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was finally abandoned. The revival began among young educated people of
Lithuanian extraction who attended higher education studies at the universities of the Russian Empire and foreign states. Many were sons of wealthy farmers in origin and thus, having come from the peasant class was least affected
477:
increased, and
Lithuanian intellectuals arose from the ranks of the rural populace; and language became associated with identity in Lithuania, as elsewhere across Europe. Within the Catholic Church, the barriers that had earlier prevented commoners from entering the priesthood were eased. A closer
478:
relationship developed between the educated clergy, who were increasingly of ethnic
Lithuanian stock, and their parishioners, including empathy for their wish to use the Lithuanian language. The emerging national movement sought to distance itself from both Polish and
449:
in their daily lives. At the beginning of the 19th century, the use of the
Lithuanian language was largely limited to Lithuanian rural areas; the only area where Lithuanian was considered suitable for literature was German-controlled
408:
and the language was generally used only by the poor and by the middle classes; some of the latter tended to use Polish as a status symbol for social advancement. Lithuanian was generally a spoken language and was not considered
543:; meanwhile, a ban on the Lithuanian press continued. Yet even with a press ban, the literacy of Lithuanians continued to rise significantly and was one of the greatest among the nations in the Russian Empire, behind only
539:, with various organizations opposing Russification and Russian influence. Russian policy became harsher in response, and there were known instances of attacks on
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555:. The political Lithuanian nation had already been formed by the end of the 19th century. Political claims were voiced in the
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Several factors contributed to its subsequent revival: the language drew attention from scholars of the emerging science of
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1041:
1785:
1501:
1330:
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249:
1579:
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359:. The most recent Lithuanian national revival may be linked to the late 20th century developments also known as the
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317:
1825:
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902:
771:
1634:
1466:
1405:
978:
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1605:
1569:
1207:
1056:
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The
Lithuanian language and nation through the ages: Outline of a history of Lithuanian in its social context
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enough for written usage; it was, however, retained by some members of the minor nobility, especially in the
242:
528:, followed by the publication of poems and books in Lithuanian. These writings romanticized the past of the
1732:
1427:
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210:
95:
1415:
1376:
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would become extinct, as the eastern territories within what is modern-day
Lithuania and northwestern
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influences, and the use of the
Lithuanian language was seen as an important aspect of this movement.
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205:
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529:
732:
Genzelis B., 2007, The restitution of
Lithuania's statehood. Vilnius: Lithuanian National Museum.
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The development of
Lithuanian national culture and national identity was further burdened by the
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by
Polonisation. The movement resulted in the publication of the Lithuanian newspapers
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in the 19th century, when a major part of Lithuanian-inhabited areas belonged to the
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The revival was predated by a short period of the early 19th century known as the "
230:
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that led to the formation of the modern Lithuanian nation and culminated in the
848:
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458:. Even here, an influx of German immigrants threatened the native language and
393:
325:
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1814:
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567:
The first important study on the Lithuanian national revival was written by
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region. The language was not yet standardized; its grammar varied greatly
1654:
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dialects and their sub-dialects. There were even expectations that the
879:
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994:
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344:
321:
52:
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532:, depicting the nation as formerly a great power with many heroes.
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Römeris M., 2020, Lietuva: studija apie lietuvių tautos atgimimą (
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912:
512:
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324:. The most active participants of the national revival included
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337:
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633:
Ethnographic map or Vilnius region in the 19th century
692:
Clark, Terry D. (2006). Barrington, Lowell W. (ed.).
1254:
2003 Lithuanian European Union membership referendum
507:, one of the repressive measures that followed the
471:abolition of serfdom in the Russian Empire in 1861
332:. The period largely corresponded to the rise of
1812:
485:
695:Nationalism in Post-Soviet Lithuania (Chap. 7)
577:Litwa. Studyum o odrodzeniu narodu litewskiego
573:Lietuva. Studija apie lietuviĹł tautos atgimimÄ…
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336:and other national revivals of 19th-century
1203:Baltic states under Soviet rule (1944–1991)
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14:
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744:Lithuania: Study of national revival
581:Lithuania: Study of national revival
499:formulated the ideas of nationalism
392:statehood and nationality, and the
308:). It was expressed by the rise of
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27:Period of the history of Lithuania
25:
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1821:History of Lithuania (1795–1918)
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701:. University of Michigan Press.
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18:Lithuanian independence movement
1154:Occupation of the Baltic states
1131:1919 Polish coup d'Ă©tat attempt
404:in the 19th century had become
388:Due to a long period of common
1062:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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306:Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
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486:Development of national ideas
278:Lithuanian National Awakening
535:The revival spearheaded the
384:, one of the revival leaders
347:revival" led by students of
7:
586:
290:LietuviĹł tautinis atgimimas
10:
1842:
1169:by the Soviet Union (1944)
1159:by the Soviet Union (1940)
642:. Retrieved on 2007-05-02.
