319:
600:
to discuss policy. What must be understood about groups exerting influence in the bureaucracy is; "the crucial relationship here is usually that between the senior bureaucrats and leading business or industrial interests". This supports the view that groups with greater financial resources at their disposal will generally be better able to influence the decision-making process of government. The advantages that large businesses have is mainly due to the fact that they are key producers within their countries economy and, therefore, their interests are important to the government as their contributions are important to the economy. According to
465:
1220:. To obtain these types of benefits, members would simply pay dues, and donate their time or money to get a feeling of satisfaction from expressing a political value. Also, it would not matter if the interest group achieved their goal; these members would merely be able to say they helped out in the process of trying to obtain their goals, which is the expressive incentive that they got in the first place. The types of interest groups that rely on expressive benefits or incentives are environmental groups and groups who claim to be lobbying for the public interest.
194:
739:(ACLU), described as a legal nonprofit organization that, according to the organization's website, "works in the courts, legislatures, and communities to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to all people in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." With its national headquarters in New York, the ACLU has autonomous affiliates in each of the 50 states, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico.
1410:
493:, the largest of all Union Army veterans' organizations, was the most powerful single-issue political lobby of the late nineteenth century, securing massive pensions for veterans and helping to elect five postwar presidents from its own membership. To its members, it was also a secret fraternal order, a source of local charity, a provider of entertainment in small municipalities, and a patriotic organization.
286:
rebellion – it tried to rectify the faults in governance through appeals to existing legal precedents and was conceived of as an extra-Parliamentary form of agitation to arrive at a consensual and constitutional arrangement. The force and influence of this social advocacy movement on the streets of London compelled the authorities to concede to the movement's demands. Wilkes was returned to
Parliament,
1259:: Under neo-pluralism, a concept of political communities developed that is more similar to the British form of government. This is based on the concept of political communities in that advocacy groups and other such bodies are organised around a government department and its network of client groups. The members of this network co-operate together during the policy making process.
1386:. More specifically, social media can provide "a means of reproducing power and fulfilling group interest for those possessing excessive power... indirectly reinforce elitist domination." By excluding those without access to the internet, social media inherently misrepresents populations- particularly the populations in
686:
more ideological agenda. Traditionally, a prime example of such a group were the trade-unions who were the so-called "industrial" muscle. Trade-unions would campaign in the forms of industrial action and marches for workers rights, these gained much media attention and sympathy for their cause. In the United States, the
690:
gained much of its publicity through civil disobedience; African
Americans would simply disobey the racist segregation laws to get the violent, racist reaction from the police and white Americans. This violence and racism was then broadcast all over the world, showing the world just how one sided the
1397:
Since advocacy groups have the agency to control a community's narrative through a social media post, they have the agency to control the deservedness of a community as well. That is, the amount of resources or attention a community receives largely depends on the kind of narrative an advocacy group
1154:
addresses the difficulty of obtaining members of a particular interest group when the benefits are already reaped without membership. For instance, an interest group dedicated to improving farming standards will fight for the general goal of improving farming for every farmer, even those who are not
599:
to support their cause by voting a certain way in the legislature. Access to this channel is generally restricted to groups with insider status such as large corporations and trade unions – groups with outsider status are unlikely to be able to meet with ministers or other members of the bureaucracy
574:
groups mask the sponsors of a message or organization (e.g., political, advertising, religious or public relations) to make it appear as though it originates from and is supported by grassroots participants. It is a practice intended to give the statements or organizations credibility by withholding
1285:
Apart from lobbying and other methods of asserting political presence, advocacy groups use social media to attract attention towards their particular cause. A study published in early 2012 suggests that advocacy groups of varying political and ideological orientations operating in the United States
685:
to attempt to exert influence in
Liberal Democracies. Groups will generally use two distinct styles when attempting to manipulate the media – they will either put across their outsider status and use their inability to access the other channels of influence to gain sympathy or they may put across a
644:
Board of education, arguing that segregation of education based on race was unconstitutional. As a result of group pressure from the NAACP, the supreme court unanimously ruled that racial segregation in education was indeed unconstitutional and such practices were banned. This is a novel example of
635:
The judicial branch of government can also be used by advocacy groups to exert influence. In states where legislation cannot be challenged by the courts, like the UK, advocacy groups are limited in the amount of influence they have. In states that have codified constitutions, like the US, however,
510:
Watchdog groups exist to provide oversight and rating of actions or media by various outlets, both government and corporate. They may also index personalities, organizations, products, and activities in databases to provide coverage and rating of the value or viability of such entities to target
285:
began aggressively promoting his policies. This was the first ever sustained social advocacy group – it involved public meetings, demonstrations, the distribution of pamphlets on an unprecedented scale and the mass petition march. However, the movement was careful not to cross the line into open
1381:
While these studies show the acceptance of social media use by advocacy groups, populations not affiliated with media advocacy often question the benevolence of social media. Rather than exclusively fostering an atmosphere of camaraderie and universal understanding, social media can perpetuate
1170:
Selective benefits are material, rather than monetary benefits conferred on group members. For instance, an interest group could give members free or discounted travel, meals, or periodical subscriptions. Many trade and professional interest groups tend to give these types of benefits to their
698:. Groups that already had a global structure such as Greenpeace were better able to adapt to globalisation. Greenpeace, for example, has offices in over 30 countries and has an income of $ 50 million annually. Groups such as these have secured the nature of their influence by gaining status as
648:
Advocacy groups can also exert influence on political parties. The main way groups do this is through campaign finance. For instance; in the UK, the conservative parties campaigns are often funded by large corporations, as many of the conservative parties campaigns reflect the interests of
653:'s re-election campaign in 2004 was the most expensive in American history and was financed mainly by large corporations and industrial interests that the Bush administration represented in government. Conversely, left-wing parties are often funded by organised labour – when the British
309:
in 1807. In the opinion of Eugene Black (1963), "...association made possible the extension of the politically effective public. Modern extra parliamentary political organization is a product of the late eighteenth century the history of the age of reform cannot be written without it.
