List of substances used in rituals

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and it was said to have been given by Isis to Ra as treatment for a headache. A figure of the Minoan "goddess of the narcotics", wearing a crown of three opium poppies, BCE, was recovered from the Sanctuary of Gazi, Crete, together with a simple smoking apparatus. The Greek gods Hypnos (Sleep), Nyx (Night), and Thanatos (Death) were depicted wreathed in poppies or holding them. Poppies also frequently adorned statues of Apollo, Asklepios, Pluto, Demeter, Aphrodite, Kybele and Isis, symbolizing nocturnal oblivion. The opium poppy was a magical ritual plant among the Germanic tribes.

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which are far lower than that perceived as necessary to effect hallucinosis in members of modern Western cultures. In Mexico, the only place in the world where the ingestion of morning glory seeds has an established tradition of shamanic usage, a hallucinogenic dose is said to be only thirteen seeds,

2475:

is a ritualized practice of making and serving tea (茶 cha) in East Asia practiced in the Sinosphere. Tea has been drunk by Buddhist monks since the Sui Dynasty (589–618 BC) to maintain a state of "mindful alertness" during long periods of meditation. Tea ceremonies have been ritualized for centuries.

2353:

From the earliest finds, opium appears to have had ritual significance, and anthropologists have speculated ancient priests may have used the drug as a proof of healing power. In Egypt, the use of opium was generally restricted to priests, magicians, and warriors, its invention is credited to Thoth,

2108:

Coca has been a vital part of the religious cosmology of the Andean peoples of Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, northern Argentina, and Chile from the pre-Inca period through the present. In addition, coca use in shamanic rituals is well documented wherever local native populations have cultivated

1909:

The species is employed in African traditional medicine to induce vivid dreams, enabling communication with the spirit world. The inner meat of the seed would be either consumed directly, or the meat would be chopped, dried, mixed with other herbs like tobacco and smoked just before sleep to induce

2557:

In Taoist rituals and practices, alcohol also plays a role as an offering and a means of connecting with the divine. An alcoholic beverage is often used in religious ceremonies and as an offering to the ancestors. The use of alcohol in Taoist rituals can symbolize purification, blessings, and the

2075:"While the Inca may have recognized chili's potent spiritual medicine, they weren't the only culture to do so. Chilies were mixed with tobacco and other plants by shamans and medicine people in pre-Columbian Central America to aid in journeys to the upper and lower worlds on behalf of mankind." 2949:

of the Smithsonian Institution, the sacred drink chases large souls from the persons who drink it, "and so when people get drunk that's why they act like children because the souls that are controlling their actions are the little souls, like little children".

2938:

Tesguino is a corn beer made by the Tarahumara people of the Sierra Madre Occidental in Mexico. It is brewed for local celebrations related to Holy Week. For the Tarahumara, the beer is an elixir for healing, a barter item and is considered a sacred beverage.

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Chocolate was drunk cold and mixed with aromatic flower petals of which the overwhelming favorite was cacahua-xochitl. Indeed it seems as though these particular petals were indispensable. Our poets' 'chocolate flowers' had nothing to do botanically with

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Schmull, Michaela; Dal-Forno, Manuela; Lücking, Robert; Cao, Shugeng; Clardy, Jon; Lawrey, James D. (2014). "Dictyonema huaorani (Agaricales: Hygrophoraceae), a new lichenized basidiomycete from Amazonian Ecuador with presumed hallucinogenic properties".

3920:, which may be quite large and elaborate, is usually created by the family members of a person who has died and is intended to welcome the deceased to the altar setting. For deceased adults, the ofrenda might include a bottle or poured shot glasses of 1349:

Many man-made chemicals with little human history have been recognized to catalyze intense spiritual experiences, and many synthetic entheogens are simply slight modifications of their naturally occurring counterparts. Some synthetic substances like

4344:

Moretti C, Gaillard Y, Grenand P, Bévalot F, Prévosto JM (June 2006). "Identification of 5-hydroxy-tryptamine (bufotenine) in takini (Brosimumacutifolium Huber subsp. acutifolium C.C. Berg, Moraceae), a shamanic potion used in the Guiana Plateau".

3796:"In the Himalayas, shamans use syrian rue seeds as a magical incense, inhaling it to enter a trance state in which they can engage in sexual intercourse with divining goddesses, who are said to give them information and great healing powers" 5916:

Kikura-Hanajiri, Ruri; Kawamura, Maiko; Maruyama, Takuro; Kitajima, Mariko; Takayama, Hiromitsu; Goda, Yukihiro (July 2009). "Simultaneous analysis of mitragynine, 7-hydroxymitragynine, and other alkaloids in the psychotropic plant "kratom"

3116:

leaf, when consumed in its natural form or as coca tea, does not induce a physiological or psychological dependence, nor does abstinence after long-term use produce symptoms typical for substance addiction withdrawal syndromes. See also

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Brandt, Simon D.; Kavanagh, Pierce V.; Westphal, Folker; Stratford, Alexander; Odland, Anna U.; Klein, Adam K.; Dowling, Geraldine; Dempster, Nicola M.; Wallach, Jason; Passie, Torsten; Halberstadt, Adam L. (2020).

2539:

faith of Haiti, alcoholic drinks such as rum are consumed to be able to allow spirits called "lwa" to enter one's body and help them find the motivation for or strength to survive everyday struggles or life.

