Alcohol consumption in relation to cardiovascular diseases and mortality: a systematic review of Mendelian randomization studies" 1084:(ARDS) and experience higher rates of mortality from ARDS when compared to non-alcoholics. In contrast to these findings, a large 616:

deficiency, usually as a secondary effect of alcohol misuse. The syndrome is a combined manifestation of two eponymous disorders,

12075: 11594: 7735:

Singhavi, Hitesh Rajendra; Singh, Arjun; Bhattacharjee, Atanu; Talole, Sanjay; Dikshit, Rajesh; Chaturvedi, Pankaj (April 2020).

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10371:

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are significantly impaired in people that have alcoholism due to the neurotoxic effects of alcohol on the brain, especially the

13469: 11957: 9875:"Alcohol attributable burden of incidence of cancer in eight European countries based on results from prospective cohort study" 4123:"Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors" 12993: 12058: 10179: 6404: 6330: 6240: 5921: 5896: 5188:"Moderate alcohol consumption in social drinkers raises plasma homocysteine levels: a contradiction to the 'French Paradox'?" 1797: 5774:"Alcohol in moderation, premorbid intelligence and cognition In Older Adults: results from the Psychiatric Morbidity Survey" 11571: 9422: 5860:

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resulting in loss of sexual desire and impotence in men. This is caused by reduction of testosterone from ethanol-induced

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Low to moderate alcohol consumption is shown to have protective effect for men's erectile function. Several reviews and

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Galimanis, A.; Mono, ML.; Arnold, M.; Nedeltchev, K.; Mattle, HP. (Feb 2009). "Lifestyle and stroke risk: a review".

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Wetterling T; Junghanns K (December 2000). "Psychopathology of alcoholics during withdrawal and early abstinence".

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423:. The lowest risk was seen in men who drank 1 to 2 drinks per day and in women who drank half to 1 drink per day. 13059: 12968: 12951: 12185: 11665: 11618: 4417:"Prospective study of moderate alcohol consumption and risk of peripheral arterial disease in US male physicians" 1399: 609: 127: 8885:"Alcohol consumption and the incidence of type 2 diabetes: a 20-year follow-up of the Finnish twin cohort study" 3921: 1294:

Excessive alcohol consumption seen in people with an alcohol use disorder is a known risk factor for developing

13453: 13108: 12702: 11830: 11648: 11452: 7184:"Alcohol drinking and prevalence of self-reported gallstone disease in the 1983 Italian National Health Survey" 536:(also known as 'alcohol leg'), increases neuropsychiatric and cognitive disorders and causes distortion of the 10571:"Methodological Considerations in Social Cost Studies of Addictive Substances: A Systematic Literature Review" 3405:"Alcohol, cardiovascular disease and industry funding: A co-authorship network analysis of systematic reviews" 38:

Long-term alcohol consumption is capable of damaging nearly every organ and system in the body. Risks include

13280: 11350: 10850:

Bouchery, Ellen E.; Harwood, Henrick J.; Sacks, Jeffrey J.; Simon, Carol J.; Brewer, Robert D. (2011-11-01).

7378:

Fehér J, Lengyel G (December 2008). "Silymarin in the treatment of chronic liver diseases: past and future".

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Even light and moderate alcohol consumption increases cancer risk in individuals, especially with respect to

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Uekermann J, Daum I (May 2008). "Social cognition in alcoholism: a link to prefrontal cortex dysfunction?".

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2863: 1415:

during pregnancy. More risks than benefits according to a survey of current knowledge. Alcohol crosses the

660: 621: 2355:"Alcohol consumption and all-cause and cause-specific mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study" 310:

The risks of alcohol consumption are age-dependent. Risk is greatest among males aged 15–39 years, due to

13493: 13357: 13286: 13274: 12932: 12686: 12613: 11965: 11279: 11222: 8334:"Alcohol intake and risk of erectile dysfunction: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies" 4057: 1080:

as comparable to liver disease in alcohol-related mortality. Alcoholics have a higher risk of developing

799: 262: 8005: 7414: 3722: 13054: 12767: 12721: 12658: 12481: 12444: 12222: 11473: 11365: 10687:"Economic burden associated with alcohol dependence in a German primary care sample: a bottom-up study" 10055:"Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C*1 allele is a genetic marker for alcohol-associated cancer in heavy drinkers" 8254:"Health-Related Lifestyle Factors and Sexual Dysfunction: A Meta-Analysis of Population-Based Research" 5937:

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4030:"Fibrinogen: a possible link between alcohol consumption and cardiovascular disease? DESIR Study Group" 1462:

demonstrate thrill-seeking behavior, harm avoidance, and exhibit a low level of frustration tolerance.

1357: 719:. About 33 percent of suicides in the under 35s are correlated with alcohol or other substance misuse. 123: 10569:

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10168:"Acetaldehyde-DNA Adducts: Implications for the Molecular Mechanism of Alcohol-Related Carcinogenesis" 710:

Alcohol misuse is associated with a number of mental health disorders and alcoholics have a very high

13363: 13157: 12380: 12046: 11935: 11488: 11397: 11340: 9721:

Takkouche B, Regueira-Méndez C, García-Closas R, Figueiras A, Gestal-Otero JJ, Hernán MA (May 2002).

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Marinkovic K; Oscar-Berman M; Urban T; O'Reilly CE; Howard JA; Sawyer K; Harris GJ (November 2009).

5585:"Effect of alcohol on risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: causality, bias, or a bit of both?" 2528:"Functional limitations, socioeconomic status, and all-cause mortality in moderate alcohol drinkers" 1766: 12922: 12886: 12820: 12804: 12757: 12730: 12509: 10851: 5669:

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2936:"Vitamin E in the prevention of cardiovascular disease: the importance of proper patient selection" 1129:

production in the testes. This is believed to be caused by the metabolism of alcohol reducing the

1085: 741:

deficits; the ability to understand humor is also impaired in people with an alcohol use disorder.

533: 476:, involving hypertrophy of the musculature of the heart that can lead to congestive heart failure. 158: 87: 11911: 10519:"Impact of Fathers' Alcohol Problems on the Development of Effortful Control in Early Adolescence" 13342: 12974: 12828: 12560: 12365: 12302: 12200: 12175: 11447: 10167: 8129:"Relation between geographic variability in kidney stones prevalence and risk factors for stones" 6759:"A wine a day ... keeps the psychiatrist away? Light drinking linked to lower risk of depression" 6758: 1510: 1424: 1251: 1184:. In women, increased levels of estrogen due to excessive alcohol intake have been related to an 959: 871: 815: 617: 83: 2117:

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624:. Wernicke's encephalopathy is the acute presentation of the syndrome and is characterised by a 13428: 13389: 13220: 13118: 12998: 12938: 12917: 12876: 12865: 12809: 12712: 12677: 12133: 12080: 12036: 11921: 11889: 11680: 11653: 10863: 8884: 8524:

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1515: 1443: 1404: 1153: 1141: 1077: 693:

and REM sleep fragmentation. During withdrawal REM sleep is typically exaggerated as part of a

473: 139: 111: 59: 12322: 9763: 9162:"Smoking history, alcohol consumption, and systemic lupus erythematosus: a case-control study" 8039:"Mortality in relation to alcohol consumption: a prospective study among male British doctors" 7737:"Alcohol and cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective Indian studies" 6230: 6100:

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failure and the development of feminine traits including development of male breasts, called

1169: 734: 672: 512:, a type of abnormal heart rhythm. This remains true even at moderate levels of consumption. 119: 10142: 8222: 4444: 1118:

of existing literature show that low to moderate alcohol consumption significantly decrease

1096:

Research indicates that drinking beer or wine is associated with a lower risk of developing

13379: 13152: 12892: 12734: 12624: 12486: 12473: 12417: 12232: 11850: 11643: 11562: 11495: 11392: 10231: 10001: 3504: 1736: 1372: 1234: 1214: 1119: 1007: 908: 745: 730: 440: 333: 91: 51: 47: 12195: 3945: 3897: 3697: 2526:

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Chronic excessive alcohol use is associated with a wide range of skin disorders including

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risk of death for individuals ages 55+ (due to decreased risk of ischemic heart disease).

8: 13412: 13297: 13241: 13231: 13074: 12985: 12839: 12834: 12726: 12697: 12565: 12439: 12180: 12165: 12115: 11820: 11810: 11589: 11519: 11307: 9622: 8293:"Alcohol consumption and erectile dysfunction: meta-analysis of population-based studies" 7633:"Alcohol abuse: critical pathophysiological processes and contribution to disease burden" 5772:

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5562: 4985: 4537:"Alcohol consumption and risk of intermittent claudication in the Framingham Heart Study" 4010: 1856: 1455: 1448: 971: 875: 833:

tested so far, has been correlated with an enduring reduction in the expression of GLT1 (

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has shown a protective effect of moderate alcohol consumption on respiratory mortality.