619:
Advocacy groups can also exert influence through the assembly by lobbying. Groups with greater economic resources at their disposal can employ professional lobbyists to try and exert influence in the assembly. An example of such a group is the environmentalist group
1155:
members of that particular interest group. Thus, there is no real incentive to join an interest group and pay dues if the farmer will receive that benefit anyway. For another example, every individual in the world would benefit from a cleaner environment, but
624:; Greenpeace (an organisation with income upward of $ 50,000,000) use lobbying to gain political support for their campaigns. They raise issues about the environment with the aim of having their issues translated into policy such as the government encouraging
1179:
A solidarity incentive is a reward for participation that is socially derived and created out of the act of association. Examples include "socializing congeniality, the sense of group membership and identification, the status resulting from membership, fun,
657:
was formed, it was largely funded by trade unions. Often, political parties are actually formed as a result of group pressure, for example, the Labour Party in the UK was formed out of the new trade union movement which lobbied for the rights of workers.
1390:. Since media advocacy groups use social media as a way to boost the narratives of these populations, the effect of social media use can be counteractive to well-intentioned goals. Instead of directly amplifying the voices and narratives of
561:
funds provide funding for the legal defense for, or legal action against, individuals or groups related to their specific interests or target demographic. This is often accompanied by one of the above types of advocacy groups filing an
506:
Anti-defamation organizations issue responses or criticisms to real or supposed slights of any sort (including speech or violence) by an individual or group against a specific segment of the population which the organization exists to
257:
eventually ruled in Wilkes favour. As a result of this episode, Wilkes became a figurehead to the growing movement for popular sovereignty among the middle classes – people began chanting, "Wilkes and
Liberty" in the streets.
1236:
Much work has been undertaken by academics attempting to categorize how advocacy groups operate, particularly in relation to governmental policy creation. The field is dominated by numerous and diverse schools of thought:
1246:: This is based upon the understanding that advocacy groups operate in competition with one another and play a key role in the political system. They do this by acting as a counterweight to undue concentrations of power.
2004:
Former president Bill
Clinton defined it as "stunningly effective". Former speaker of the House of Representatives Newt Gingrich called it "the most effective general-interest group across the entire planet".
1365:
Another 2012 study argued that advocacy groups use social media to reach audiences unrelated to the communities they help and to mobilize diverse groups of people. Mobilization is achieved in four ways:
893:(METO), whose draft treaty process led to the UN General Assembly convening an annual meeting of Member States on establishing a zone free of weapons of mass destruction (WMDFZ) in the Middle East.
273:
on 10 May 1768, a mass movement of support emerged, with large demonstrations in the streets under the slogan "No liberty, no King." Stripped of the right to sit in
Parliament, Wilkes became an
595:
as the main channel of influence – because, in liberal democracies, this is where the decision-making power lies. The aim of advocacy groups here is to attempt to influence a member of the
1290:
to interact with citizens every day. The study surveyed 53 groups, that were found to be using a variety of social media technologies to achieve organizational and political goals:
1251:
However, this pluralist theory (formed primarily by
American academics) reflects a more open and fragmented political system similar to that in countries such as the United States.
578:
Media advocacy groups use mass media to advocate the incorporation of equitable public policies- particularly policies aimed at benefiting historically marginalized communities.
526:
where lobbying first developed. Some Lobby groups have considerable financial resources at their disposal. Lobbying is regulated to stop the worst abuses which can develop into
616:". This suggests that in the ever modernising world, big business has an increasing role in influencing the bureaucracy and in turn, the decision-making process of government.
2459:
1615:
1277:
There are three broad perspectives on how special interest groups achieve influence: through quid pro quo exchange, information transmission, and subsidizing policymaking.
2682:"Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action"
2106:
1643:"Advocacy 2.0: An Analysis of How Advocacy Groups in the United States Perceive and Use Social Media as Tools for Facilitating Civic Engagement and Collective Action"
144:. Some powerful advocacy groups have been accused of manipulating the democratic system for narrow commercial gain, and in some instances have been found guilty of
2838:
1860:
706:
industries can be exerted in a number of ways: "through direct lobbying by large corporations, national trade bodies and 'peak' associations such as the
2144:
855:
for the representatives of large oil, gas, coal, and electric utilities corporations that attempt to influence governmental policy in the United States.