73:. The active principles and historical significance of each are also listed to illustrate the requirements necessary to be categorized as an entheogen. The psychoactive substances are usually classified as 3973:. The effigy has special attendants that stay by the altar year-round, drinking and smoking alongside it. They deliver offerings from the public to the image. Popular offerings include money, tobacco, and 3575:

and regarded as healing from demonic possession and for treating sick people, particularly in cases of mental illness. It can be consumed or poured over someone supposed to be afflicted by harmful things.

3856:

Sometimes coca leaves from the plant were used as offerings in rituals. Due to the nature of politics and religion in the Inca Empire, wealthy inhabitants handed out coca leaves during ritual ceremonies.

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Ogalde, Juan P.; Bernardo T. Arriaza; Elia C. Soto (2010). "Uso de plantas psicoactivas en el north de Chile: evidencia química del consumo de ayahuasca durante el periodo medio (500-1000 d.C.)".

7666: 7509: 7460: 7883:. Whether the petals of these flowers were entheogens such as the mushroom and morning-glory seeds, I do not know, but that the lords of Nahua so regarded them seems virtually certain. 1842:

which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Non-psychoactive consumption like symbolic ingestion of psychoactive substances is not mentioned here.

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establishment of a sacred space. In these instances, the consumption of alcohol is done in a controlled and mindful manner, reflecting the Taoist emphasis on balance and harmony.

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feast. This ritual involves the consumption of alcohol in a controlled manner, symbolizing the transformation of negative emotions and attachments into wisdom and compassion.

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ceremony calls for five officers: a Priest, a Priestess, a Deacon, and two adult acolytes, called "the Children". The end of the ritual culminates in the consummation of the

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Singh, Darshan; Narayanan, Suresh; Vicknasingam, Balasingam (September 2016). "Traditional and non-traditional uses of Mitragynine (Kratom): A survey of the literature".

7918:. With support from the National Science Foundation and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Wired Humanities Projects, College of Education, University of Oregon. 1370:

or plant-based sources, the experience may wildly vary due to the lack of numerous psychoactive alkaloids that constitute the material. This is similar to how isolated

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religion in India, Rastafari movements, Cannabis-based religions like First Church of Cannabis or International Church of Cannabis and other various groups (see

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This is a list of psychoactive substances which are consumed in ritual contexts for their consciousness-altering effects. Some of these drugs are classified as

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Jansen, Suze A.; Kleerekooper, Iris; Hofman, Zonne L. M.; Kappen, Isabelle F. P. M.; Stary-Weinzinger, Anna; van der Heyden, Marcel A. G. (September 2012).

6139: 4069: 3567: 436: 6090: 7938: 7253: 7513: 2739:, Jews are obligated to drink until their judgmental abilities become impaired. However, Purim has more of a national than a religious character. 6549: 6208:"The Pituri Learning Circle: Central Australian Aboriginal women's knowledge and practices around the use of Nicotiana SPP. As a chewing tobacco" 4007: 2584:, sometimes adding other psychoactive substances, seeking to reach a state of ecstasy. Syringes of gourd and clay were used to inject the fluid. 40: 5201: 7953: 7482: 6567:

Borras, Laurence; Khazaal, Yasser; Khan, Riaz; Mohr, Sylvia; Kaufmann, Yves-Alexandre; Zullino, Daniele; Huguelet, Philippe (1 December 2010).

2946: 2172:

The earliest credible evidence of either coffee drinking or knowledge of the coffee tree appears in the middle of the 15th century, in Yemen's

7600: 7452: 4096:"BUFO ALVARIUS, SONORAN DESERT TOAD (5MeoDMT): The experience of cosmic unity, which gives an enlightening vision of oneself and of existence" 5242:"Return of the lysergamides. Part VI: Analytical and behavioural characterization of 1-cyclopropanoyl-d-lysergic acid diethylamide (1CP-LSD)" 5465:

Sałaga, Maciej; Fichna, Jakub; Socała, Katarzyna; Nieoczym, Dorota; Pieróg, Mateusz; Zielińska, Marta; Kowalczuk, Anna; Wlaź, Piotr (2016).

3503: 4319: 5743:

Lewis, WH; Kennelly, EJ; Bass, GN; Wedner, HJ; Elvin, L (1991). "Ritualistic use of the holly Ilex guayusa by Amazonian Jivaro Indians".

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for example) numerous times over the water, which is then either consumed or is used to bless homes afterwards. In Vajrayana Buddhism, a

2316:

In Thailand, kratom was "used as a snack to receive guests and was part of the ritual worship of ancestors and gods." (Saingam et al.)

2176:

monasteries. The Sufi monks drank coffee as an aid to concentration and even spiritual intoxication when they chanted the name of God.