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Lexicon of psychiatry, neurology, and the neurosciences

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1233:

Moderate alcohol consumption is associated with higher

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Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics

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Economic impact from long-term consumption of alcohol

846:

have been proposed for the treatment of addiction to

602:

Excessive alcohol intake is associated with impaired

11275:

Alcohol-related traffic crashes in the United States

11154: 10318: 9861:

Drinking over recommended limit 'raises cancer risk'

7581: 7296: 7053:"Alcohol's role in gastrointestinal tract disorders" 6455:

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The fraction of current drinkers is estimated using

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Newswise.com. 2004-08-30 4554:10.1161/01.cir.102.25.3092 4233:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.01.006 3057:10.1177/014107689709001204 2720:10.1007/s10654-021-00799-5 2372:10.1186/s12916-023-02907-6 2233:10.1186/s12916-023-02911-w 1948:10.1891/0739-6686.23.1.245 1705:10.4135/9781412963855.n839 1397: 1358:World Cancer Research Fund 1318: 1107: 865: 670: 583: 566: 559:), such as resulting in a 386: 331: 13529:Health effects of alcohol 13485: 13439: 13400: 13364:Benzodiazepine dependence 13348:Benzodiazepine withdrawal 13309: 13252: 13208: 13179: 13158:Prenatal cocaine exposure 13140: 13085: 13037: 13011: 12984: 12906: 12875: 12856: 12821:Gastrointestinal diseases 12819: 12795: 12788: 12779: 12745: 12665: 12604: 12548: 12502: 12472: 12396: 12381:Alcoholic spirits measure 12366:Low-alcoholic malt drinks 12280: 12124: 12096: 12047:Ignition interlock device 11989: 11980: 11936:Drunken monkey hypothesis 11869: 11798: 11769:Routes of administration 11550: 11461: 11430: 11398:Alcohol congener analysis 11380: 11341:Alcoholism in adolescence 11326: 11263: 11252: 11158: 11092:10.1007/s10198-007-0082-1 10704:10.1186/s12889-016-3578-8 10535:10.15288/jsad.2013.74.674 10337:10.15288/jsad.2008.69.941 9598:Acta Dermatovenerol Croat 9484:10.1136/bmj.306.6891.1506 8769:10.1158/1055-9965.20.14.1 8379:Jiann, Bang-Ping (2010). 8350:10.1038/s41443-018-0022-x 7431:10.1016/j.cld.2004.10.003 6928:10.1001/archpsyc.55.3.259 6879:10.1007/s40263-014-0142-x 6707:Alcohol-Related Psychosis 6364:10.1080/10550490600860387 6200:10.1080/14734220601016080 5602:10.2147/vhrm.2006.2.3.239 5363:10.1007/s00702-005-0333-1 4701:10.1007/s11883-008-0017-z 4139:10.1136/bmj.319.7224.1523 3964:Alcohol and Public Health 3749:10.1007/s10552-006-0112-9 3551:World Health Organization 3533:World Health Organization 3272:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.839 2940:Journal of Lipid Research 2322:10.15288/jsad.2016.77.185 1331:World Health Organization 1314: 1152:, resulting in increased 1146:peripheral nervous system 820:benzodiazepine dependence 707:major depressive disorder 622:Wernicke's encephalopathy 421:intermittent claudication 415:Intermittent claudication 327: 300:World Health Organization 116:peripheral nervous system 12923:Alcoholic polyneuropathy 12887:Alcohol-related dementia 12805:Alcoholic cardiomyopathy 12758:Polysubstance dependence 12731:Psychological dependence 10978:10.1186/1471-2458-10-323 10588:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00295 9955:10.1200/JCO.2017.76.1155 9561:(3): 193–9, quiz 200–1. 9400:10.1001/jama.286.22.2815 8712:Alcohol Health Res World 7949:"Alcoholic lung disease" 7754:10.4103/ijph.IJPH_529_19 7060:Alcohol Health Res World 7051:Bode C, Bode JC (1997). 6081:(10): 3. December 1999. 5790:10.1136/jnnp.2008.163964 4641:10.1001/jama.285.15.1965 3989:10.1001/jama.270.18.2207 3649:10.1136/bmj.325.7357.191 2792:10.1177/2047487320915802 1521: 1333:classified alcohol as a 1258:, cutaneous stigmata of 1221:of the disease process. 1213:and a decreased risk of 737:perception problems and 666: 579: 534:alcoholic polyneuropathy 318: 13343:Benzodiazepine overdose 12975:Wernicke encephalopathy 12829:Alcoholic liver disease 12797:Cardiovascular diseases 12561:Alcohol and spaceflight 12303:Alcohol server training 12176:Managed alcohol program 11754:Binge drinking devices 11448:Pharmacology of ethanol 9277:10.1073/pnas.0608620104 9227:10.1136/ard.2007.086314 9129:10.1136/ard.52.12.897-b 8436:10.1093/alcalc/37.2.169 8310:10.1038/sj.ijir.3901556 8004:Gregg, Valerie (2008). 7019:10.1186/1471-2458-5-126 5951:10.1093/brain/117.4.805 5229:Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res 5205:10.1093/alcalc/36.3.189 4433:10.1161/01.cir.95.3.577 4046:10.1161/01.atv.19.4.887 3360:Drug and Alcohol Review 2831:10.1111/1468-0009.12437 2594:10.1136/hrt.2009.173419 2464:Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1425:intellectual disability 1252:porphyria cutanea tarda 1241: 960:Alcoholic liver disease 872:Alcoholic liver disease 427:Heart attack and stroke 84:alcoholic liver disease 13429:Amphetamine dependence 13390:Barbiturate dependence 13221:Green Tobacco Sickness 13119:Amotivational syndrome 12999:Alcoholic lung disease 12939:Alcoholic hallucinosis 12918:Alcoholic hallucinosis 12866:Alcoholic ketoacidosis 12810:Alcohol flush reaction 12678:Substance intoxication 12166:Alcohol rehabilitation 12134:Alcohol detoxification 12037:Field sobriety testing 11922:Health effects of wine 11890:International Beer Day 11654:Holiday heart syndrome 11037:10.1186/1747-597X-4-20 10750:Alcohol and Alcoholism 9690:10.2105/AJPH.83.9.1277 9440:10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1206 9264:Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 8995:"Rheumatoid Arthritis" 8422:Alcohol and Alcoholism 5642:(7 Suppl): 346S–351S. 5589:Vasc Health Risk Manag 4902:"Anemia in alcoholics" 3842:10.1001/jama.297.3.286 3236:10.15288/jsad.23-00293 3203:. ISFAR. December 2023 2680:10.15288/jsad.23-00283 2017:Belfasttelegraph.co.uk 1909:Hepatogastroenterology 1815:Am J Health Syst Pharm 1544:WHO figures by country 1444:Children of alcoholics 1405:Fetal alcohol syndrome 1142:central nervous system 1104:Sexual function in men 1078:alcoholic lung disease 612:is a manifestation of 598:Cognition and dementia 474:dilated cardiomyopathy 246: 140:fetal alcohol syndrome 112:central nervous system 60:coronary heart disease 13124:Cannabis use disorder 12847:Auto-brewery syndrome 12418:Disulfiram-like drugs 11958:Ritual use of alcohol 11927:Wine and food pairing 11912:Apéritif and digestif 11563:Adulterated moonshine 11410:Blood alcohol content 11372:Seeing pink elephants 10801:Rehm, Jürgen (2011). 10762:10.1093/alcalc/agv088 9740:10.1093/aje/155.9.853 8706:Gavaler, JS. (1998). 7802:10.4317/medoral.23085 7464:(5 Suppl 1): S87–96. 7392:10.1556/OH.2008.28519 7160:10.1093/ajcn/80.1.217 6510:10.1093/alcalc/agm147 6258:Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 6051:10.1002/ana.410390515 6015:10.1002/mds.870131316 5750:10.1093/ageing/afn095 5122:10.3233/JAD-2009-1009 4484:10.1093/aje/155.4.332 3737:Cancer Causes Control 3488:Movendi International 3201:Alcohol in Moderation 2819:The Milbank Quarterly 1387:alcohol dehydrogenase 1272:seborrheic dermatitis 1170:hyperoestrogenisation 701:Mental health effects 673:Alcohol use and sleep 638:executive dysfunction 618:Korsakoff's Psychosis 383:Cardiovascular system 161: 120:peripheral neuropathy 13380:Barbiturate overdose 13153:Cocaine intoxication 12893:Alcohol intoxication 12735:Substance dependence 12487:Alcohol in the Bible 12474:Religion and alcohol 12440:General anaesthetics 12233:Alcoholics Anonymous 12191:List of mixed drinks 11644:Alcohol intoxication 11559:Adulterated alcohol 10467:Gerhant, A. (2016). 9793:First listed in the 9520:Alcohol Clin Exp Res 9178:10.1136/ard.57.8.451 7223:Alcohol Clin Exp Res 6989:on 23 February 2007. 6682:10.4088/JCP.v68n0608 6547:Alcohol Clin Exp Res 5636:Alcohol Clin Exp Res 4906:Medicine (Baltimore) 4822:Lancet Public Health 4689:Curr Atheroscler Rep 4312:J Am Board Fam Pract 4221:J. Am. Coll. Cardiol 3946:"Alcohol and cancer" 3586:(10129): 1513–1523. 2636:Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2416:(10152): 1015–1035. 2310:J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2034:Cabot, R.C. (1904). 2023:. 26 September 2018. 1821:(5 Suppl 3): S5–11. 1538:, with figures from 1373:oropharyngeal cancer 1235:bone mineral density 1215:rheumatoid arthritis 1205:Rheumatoid arthritis 1120:erectile dysfunction 1018:, and can result in 1008:chronic pancreatitis 731:alcohol use disorder 484:Alcoholics may have 480:Hematologic diseases 441:hypertriglyceridemia 334:Alcoholism in Russia 243: more than 1050 138:, and about risk of 92:oropharyngeal cancer 52:erectile dysfunction 48:chronic pancreatitis 13413:Stimulant psychosis 13298:Opioid use disorder 13242:Nicotine dependence 13232:Nicotine withdrawal 13075:Caffeine dependence 12835:Alcoholic hepatitis 12727:Physical dependence 12698:Neonatal withdrawal 12566:Gateway drug effect 12352:Low-alcohol drinks 12181:Non-alcoholic drink 12116:Temperance movement 12098:Alcohol prohibition 11821:Gilbert Paul Jordan 11811:Dionysian Mysteries 11595:on college campuses 11590:Alcohol advertising 11308:Public intoxication 10916:(9682): 2223–2233. 10377:Addictive Behaviors 10275:Drug Alcohol Depend 10236:1972NYASA.197..167U 10014:10.1038/nature25154 10006:2018Natur.553..171G 9327:10.1136/ard.59.1.75 9037:10.1136/ard.59.1.75 8018:on October 31, 2008 7907:10.3390/biom5042840 6039:Annals of Neurology 6009:(Suppl 3): 90–100. 