518:
for a change to the law or the maintenance of a particular law and big businesses fund very considerable lobbying influence on legislators, for example
989:
728:
There have been many significant advocacy groups throughout history, some of which could operated with dynamics that could better categorize them as
1472:
133:, and policy briefings. Some groups are supported or backed by powerful business or political interests and exert considerable influence on the
1162:
This poses a problem for interest groups, which require dues from their members and contributions in order to accomplish the groups' agendas.
2125:
2436:
338:
entered a period of social upheaval characterised by the growing maturity of the use of social movements and special-interest associations.
389:
parties and organisations. These tendencies were seen in poorer countries as pressure for reform continued, for example in Russia with the
1988:
1039:
On some controversial issues there are a number of competing advocacy groups, sometimes with very different resources available to them:
930:
342:
was the first mass movement of the growing working-class in the world. It campaigned for political reform between 1838 and 1848 with the
331:
211:
The early growth of pressure groups was connected to broad economic and political changes in
England in the mid-18th century, including
318:
1607:
944:
2249:
2467:
811:
since the 1970s and it has been investigated by
Italian authorities for many legal issues regarding bribery, corruption and frauds.
742:
661:
Advocacy groups also exert influence through channels that are separate from the government or the political structure such as the
2035:
1912:
1354:
As noted in the study, "while some groups raised doubts about social media's ability to overcome the limitations of weak ties and
702:(NGOs), many of which oversee the work of the UN and the EU from their permanent offices in America and Europe. Group pressure by
254:
707:
266:
2418:
1228:
Some public policy interests are not recognized or addressed by a group at all. These interests are labeled latent interests.
2882:
2858:
2565:
2532:
2204:
2070:
1448:
896:
2361:
305:. Starting with an organised sugar boycott in 1791, it led the second great petition drive of 1806, which brought about the
537:
Lobby groups spend considerable amounts of money on election advertising as well. For example, the 2011 documentary film
452:
of social movement is latent—they make the analogy to national movements of the past to describe what has been termed a
448:. Some social movement scholars posit that with the rapid pace of globalization, the potential for the emergence of new
2643:
2220:
1762:
793:, an organization formed in 1970 which aims to give consumers a voice for auto safety and quality in the United States.
298:
1588:
1423:
924:
2586:
776:
772:
1297:
was the social media site of choice with all but one group noting that they use the site to connect with citizens.
1443:
1003:
890:
886:, an LGBT civil rights advocacy and lobbying organization seeking to advance the cause of LGBT rights in America.
670:
111:
31:
2916:
1889:
Westd, David B. "New Social
Movements." Knowledge Center. Built on the Thematic Theme Framework., 16 July 2004.
1273:: Some advocacy groups are backed by private businesses which can have a considerable influence on legislature.
1009:
916:
872:
828:
736:
523:
2170:
1358:, an overwhelming majority of groups see social media as essential to contemporary advocacy work and laud its
362:
in which he introduced the term "social movement" into scholarly discussions – actually depicting in this way
2921:
2021:
858:
519:
480:
234:
1728:
1563:
1394:, social media magnifies their concerns through the perspective of individuals with access to the internet.
2911:
1242:
1085:
699:
17:
1106:
1075:
758:
445:
343:
1369:"1). Social media help connect individuals to advocacy groups and thus can strengthen outreach efforts.
761:, which formed at a meeting of 50 doctors in 1832 for the sharing of knowledge; its lobbying led to the
568:
if the cause at stake serves the interests of both the legal defense fund and the other advocacy groups.
30:
This article is about political and social advocacy and lobbying groups. For other interest groups, see
2107:"Il sistema corrotto degli appalti Aler, MM, Fnm che ingrassava gli uomini della Compagnia delle Opere"
1113:
1071:
993:
490:
394:
390:
2850:
The Activist's Almanac: The Concerned Citizen's Guide to the Leading Advocacy Organizations in America
2492:
1692:"Canadian Advocacy 2.0: A Study of Social Media Use by Social Movement Groups and Activists in Canada"
1043:
694:
Advocacy group influence has also manifested itself in supranational bodies that have arisen through
544:
354:, amongst other things. The term "social movements" was introduced in 1848 by the German Sociologist
381:
of the late 19th century are seen as the prototypical social movements, leading to the formation of
2901:
1415:
1378:
4). Social media are cost-effective tools that enable advocacy organizations to do more for less."
1375:
3). Social media strengthen collective action efforts through an increased speed of communication.
1156:
992:
Incorporated (ARPRA), which was established in 1986 to represent residents of residential parks in
938:
796:
723:
531:
453:
212:
38:
2444:
2299:
1047:
1021:
876:
832:
766:
436:
groups" as opposed to special interest groups. They led, among other things, to the formation of
2844:
2524:
2518:
1102:
1027:
964:
790:
552:
502:
Advocacy groups exist in a wide variety of genres based upon their most pronounced activities.