593:Barn theatres in Lithuania
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367:Lithuanian language status
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1239:Act of Re-Establishment
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790:during the 19th century
557:Great Seimas of Vilnius
467:comparative linguistics
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292:), was a period of the
1826:Lithuanian nationalism
1703:Ethnographic Lithuania
1186:Second Soviet republic
563:History of scholarship
511:. After the uprising,
500:
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289:
282:Lithuanian nationalism
1124:Polish–Lithuanian War
1119:Lithuanian–Soviet War
746:). Vilnius: Flavija.
537:independence movement
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419:from region to region
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371:Further information:
1640:Ethnographic regions
1394:Constitutional Court
1196:Lithuanian partisans
1114:Wars of Independence
608:Lithuania portal
505:Lithuanian press ban
437:became increasingly
334:romantic nationalism
294:history of Lithuania
276:, alternatively the
231:Lithuania portal
179:World Heritage Sites
44:Culture of Lithuania
1208:Government-in-exile
1109:Act of Independence
460:Prussian Lithuanian
431:Lithuanian language
357:Simonas StaneviÄŤius
1560:Telecommunications
1229:Singing Revolution
1067:Lithuanian Crusade
678:. Stanley Vardys,
662:2008-09-08 at the
638:2007-04-19 at the
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382:Jonas BasanaviÄŤius
361:Singing Revolution
349:Vilnius University
330:Jonas BasanaviÄŤius
320:of an independent
310:self-determination
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708:978-0-472-06898-2
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569:Michał Pius Römer
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402:Lithuanian nobles
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302:Russian partition
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1753:coat of arms
1628:universities
1618:Demographics
1538:Central bank
1457:
1435:Human rights
1389:Constitution
1259:EU accession
1091:
1080:independence
922:
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743:
712:. Retrieved
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469:; after the
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456:East Prussia
423:Aukštaitijan
387:
351:, including
342:
281:
277:
270:
268:
206:Coat of arms
1655:Lithuanians
1545:e-Residency
1528:Agriculture
1492:Naval Force
1217:Restoration
1147:occupations
1078:Revival and
1037:Grand Duchy
421:in form of
411:prestigious
314:Lithuanians
271:Lithuanian
1815:Categories
1708:Literature
1487:Land Force
1461:parliament
1411:Government
1382:elderships
1234:Baltic Way
1181:Resistance
923:Lithuanian
825:Belarusian
617:References
571:in 1908 -
447:Belarusian
439:Slavicized
427:Samogitian
415:Samogitian
345:Samogitian
286:Lithuanian
147:Television
117:Literature
1723:Mythology
1623:Education
1565:Transport
1497:Air Force
1452:President
1401:Elections
1282:Geography
1176:Holocaust
1087:Press ban
1042:1219–1295
995:Lithuania
953:Ukrainian
928:Norwegian
903:Icelandic
898:Hungarian
835:Bulgarian
549:Estonians
462:culture.
406:Polonized
172:Monuments
96:Festivals
82:Mythology
75:Languages
1795:Category
1678:Calendar
1660:Religion
1650:Language
1570:airports
1479:Military
1372:counties
1355:Politics
1145:WWII and
999:articles
888:Galician
865:Estonian
855:Croatian
815:Asturian
810:Armenian
800:Albanian
680:Lituanus
660:Archived
656:Lituanus
636:Archived
587:See also
553:Latvians
103:Religion
35:a series
33:Part of
1779:Outline
1743:Symbols
1688:Cuisine
1670:Culture
1606:Society
1592:Tourism
1585:seaport
1516:Economy
1467:Speaker
1321:Forests
1306:Climate
1299:capital
1052:Kingdom
1007:History
948:Turkish
943:Serbian
933:Occitan
918:Latvian
908:Italian
882:Vormärz
880:German
875:Flemish
870:Finnish
847:(incl.
840:Catalan
830:Bengali
714:14 June
658:, 1989.
513:serfdom
480:Russian
435:Belarus
312:of the
304:of the
193:Symbols
89:Cuisine
61:History
1800:Portal
1748:anthem
1718:Design
1683:Cinema
1645:Health
1550:Energy
1458:Seimas
1336:Rivers
1294:Cities
997:
938:Polish
913:Jewish
845:Celtic
820:Basque
750:
736:
705:
525:Varpas
496:Auszra
443:Polish
338:Europe
152:Cinema
68:People
37:on the
1786:Index
1738:Sport
1713:Music
1580:roads
1533:Banks
1341:Towns
1326:Lakes
1316:Flora
1047:Duchy
1022:Balts
1015:Early
893:Greek
860:Czech
849:Irish
699:(PDF)
545:Finns
519:Aušra
300:(the
163:Sport
142:Radio
134:Media
124:Music
1758:flag
1728:Name
1575:rail
1555:Euro
1440:LGBT
805:Arab
748:ISBN
734:ISBN
716:2023
703:ISBN
551:and
522:and
425:and
355:and
328:and
269:The
201:Flag
1423:Law
583:).
454:in
445:or
280:or
110:Art
1817::
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