5973:(2 (Pt 1)): 234–8. 5671:Curr Drug Abuse Rev 5145:Hum Psychopharmacol 5064:J Nutr Health Aging 4867:Prog Cardiovasc Dis 4592:(9144): 1882–1885. 4133:(7224): 1523–1528. 3866:. Statistics.gov.uk 2953:10.1194/jlr.R026641 1857:Scientific American 1506:Alcohol and suicide 1456:fear of abandonment 1449:insecure attachment 1290:Bacterial infection 972:alcoholic hepatitis 931:Gallbladder effects 876:Alcoholic hepatitis 831:addictive substance 771:psychotic disorders 754:antisocial behavior 561:blackout phenomenon 530:physical dependence 510:atrial fibrillation 504:Atrial fibrillation 277:exaggerated by the 86:, certain types of 72:atrial fibrillation 13227:Nicotine poisoning 13169:Cocaine dependence 13098:Cannabis arteritis 12958:Korsakoff syndrome 12858:Endocrine diseases 12398:Addiction medicine 12341:Get Your Sexy Back 12281:Alcohol limitation 12257:Sober living house 12223:Twelve-step groups 12156:Brief intervention 12149:Open-container law 12111:Neo-prohibitionism 12071:Legal drinking age 11877:Alcoholic beverage 11778:Alcohol inhalation 11693:Drinking in public 11671:Blackout Wednesday 11529:Beverage-specific 11246:Alcohol and health 11207:2010-12-01 at the 10646:10.1136/ip.6.3.177 10473:Psychiatria Polska 9928:2013-05-23 at the 9789:2010-06-05 at the 9769:2012-06-17 at the 9678:Am J Public Health 8056:10.1093/ije/dyh369 7859:10.1111/jcpe.12556 6725:J. Nerv. Ment. Dis 6102:Movement Disorders 5825:Alcohol Res Health 5077:10.1007/BF02982669 3950:Cancer Research UK 3828:Other Countries". 3039:Abdulla S (1997). 3004:10.3390/nu14061284 2753:Rev Cardiovasc Med 1915:(82–83): 371–377. 1827:10.2146/ajhp060647 1631:(10347): 185–235. 1480:Alcohol dependence 1335:Group 1 carcinogen 1321:Alcohol and cancer 1164:Hormonal imbalance 1150:testicular atrophy 1071:Respiratory system 1004:acute pancreatitis 925:metabolic syndrome 919:Metabolic syndrome 868:Alcohol and weight 776:kindling mechanism 604:prospective memory 247: 177: Less than 50 136:alcohol and cancer 13516: 13515: 13270:Opioid withdrawal 13033: 13032: 13007: 13006: 12622: 12621: 12544: 12543: 12494:Islam and alcohol 12428:Calcium carbimide 12298:Alcohol education 12186:List of cocktails 12161:Designated driver 12139:Alcohol-free zone 12042:Hip flask defence 11976: 11975: 11917:Hangover remedies 11861:Whiskey Rebellion 11851:Six o'clock swill 11639:Austrian syndrome 11578:Surrogate alcohol 11568:Denatured alcohol 11540:Red wine headache 11192: 11191: 10965:BMC Public Health 10691:BMC Public Health 10634:Injury Prevention 10486:10.12740/pp/60346 10181:978-3-8055-8107-3 10072:10.1002/ijc.21583 10000:(7687): 171–177. 9891:10.1136/bmj.d1584 9821:10.1002/ijc.21903 9635:(12): 1364–1369. 9427:Am. J. Clin. Nutr 8895:(10): 2785–2790. 8852:10.2337/dc09-0227 8846:(11): 2123–2132. 8671:(9510): 595–604. 7536:(11): RA198–205. 7114:(12): 2954–2959. 7006:BMC Public Health 6670:J Clin Psychiatry 6406:978-1-84310-221-2 6332:978-0-7817-2468-5 6242:978-0-19-530659-0 6145:Neuropharmacology 6114:10.1002/mds.23240 6108:(14): 2274–2284. 5923:978-0-7817-3200-0 5898:978-0-471-79462-2 5784:(11): 1236–1239. 5519:J Am Coll Cardiol 5441:10.1586/erc.09.22 5406:10.2217/fca.09.36 4744:(11): 1306–1317. 4635:(15): 1965–1970. 4547:(25): 3092–3097. 4388:(17): 2605–2612. 4345:(9258): 763–767. 4227:(13): 1339–1347. 3983:(18): 2207–2212. 3903:, 19 October 2009 3372:10.1111/dar.12125 3333:10.1111/add.12625 3141:10.1111/add.12011 2905:(25): e506–e532. 2879:10.3030/101097681 2184:10.1111/add.12104 2177:(12): 2051–2057. 2131:10.1159/000090163 2087:10.2337/dc14-1556 2021:Belfast Telegraph 1936:Annu Rev Nurs Res 1799:978-0-415-27891-1 1417:placental barrier 1192:Diabetes mellitus 1086:prospective study 1012:pancreatic cancer 839:nucleus accumbens 808:anxiety disorders 727:prefrontal cortex 653:Essential tremors 455:if three or more 104:colorectal cancer 96:esophageal cancer 13541: 13460:Toluene toxicity 12944:Delirium tremens 12840:Zieve's syndrome 12793: 12792: 12786: 12785: 12649: 12642: 12635: 12626: 12625: 12612: 12611: 12411:Chlordiazepoxide 12361:Low-alcohol beer 12005:Alcohol monopoly 11987: 11986: 11907:Drinking culture 11900:Women in brewing 11783:Vodka eyeballing 11750:Passive drinking 11261: 11260: 11239: 11232: 11225: 11216: 11215: 11156: 11155: 11144: 11143: 11141: 11140: 11126: 11120: 11119: 11074: 11068: 11067: 11057: 11039: 11015: 11009: 11008: 10998: 10980: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10904: 10898: 10897: 10871: 10847: 10841: 10840: 10830: 10798: 10792: 10791: 10781: 10741: 10735: 10734: 10724: 10706: 10682: 10676: 10675: 10665: 10625: 10619: 10618: 10608: 10590: 10566: 10557: 10556: 10546: 10514: 10499: 10498: 10488: 10464: 10451: 10450: 10422: 10411: 10410: 10400: 10368: 10359: 10358: 10348: 10316: 10299: 10298: 10270: 10264: 10263: 10219: 10213: 10212: 10192: 10186: 10185: 10163: 10157: 10156: 10154: 10153: 10147: 10141:. Archived from 10108: 10099: 10093: 10092: 10074: 10065:(8): 1998–2002. 10050: 10044: 10043: 10033: 9985: 9979: 9978: 9938: 9932: 9919: 9913: 9912: 9902: 9870: 9864: 9857: 9851: 9850: 9832: 9804: 9798: 9780: 9774: 9759: 9753: 9752: 9742: 9718: 9712: 9711: 9701: 9669: 9663: 9662: 9652: 9620: 9614: 9613: 9593: 9587: 9586: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9515: 9506: 9505: 9495: 9478:(6891): 1506–9. 9463: 9457: 9456: 9451:. Archived from 9442: 9418: 9412: 9411: 9382: 9376: 9375: 9355: 9349: 9348: 9338: 9306: 9300: 9299: 9289: 9279: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9238: 9206: 9200: 9199: 9189: 9157: 9151: 9150: 9140: 9108: 9102: 9101: 9065: 9059: 9058: 9048: 9016: 9010: 9009: 9007: 9006: 8997:. Archived from 8991: 8985: 8984: 8969:Am Fam Physician 8964: 8958: 8957: 8921: 8915: 8914: 8904: 8880: 8874: 8873: 8863: 8831: 8825: 8824: 8796: 8790: 8789: 8771: 8747: 8738: 8737: 8727: 8703: 8697: 8696: 8660: 8654: 8653: 8633: 8627: 8626: 8606: 8600: 8599: 8577: 8571: 8570: 8558: 8552: 8551: 8521: 8515: 8514: 8492: 8486: 8485: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8438: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8385: 8376: 8370: 8369: 8329: 8323: 8322: 8312: 8288: 8282: 8281: 8249: 8243: 8242: 8206: 8200: 8199: 8189: 8165: 8159: 8158: 8148: 8124: 8118: 8117: 8099: 8075: 8069: 8068: 8058: 8034: 8028: 8027: 8025: 8023: 8014:. Archived from 8001: 7995: 7994: 7988: 7980: 7970: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7927: 7909: 7900:(4): 2840–2853. 7885: 7879: 7878: 7838: 7832: 7831: 7821: 7781: 7775: 7774: 7756: 7732: 7726: 7725: 7692:(7): 2849–2859. 7677: 7671: 7670: 7660: 7628: 7622: 7621: 7603: 7579: 7573: 7572: 7557:Am Fam Physician 7552: 7546: 7545: 7525: 7519: 7518: 7501:(9607): 143–52. 7490: 7484: 7483: 7473: 7458:Gastroenterology 7449: 7443: 7442: 7410: 7404: 7403: 7382:(in Hungarian). 7375: 7369: 7368: 7342: 7333: 7324: 7323: 7300:J Clin Epidemiol 7294: 7288: 7287: 7277: 7253: 7247: 7246: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7179: 7173: 7172: 7162: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7099: 7093: 7092: 7090: 7084:. Archived from 7075: 7057: 7048: 7042: 7041: 7031: 7021: 6997: 6991: 6990: 6985:. Archived from 6954: 6948: 6947: 6907: 6901: 6900: 6890: 6858: 6852: 6851: 6841: 6817: 6811: 6810: 6800: 6776: 6770: 6769: 6767: 6766: 6755: 6749: 6748: 6720: 6714: 6703: 6694: 6693: 6665: 6659: 6658: 6630: 6624: 6623: 6587: 6581: 6580: 6570: 6538: 6532: 6531: 6521: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6452: 6446: 6445: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6390: 6384: 6383: 6343: 6337: 6336: 6316: 6310: 6309: 6288: 6282: 6281: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6226: 6220: 6219: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6140: 6134: 6133: 6097: 6091: 6090: 6070: 6034: 5998: 5962: 5945:(Pt 4): 805–24. 5934: 5928: 5927: 5909: 5903: 5902: 5884: 5878: 5877: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5840: 5816: 5810: 5809: 5769: 5763: 5762: 5752: 5728: 5722: 5721: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5666: 5660: 5659: 5631: 5625: 5624: 5614: 5604: 5580: 5574: 5573: 5571: 5570: 5559: 5553: 5552: 5534: 5510: 5504: 5503: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5389: 5383: 5382: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5259: 5253: 5252: 5224: 5218: 5217: 5207: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5157:10.1002/hup.1022 5140: 5134: 5133: 5110:J Alzheimers Dis 5104: 5098: 5097: 5079: 5055: 5049: 5048: 5030: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4996: 4990: 4984:. Archived from 4975: 4955: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4921: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4862: 4856: 4855: 4845: 4828:(2): e108–e120. 4813: 4807: 4806: 4770: 4764: 4763: 4753: 4729: 4723: 4722: 4712: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4671: 4670: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4581: 4575: 4574: 4556: 4532: 4526: 4525: 4513: 4507: 4506: 4496: 4486: 4462: 4456: 4455: 4453: 4452: 4443:. Archived from 4412: 4406: 4405: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4334: 4328: 4327: 4309: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4275: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4216: 4210: 4209: 4199: 4188:10.1136/bmj.d636 4167: 4161: 4160: 4150: 4118: 4112: 4111: 4086:(9): 1030–1037. 