6821: 1725:

methyl (2S,4aR,6aR,7R,9S,10aS,10bR)-9-(acetyloxy)-2-(furan-3-yl)-6a,10b-dimethyl-4,10-dioxo-dodecahydro-1H-naphthopyran-7-carboxylate

6527: 4872: 5571: 4585:

The Serpent and the Rainbow: a Harvard scientist's astonishing journey into the secret societies of Haitian voodoo, zombis and magic

3109: 7875:... my belief that the flowers of the Nahuatl poets come from their exclusive privilege for indulging in the flower petals of the 5611: 7535: 4907: 5382: 6896: 6877: 5872: 4773: 3432: 2488: 7857: 7834: 7730: 7698: 7632: 7568: 7221: 6770: 6743: 6481: 6278: 5708: 5698: 4651: 4593: 4566: 4539: 4296: 4226: 4197: 3682: 1249: 6332:"'The smell of death and the smell of life': authenticity, anxiety and perceptions of death at Varanasi's cremation grounds" 4745: 4286: 2657:

The earliest archaeological evidence of fermentation consists of 13,000-year-old residues of a beer with the consistency of

7279:

Leban, V; Kozelk, G; Brvar, M (2016). "The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion after giant leaf frog (

5358: 2810: 3965:, Maximón's effigy resides in a different household every year. His image is normally only taken out of this house during 1587:

Ketamine psychedelic therapy (KPT) have been used for preparation for death (thanatological, death-rebirth psychotherapy)

7106:"Deltorphins: a family of naturally occurring peptides with high affinity and selectivity for delta opioid binding sites" 5409:

Food of the Gods: The Search for the Original Tree of Knowledge - A Radical History of Plants, Drugs, and Human Evolution

1011:

In Nepal, this type of honey is used by the Gurung people both for its supposed medicinal and hallucinogenic properties.

167:

Bufo alvarious secretion has gained popularity in spiritual retreats. Controversial interpretation of Mesoamerican art.

6380: 6268: 3572: 3563: 3304: 2588: 7813: 7776: 5416: 5067: 7347: 6855: 5008:"Pharmañopo-psychonautics: Human intranasal, sublingual, intrarectal, pulmonary and oral pharmacology of bufotenine" 4242:

Callaway, JC; Brito, GS; Neves, ES (2005). "Phytochemical analyses of Banisteriopsis caapi and Psychotria viridis".

6124: 5467:"Neuropharmacological characterization of the oneirogenic Mexican plant Calea zacatechichi aqueous extract in mice" 5589: 7327: 4027: 3559: 1338:

Archaeological evidence of insufflation use within the period 500-1000 AD, in northern Chile, has been reported.

6159: 4073: 2492: 1624: 1521: 1437:

people over their traditional plants. It is referred to as Ubulawu Nomathotholo, which roughly translates to "

6098: 2114: 1104:

known as nyakwána which is inhaled or "snuffed" into the nasal cavity, it contains a high concentration of

6250: 6010: 5828: 5681: 4511: 2860:

churches in the region, rakia has found uses in certain religious and related rituals across the Balkans.

2712:

Chicha de jora was once a sacred drink of the Incas, often reserved for the most cherished of ceremonies.

27:

Psychoactive substances may be illegal to obtain, while non-psychoactive substances are legal, generally.

7948: 4944: 3123: 2916:. People drink Omiki with gods to communicate with them and to solicit rich harvests the following year. 559: 36: 7902: 7846: 7687: 7200: 5151: 4186: 3108:

Coca addicts ingest between 60 and 80 milligrams of cocaine each time they chew the leaves according to

2945:) and drink large amounts of Tesgüino together while following rituals. According to the anthropologist 1374:

produces very different effects than an extract that retains the many cannabinoids of the plant such as

7958: 4832:"Alkaloids in certain species of Virola and other South American plants of ethnopharmacologic interest" 4558:

Uses and Abuses of Plant-Derived Smoke: Its Ethnobotany As Hallucinogen, Perfume, Incense, and Medicine

3243: 1866:

roots should always be used because the leaves of the plant are known to cause hepatoxicity and death.

7208:. Experientia Supplementum (EXS). Vol. 85. Basel, Switzerland: Birkhäuser Basel. pp. 57–71. 5845: 5639:"Food of the gods: Cure for humanity? A cultural history of the medicinal and ritual use of chocolate" 2283:

For centuries, religious leaders have consumed the leaves to stay awake during long nights of prayer.

5637:

Dillinger, T. L.; Barriga, P.; Escárcega, S.; Jimenez, M.; Salazar Lowe, D.; Grivetti, L. E. (2000).

5198: 7486: 3178:(4R,4aR,7S,7aR,12bS)-3-Methyl-2,3,4,4a,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-4,12-methanobenzofuroisoquinoline-7,9-diol 2980:

Wine was used in rituals and worshipped by the Egyptians and the Greeks, specifically in worship of

5185: 4487: 3528: 3443: 7705: 7063:

Biwer, Matthew E.; Álvarez, Willy Yépez; Bautista, Stefanie L.; Jennings, Justin (February 2022).

5902: 5118: 4814: 4430:

Chao JM, Der Marderosian AH (1973). "Ergoline alkaloidal constituents of Hawaiian baby wood rose,

3619:(Hebrew ְנֶסֶך, nesekh) was a form of libation forming one of the sacrifices and offerings of the 2214:

involves drinking guayusa infusion to have foretelling dreams for successful hunting expeditions.

7943: 7879:. Here we are dealing with a tree that grows in Veracruz and Oaxaca, known today to botanists as 5522:

Bertol, Elisabetta; Fineschi, Vittorio; Karch, Steven B.; Mari, Francesco; Riezzo, Irene (2004).