468:
425:
270:
238:
1713:
1676:
2715:
1335:
1196:
People who join an interest group because of expressive benefits likely joined to express an
883:
838:
687:
472:
421:
216:
119:
1808:
Rudbeck, J. (2012). "Popular sovereignty and the historical origin of the social movement".
1473:"New Guidance On Rules For Canadian Federal Lobbyists – Government, Public Sector – Canada"
1101:
Pit Bull Advocates vs Pitbull Attack Victim Advocates (members of the first group, such as
958:
814:
804:
527:
464:
429:
306:
291:
145:
2737:
2655:
2335:
1754:
8:
1790:
780:
703:
409:
242:
2786:
2829:
2759:
2711:
2624:
2555:
2043:
2015:
1916:
1825:
1664:
1544:
1528:
1387:
1217:
1185:
1151:
747:
682:
625:
548:
444:. Some find in the end of the 1990s the emergence of a new global social movement, the
378:
363:
347:
297:
Another important advocacy group that emerged in the late 18th century was the British
220:
173:
169:
157:
223:. The first mass social movement catalyzed around the controversial political figure,
2906:
2878:
2872:
2854:
2848:
2763:
2738:"Social Media and Poverty: Paradoxes of Communicating Poverty Issues on Social Media"
2703:
2659:
2601:
2561:
2528:
2200:
2066:
2062:
1829:
1758:
1709:
1672:
1668:
1536:
1520:
1453:
1433:
1081:
654:
588:
539:
323:
193:
134:
2250:"Achieving the Possible: "Weapons of Mass Destruction Free Zone in the Middle East""
2193:
1548:
971:, which organized a march of between 750,000 and 2,000,000 people in London in 2003.
290:
were declared as unconstitutional and press freedom was extended to the coverage of
2821:
2787:
Ages of Organization: The Emergence of National Interest Groups in American History
2749:
2693:
2651:
2616:
1817:
1699:
1654:
1512:
1391:
1213:
968:
762:
732:. Here are some notable advocacy groups operating in different parts of the world:
729:
386:
355:
229:
203:
141:
2698:
2681:
1117:
83:. They play an important role in the development of political and social systems.
37:"Campaign group" redirects here. For the faction of the British Labour party, see
2868:
2400:
2353:
2009:
as "the most important organization affecting America's relationship with Israel"
1844:
1747:
1608:"Meet the new Britain: just like the old one where green protesters are spied on"
1428:
1383:
1372:
2). Social media help promote engagement as they enable engaging feedback loops.
1159:
interest groups do not receive monetary help from every individual in the world.
1017:
719:
640:(National Association for the Advancement of Colored People) lobbied against the
558:
433:
335:
287:
250:
246:
198:
122:
2317:
1704:
1691:
609:
1659:
1642:
1355:
1091:
1065:
1057:
1013:
982:
899:(NRA), an organization that formed in New York in 1871 to promote marksmanship.
835:
666:
650:
613:
601:
413:
374:
367:
278:
76:
1821:
645:
how advocacy groups can exert influence in the judicial branch of government.
2895:
2707:
2663:
1846:
The Association British Extra Parliamentary Political Organization, 1769–1793
1524:
1359:
999:
978:
951:
in 1889 to campaign against the "barbarous trade in plumes for women's hats".
934:
910:
862:
852:
842:
818:
784:
695:
564:
437:
351:
261:
After a later period of exile, brought about by further charges of libel and
165:
80:
2754:
2228:
941:, in the clothing trade, in laboratories, and in the entertainment industry.
636:
advocacy group influence is much more significant. For example, in 1954 the
2557:
The Logic of Collective Action : Public Goods and the Theory of Groups
2551:
1287:
1209:
1181:
1095:
920:
848:
822:
605:
571:
417:
269:, where most of his support was located. When Wilkes was imprisoned in the
177:
126:
1540:
1147:
360:
Socialist and Communist Movements since the Third French Revolution (1848)
172:, and in some cases are accused of being a threat to the social order or '
1263:
1205:
1197:
974:
954:
678:
596:
592:
398:
224:
164:. Some groups, generally the ones with less financial resources, may use
140:
Some have developed into important social, and political institutions or
107:
397:, resulting in the collapse of the Czarist regime around the end of the
2628:
2087:
1532:
1500:
1146:
A general theory is that individuals must be enticed with some type of
948:
868:
674:
662:
621:
608:
has been strengthened by "the greater ease with which corporations can
2833:
2809:
2274:
2126:"Truffa con i corsi di formazione: condannati tre esponenti di Cielle"
1303:
was also popular with all but two groups saying that they use Twitter.
2736:
Wahyunengseh, Rutiana Dwi; Hastjarjo, Sri; Suharto, Didik G. (2018).
1339:
1078:(now 'Living Streets') (road safety in the United Kingdom since 1929)
629:
382:
262:
95:
27:
Groups using advocacy in order to influence public opinion and policy
2620:
2520:
Interest Groups and Congress, Lobbying, Contributions, and Influence
1516:
2825:
2382:
2162:
2145:"Comunione e Liberazione, ecco perché non esiste senza la politica"
1438:
1311:
1294:
1061:
1051:
937:
organization that focuses primarily on the treatment of animals on
515:
441:
405:
339:
274:
130:
115:
103:
99:
87:
72:
68:
1501:"Media Advocacy: A Strategy for Empowering People and Communities"
769:
which has registered and regulated doctors in the UK to this date.