4080:J Am Geriatr Soc 4075: 4069: 4068: 4066: 4065: 4056:. Archived from 4025: 4019: 4018: 4007: 4001: 4000: 3972: 3966: 3960: 3954: 3953: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3919: 3910: 3904: 3894: 3888: 3881: 3875: 3874: 3872: 3871: 3860: 3854: 3853: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3799: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3731: 3725: 3719: 3710: 3709: 3680: 3671: 3670: 3660: 3628: 3622: 3621: 3611: 3571: 3565: 3561: 3555: 3554: 3543: 3537: 3536: 3525: 3519: 3518: 3516: 3515: 3501: 3492: 3491: 3479: 3470: 3469: 3449: 3443: 3442: 3432: 3400: 3394: 3393: 3383: 3351: 3345: 3344: 3327:(8): 1382–1383. 3316: 3310: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3290: 3284: 3283: 3254: 3248: 3247: 3219: 3213: 3212: 3210: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3177:(1303): 97–101. 3168: 3159: 3153: 3152: 3120: 3114: 3113: 3085: 3079: 3078: 3068: 3036: 3027: 3026: 3016: 3006: 2982: 2976: 2975: 2965: 2955: 2946:(9): 2307–2314. 2931: 2925: 2924: 2914: 2889: 2883: 2882: 2868: 2859: 2853: 2852: 2842: 2810: 2804: 2803: 2775: 2769: 2768: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2731: 2698: 2692: 2691: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2631: 2625: 2624: 2606: 2596: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2555: 2532:J Am Geriatr Soc 2523: 2517: 2516: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2479: 2455: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2384: 2374: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2333: 2301: 2292: 2291: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2245: 2235: 2211: 2205: 2204: 2186: 2162: 2151: 2150: 2125:(3–4): 170–176. 2114: 2108: 2107: 2089: 2065: 2056: 2055: 2031: 2025: 2024: 2009: 2003: 2002: 1974: 1968: 1967: 1931: 1925: 1924: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1865: 1863: 1848: 1839: 1838: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1787: 1777: 1771: 1770: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1750: 1748: 1747: 1741: 1735:. Archived from 1726: 1698: 1690:(NIAAA) (2000). 1684: 1673: 1672: 1666: 1658: 1648: 1616: 1595: 1594: 1583: 1563: 1562: 1552: 1546: 1537: 1532: 1026:Body composition 976:liver transplant 844:N-acetylcysteine 818:have alcohol or 661:Essential tremor 648:Essential tremor 522:alcohol dementia 490:thrombocytopenia 279:alcohol industry 242: 236: 230: 224: 218: 212: 206: 200: 194: 188: 182: 176: 170: 13549: 13548: 13544: 13543: 13542: 13540: 13539: 13538: 13519: 13518: 13517: 13512: 13481: 13442: 13435: 13396: 13314: 13305: 13265:Opioid overdose 13248: 13204: 13175: 13136: 13081: 13029: 13003: 12980: 12909: 12902: 12879:system diseases 12878: 12871: 12852: 12815: 12775: 12747: 12741: 12718:Substance abuse 12661: 12653: 12623: 12618: 12600: 12581:Self-medication 12540: 12498: 12468: 12406:Benzodiazepines 12392: 12276: 12262:Sobering center 12247:Sober companion 12228:Al-Anon/Alateen 12120: 12092: 11982: 11972: 11865: 11794: 11734:In vino veritas 11728:Hair of the dog 11546: 11462:Adverse effects 11457: 11426: 11376: 11322: 11266: 11265:Alcohol-related 11256: 11248: 11243: 11209:Wayback Machine 11193: 11188: 11187: 11167: 11153: 11148: 11147: 11138: 11136: 11128: 11127: 11123: 11075: 11071: 11016: 11012: 10957: 10953: 10905: 10901: 10869:10.1.1.460.5582 10848: 10844: 10799: 10795: 10742: 10738: 10683: 10679: 10626: 10622: 10567: 10560: 10515: 10502: 10465: 10454: 10423: 10414: 10369: 10362: 10317: 10302: 10271: 10267: 10220: 10216: 10193: 10189: 10182: 10164: 10160: 10151: 10149: 10145: 10123:10.1038/nrc2191 10106: 10100: 10096: 10051: 10047: 9986: 9982: 9939: 9935: 9930:Wayback Machine 9920: 9916: 9871: 9867: 9858: 9854: 9805: 9801: 9791:Wayback Machine 9781: 9777: 9771:Wayback Machine 9760: 9756: 9719: 9715: 9670: 9666: 9621: 9617: 9594: 9590: 9551: 9547: 9516: 9509: 9464: 9460: 9455:on 27 May 2012. 9419: 9415: 9394:(22): 2815–22. 9383: 9379: 9356: 9352: 9315:Ann. Rheum. Dis 9307: 9303: 9256: 9252: 9215:Ann. Rheum. Dis 9207: 9203: 9166:Ann. Rheum. Dis 9158: 9154: 9117:Ann. Rheum. Dis 9109: 9105: 9066: 9062: 9025:Ann. Rheum. Dis 9017: 9013: 9004: 9002: 8993: 8992: 8988: 8965: 8961: 8922: 8918: 8881: 8877: 8832: 8828: 8797: 8793: 8748: 8741: 8704: 8700: 8661: 8657: 8640:(in Japanese). 8634: 8630: 8613:(in Japanese). 8607: 8603: 8578: 8574: 8559: 8555: 8522: 8518: 8493: 8489: 8456: 8452: 8413: 8409: 8383: 8377: 8373: 8330: 8326: 8289: 8285: 8250: 8246: 8207: 8203: 8166: 8162: 8125: 8121: 8076: 8072: 8043:Int J Epidemiol 8035: 8031: 8021: 8019: 8002: 7998: 7982: 7981: 7945: 7941: 7886: 7882: 7839: 7835: 7782: 7778: 7733: 7729: 7678: 7674: 7629: 7625: 7580: 7576: 7563:(11): 1679–88. 7553: 7549: 7530:Med. Sci. Monit 7526: 7522: 7491: 7487: 7450: 7446: 7411: 7407: 7376: 7372: 7340: 7334: 7327: 7295: 7291: 7254: 7250: 7219: 7215: 7180: 7176: 7139: 7135: 7100: 7096: 7088: 7055: 7049: 7045: 6998: 6994: 6955: 6951: 6908: 6904: 6859: 6855: 6818: 6814: 6777: 6773: 6764: 6762: 6757: 6756: 6752: 6721: 6717: 6704: 6697: 6666: 6662: 6631: 6627: 6588: 6584: 6553:(11): 1880–92. 6539: 6535: 6498:Alcohol Alcohol 6490: 6486: 6477: 6475: 6467:(12): CR543–7. 6461:Med. Sci. Monit 6453: 6449: 6418: 6414: 6407: 6391: 6387: 6344: 6340: 6333: 6317: 6313: 6289: 6285: 6254: 6250: 6243: 6227: 6223: 6184: 6180: 6141: 6137: 6098: 6094: 6072: 6071: 6035: 5999: 5963: 5935: 5931: 5924: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5885: 5881: 5858: 5854: 5817: 5813: 5770: 5766: 5729: 5725: 5702: 5698: 5667: 5663: 5632: 5628: 5581: 5577: 5568: 5566: 5561: 5560: 5556: 5525:(11): 1009–14. 5511: 5507: 5468: 5464: 5425: 5421: 5390: 5386: 5351:J Neural Transm 5346: 5342: 5303: 5299: 5270:(12): 2749–52. 5260: 5256: 5225: 5221: 5192:Alcohol Alcohol 5184: 5180: 5141: 5137: 5105: 5101: 5056: 5052: 5007: 5003: 4994: 4992: 4988: 4953: 4947: 4943: 4898: 4894: 4863: 4859: 4814: 4810: 4771: 4767: 4730: 4726: 4681: 4677: 4668: 4666: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4625: 4621: 4582: 4578: 4533: 4529: 4514: 4510: 4463: 4459: 4450: 4448: 4413: 4409: 4382:Arch Intern Med 4378: 4374: 4335: 4331: 4307: 4301: 4297: 4252: 4248: 4217: 4213: 4168: 4164: 4119: 4115: 4076: 4072: 4063: 4061: 4026: 4022: 4009: 4008: 4004: 3973: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3944: 3943: 3939: 3930: 3928: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3907: 3895: 3891: 3882: 3878: 3869: 3867: 3862: 3861: 3857: 3825: 3821: 3776: 3772: 3732: 3728: 3720: 3713: 3686:Atherosclerosis 3681: 3674: 3629: 3625: 3572: 3568: 3562: 3558: 3545: 3544: 3540: 3527: 3526: 3522: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3495: 3480: 3473: 3450: 3446: 3401: 3397: 3352: 3348: 3317: 3313: 3303: 3301: 3298:Alcohol Justice 3292: 3291: 3287: 3255: 3251: 3220: 3216: 3206: 3204: 3195: 3194: 3190: 3166: 3160: 3156: 3121: 3117: 3086: 3082: 3037: 3030: 2983: 2979: 2932: 2928: 2890: 2886: 2866: 2860: 2856: 2811: 2807: 2786:(15): e22–e24. 2776: 2772: 2749: 2745: 2699: 2695: 2667: 2663: 2642:(11): 1961–71. 2632: 2628: 2573: 2569: 2524: 2520: 2497: 2493: 2456: 2447: 2402: 2398: 2351: 2347: 2302: 2295: 2274:(22): 2437–45. 2268:Arch Intern Med 2263: 2259: 2212: 2208: 2163: 2154: 2115: 2111: 2066: 2059: 2046:(12): 774–775. 2032: 2028: 2011: 2010: 2006: 1975: 1971: 1932: 1928: 1905: 1901: 1878: 1874: 1861: 1859: 1849: 1842: 1811: 1807: 1800: 1778: 1774: 1762: 1761: 1752: 1751: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1715: 1696: 1685: 1676: 1660: 1659: 1617: 1598: 1585: 1584: 1577: 1572: 1567: 1566: 1560: 1553: 1549: 1535: 1533: 1529: 1524: 1497: 1468: 1437: 1402: 1396: 1323: 1317: 1304: 1292: 1287: 1244: 1231: 1211:gouty arthritis 1207: 1194: 1166: 1112: 1110:Alcohol and sex 1106: 1094: 1073: 1068: 1059: 1042: 1037: 1028: 1000: 957: 933: 921: 886: 864: 854:, and alcohol. 824:rebound anxiety 804:benzodiazepines 780:gene expression 703: 675: 669: 650: 600: 588: 582: 569: 538:brain chemistry 526:brain shrinkage 518: 506: 482: 466: 457:standard drinks 429: 417: 408: 391: 385: 373: 363:A study in the 353: 345: 336: 330: 321: 291: 245: 244: 240: 238: 234: 232: 228: 226: 222: 220: 216: 214: 210: 208: 204: 202: 198: 196: 192: 190: 186: 184: 180: 178: 174: 172: 168: 156: 146:gastritis, and 124:impact on aging 118:(e.g., painful 64:ischemic stroke 17: 12: 11: 5: 13547: 13537: 13536: 13531: 13514: 13513: 13511: 13510: 13505: 13504: 13503: 13489: 13487: 13483: 13482: 13480: 13479: 13478: 13477: 13475:Inhalant abuse 13472: 13464: 13463: 13462: 13457: 13447: 13445: 13437: 13436: 13434: 13433: 13432: 13431: 13417: 13416: 13415: 13406: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13394: 13393: 13392: 13384: 13383: 13382: 13368: 13367: 13366: 13361: 13352: 13351: 13350: 13345: 13335:benzodiazepine 13331: 13330: 13329: 13320: 13318: 13307: 13306: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13301: 13292: 13291: 13290: 13284: 13278: 13272: 13267: 13258: 13256: 13250: 13249: 13247: 13246: 13245: 13244: 13236: 13235: 13234: 13229: 13224: 13214: 13212: 13206: 13205: 13203: 13202: 13201: 13200: 13194: 13185: 13183: 13177: 13176: 13174: 13173: 13172: 13171: 13163: 13162: 13161: 13155: 13146: 13144: 13138: 13137: 13135: 13134: 13133: 13132: 13127: 13121: 13113: 13112: 13111: 13106: 13100: 13091: 13089: 13083: 13082: 13080: 13079: 13078: 13077: 13069: 13068: 13067: 13062: 13057: 13052: 13043: 13041: 13035: 13034: 13031: 13030: 13028: 13027: 13025:Binge drinking 13022: 13015: 13013: 13009: 13008: 13005: 13004: 13002: 13001: 12996: 12990: 12988: 12982: 12981: 12979: 12978: 