3428: 3227: 3221: 2472: 1839: 1320: 1287: 1281: 1244: 967: 882:

used this plant in sacred ceremonies for its hallucinogenic properties. It has also been used by

462: 6918: 6804: 5432: 4153:"Religious use of hallucinogenic fungi: A comparison between Siberian and Mesoamerican Cultures" 1358:

that metabolize into psychoactive substances that have been used as entheogens. While synthetic

53:; drugs that are consumed for their intoxicating effect in combination with spiritual practice. 6786: 4323: 4032: 2624: 1482: 1367: 1359: 1165: 1109: 723: 644: 634: 214: 133:

people use bullet ants to get extremely painful stings in their initiation rites twenty times.

7913: 6760: 4676: 3969:, whereafter it will change households, but is on display year-round due to the popularity of 6733: 4556: 4529: 3485: 2408: 1999: 1928: 1151: 1117: 1016: 994: 605: 456: 7585: 7561:

Psychedelic shamanism: the cultivation, preparation, and shamanic use of psychotropic plants

5808: 5057: 3912: 7292: 7117: 6825: 6437:

French L (2008). "Psychoactive agents and Native American spirituality: Past and present".

6040: 4037: 3349: 2371: 2305: 1790:(6aR,9R)-N,N-Diethyl-7-methyl-4-propanoyl-6,6a,8,9-tetrahydroindoloquinoline-9-carboxamide 1769:(6aR,9R)-4-acetyl-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindoloquinoline-9-carboxamide 1123: 540: 521: 417: 1653:

are used as an entheogen to enhance prayer or meditation by some religious practitioners.

8: 7933: 7374:"Chemical Composition and Biological Activities of Fragrant Mexican Copal (Bursera spp.)" 7065:"Hallucinogens, alcohol and shifting leadership strategies in the ancient Peruvian Andes" 5344:"A review of plants used in divination in southern Africa and their psychoactive effects" 5139: 3676: 3654: 3511: 3493: 3300: 3271: 3002:, after which the congregant proclaims "There is no part of me that is not of the gods!" 2562: 2517: 2395:, also known as mingkulpa, is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a 2250:

Kava cultures are the religious and cultural traditions of western Oceania which consume

1829: 1628: 1592: 302: 204: 138: 7296: 7121: 6616: 6505: 6206:

Ratsch, Angela; Mason, Andrea; Rive, Linda; Bogossian, Fiona; Steadman, Kathryn (2017).

6044: 5311:. Bethesda, MD: National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 2012. 5007: 4644:

Herbs of the Northern Shaman: A Guide to Mind-Altering Plants of the Northern Hemisphere

4609: 3962: 3583:

Buddhists typically recite sutras or various mantras (typically that of the bodhisattva

2628:) mixed with honey from bees fed on a type of morning glory with a high ergine content. 1062: 1029: 736: 587: 448: 7824: 7400: 7373: 7247: 7086: 7040: 7005: 6981: 6948: 6947:

Jenkins, Amanda J.; Llosa, Teobaldo; Montoya, Ivan; Cone, Edward J. (9 February 1996).

6707: 6682: 6593: 6569:"The relationship between addiction and religion and its possible implication for care" 6568: 6454: 6353: 5989: 5977: 5946: 5615: 5548: 5524:"Nymphaea cults in ancient Egypt and the New World: a lesson in empirical pharmacology" 5523: 5499: 5466: 5287: 5274: 5241: 5100: 5035: 4729: 4702: 4267: 4133: 4047: 4042: 3554: 3507: 3477: 2365: 2331: 2294: 1915: 1889: 1500: 875: 573: 274: 112: 44: 17: 7542: 7140: 7105: 6184: 6155: 5329: 7853: 7830: 7809: 7782: 7772: 7726: 7694: 7689:

The encyclopedia of psychoactive plants : ethnopharmacology and its applications

7649: 7628: 7564: 7405: 7308: 7235: 7227: 7217: 7180: 7176: 7145: 7090: 7045: 7027: 6986: 6968: 6964: 6766: 6739: 6635: 6598: 6487: 6477: 6458: 6419: 6376: 6357: 6274: 6229: 6068: 6063: 6028: 5981: 5938: 5884: 5760: 5756: 5704: 5660: 5553: 5504: 5486: 5412: 5386: 5312: 5291: 5279: 5261: 5104: 5063: 5027: 4983: 4969: 4853: 4793: 4734: 4657: 4647: 4589: 4562: 4535: 4469: 4451: 4362: 4292: 4259: 4222: 4215: 4193: 4095: 3751: 3628: 3355:

Secretion: Opioid peptides (deltorphin, deltorphin I, deltorphin II and dermorphin).

3119: 2903:

purification rituals. Sakes served to gods as offerings prior to drinking are called

2573: 2422: 2233: 2025: 1969: 1949: 909: 903: 817: 786: 669: 428: 5950: 4848: 4831: 4271: 4137: 806:

religion of West Central Africa. Used by Western nations to treat opioid addiction.