1307:
1300:
1269:
302:
237:
and the peace terms that the new government accepted at the 1763
153:
91:
1900:
Glorious Contentment: The Grand Army of the Republic, 1865–1900.
2580:
1343:
1331:
1319:
906:
752:
641:
161:
475:, one of the most famous social movements of the 20th century.
2056:
1791:"The Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights (SSBR)"
1347:
1327:
1201:
902:
808:
783:
in the UK since 1957, and whose logo is now an international
637:
149:
2735:
1970:
176:'. Research is beginning to explore how advocacy groups use
2802:
The "Spider Web": Congress and Lobbying in the Age of Grant
1902:
Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1997.
1323:
1315:
1125:
1030:, by far the biggest lobby group in the US by expenditures.
751:
as the "most influential Lobby impacting US relations with
1995:. 2008-06-03. Archived from the original on 7 October 2009
745:(AIPAC), the American Israel lobby, which is described by
2810:"Organized Interests and American Political Development"
534:
makes a clear distinction between lobbying and advocacy.
2680:
Obar, Jonathan A.; Zube, Paul; Lampe, Clifford (2012).
977:, which sought to gain voting rights for women through
233:, Wilkes vigorously attacked the new administration of
180:
to facilitate civic engagement, and collective action.
1861:"Chartism: the birth of mass working class resistance"
1771:
1494:
1492:
1121:
1012:("Tories"), which formed in 1678 to fight the British
1957:
The Captive State: The Corporate Take-Over of Britain
2419:"The campaign for women's suffrage: an introduction"
1405:
575:
information about the source's financial connection.
1935:
1933:
1749:
John Wilkes: The Scandalous Father of Civil Liberty
1489:
2641:
2192:
1746:
1098:(aviation policy in the United Kingdom since 2007)
905:, an organization formed in 1942 in the UK as the
201:. On the table beside Wilkes lies two editions of
1593:and others against 25 members and former members"
1116:(BSL) while members of the second group, such as
990:Affiliated Residential Park Residents Association
253:, a move that Wilkes denounced as unlawful – the
2893:
2867:
2808:Tichenor, Daniel J.; Harris, Richard A. (2002).
1930:
283:Society for the Supporters of the Bill of Rights
2644:"Formal Theories of Special Interest Influence"
2642:Schnakenberg, Keith E.; Turner, Ian R. (2024).
2516:
2512:
2510:
2508:
2506:
2807:
2560:(Revised ed.). Harvard University Press.
2437:"Robert Raikes and the Sunday School Movement"
2057:Minnion, John; Bolsover, Philip, eds. (1983).
1636:
1634:
1632:
713:
137:, while others have few or no such resources.
2679:
1913:"Lobbying Versus Advocacy: Legal Definitions"
366:fighting for the social rights understood as
265:, Wilkes stood for the Parliamentary seat at
2843:
2583:Incentive Systems: A Theory of Organizations
2503:
2318:"Founding of Pennsylvania Abolition Society"
2340:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
1629:
1231:
957:, which formed in 1892 to help protect the
931:People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals
249:, Wilkes was arrested after the issue of a
183:
2581:Clark, Peter B.; Wilson, James Q. (1961).
2104:
1136:
281:in 1769, and an activist group called the
2753:
2697:
2599:
2123:
1703:
1658:
945:Royal Society for the Protection of Birds
2546:
2544:
2190:
2155:
1989:"And the winner is ... the Israel lobby"
1849:. Harvard University Press. p. 279.
1191:
1174:
1150:to join an interest group. However, the
1034:
985:from 1865 to 1928 in the United Kingdom.
871:, an organization formed in 1970 as the
807:in many private and public companies in
743:American Israel Public Affairs Committee
463:
317:
192:
114:to try to achieve their aims, including
2602:"An Exchange Theory of Interest Groups"
2451:
2346:
2221:"About Us | Human Rights Campaign"
2142:
2050:
1954:
1939:
1807:
1605:
1498:
1306:Other social media being used included
14:
2894:
2460:"A Brief History of the Conservatives"
2336:"PETA's History: Compassion in Action"
2085:
1589:"Complaints from Mr Mohamed al Fayed,
1564:"Fury at airport lobby links to No 10"
708:European Round Table of Industrialists
669:campaigning. Advocacy groups will use
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2675:
2673:
2656:10.1146/annurev-polisci-051921-102335
2550:
2541:
2457:
2199:. New York: Dorling Kindersley, Inc.
2173:from the original on 4 September 2007
1842:
1729:"BRITAIN CREATES THE SOCIAL MOVEMENT"
1618:from the original on 19 February 2009
1449:Pressure groups in the United Kingdom
1392:historically marginalized populations
1165:
1141:
1002:, which formed circa 1751 to promote
897:National Rifle Association of America
817:, whose principal goal is to end the
2609:Midwest Journal of Political Science
2364:from the original on 26 January 2007
1777:
1744:
1689:
1641:Obar, Jonathan; et al. (2012).