12972: 12966: 12960: 12955: 12949: 12948: 12947: 12941: 12930: 12925: 12920: 12914: 12912: 12904: 12903: 12901: 12900: 12895: 12890: 12883: 12881: 12873: 12872: 12870: 12869: 12862: 12860: 12854: 12853: 12851: 12850: 12844: 12843: 12842: 12837: 12825: 12823: 12817: 12816: 12814: 12813: 12807: 12801: 12799: 12790: 12783: 12777: 12776: 12774: 12773: 12772: 12771: 12762: 12761: 12760: 12751: 12749: 12743: 12742: 12740: 12739: 12738: 12737: 12724: 12710: 12709: 12708: 12707: 12706: 12700: 12689: 12684: 12669: 12667: 12663: 12662: 12652: 12651: 12644: 12637: 12629: 12620: 12619: 12617: 12616: 12605: 12602: 12601: 12599: 12598: 12596:French paradox 12593: 12588: 12583: 12578: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12558: 12552: 12550: 12546: 12545: 12542: 12541: 12539: 12538: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12506: 12504: 12500: 12499: 12497: 12496: 12491: 12490: 12489: 12478: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12466: 12465: 12464: 12459: 12452:Sulfonic acids 12449: 12448: 12447: 12437: 12436: 12435: 12430: 12425: 12415: 12414: 12413: 12402: 12400: 12394: 12393: 12391: 12390: 12389: 12388: 12386:Standard drink 12383: 12375: 12374: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12350: 12348:Liquor license 12345: 12344: 12343: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12319: 12318: 12313: 12305: 12300: 12295: 12290: 12284: 12282: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12269: 12264: 12259: 12254: 12249: 12244: 12243: 12242: 12236: 12230: 12220: 12215: 12213:Temperance bar 12210: 12205: 12204: 12203: 12198: 12193: 12188: 12178: 12173: 12168: 12163: 12158: 12153: 12152: 12151: 12146: 12136: 12130: 12128: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12108: 12102: 12100: 12094: 12093: 12091: 12090: 12085: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12068: 12063: 12062: 12061: 12051: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12013: 12012: 12002: 11995: 11993: 11984: 11978: 11977: 11974: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11969: 11968: 11960: 11955: 11954: 11953: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11929: 11919: 11914: 11904: 11903: 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11879: 11873: 11871: 11867: 11866: 11864: 11863: 11858: 11853: 11848: 11843: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11823: 11818: 11813: 11808: 11802: 11800: 11796: 11795: 11793: 11792: 11787: 11786: 11785: 11780: 11775: 11767: 11766: 11765: 11760: 11752: 11747: 11742: 11737: 11730: 11725: 11720: 11715: 11710: 11705: 11700: 11695: 11690: 11689: 11688: 11683: 11673: 11668: 11663: 11662: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11634:Binge drinking 11631: 11626: 11624:Alcohol powder 11621: 11616: 11614:Alcohol myopia 11611: 11610: 11609: 11599: 11598: 11597: 11587: 11582: 11581: 11580: 11575: 11565: 11556: 11554: 11548: 11547: 11545: 11544: 11543: 11542: 11536: 11527: 11522: 11513: 11508: 11503: 11498: 11493: 11492: 11491: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11465: 11463: 11459: 11458: 11456: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11434: 11432: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11422:Wine chemistry 11419: 11414: 11413: 11412: 11402: 11401: 11400: 11390: 11388:Beer chemistry 11384: 11382: 11378: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11369: 11363: 11358: 11353: 11348: 11343: 11338: 11332: 11330: 11324: 11323: 11321: 11320: 11315: 11310: 11305: 11300: 11295: 11294: 11293: 11283: 11277: 11271: 11269: 11258: 11250: 11249: 11242: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11219: 11213: 11212: 11199: 11190: 11189: 11186: 11185: 11168: 11163: 11162: 11160: 11159:Classification 11152: 11151:External links 11149: 11146: 11145: 11121: 11086:(4): 351–360. 11069: 11010: 10951: 10899: 10862:(5): 516–524. 10842: 10813:(2): 135–143. 10793: 10756:(2): 201–209. 10736: 10677: 10640:(3): 177–179. 10620: 10558: 10529:(5): 674–683. 10500: 10479:(5): 973–987. 10452: 10433:(4): 427–448. 10412: 10383:(6): 541–548. 10360: 10331:(6): 941–950. 10300: 10265: 10214: 10197:Läkartidningen 10187: 10180: 10158: 10117:(8): 599–612. 10111:Nat Rev Cancer 10094: 10045: 9980: 9943:J. Clin. Oncol 9933: 9914: 9865: 9852: 9799: 9775: 9754: 9727:Am J Epidemiol 9713: 9684:(9): 1277–83. 9664: 9615: 9588: 9545: 9526:(8): 1269–85. 9507: 9458: 9433:(5): 1206–13. 9413: 9377: 9350: 9301: 9250: 9201: 9152: 9103: 9070:Int J Dermatol 9060: 9011: 8986: 8959: 8916: 8875: 8826: 8791: 8739: 8698: 8655: 8644:(11): 3002–6. 8628: 8617:(11): 3040–4. 8601: 8572: 8553: 8534:(4): 682–685. 8516: 8487: 8450: 8407: 8394:(4): 163–168. 8371: 8344:(6): 342–351. 8324: 8303:(4): 343–352. 8283: 8264:(4): 458–475. 8244: 8217:(7): 534–540. 8201: 8180:(3): 240–247. 8174:Am J Epidemiol 8160: 8139:(5): 487–495. 8133:Am J Epidemiol 8119: 8090:(2): 187–194. 8084:Am J Epidemiol 8070: 8049:(1): 199–204. 8029: 7996: 7939: 7880: 7853:(7): 572–583. 7833: 7776: 7747:(2): 186–190. 7727: 7672: 7643:(3): 203–215. 7623: 7574: 7547: 7520: 7485: 7444: 7419:Clin Liver Dis 7405: 7386:(51): 2413–8. 7370: 7325: 7289: 7262:Am J Epidemiol 7248: 7213: 7174: 7153:(1): 217–224. 7147:Am J Clin Nutr 7133: 7094: 7091:on 2006-09-02. 7043: 6992: 6963:J Am Coll Nutr 6949: 6922:(3): 259–265. 6902: 6853: 6812: 6771: 6761:. ScienceDaily 6750: 6715: 6695: 6660: 6641:(1A): 41S–8S. 6625: 6592:Eur Psychiatry 6582: 6533: 6484: 6447: 6412: 6405: 6385: 6358:(5): 392–395. 6338: 6331: 6311: 6283: 6248: 6241: 6221: 6188:The Cerebellum 6178: 6151:(4): 715–723. 6135: 6092: 5929: 5922: 5904: 5897: 5879: 5852: 5831:(2): 134–142. 5811: 5764: 5743:(5): 505–512. 5723: 5712:(4): 237–249. 5696: 5661: 5626: 5575: 5554: 5505: 5462: 5435:(5): 499–506. 5419: 5394:Future Cardiol 5384: 5340: 5307:Neurosci. Lett 5297: 5254: 5219: 5178: 5151:(3): 199–205. 5135: 5099: 5050: 5021:(3): 281–289. 5001: 4941: 4912:(5): 322–338. 4892: 4873:(4): 289–299. 4857: 4808: 4781:(3): 265–277. 4765: 4724: 4695:(2): 117–120. 4675: 4654: 4619: 4576: 4527: 4508: 4477:(4): 332–338. 4471:Am J Epidemiol 4457: 4427:(3): 577–580. 4407: 4372: 4329: 4318:(6): 437–442. 4295: 4266:(3): 443–447. 4246: 4211: 4162: 4113: 4070: 4040:(4): 887–892. 4020: 4002: 3967: 3955: 3937: 3905: 3889: 3876: 3855: 3836:(3): 286–294. 3819: 3770: 3726: 3711: 3692:(2): 531–535. 3672: 3623: 3566: 3556: 3538: 3520: 3493: 3471: 3460:(5): 233–238. 3444: 3395: 3346: 3311: 3285: 3266:(5): 839–841. 3249: 3230:(1): 136–140. 3214: 3188: 3154: 3135:(4): 680–685. 3115: 3096:(4): 369–373. 3080: 3028: 2977: 2926: 2884: 2854: 2805: 2770: 2743: 2714:(7): 655–669. 2693: 2661: 2626: 2567: 2518: 2491: 2470:(3): 382–393. 2445: 2396: 2345: 2316:(2): 185–198. 2293: 2257: 2206: 2152: 2109: 2080:(4): 723–732. 2057: 2026: 2004: 1969: 1926: 1899: 1888:(3): 129–132. 1872: 1840: 1805: 1798: 1772: 1763:|journal= 1713: 1674: 1596: 1574: 1573: 1571: 1568: 1565: 1564: 1547: 1534:Calculated as 1526: 1525: 1523: 1520: 1519: 1518: 1513: 1508: 1503: 1496: 1493: 1467: 1464: 1436: 1433: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1319:Main article: 1316: 1313: 1303: 1300: 1291: 1288: 1286: 1283: 1243: 1240: 1230: 1227: 1206: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1165: 1162: 1160:of the liver. 1108:Main article: 1105: 1102: 1093: 1090: 1072: 1069: 1067: 1064: 1058: 1055: 1041: 1038: 1036: 1033: 1027: 1024: 999: 996: 956: 953: 932: 929: 920: 917: 863: 860: 812:panic disorder 739:theory of mind 705:High rates of 702: 699: 695:rebound effect 671:Main article: 668: 665: 649: 646: 599: 596: 584:Main article: 581: 578: 568: 565: 517: 516:Nervous system 514: 505: 502: 494:megakaryocytes 481: 478: 470:cardiomyopathy 465: 464:Cardiomyopathy 462: 445:cardiomyopathy 428: 425: 416: 413: 407: 404: 387:Main article: 384: 381: 372: 369: 365:United Kingdom 352: 351:United Kingdom 349: 344: 341: 332:Main article: 329: 326: 320: 317: 312:binge drinking 290: 287: 239: 237: 950–1050 233: 227: 221: 215: 209: 203: 197: 191: 185: 179: 173: 167: 166: 155: 154:Overall effect 152: 148:cholelithiasis 108:breast cancers 80:stomach ulcers 25:health effects 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13546: 13535: 13532: 13530: 13527: 13526: 13524: 13509: 13506: 13502: 13499: 13498: 13496: 13495: 13491: 13490: 13488: 13484: 13476: 13473: 13471: 13468: 13467: 13465: 13461: 13458: 13455: 13452: 13451: 13449: 13448: 13446: 13444: 13438: 13430: 13427: 13426: 13424: 13422: 13418: 13414: 13411: 13410: 13408: 13407: 13405: 13403: 13399: 13391: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13381: 13378: 13377: 13375: 13373: 13369: 13365: 13362: 13359: 13356: 13355: 13353: 13349: 13346: 13344: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13336: 13332: 13328: 13325: 13324: 13322: 13321: 13319: 13317: 13312: 13308: 13299: 13296: 13295: 13293: 13288: 13285: 13282: 13279: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13262: 13260: 13259: 13257: 13255: 13251: 13243: 13240: 13239: 13237: 13233: 13230: 13228: 13225: 13222: 13219: 13218: 13216: 13215: 13213: 13211: 13207: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13189: 13187: 13186: 13184: 13182: 13178: 13170: 13167: 13166: 13164: 13159: 13156: 13154: 13151: 13150: 13148: 13147: 13145: 13143: 13139: 13131: 13128: 13125: 13122: 13120: 13117: 13116: 13114: 13110: 13107: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13095: 13093: 13092: 13090: 13088: 13084: 13076: 13073: 13072: 13070: 13066: 13063: 13061: 13058: 13056: 13053: 13051: 