7395: 7385: 7300: 7209: 7172: 7135: 7125: 7076: 7035: 7017: 6976: 6960: 6699: 6588: 6580: 6446: 6409: 6343: 6219: 6151: 6058: 6048: 5993: 5973: 5930: 5752: 5650: 5543: 5535: 5494: 5478: 5269: 5253: 5092: 5039: 5023: 5019: 4973: 4965: 4843: 4785: 4724: 4714: 4443: 4380: 4354: 4255: 4251: 4164: 4125: 3758: 3650: 3632: 3447: 2853: 2670: 2547: 2382: 1984: 1216: 1169: 1055: 1049: 1022: 891: 859: 827: 761: 755: 729: 708: 392: 386: 239: 7304: 6348: 6331: 1615:(6aR,9R)-N,N-diethyl-7-methyl-4,6,6a,7,8,9-hexahydroindoloquinoline-9-carboxamide 7332: 6414: 6397: 5205: 4583: 4017: 3787: 3646: 3281: 3275: 2778: 2128: 2122: 2090: 2019: 1921: 1183: 1086: 1042: 697: 517: 7627:(2nd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge World Archaeology. pp. 38–39, 279. 7213: 5219:"Ethnopharmacognosy and Human Pharmacology of Salvia divinorum and Salvinorin A" 4129: 1704: 7876: 7390: 7110:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6033:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5539: 5096: 4116: 3616: 3584: 3031: 2970: 2928: 2886: 2857: 2834: 2817:, but after the Spanish conquest, pulque consumption lost its ritual meanings. 2799: 2762: 2751: 2725: 2698: 2647: 2604: 2525: 2400: 2211: 1895: 1712: 1698: 1237: 1073: 683: 343: 7871:, but everything to do with the chocolate beverage as drunk by the aristocrats 7806:

Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants

7769:

Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants

6711: 6584: 6450: 6207: 5934: 5482: 5186:"Erowid Ketamine Vault : Ketamine and Quantum Psychiatry, by Karl Jansen" 4789: 4719: 4358: 3776:

a ritual amount based on religious numerology rather than chemical analysis."

3100:

Methyl (1R,2R,3S,5S)-3-(benzoyloxy)-8-methyl-8-azabicyclooctane-2-carboxylate

2873:

ceremonies, where it is not considered alcoholic and is referred to as "dem".

7927: 7231: 7031: 6972: 6491: 5942: 5725: 5655: 5638: 5490: 5265: 4661: 4639: 4412: 3746: 3701: 3697: 3599:, used for storing sacred water sometimes, symbolizing wisdom and long life. 3394: 3263: 3247: 2999: 2870: 2577: 2536: 1943: 1430: 879: 663: 628: 328: 284: 249: 70: 7786: 7650:"Día de los Muertos: Learning about death through observing and pitching in" 7372:

Gigliarelli, G; Becerra, JX; Curini, M; Marcotullio, MC (12 December 2015).

7130: 6053: 7424:"Church endorses 'holy water' and ARVs as people flock to miracle mountain" 7409: 7312: 7049: 7022: 7006:"Coca: The History and Medical Significance of an Ancient Andean Tradition" 6602: 6474:

Ancient Mexico & Central America : archaeology and culture history

6423: 6233: 5985: 5664: 5557: 5508: 5316: 5283: 5053: 5031: 4797: 4738: 4447: 4366: 4263: 3620: 3595: 3342: 2828: 2666: 2265: 2189: 2182: 2142:

Ritualistic practices originated among the Olmec, Maya and Mexica (Aztec).

2051: 1978: 1720: 1582: 1383: 1223: 1001: 975: 957: 945: 939: 332: 293: 258: 7328:"How Amazonian Tree Frog Poison Became the Latest Treatment for Addiction" 7239: 7206:

d-Amino Acids in Sequences of Secreted Peptides of Multicellular Organisms

7184: 7149: 7104:

Erspamer V, Melchiorri P, Falconieri-Erspamer G, et al. (July 1989).

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who believes that DPT and other entheogens are physical manifestations of

7351: 6847: 4978: 4755: 4169: 4152: 4012: 3982: 3970: 3254:

used seeds from the vilca tree and combined the hallucinogenic drug with

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use to chew the plant before engaging in extended meditation and prayer.

1819: 1793: 1772: 1728: 1688: 1618: 1600: 1562: 1541: 1508: 1490: 1472: 1454: 1416: 1375: 1333: 1296: 1271: 1232: 1192: 1160: 1135: 1095: 1068: 1037: 925: 845: 839: 798: 747: 742: 713: 678: 675:

Seed: LSA, lysergol, and turbicoryn; up to 0.03% lysergic acid alkaloids

653: 614: 591: 582: 550: 544: 536: 505:

Bufotenin has been identified as a component in the latex of the takini (

500: 474: 442: 432: 338: 268: 223: 162: 130: 119: 6270:

Haitian Vodou: An Introduction to Haiti's Indigenous Spiritual Tradition

5308:

LiverTox: Clinical and Research Information on Drug-Induced Liver Injury

5306: 3681:

Different parts of the plant are used in ritual purification by several

2921: 1080: 7259: 6528:"13,000-year-old brewery discovered in Israel, the oldest in the world" 5915: 3958: 3945: 3907: 3824: 3781: 3713: 3705: 3666: 3538: 3358: 3296: 3181: 3160: 3140: 3039: 2975: 2933: 2891: 2839: 2804: 2756: 2730: 2703: 2652: 2609: 2551: 2530: 2404: 2348: 2311: 2245: 2041: 2036: 2011: 1851: 1708: 1680: 1644: 1382:. A pharmaceutical version of the entheogenic brew ayahuasca is called 1379: 1227: 1177: 920: 599: 382: 376: 324: 315: 289: 254: 233: 218: 105: 74: 50: 7912:

Wood, Stephanie; Eugene, Ore, eds. (2000–2023). "Nahuatl Dictionary".

