202:
498:
599:
trees. Locrian maidens were seen as marginal beings and scapegoats, separated from normal life, a feature of rites of passage. The three stages of rites of passage are separation, marginalization and reincorporation, and according to this, the maidens left for Ilion, spent a year there and returned home. In
Epizephyrian Locri, maidens were prostituted as a reminder and punishment for a certain act. Ancient basis for prostitution was that girls would marry earlier than their coevals and foreigners would complete the rites. The completion of the rites enhances the status of girls.
287:
20:
897:
485:, states that the Locrians of Epizephyrian Locri had a special way to treat the sex difference. Although the Locrians hardly viewed men and women as equals, women held special religious rights, which men could gain access to only by marrying them. Locrian women became the vehicles for the transmission of status, and marriage maintained the social order of a traditional
602:
In the middle of the 6th century, this cult became more epic focused and centered on the expiation for the crimes of Ajax. As a result, later generations forgot its significance and put an end to this tribute; but a Greek inscription, discovered in Locris at the end of the nineteenth century, proves
598:
These maidens were not given proper burials, as most of them were burnt on a pyre of barren branches and the ashes were thrown to the sea. This kind of pyre was used in Greece to burn criminals and the barren trees were used to burn portents and prodigies, while criminals were hanged from these
586:
Locrian maidens had the appearance of a Greek mourner, as they went to Ilion barefoot, wearing only one garment and their hair was loose or cut. Cut hair symbolizes maturity for both sexes and plays a part in marriage rituals, while loosened or cut hair are required in other cults such as to
571:, after the command of the Delphic oracle, two maidens were sent to Ilion, and their duty was to clean the temple. After their death, they were replaced, while the tribute ended after a thousand years with the end of the Phocian War, which destroyed
549:
for 1,000 years, where they should live until they died. After their death, they would not be given a decent burial, while for each maiden who died, another one must be sent into the temple by night, and she would be stoned to death if seen.
262:
in 216 BC. The Locri surrendered to
Hannibal in 215 BC and were given peace by his order. They were permitted to live in freedom, keep control of their harbour, and be governed by their own laws. Their city was expected to be open to the
525:, thinking that he will always fight with them. On the other side, Ajax's actions resulted in his death according to Greek mythology, while the Locrian tribe suffered from the anger of the gods.
143:, when the Greek tribes moved southwards. In historical times, the Locrians were divided into two distinct tribes, differing from each other in customs, habits and civilization. Of these, the
378:. It is argued that the word "locros" means "branch" and that the "Locrians" was not a specific nation but the various "branches", ie the tribes, participating in an alliance / amphictyony.
225:; they were the more ancient and the more civilized. The Ozolian Locrians, who are said to have been a colony of the former, are not mentioned in history until the time of the
374:
mention that "Locrians" is the later name of the
Leleges, in the way that many ancient writers inaccurately identified several Greek tribes with the aboriginal peoples of
174:
It is likely that
Locrian territory once extended from sea to sea, then was divided as a result of the immigration of the Phocians and Dorians. The most famous
310:
dialectal group and it was roughly divided into two varieties in accordance to their tribal distribution; the
Ozolian branch along the northwest coast of the
201:
241:, were attacked by various tribes which devastated their country and only some of their towns preserved the Locrian identity in the 3rd century BC.
811:
229:, and are even then represented as a semi-barbarous people. That was the last mention of the Ozolian Locrians, as they suffered the defeat from
946:
233:
later and they stopped having a distinct identity in the 4th century BC. The
Opuntian Locrians, who are mentioned to have taken part in the
563:
mentions that the curse fell upon Locris three years after the Trojan war, which led to the beginning of the tribute at the command of the
267:, and their alliance was based on mutual commitment for support during peace and war. The Locri finally made peace with Rome in 204 BC.
221:
In the 6th century BC, the
Locrians had a series of conflicts with the neighbouring tribes. Only the Opuntian Locrians are mentioned by
966:
557:, the father of Ajax and the ancestral hero of the Locrians. She could have protected the maidens during their period of initiation.