1640:
1561:
1204:value that they believe in, such as
1016:and developed into one of the first
841:and legal organization based in the
691:race 'war' in America actually was.
440:and organisations influenced by the
313:
1683:
1555:
1280:
1223:
861:, an organization representing the
555:paid for advertising to unseat him.
432:, some of which may be considered "
346:as its manifesto – this called for
86:Motives for action may be based on
24:
2779:
2722:
2670:
2648:Annual Review of Political Science
2401:"'Million' march against Iraq war"
2191:Brown, Michael; May, John (1991).
2105:Sparaciari, Andrea (7 July 2017).
2042:. 26 February 2018. Archived from
1753:. Yale University Press. pp.
1398:curates for them on social media.
779:of nuclear weapons and unilateral
591:, advocacy groups tend to use the
25:
2933:
2853:. Simon & Schuster/Fireside.
2143:Marzano, Marco (20 August 2015).
2124:Ingegneri, Luca (27 March 2014).
2086:Levine, Jason (14 January 2003).
1944:. London: MacMillan. p. 305.
1726:
1696:Canadian Journal of Communication
1424:Classification of advocacy groups
197:Satirical engraving of Wilkes by
2587:Administrative Science Quarterly
2517:Wright, John R. (January 1996).
2464:Conservative Research Department
2300:"History of Oxfam International"
2163:"About the Drug Policy Alliance"
1408:
773:Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
459:
2635:
2593:
2574:
2485:
2458:Cooke, Alistair (August 2008).
2429:
2411:
2393:
2375:
2328:
2310:
2292:
2267:
2242:
2213:
2184:
2136:
2117:
2098:
2079:
2028:
1981:
1963:
1948:
1905:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1853:
1843:Black, Eugene Charlton (1963).
1836:
1801:
1783:
1595:. Parliament UK. 1 August 1997.
1505:Journal of Public Health Policy
1444:Methods used by advocacy groups
891:Middle East Treaty Organization
612:production and investment in a
485:According to Stuart McConnell:
32:Interest group (disambiguation)
2877:. Princeton University Press.
2742:Bisnis & Birokrasi Journal
1738:
1720:
1606:Monbiot, George (2009-02-16).
1599:
1581:
1465:
967:, an organization against the
917:Pennsylvania Abolition Society
829:Electronic Frontier Foundation
737:American Civil Liberties Union
543:contains interviews of former
350:and the implementation of the
322:The Great Chartist Meeting on
13:
1:
2716:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001
2699:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.0001
2686:Journal of Information Policy
2600:Salisbury, Robert H. (1969).
1647:Journal of Information Policy
1459:
1004:universal schooling in the UK
859:Financial Services Roundtable
700:nongovernmental organisations
497:
481:Lobbying in the United States
188:
2785:Holyoke, Thomas T. (2021). "
2275:"A Brief History of the NRA"
1086:Action on Smoking and Health
1054:policy in the United States)
582:
7:
2814:Political Science Quarterly
2791:Political Science Quarterly
1915:. NP Action. Archived from
1705:10.22230/cjc.2014v39n2a2678
1401:
1107:Best Friends Animal Society
873:Don't Make a Wave Committee
759:British Medical Association
714:Influential advocacy groups
530:. In the United States the
446:anti-globalization movement
10:
2938:
2279:National Rifle Association
1660:10.5325/jinfopoli.2.2012.1
1499:Wallack, Lawrence (1994).
1118:National Pitbull Awareness
1114:breed-specific legislation
1072:The Automobile Association
994:New South Wales, Australia
923:in 1775 with a mission to
775:, which has advocated the
717:
491:Grand Army of the Republic
478:
428:emerged, often dubbed the
391:Russian Revolution of 1905
307:banning of the slave trade
36:
29:
2020:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
1822:10.1007/s11186-012-9180-x
1562:Helm, Toby (2009-01-18).
765:and the formation of the
649:businesses. For example,
545:Mississippi Supreme Court
227:. As editor of the paper
110:-based positions. Groups
2036:"The history of the BMA"
1955:Monibot, George (2011).
1940:Heywood, Andrew (2007).
1416:Political science portal
1232:Theoretical perspectives
1157:environmental protection
1076:Pedestrians' Association
797:Communion and Liberation
724:Category:Advocacy groups
532:Internal Revenue Service
454:global citizens movement
404:In the post-war period,
344:People's Charter of 1838
213:political representation
184:History in Great Britain
39:Socialist Campaign Group
2755:10.20476/jbb.v25i3.9969
2383:"About the Sierra Club"
2111:Business Insider Italia
1880:Tilly, 2004, p. 5.
1690:Obar, Jonathan (2014).
1137:Benefits and incentives
877:nuclear weapons testing
803:), it created a lot of
801:Comunione e Liberazione
767:General Medical Council
426:environmental movements
67:, use various forms of
57:special interest groups
2874:Political Organization
2800:Thompson, Margaret S.
2092:Center for Auto Safety
1103:Animal Farm Foundation
1028:US Chamber of Commerce
1000:Sunday School movement
965:Stop the War Coalition
791:Center for Auto Safety
553:US Chamber of Commerce
495:
476:
469:Martin Luther King Jr.