5852:. NIH National Center for Biotechnology Information. PubChem CID 62258 5218: 4942:

Valdés, Leander J. III; Díaz, JoséLuis; Paul, Ara G. (December 2002).

3950: 1806:

was found to be an active psychedelic with similar potency to 1P-LSD.

871: 7103: 6224: 5257: 5082: 3974: 3966: 3851: 3834: 3640: 3499: 3413: 3363:

Increasing popularity in cleansing rituals and depression treatment.

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in cases of fever conditions, or cooked for driving out evil ghosts.

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Indo-Tibetan Buddhism. Indian Buddhists and Their Tibetan Successors

2615: 2597: 2591:' psychoactive agent of choice in rituals when peyote was outlawed. 2550:

practices, alcohol may be used during specific rituals, such as the

887: 7371: 6703: 6506:"'World's oldest brewery' found in cave in Israel, say researchers" 6140:"Evidencias del consumo de drogas en Europa durante la Prehistoria" 6029:"A brief history of opiates, opioid peptides, and opioid receptors" 5742: 4900:

Christ and the Cactus: A Study of Peyotism among the Canadian Sioux

3802: 3658: 3610: 3580: 3550: 3173: 3146: 3053: 2981: 2863: 2662: 2441: 2432: 2338: 2200: 2196: 2161: 2084: 2057: 1825: 1658: 1575: 1554: 1355: 867: 833: 793: 567: 555: 528: 507: 485: 319: 280: 245: 7747: 7350:. International Association of Kambo Practitioners. Archived from 5119:"2CB chosen over traditional entheogen's by South African healers" 3137:(5α,6α)-7,8-didehydro-4,5-epoxy-3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-ol 512:) tree, which is used as a psychedelic by South American shamans. 7826:

Pharmacotheon: Entheogenic drugs, their plant sources and history

7723:

Buddhist Thought: A Complete Introduction to the Indian Tradition

6550:"This Ancient Incan Corn Beer Might Bring You Closer to the Gods" 6299: 5448: 5446: 3990: 3938: 3921: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3546: 3489: 3132: 3095: 3074: 2987: 2342: 2272: 2110: 2098: 1803: 1426: 970: 895: 424: 7907:. Part 2 by Wendy Doniger O'Flaherty. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. 5636: 5609: 4829: 2782: 1845: 7453:"HIV Prevention and Counseling at Holy Water Sites in Ethiopia" 7163:

Melchiorri P, Negri L (1996). "The dermorphin peptide family".

5238: 3954: 3934: 3925: 3886: 3719: 3469: 3255: 2900: 2791: 2686: 2678: 2566: 2392: 2359: 2288: 2153: 2147: 2003: 1785: 1764: 1210: 1198: 1145: 883: 863: 811: 690: 21: 6653:

Drinking, Homicide, and Rebellion in Colonial Mexican Villages

6121:"The Early History of the Poppy and Opium -- OpiumPoppies.org" 5443: 5164: 4700: 4023:

List of Acacia species known to contain psychoactive alkaloids

2769:

was important in several seasonal religious festivals such as

1862:

The plant parts are listed to prevent accidents. For example,

7808:(Second ed.). Boca Raton, FL, United States: CRC Press. 6398:"Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures" 4830:

Agurell, S; Holmstedt, B; Lindgren, JE; Schultes, RE (1969).

4774:"Hallucinogenic drugs in pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures" 4343: 3589: 3518: 3473: 2963: 2904: 2867: 2822: 2736: 2674: 2658: 2321: 1963:

Mapacho (South America) and thuoc lao (thuốc lào) (Vietnam).

1302: 953: 803: 780: 7062: 6897:"Use of coca leaf in southern Peru: Adaptation or addiction" 2941:

The Tarahumara people gather every year during Easter week (

7762: 7755: 6633: 3843: 3259: 3113: 2995: 2956: 2896: 2879: 2845: 2770: 2766: 2744: 2633: 2259: 2251: 2227: 2173: 2080: 1863: 1650: 1636: 1408: 1314: 648: 638: 6949:"Identification and quantitation of alkaloids in coca tea" 6907:(1–006). United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime: 63–74. 6884:(2–008). United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime: 26–33. 5963: 5883:(3–002). United Nations, Office on Drugs and Crime: 5–35. 5590:"Illicit Production of Cocaine – [www.rhodium.ws]" 5572:"Magical and Historical Uses for Chili Pepper and Cayenne" 5464: 4112: 3645:

In the Christian ceremony the sacramental bread is either

3510:. Use by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints: 1967:

is used by Amazonian tobacco shamans known as tobaqueros.

1707:

was celebrating a mushroom velada with pills of synthetic

7721:

Williams, Paul; Tribe, Anthony; Wynne, Alexander (2012).

7563:(Rev. ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: North Atlantic Books. 7278: 6287: 3369: 2416: 1799: 1778: 1610: 1525: 1371: 7771:(First ed.). Boca Raton, United States: CRC Press. 7670:, National Geographic, Bethany Jones, January 24th, 2018 6311: 6205: 4703:"Grayanotoxin Poisoning: 'Mad Honey Disease' and Beyond" 2569:, incorporate alcohol into their rituals and practices. 2489:

History of alcoholic drinks § Pre-Columbian America

1366:

are reported to have identical entheogenic qualities as

6946: 5521: 750:

shamans used them according to various oral histories.