911:
763:
H. Harissis "Pindar's Paean 8 and the birth of the myth of the first temples of Delphi" Acta
Classica 62, pp 78 –123 (2019)
751:
553:
The goddess is referred to as "Athena Ilias", a name not necessarily derived from Ilion, but maybe from the family deity
326:. Unlike some other Northwest varieties, that are not so well known from a dialectal point of view, Locrian, along with
64:
32:
885:
866:
579:
says that the plague fell upon Locris after the
Locrians failed to send the yearly tribute that the oracle demanded.
395:, to which they belonged, and their religion. The most famous of their heroes were Ajax the Locrian, best known as
568:
541:, for this crime of their national hero, the Locrians had to send two unmarried maidens to the temple of Athena at
583:
knows that the maidens were sent for the first time "when the
Persians were already in control", so after 547 BC.
354:, the founders of the Greek race. According to some traditions, Deucalion was a native of the Locrian city of
906:
359:
650:
595:, and bare feet in other as well. In addition to these, loosened hair and bare feet are signs of a witch.
501:
Ajax raping Cassandra from the Palladium. Side A of an Attic black-figure amphora, ca. 540 BC. From Vulci.
933:
920:
371:
147:, called the Opuntian and Epicnemedian, dwelt on the eastern coast of Greece, opposite the island of
362:". Some ancient writers supposed the name of the Locrians to be derived from an ancient king of the
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80:
451:; which means that the Locrian civilization was widely extended in the ancient Greek world. In
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246:
878:
Ancient Rome, Social and Historical Documents from the Early Republic to the Death of Augustus
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408:
290:
Map of Ancient Greek dialects; the areas of Locrian distribution are included in the broader
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175:
580:
521:. Locrians respected him so much, that after his death they kept a place for him in their
8:
391:. Later the name expanded to include the other Greek tribes through the Amphictionia of
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from Epizephyrian Locris devised the first written Greek law code, the Locrian code.
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947:
Mara Dabrishus - Oxford Readings in Greek Religion, Locrian Maidens (by Fritz Graf)
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that the Locrians continued to send out pairs of maidens until the 3rd century BC.
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includes the Locri and other Greek cities among the defectors during the
87:. They were divided into two geographically distinct tribes, the western
900: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
358:, thus the Locrians are said to have been the first tribe to be called "
859:
Studies in Ancient Greek Dialects, From Central Greece to the Black Sea
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The Locrians are said to have arrived in southern Greece in the late
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111:, which still bears the name "Locri" to this day. Among others,
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Crespo, Emilio; Giannakis, Georgios; Filos, Panagiotis (2017).
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were the most famous Locrian heroes, both distinguished in the
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respectively, and their most important colony was the city of
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the founders were the Ozolian Locrians, from the region of
776:"What did the Locrian maidens know about sex differences?"
856:
698:
665:, Lectures on Ancient Ethnography, vol. i. p. 123.
483:The Locrian Maidens: Love and Death in Greek Italy
778:. The University of Chicago Chronicle. 2004-02-05
953:
415:. Elements of Ajax worship have been found in
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733:vii. p. 322; Scymnus Ch. 590; Dicaearch. 71;
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306:, known today as Locrian. It belonged to the
155:, called Ozolian or Esperian, dwelt on the
130:
905:
455:, the Locrians are closely related to the
258:, even though they had initially opposed
876:Dillon, Matthew; Garland, Lynda (2015).
496:
285:
200:
18:
912:Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography
342:, the Locrians were the descendants of
954:
801:, Book II, verses 494–760, PP Il.2.494
575:, the town that supplied the maidens.