327:
208:
2917:Political terminology
2354:"History of the RSPB"
2130:Padova: Il Gazzettino
1745:Cash, Arthur (2006).
1192:Expressive incentives
1184:, the maintenance of
1175:Solidarity incentives
1088:(tobacco legislation)
1035:Adversarial groupings
927:in the United States.
884:Human Rights Campaign
879:in the United States.
805:conflicts of interest
688:Civil Rights Movement
487:
473:civil rights movement
467:
334:after victory in the
321:
292:Parliamentary debates
217:market capitalization
196:
2922:Public choice theory
2523:. Longman. pp.
2195:The Greenpeace Story
2167:Drug Policy Alliance
2046:on 7 September 2018.
1388:low-income countries
815:Drug Policy Alliance
430:New Social Movements
2912:Civic organizations
2589:. pp. 134–135.
2407:. 16 February 2003.
2322:Africans in America
2254:Inter Press Service
2149:il Fatto Quotidiano
1977:. 27 February 2020.
1186:social distinctions
1020:; now known as the
831:, an international
781:nuclear disarmament
604:, the influence of
589:liberal democracies
364:political movements
271:King's Bench Prison
174:domestic extremists
118:, media campaigns,
65:public associations
2425:. 6 February 2018.
2007:The New York Times
1898:Stuart McConnell,
1810:Theory and Society
1780:, pp. 216–26.
1218:political equality
1166:Selective benefits
1152:free rider problem
1142:Free rider problem
1068:in United Kingdom)
1022:Conservative Party
919:, which formed in
748:The New York Times
683:civil disobedience
626:alternative energy
549:Oliver E. Diaz Jr.
477:
379:socialist movement
348:universal suffrage
328:
255:Lord Chief Justice
241:at the end of the
221:proletarianization
209:
170:civil disobedience
160:and other serious
158:influence peddling
112:use varied methods
2884:978-0-691-04385-2
2860:978-0-671-74634-6
2567:978-0-674-53751-4
2534:978-0-02-430301-1
2206:978-0-86318-691-2
2072:978-0-85031-487-8
2063:Allison and Busby
1795:historyhome.co.uk
1454:Pressure politics
1434:Identity politics
1384:power hierarchies
1356:generational gaps
1082:Tobacco Institute
1018:political parties
777:non-proliferation
551:and evidence the
387:social democratic
324:Kennington Common
314:Growth and spread
301:movement against
135:political process
120:awareness raising
16:(Redirected from
2929:
2888:
2869:Wilson, James Q.
2864:
2837:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2757:
2733:
2720:
2719:
2701:
2677:
2668:
2667:
2639:
2633:
2632:
2606:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2548:
2539:
2538:
2514:
2501:
2500:
2489:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2478:
2473:on 30 April 2010
2472:
2466:. Archived from
2455:
2449:
2448:
2443:. Archived from
2433:
2427:
2426:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2397:
2391:
2390:
2379:
2373:
2372:
2370:
2369:
2350:
2344:
2343:
2332:
2326:
2325:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2306:. 26 April 2021.
2296:
2290:
2289:
2287:
2285:
2271:
2265:
2264:
2262:
2261:
2246:
2240:
2239:
2237:
2236:
2227:. Archived from
2217:
2211:
2210:
2198:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2179:
2178:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2140:
2134:
2133:
2121:
2115:
2114:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2077:
2076:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2032:
2026:
2025:
2019:
2011:
2001:
2000:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1960:
1952:
1946:
1945:
1937:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1924:
1909:
1903:
1896:
1890:
1887:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1840:
1834:
1833:
1805:
1799:
1798:
1787:
1781:
1775:
1769:
1768:
1752:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1727:Tilly, Charles.
1724:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1662:
1638:
1627:
1626:
1624:
1623:
1603:
1597:
1596:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1496:
1487:
1486:
1484:
1483:
1469:
1418:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1281:Social media use
1224:Latent interests
1214:economic justice
969:War on Terrorism
763:Medical Act 1858
730:social movements
434:general interest
356:Lorenz von Stein
326:, London in 1848
288:general warrants
243:Seven Years' War
230:The North Briton
204:The North Briton
142:social movements
123:publicity stunts
47:, also known as
21:
2937:
2936:
2932:
2931:
2930:
2928:
2927:
2926:
2902:Advocacy groups
2892:
2891:
2885:
2861:
2804:(1985) on 1870s
2782:
2780:Further reading
2777:
2768:
2766:
2734:
2723:
2678:
2671:
2640:
2636:
2621:10.2307/2110212
2604:
2598:
2594:
2579:
2575:
2568:
2549:
2542:
2535:
2515:
2504:
2497:opensecrets.org
2491:
2490:
2486:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2456:
2452:
2435:
2434:
2430:
2417:
2416:
2412:
2399:
2398:
2394:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2367:
2365:
2352:
2351:
2347:
2342:. 23 June 2010.