13048: 13047: 13045: 13044: 13042: 13040: 13036: 13026: 13023: 13020: 13017: 13016: 13014: 13010: 13000: 12997: 12995: 12992: 12991: 12989: 12987: 12983: 12976: 12973: 12970: 12967: 12964: 12961: 12959: 12956: 12953: 12950: 12945: 12942: 12940: 12937: 12936: 12934: 12931: 12929: 12926: 12924: 12921: 12919: 12916: 12915: 12913: 12911: 12905: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12891: 12888: 12885: 12884: 12882: 12880: 12874: 12867: 12864: 12863: 12861: 12859: 12855: 12848: 12845: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12826: 12824: 12822: 12818: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12802: 12800: 12798: 12794: 12791: 12787: 12784: 12782: 12778: 12769: 12766: 12765: 12763: 12759: 12756: 12755: 12753: 12752: 12750: 12748:substance use 12744: 12736: 12732: 12728: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12716: 12715: 12714: 12711: 12704: 12701: 12699: 12696: 12695: 12693: 12690: 12688: 12685: 12683: 12682:Drug overdose 12679: 12676: 12675: 12674: 12671: 12670: 12668: 12664: 12660: 12657: 12650: 12645: 12643: 12638: 12636: 12631: 12630: 12627: 12615: 12607: 12606: 12603: 12597: 12594: 12592: 12589: 12587: 12584: 12582: 12579: 12577: 12574: 12572: 12571:Mood disorder 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12557: 12554: 12553: 12551: 12547: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12516: 12512: 12508: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12495: 12492: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12483: 12480: 12479: 12477: 12475: 12471: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12454: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12445:Nitrous oxide 12443: 12442: 12441: 12438: 12434: 12431: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12416: 12412: 12409: 12408: 12407: 12404: 12403: 12401: 12399: 12395: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12356:Fermented tea 12354: 12353: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12342: 12339: 12338: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12317: 12314: 12312: 12309: 12308: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12294: 12291: 12289: 12286: 12285: 12283: 12279: 12273: 12270: 12268: 12265: 12263: 12260: 12258: 12255: 12253: 12252:Sober curious 12250: 12248: 12245: 12240: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12229: 12226: 12225: 12224: 12221: 12219: 12216: 12214: 12211: 12209: 12206: 12202: 12199: 12197: 12194: 12192: 12189: 12187: 12184: 12183: 12182: 12179: 12177: 12174: 12172: 12169: 12167: 12164: 12162: 12159: 12157: 12154: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12142: 12141: 12140: 12137: 12135: 12132: 12131: 12129: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12089: 12086: 12082: 12079: 12077: 12074: 12073: 12072: 12069: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12057: 12056: 12055: 12052: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12029: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12011: 12008: 12007: 12006: 12003: 12000: 11997: 11996: 11994: 11992: 11988: 11985: 11979: 11967: 11964: 11963: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11952: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11941:Ladies' night 11939: 11937: 11934: 11928: 11925: 11924: 11923: 11920: 11918: 11915: 11913: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11882: 11880: 11878: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11868: 11862: 11859: 11857: 11854: 11852: 11849: 11847: 11844: 11842: 11841:Rum Rebellion 11839: 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11822: 11819: 11817: 11814: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11804: 11803: 11801: 11797: 11791: 11788: 11784: 11781: 11779: 11776: 11774: 11773:Alcohol enema 11771: 11770: 11768: 11764: 11761: 11759: 11756: 11755: 11753: 11751: 11748: 11746: 11743: 11741: 11738: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11729: 11726: 11724: 11723:Flaming drink 11721: 11719: 11718:Dutch courage 11716: 11714: 11711: 11709: 11706: 11704: 11703:Drunk walking 11701: 11699: 11698:Drunk dialing 11696: 11694: 11691: 11687: 11684: 11682: 11679: 11678: 11677: 11676:Drinking game 11674: 11672: 11669: 11667: 11664: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11636: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11608: 11605: 11604: 11603: 11600: 11596: 11593: 11592: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11585:Alcohol abuse 11583: 11579: 11576: 11573: 11569: 11566: 11564: 11561: 11560: 11558: 11557: 11555: 11553: 11552:Social issues 11549: 11541: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11530: 11528: 11526: 11523: 11521: 11517: 11514: 11512: 11509: 11507: 11504: 11502: 11499: 11497: 11494: 11490: 11489:breast cancer 11487: 11486: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11466: 11464: 11460: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11435: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11417:Fusel alcohol 11415: 11411: 11408: 11407: 11406: 11403: 11399: 11396: 11395: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11385: 11383: 11379: 11373: 11370: 11367: 11364: 11362: 11359: 11357: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11347: 11344: 11342: 11339: 11337: 11334: 11333: 11331: 11329: 11325: 11319: 11316: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11292: 11289: 11288: 11287: 11286:Drunk driving 11284: 11281: 11278: 11276: 11273: 11272: 11270: 11268: 11262: 11259: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11240: 11235: 11233: 11228: 11226: 11221: 11220: 11217: 11210: 11206: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11194: 11183: 11179: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11169: 11166: 11161: 11157: 11135: 11131: 11125: 11117: 11113: 11109: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11073: 11065: 11061: 11056: 11051: 11047: 11043: 11038: 11033: 11029: 11025: 11021: 11014: 11006: 11002: 10997: 10992: 10988: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10962: 10955: 10947: 10943: 10939: 10935: 10931: 10927: 10923: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10903: 10895: 10891: 10887: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10846: 10838: 10834: 10829: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10812: 10808: 10804: 10797: 10789: 10785: 10780: 10775: 10771: 10767: 10763: 10759: 10755: 10751: 10747: 10740: 10732: 10728: 10723: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10700: 10696: 10692: 10688: 10681: 10673: 10669: 10664: 10659: 10655: 10651: 10647: 10643: 10639: 10635: 10631: 10624: 10616: 10612: 10607: 10602: 10598: 10594: 10589: 10584: 10580: 10576: 10572: 10565: 10563: 10554: 10550: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10511: 10509: 10507: 10505: 10496: 10492: 10487: 10482: 10478: 10474: 10470: 10463: 10461: 10459: 10457: 10448: 10444: 10440: 10436: 10432: 10428: 10421: 10419: 10417: 10408: 10404: 10399: 10394: 10390: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10367: 10365: 10356: 10352: 10347: 10342: 10338: 10334: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10315: 10313: 10311: 10309: 10307: 10305: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10269: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10237: 10233: 10229: 10225: 10218: 10210: 10206: 10202: 10198: 10191: 10183: 10177: 10173: 10169: 10162: 10148:on 2017-08-10 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10128: 10124: 10120: 10116: 10112: 10105: 10098: 10090: 10086: 10082: 10078: 10073: 10068: 10064: 10060: 10056: 10049: 10041: 10037: 10032: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9991: 9984: 9977: 9972: 9968: 9964: 9960: 9956: 9952: 9948: 9944: 9937: 9931: 9927: 9924: 9918: 9910: 9906: 9901: 9896: 9892: 9888: 9884: 9880: 9876: 9869: 9862: 9856: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9831: 9826: 9822: 9818: 9814: 9810: 9803: 9796: 9792: 9788: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9772: 9768: 9765: 9758: 9750: 9746: 9741: 9736: 9732: 9728: 9724: 9717: 9709: 9705: 9700: 9695: 9691: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9675: 9668: 9660: 9656: 9651: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9629:Arch Dermatol 9626: 9619: 9611: 9607: 9604:(3): 181–90. 9603: 9599: 9592: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9556: 9549: 9541: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9514: 9512: 9503: 9499: 9494: 9489: 9485: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9462: 9454: 9450: 9446: 9441: 9436: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9417: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9397: 9393: 9389: 9381: 9373: 9369: 9366:(5): 525–32. 9365: 9361: 9354: 9346: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9328: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9270:(1): 258–63. 9269: 9265: 9261: 9254: 9246: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9228: 9224: 9220: 9216: 9212: 9205: 9197: 9193: 9188: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9156: 9148: 9144: 9139: 9134: 9130: 9126: 9122: 9118: 9114: 9107: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9079: 9075: 9071: 9064: 9056: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9038: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9001:on 2008-06-13 9000: 8996: 8990: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8970: 8963: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8932:(2): 212–22. 