505:The national hero of the Locrians was
159:and were separated from the former by
178:of the Locrian tribe was the city of
837:Agreement to Provide Locrian Maidens
385:were the first to have been called
182:, founded in the 7th century BC in
59:tribe that inhabited the region of
13:
699:Crespo, Giannakis & Filos 2017
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213:, from the sanctuary of Marasà in
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237:between the Greeks and the
95:; their primary towns were
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372:Dionysius of Halicarnassus
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209:on horseback supported by
687:Dillon & Garland 2015
48:
880:. Taylor & Francis.
131:History and distribution
139:from their homeland on
77:Doric-Northwest dialect
915:. London: John Murray.
517:, to take part in the
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295:
218:
36:
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479:University of Chicago
298:The Locrians spoke a
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235:battle of Thermopylae
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22:
720:; Strab. ix. p. 425.
581:Demetrius of Scepsis
381:The Locrians around
370:, named Locrus, and
346:, great-grandson of
23:Map showing eastern
909:, ed. (1854–1857).
411:and best friend of
105:Epizephyrian Locris
16:Ancient Greek tribe
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296:
219:
180:Epizephyrian Locri
55:) were an ancient
37:
928:Missing or empty
921:cite encyclopedia
748:Roman Antiquities
467:James M. Redfield
300:Northwest dialect
227:Peloponnesian War
163:and the whole of
137:2nd millennium BC
71:. They spoke the
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453:Greek mythology
447:, and northern
397:Ajax the Lesser
340:Greek mythology
336:
312:Gulf of Corinth
292:Northwest Greek
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247:History of Rome
190:. According to
161:Mount Parnassus
157:Corinthian gulf
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113:Ajax the Lesser
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27:and western
841:attalus.org
569:Apollodorus
561:Callimachus
443:, southern
383:Thermopylae
75:dialect, a
956:Categories
782:2008-02-04
729:Aristot.;
651:ix. p. 425
637:References
519:Trojan War
429:Asia Minor
256:Punic Wars
121:Trojan War
539:Alexandra
535:Lycophron
529:The curse
487:oligarchy
471:professor
409:Menoetius
407:, son of
405:Patroclus
399:, son of
348:Deucalion
334:Mythology
322:, around
117:Patroclus
93:Opuntians
69:Parnassus
67:, around
962:Locrians
823:Aelian,
716:ix. 63,
607:See also
593:Dionysus
475:Classics
457:Phocians
413:Achilles
388:Hellenes
360:Hellenes
276:Language
260:Hannibal
239:Persians
207:Dioscuri
196:Amphissa
125:Zaleucus
97:Amphissa
89:Ozolians
83:and the
81:Phocians
41:Locrians
25:Opuntian
904::
851:Sources
795:Homer,
663:Niebuhr
649:Strab.
589:Demeter
523:phalanx
477:at the
437:Kerkyra
364:Leleges
328:Phocian
316:Amfissa
314:around
271:Culture
244:In his
231:Corinth
211:Tritons
85:Dorians
73:Locrian
972:Locris
884:
865:
825:Fr. 47
752:online
577:Aelian
573:Naryca
555:Oileus
547:Athens
461:Eleans
449:Africa
441:Epirus
423:, the
421:Pontus
417:Euboea
403:; and
401:Oileus
393:Delphi
376:Greece
368:Locris
352:Pyrrha
344:Locrus
320:Euboea
294:group.
192:Strabo
176:colony
169:Phocis
149:Euboea
141:Pindus
61:Locris
53:Lokroi
49:Λοκροί
798:Iliad
735:Plin.
711:Pind.
677:i. 5.
675:Thuc.
627:Italy
623:Locri
543:Ilion
445:Italy
308:Doric
223:Homer
215:Locri
188:Locri
165:Doris
57:Greek
45:Greek
934:help
882:ISBN
863:ISBN
718:seq.
591:and
515:Troy
459:and
356:Opus
350:and
324:Opus
252:Livy
205:The
167:and
115:and
101:Opus
99:and
39:The
839:at
714:Ol.
625:in
545:of
513:to
473:of
338:In
302:of
107:in
63:in
31:in
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919:{{
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43:(
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