2334:
2333:
2329:
2316:
2315:
2311:
2298:
2297:
2293:
2283:
2281:
2273:
2272:
2268:
2259:
2257:
2248:
2247:
2243:
2234:
2232:
2219:
2218:
2214:
2207:
2189:
2185:
2176:
2174:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2141:
2137:
2122:
2118:
2103:
2099:
2084:
2080:
2073:
2055:
2051:
2034:
2033:
2029:
2013:
2012:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1953:
1949:
1938:
1931:
1922:
1920:
1919:on 2 April 2010
1911:
1910:
1906:
1897:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1854:
1841:
1837:
1806:
1802:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1772:
1765:
1743:
1739:
1731:
1725:
1721:
1688:
1684:
1639:
1630:
1621:
1619:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1560:
1556:
1517:10.2307/3343024
1497:
1490:
1481:
1479:
1471:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1429:Client politics
1414:
1409:
1407:
1404:
1283:
1234:
1226:
1194:
1177:
1168:
1144:
1139:
1044:Abortion-rights
1037:
925:abolish slavery
726:
720:social movement
716:
585:
500:
483:
462:
399:First World War
336:Napoleonic Wars
316:
251:general warrant
247:seditious libel
245:. Charged with
239:Treaty of Paris
199:William Hogarth
191:
186:
61:pressure groups
53:interest groups
45:Advocacy groups
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2935:
2925:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2890:
2889:
2883:
2865:
2859:
2841:
2826:10.2307/798136
2820:(4): 587–612.
2805:
2798:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2721:
2669:
2634:
2592:
2573:
2566:
2540:
2533:
2502:
2484:
2450:
2447:on 2007-10-08.
2441:Grace Magazine
2428:
2410:
2392:
2374:
2345:
2327:
2309:
2291:
2266:
2241:
2212:
2205:
2183:
2154:
2135:
2116:
2097:
2078:
2071:
2049:
2027:
1980:
1962:
1959:. London: Pan.
1947:
1929:
1904:
1891:
1882:
1873:
1852:
1835:
1816:(6): 581–601.
1800:
1782:
1770:
1764:978-0300123630
1763:
1737:
1719:
1682:
1628:
1598:
1580:
1554:
1511:(4): 420–436.
1488:
1463:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1420:
1419:
1403:
1400:
1352:
1351:
1304:
1298:
1282:
1279:
1275:
1274:
1260:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1247:
1233:
1230:
1225:
1222:
1193:
1190:
1176:
1173:
1167:
1164:
1143:
1140:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1099:
1092:Flying Matters
1089:
1079:
1069:
1066:animal testing
1058:SPEAK campaign
1055:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1031:
1025:
1014:Exclusion Bill
1007:
997:
986:
983:hunger strikes
972:
962:
952:
942:
928:
914:
909:Committee for
900:
894:
887:
880:
866:
856:
846:
836:digital rights
826:
812:
794:
788:
770:
756:
740:
715:
712:
667:public opinion
651:George W. Bush
614:global economy
602:George Monbiot
584:
581:
580:
579:
576:
569:
556:
535:
512:
508:
499:
496:
479:Main article:
461:
458:
406:women's rights
375:labor movement
368:welfare rights
315:
312:
190:
187:
185:
182:
77:public opinion
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2934:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
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2880:
2876:
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2866:
2862:
2856:
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2846:
2842:
2840:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2806:
2803:
2799:
2797:(4): 715–740.
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2765:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2732:
2730:
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2726:
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2700:
2695:
2691:
2687:
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2665:
2661:
2657:
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2649:
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2638:
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2626:
2622:
2618:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2569:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2553:
2552:Olson, Mancur
2547:
2545:
2536:
2530:
2526:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2406:
2402:
2396:
2389:. 2018-10-06.
2388:
2384:
2378:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2349:
2341:
2337:
2331:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2305:
2301:
2295:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2255:
2251:
2245:
2231:on 2015-11-20
2230:
2226:
2222:
2216:
2208:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2187:
2172:
2168:
2164:
2158:
2151:(in Italian).
2150:
2146:
2139:
2132:(in Italian).
2131:
2127:
2120:
2113:(in Italian).
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2064:
2060:
2059:The CND Story
2053:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2010:
2008:
1994:
1990:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1966:
1958:
1951:
1943:
1936:
1934:
1918:
1914:
1908:
1901:
1895:
1886:
1877:
1862:
1856:
1848:
1847:
1839:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1796:
1792:
1786:
1779:
1774:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1750:
1741:
1730:
1723:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1693:
1686:
1678:
1674:
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1661:
1656:
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1617:
1613:
1609:
1602:
1594:
1592:
1584:
1569:
1565:
1558:
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1542:
1538:
1534:
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1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
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1427:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1417:
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1399:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1379:
1376:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1363:
1361:
1360:democratizing
1357:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1299:
1296:
1293:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1278:
1272:
1271:
1266:
1265:
1261:
1258:
1257:Neo-pluralism
1255:
1254:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1238:
1229:
1221:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1189:
1188:, and so on.
1187:
1183:
1172:
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1160:
1158:
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1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
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1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:anti-abortion
1045:
1042:
1041:
1040:
1029:
1026:
1023:
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