8931: 8927: 8920: 8912: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8894: 8890: 8889:Diabetes Care 8886: 8879: 8871: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8853: 8849: 8845: 8841: 8840:Diabetes Care 8837: 8830: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8807:(2): 149–56. 8806: 8802: 8795: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8775: 8770: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8746: 8744: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8717: 8713: 8709: 8702: 8694: 8690: 8686: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8670: 8666: 8659: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8639: 8638:Nippon Rinsho 8632: 8624: 8620: 8616: 8612: 8611:Nippon Rinsho 8605: 8597: 8593: 8590:(1): 87–102. 8589: 8585: 8584: 8576: 8568: 8564: 8557: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8529: 8528: 8520: 8512: 8508: 8505:(3): 676–82. 8504: 8500: 8499: 8491: 8483: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8462: 8454: 8446: 8442: 8437: 8432: 8429:(2): 169–73. 8428: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8411: 8402: 8397: 8393: 8389: 8382: 8375: 8367: 8363: 8359: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8343: 8339: 8335: 8328: 8320: 8316: 8311: 8306: 8302: 8298: 8294: 8287: 8279: 8275: 8271: 8267: 8263: 8259: 8255: 8248: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8212: 8205: 8197: 8193: 8188: 8183: 8179: 8175: 8171: 8164: 8156: 8152: 8147: 8142: 8138: 8134: 8130: 8123: 8115: 8111: 8107: 8103: 8098: 8093: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8057: 8052: 8048: 8044: 8040: 8033: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8007: 8000: 7992: 7986: 7978: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7955: 7950: 7943: 7935: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7908: 7903: 7899: 7895: 7891: 7884: 7876: 7872: 7868: 7864: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7820: 7815: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7799: 7796:(1): e1–e12. 7795: 7791: 7787: 7780: 7772: 7768: 7764: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7738: 7731: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7711: 7707: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7687: 7683: 7676: 7668: 7664: 7659: 7654: 7650: 7646: 7642: 7638: 7634: 7627: 7619: 7615: 7611: 7607: 7602: 7597: 7593: 7589: 7585: 7578: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7543: 7539: 7535: 7531: 7524: 7516: 7512: 7508: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7472: 7467: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7448: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7428: 7425:(1): 151–69. 7424: 7420: 7416: 7409: 7401: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7374: 7366: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7350: 7346: 7339: 7332: 7330: 7321: 7317: 7313: 7309: 7306:(3): 257–65. 7305: 7301: 7293: 7285: 7281: 7276: 7271: 7268:(7): 644–51. 7267: 7263: 7259: 7252: 7244: 7240: 7236: 7232: 7229:(5): 835–41. 7228: 7224: 7217: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7178: 7170: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7137: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7108:Diabetes Care 7105: 7098: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7065: 7061: 7054: 7047: 7039: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6976: 6972: 6968: 6964: 6960: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6937: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6917: 6913: 6906: 6898: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6880: 6876: 6873:(2): 95–106. 6872: 6868: 6864: 6857: 6849: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6816: 6808: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6791:(4): 187–92. 6790: 6786: 6782: 6775: 6760: 6754: 6746: 6742: 6738: 6734: 6731:(8): 473–80. 6730: 6726: 6719: 6713: 6709: 6708: 6702: 6700: 6691: 6687: 6683: 6679: 6676:(6): 874–80. 6675: 6671: 6664: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6629: 6621: 6617: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6601: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6578: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6560: 6556: 6552: 6548: 6544: 6537: 6529: 6525: 6520: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6504:(2): 204–14. 6503: 6499: 6495: 6488: 6474: 6470: 6466: 6462: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6439: 6435: 6431: 6428:(5): 726–35. 6427: 6423: 6416: 6408: 6402: 6398: 6397: 6389: 6381: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6349: 6342: 6334: 6328: 6324: 6323: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6300:(4): 347–54. 6299: 6296:(in French). 6295: 6287: 6279: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6252: 6244: 6238: 6234: 6233: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6197: 6193: 6189: 6182: 6174: 6170: 6166: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6146: 6139: 6131: 6127: 6123: 6119: 6115: 6111: 6107: 6103: 6096: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6008: 6004: 5996: 5992: 5988: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5933: 5925: 5919: 5915: 5908: 5900: 5894: 5890: 5883: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5822: 5815: 5807: 5803: 5799: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5783: 5779: 5775: 5768: 5760: 5756: 5751: 5746: 5742: 5738: 5734: 5727: 5719: 5715: 5711: 5708:(in French). 5707: 5700: 5692: 5688: 5684: 5680: 5676: 5672: 5665: 5657: 5653: 5649: 5645: 5641: 5637: 5630: 5622: 5618: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5595:(3): 239–49. 5594: 5590: 5586: 5579: 5564: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5542: 5538: 5533: 5528: 5524: 5520: 5516: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5481: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5400:(5): 467–77. 5399: 5395: 5388: 5380: 5376: 5372: 5368: 5364: 5360: 5357:(3): 357–63. 5356: 5352: 5344: 5336: 5332: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5316: 5313:(3): 179–82. 5312: 5308: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5269: 5265: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5223: 5215: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5198:(3): 189–92. 5197: 5193: 5189: 5182: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5070:(6): 376–81. 5069: 5065: 5061: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5029: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5005: 4991:on 2021-09-14 4987: 4983: 4979: 4974: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4960: 4952: 4945: 4937: 4933: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4868: 4861: 4853: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4812: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4769: 4761: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4728: 4720: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4702: 4698: 4694: 4690: 4686: 4679: 4664: 4658: 4650: 4646: 4642: 4638: 4634: 4630: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4580: 4572: 4568: 4564: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4531: 4524:(4): 301–308. 4523: 4519: 4512: 4504: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4447:on 2011-02-12 4446: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4411: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4333: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4274: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4250: 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4215: 4207: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4189: 4185: 4181: 4177: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4154: 4149: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4074: 4060:on 2013-01-12 4059: 4055: 4051: 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4024: 4017:. 2004-09-24. 4016: 4012: 4006: 3998: 3994: 3990: 3986: 3982: 3978: 3971: 3965: 3959: 3952:. 2013-08-22. 3951: 3947: 3941: 3927:on 2014-04-26 3923: 3916: 3909: 3902: 3899: 3893: 3886: 3880: 3865: 3859: 3851: 3847: 3843: 3839: 3835: 3831: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3803: 3798: 3793: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3743:(4): 361–73. 3742: 3738: 3730: 3724: 3718: 3716: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3679: 3677: 3668: 3664: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643:(7357): 191. 3642: 3638: 3634: 3627: 3619: 3615: 3610: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3570: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3542: 3534: 3530: 3524: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3498: 3489: 3485: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3463: 3459: 3455: 3448: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3391: 3387: 3382: 3377: 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2541: 2538:(6): 955–62. 2537: 2533: 2529: 2522: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2501:Ann Epidemiol 2495: 2487: 2483: 2478: 2473: 2469: 2465: 2461: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2411: 2407: 2400: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2378: 2373: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2356: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2261: 2253: 2249: 2244: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2190: 2185: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2161: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2113: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2074:Diabetes Care 2071: 2064: 2062: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2014: 2008: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1973: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1922: 1918: 1914: 1910: 1903: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1884:(in German). 