7668:

Meet Maximón: The Liquor-Drinking, Chain-Smoking Saint

7510:"Stoneware kundika (water sprinkler) <Internet>" 7483:"Buddhist ritual sprinkler (kundika) <Internet>" 6919:"Report of the Commission of Enquiry on the Coca Leaf" 6895:

Hanna, Joel; Hornick, Conrad A. (January–March 1977).

5786: 4923: 4620: 4548: 1451:

2-(5-Methoxy-1H-indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethan-2-amine

590:

of Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, and the Brazilian church.

61:

This is a list of species and genera that are used as

7752:

Dr. Duke's Phytochemical and Ethnobotanical Databases

6878:"The Problem of the Chewing of the Coca Leaf in Peru" 6566: 6508:. British Broadcasting Corporation. 15 September 2018 1641:(RS)-1-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine 7197: 6687:: Sharing and Partaking in the Bektashi Ritual Meal" 4288:

Directory Of Plants Containing Secondary Metabolites

4206: 3568:

holy water in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church

2614:

The Maya also consumed an alcoholic beverage called

1597:(8β)-9,10-didehydro-6-methyl-ergoline-8-carboxamide 1092:

Bark, roots, leaves and flowers: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT

658:

Changa has gained popularity in spiritual retreats.

7693:. Rochester, Vt, United States: Park Street Press. 7480: 6375:. The Institute for Cultural Research. p. 19. 6088: 4554: 4429: 1197:The smoke of the inner bark of the tree is used by 7845: 7720: 7686: 7199: 6681: 6317: 6305: 5697:Weinberg, Bennett Alan; Bealer, Bonnie K. (2001). 4943: 4521: 4241: 4214: 4185: 3906:(Spanish: "offering") is the offering placed in a 1973:juice is sometimes a vernacular added ingredient. 1301:There have been reports of active use of vilca by 65:or are used in an entheogenic concoction (such as 6731: 5192: 3767:"indigenous ritual use indicates dose levels for 1100:The Yanomami people use the powdered resin as an 69:). For ritualistic use they may be classified as 7925: 7004:Biondich, Amy Sue; Joslin, Jeremy David (2016). 6669:. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 112. 5736: 5726:"How a drink downed by Arab mystics went global" 4638: 4527: 3803:Non-psychedelic substances used in sober rituals 2493:Religion and alcohol § Historical religions 1955:Leaf: up to 9% nicotine. MAOI beta-carbolines. 447:South America; people of the Amazon Rainforest. 56: 7911: 7848:The wondrous mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica 7162: 6330:Sharma, Nitasha; Rickly, Jillian (2019-11-02). 5780:Notas de un botánico en el Amazonas y los Andes 5433:"Meeting The Tobacco Spirit - Reality Sandwich" 4480: 4470:"Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge" 4188:The wondrous mushroom: Mycolatry in Mesoamerica 4008:Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record 3533:Used by Aztec, and Maya, in ritual ceremonies. 3112:(UNODC). However, other sources claim that the 1538:7-methoxy-1-methyl-4,9-dihydro-3H-pyridoindole 775:Ancient Greece and witches of the Middle Ages. 619:Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru as part of 41:List of psychoactive plants, fungi, and animals 7507: 7003: 6137: 6026: 5696: 5341: 5001: 4999: 4997: 4941: 4488:"Erowid Online Books: "TIHKAL" - #25 IBOGAINE" 4407: 4405: 3437: 2909: 2813:, pulque was used for religious ceremonies in 7889: 7613:Linnaeus: Syrian Rue, Harmel", pp. 1022–1928. 7252:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 ( 7198:Amiche, M.; Delfour, A.; Nicolas, P. (1998). 6822:"The History of Alcohol - Invent.Answers.com" 6758: 6193:Entheology.org - Preserving Ancient Knowledge 5782:. Quito, Ecuador: Colección Tierra Incógnita. 5603: 3233:Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin. DMT 1846:Non-hallucinogenic substances used in rituals 1293:Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 12.4% bufotenin. DMT 7097: 6894: 6875: 6329: 6095:American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education 3910:during the annual and traditionally Mexican 3720:Psychedelic substances used in sober rituals 3504:Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church 2862:It is also used as a sacramental element in 2781:, christenings and ritual sacrifices called 6752: 6725: 6634:Fernando Guerrero Rodriguez, Jesus (2007). 6395: 5614:(in Spanish). Banrep.gov.co. Archived from 4994: 4870: 4864: 4771: 4581: 4561:. Oxford University Press. pp. 82–83. 4402: 2722:Yeast byproduct: Alcohol fermented species 2522:Yeast byproduct: Alcohol fermented species 2006:reportedly use the plant, known locally as 7711: 7583: 6926:United Nations Economic and Social Council 6797: 6738:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 70. 