1883: 1876: 1869: 1858: 1854: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1801: 1795: 1791: 1786: 1785: 1776: 1768: 1756: 1742:on 2020-11-11 1738: 1734: 1730: 1725: 1720: 1716: 1714:9781412941860 1710: 1706: 1702: 1695: 1694: 1689: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1670: 1664: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1601: 1592: 1588: 1582: 1580: 1575: 1557: 1551: 1545: 1541: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1514: 1512: 1509: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1474: 1473:human capital 1463: 1459: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1445: 1441: 1432: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1378: 1377:breast cancer 1374: 1370: 1365: 1363: 1360:panel report 1359: 1353: 1351: 1350: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1325:In 1988, the 1322: 1312: 1308: 1299: 1297: 1285:Immune system 1282: 1279: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1239: 1236: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1216: 1212: 1202: 1198: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1175: 1171: 1161: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1116:meta-analyses 1111: 1101: 1099: 1098:kidney stones 1092:Kidney stones 1089: 1087: 1083: 1079: 1066:Other systems 1063: 1057:Periodontitis 1054: 1050: 1046: 1032: 1023: 1021: 1017: 1016:malabsorption 1013: 1009: 1005: 995: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 965: 961: 955:Liver disease 952: 950: 949:ascorbic acid 946: 940: 938: 928: 926: 916: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 889: 885: 881: 877: 873: 869: 859: 855: 853: 849: 845: 840: 836: 832: 827: 825: 821: 817: 816:social phobia 813: 809: 805: 801: 796: 791: 789: 788:schizophrenia 785: 782:, as well as 781: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 751: 747: 742: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 723:Social skills 720: 718: 713: 708: 698: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 674: 664: 662: 656: 654: 645: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 611: 607: 605: 595: 593: 587: 577: 575: 564: 562: 558: 557: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 513: 511: 501: 499: 498:hypersplenism 495: 491: 487: 477: 475: 471: 461: 458: 454: 450: 446: 442: 438: 437:heart failure 434: 424: 422: 412: 403: 400: 396: 395:anticoagulant 390: 380: 378: 371:United States 368: 366: 361: 357: 348: 340: 335: 325: 316: 313: 308: 304: 301: 295: 286: 282: 280: 274: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 251: 231: 850–950 225: 750–850 219: 650–750 213: 550–650 207: 450–550 201: 350–450 195: 250–350 189: 150–250 171: No data 164: 160: 151: 149: 143: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 109: 106:, and female 105: 101: 97: 93: 89: 85: 81: 77: 73: 69: 68:heart failure 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 41: 36: 34: 30: 27:of long-term 26: 22: 13492: 13419: 13370: 13333: 13181:Hallucinogen 12908:Neurological 12656:Psychoactive 12531:Gin Act 1751 12521:Bratt System 12514: 12510: 12377:Measurement 12311:Breathalyzer 12081:Shoulder tap 11733: 11607:Beer goggles 11442: 11171: 11137:. 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Retrieved 8016:the original 8009: 7999: 7985:cite journal 7961:(1): 66–75. 7958: 7952: 7942: 7897: 7894:Biomolecules 7893: 7883: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7793: 7789: 7779: 7744: 7740: 7730: 7689: 7685: 7675: 7640: 7636: 7626: 7594:(7): 592–8. 7591: 7588:Intern Med J 7587: 7577: 7560: 7556: 7550: 7533: 7529: 7523: 7498: 7494: 7488: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7422: 7418: 7408: 7383: 7379: 7373: 7348: 7344: 7303: 7299: 7292: 7265: 7261: 7251: 7226: 7222: 7216: 7194:(5): 533–6. 7191: 7188:Epidemiology 7187: 7177: 7150: 7146: 7136: 7111: 7107: 7097: 7086:the original 7066:(1): 76–83. 7063: 7059: 7046: 7009: 7005: 6995: 6987:the original 6969:(2): 134–9. 6966: 6962: 6952: 6919: 6915: 6905: 6870: 6866: 6856: 6829: 6825: 6815: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6763:. Retrieved 6753: 6728: 6724: 6718: 6705: 6673: 6669: 6663: 6638: 6634: 6628: 6598:(8): 483–8. 6595: 6591: 6585: 6550: 6546: 6536: 6501: 6497: 6487: 6476:. 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Retrieved 1737:the original 1692: 1663:cite journal 1628: 1624: 1590: 1550: 1530: 1489: 1485: 1478: 1469: 1460: 1453: 1442: 1438: 1409:birth defect 1407:or FAS is a 1403: 1383:Acetaldehyde 1381: 1366: 1361: 1354: 1346: 1324: 1309: 1305: 1293: 1280: 1245: 1232: 1229:Osteoporosis 1223: 1219: 1208: 1199: 1195: 1182:gynecomastia 1167: 1154:feminisation 1139: 1127:testosterone 1124: 1113: 1095: 1074: 1060: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1029: 1001: 998:Pancreatitis 992:liver cancer 984:milk thistle 958: 941: 934: 922: 907:in both its 905:pancreatitis 890: 887: 856: 828: 792: 758: 750:irritability 743: 721: 704: 676: 657: 651: 608: 601: 589: 570: 553: 542:homocysteine 519: 507: 483: 467: 449:hypertension 433:heart attack 430: 418: 409: 397:properties. 392: 374: 362: 358: 354: 346: 337: 322: 309: 305: 296: 292: 283: 275: 252: 248: 183: 50–150 144: 100:liver cancer 56:hypertension 40:malnutrition 37: 20: 18: 13421:amphetamine 13372:barbiturate 12511:Beer Street 12462:Homotaurine 12457:Acamprosate 12328:Dry January 12307:Monitoring 12208:Teetotalism 12201:Malt drinks 11991:Alcohol law 11763:Yard of ale 11708:Drunkorexia 11520:intolerance 11313:Rum-running 9797:(2000)(PDF) 9555:Orthop Nurs 9321:(1): 75–6. 9123:(12): 897. 9031:(1): 75–6. 8762:(1): 20–6. 8022:October 22, 7351:(1): 5–15. 7345:Ann Hepatol 6832:(2): 73–7. 6826:J R Soc Med 6003:Mov. Disord 5868:: 205–232. 5478:(1): 60–8. 5264:NeuroReport 5116:(1): 7–31. 4738:Circulation 4541:Circulation 4421:Circulation 4260:Circulation 3896:Sam Lister 3509:www.who.int 3051:(12): 651. 3045:J R Soc Med 2997:(6): 1284. 2899:Circulation 2759:(1): 7–13. 1942:: 245–280. 1862:13 November 1591:www.who.int 1542:. See also 1302:Common cold 1040:Oral cancer 964:fatty liver 880:Fatty liver 767:hippocampus 683:diaphoresis 642:Banana bags 626:confusional 13523:Categories 13402:Stimulants 13065:Caffeinism 13019:Alcoholism 12692:Withdrawal 12591:Town drunk 12423:Disulfiram 12371:Small beer 12337:Campaigns 12171:Drunk tank 12144:Dry campus 12054:Dry county 11836:Rum ration 11816:Dipsomania 11745:Pantsdrunk 11538:Red wine: 11328:Alcoholism 11318:Wine fraud 11139:2017-09-17 10697:(1): 906. 10152:2013-01-19 9830:2434/22728 9005:2008-06-18 7637:Physiology 7012:(1): 126. 6765:2014-04-22 6478:2008-05-13 5737:Age Ageing 5569:2014-04-22 4995:2020-10-22 4669:2014-04-22 4451:2006-07-25 4064:2009-01-10 3931:2014-04-25 3870:2014-04-22 3580:The Lancet 3514:2024-03-18 3454:Przegl Lek 3415:: 114450. 2507:(5): 555. 2410:The Lancet 2365:(1): 208. 2226:(1): 228. 1746:2006-07-31 1625:The Lancet 1570:References 1349:carcinogen 1343:Toxicology 1178:testicular 937:gallstones 866:See also: 574:log-linear 496:, or from 399:Thrombosis 343:South Asia 271:β-carotene 33:Alcoholism 13508:Chocolate 12910:disorders 12526:Dry state 12433:Cyanamide 12267:Sobrietol 12066:Last call 12032:DWI court 11885:Beer mile 11856:Speakeasy 11826:Gin Craze 11758:Beer bong 11713:Dry drunk 11686:Pregaming 11534:Potomania 11516:Tolerance 11506:Pregnancy 11381:Chemistry 11303:Nip joint 11298:Moonshine 11100:1618-7598 11046:1747-597X 10987:1471-2458 10930:1474-547X 10886:0749-3797 10864:CiteSeerX 10819:1535-7414 10770:0735-0414 10713:1471-2458 10654:1353-8047 10597:2296-2565 10022:1476-4687 9885:: d1584. 9859:BBC News 7916:2218-273X 7867:1600-051X 7810:1698-6946 7763:0019-557X 7722:159040972 7706:1432-6981 7618:205502466 7380:Orv Hetil 6936:0003-990X 6867:CNS Drugs 6712:eMedicine 6422:Addiction 6372:1055-0496 6294:Encephale 5967:Neurology 5173:205924421 4966:(1): 44. 4775:Am J Ther 4494:1765/9842 3901:The Times 3600:0140-6736 3505:"Alcohol" 3321:Addiction 3171:N Z Med J 3129:Addiction 2991:Nutrients 2604:10668/316 2193:0965-2140 2171:Addiction 1765:ignored ( 1755:cite book 1341:National 1296:pneumonia 1264:psoriasis 1260:cirrhosis 1248:urticaria 1158:cirrhosis 988:silymarin 980:anti-TNFs 968:cirrhosis 945:vitamin C 901:hepatitis 897:cirrhosis 893:gastritis 884:Cirrhosis 837:) in the 691:REM sleep 289:The World 267:vitamin E 76:gastritis 44:cirrhosis 13441:Volatile 13316:hypnotic 13311:Sedative 13210:Nicotine 13087:Cannabis 13039:Caffeine 12898:Hangover 12746:Combined 12614:Category 12515:Gin Lane 12272:Quit lit 12196:Spritzer 12126:Sobriety 11981:Alcohol 11962:Whiskey 11790:Sconcing 11740:Nightcap 11666:Blackout 11496:Cortisol 11393:Congener 11205:Archived 11116:20912577 11108:18043953 11064:19939238 11005:20534112 10946:27947246 10938:19560604 10894:22011424 10837:22330211 10788:26246514 10731:27576562 10672:11003181 10615:28149834 10553:23948526 10495:27992890 10407:20153586 10355:18925353 10260:84514766 10209:15804034 10131:17646865 10089:11716548 10081:16287084 10040:29323295 9971:25271140 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