6389: 6293: 6020: 5140:The Nexus Factor - An Introduction to 2C-B 4177: 4150: 4072:. London: The Sunday Times. Archived from 3691: 263:Siberian shamans. Scandinavia. Lithuania. 7852:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 97–99. 7399: 7389: 7165:General Pharmacology: The Vascular System 7139: 7129: 7080: 7039: 7021: 6980: 6592: 6413: 6347: 6223: 6084: 6082: 6062: 6052: 5654: 5547: 5498: 5273: 4977: 4847: 4728: 4718: 4555:Pennachio, Marcello; et al. (2010). 4168: 4067: 3961:. Worship varies greatly by location. In 3716:are (mildly) psychoactive when consumed. 3287:Bean: Theobromine, small amount of MAOIs 2134:Bean: Theobromine, small amount of MAOIs 1487:2-(1H-Indol-3-yl)-N,N-dimethylethanamine 402:South America, sometimes used as part of 7939:Biological sources of psychoactive drugs 6787:"The Sacred Corn Beer of the Tarahumara" 6530:. The Times of Israel. 12 September 2018 5870: 5528:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine 5335: 4337: 4192:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 5–10. 3110:United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime 2777:as well as more common festivities like 335:(in trace amounts or in select species) 7622: 7558: 7325: 6679: 5690: 4873:"Peyote and the Native American Church" 4632: 3412:is used—as incense–in association with 3312: 1168:is known as peyotism. Also used in the 7926: 7900: 7843: 7829:. Kennewick, US: Natural Products Co. 7684: 7606: 6805:The Sacred Corn Beer of the Tarahumara 6664: 6655:. Stanford: Stanford University Press. 6436: 6370: 6079: 5792: 5777: 5723: 5610:Museo del Oro, Banco de la República. 5452: 5059:Shamanic Snuffs or Enthogenic Errhines 4929: 4896: 4626: 4531:Primer on the Autonomic Nervous System 4528:Biaggioni, Italo; et al. (2011). 4284: 4212: 4183: 3433:List of foods with religious symbolism 3370:Complements to psychoactive substances 2827:Collective term for fruit spirits (or 2618:, which is an infusion of the bark of 1413:4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenylethanamine 767:Seed, flower, leaf: Tropane alkaloids 7954:Comparison of psychoactive substances 7660: 7647: 7501: 7474: 6471: 5330:"Entada rheedii - African Dream Herb" 4906:, Bucknell University, archived from 4877:About.com Religion & Spirituality 4674: 4278: 3709: 7904:Soma: Divine Mushroom of Immortality 7803: 7766: 6266: 5046: 3502:. Use in the Roman Catholic Church: 3416:ritual in some parts of the Amazon. 3079:(1S,2S)-2-amino-1-phenylpropan-1-ol 2811:Spanish colonization of the Americas 1990:Leaf: Caleicines and caleochromenes 7822: 6779: 6759:Brian Bocking (30 September 2005). 6273:. Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 77. 5052: 5005: 4642:; Rindsberg, Katrina (April 2001). 4068:Backshall, Steve (6 January 2008). 2222:admixtures for its healing powers. 594:have used it as part of ayahuasca. 30: 13: 7796: 7754:, U.S. Department of Agriculture ( 7584:Cleversley, Keith (January 2002). 6138:E. Guerra Doce (January 1, 2006). 6123:. 27 December 2014. Archived from 5978:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2016.05.004 5385:. artsci.wustl.edu. Archived from 5154:Photo by Erowid. © 2002 Erowid.org 4610:"Jurema Ritual in Northern Brazil" 4588:. Simon & Schuster. p. . 4322:. sun.ars-grin.gov. Archived from 3573:Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church 3564:holy water in Eastern Christianity 2046:Mayans and the Ancient Egyptians. 1140:Pre-Incan Chavín rituals in Peru. 14: 7970: 6732:Thomas P. Kasulis (August 2004). 5208:. CSP. Retrieved on 11 June 2011. 3593:, a ritual object, is one of the 1439:Medicine of the Singing Ancestors 7746: 7641: 7616: 7577: 7552: 7528: 7445: 7416: 7365: 7340: 7319: 7272: 7201:"Opioid peptides from frog skin" 7191: 7156: 7056: 7010:Emergency Medicine International 6997: 6940: 6911: 6888: 6869: 6840: 6814: 6318:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6306:Williams, Tribe & Wynne 2012 6267:Tann, Mambo Chita (2012-02-08). 6246: 6027:M J Brownstein (June 15, 1993). 6006: 5824: 5804: 5677: 5165:"Temple of the true inner light" 4810: 4751: 4507: 3195: 3058:1,3,7-Trimethylpurine-2,6-dione 1838:This page lists non-psychedelic 611:Leaf: 5-MeO-DMT, bufotenin, DMT 7765:online database compiled from: 7463:from the original on 2022-07-14 7434:from the original on 2022-07-14 6858:from the original on 2023-08-17 6673: 6658: 6645: 6627: 6609: 6560: 6542: 6520: 6498: 6465: 6430: 6373:Taboos: Structure and Rebellion 6364: 6323: 6260: 6199: 6177: 6131: 6113: 5957: 5909: 5895: 5864: 5838: 5771: 5717: 5630: 5582: 5564: 5515: 5458: 5425: 5400: 5375: 5323: 5298: 5232: 5211: 5178: 5157: 5145: 5133: 5111: 5076: 4935: 4890: 4849:10.3891/acta.chem.scand.23-0903 4823: 4765: 4694: 4668: 4602: 4575: 4462: 4423: 4413:"The Leaves of the Shepherdess" 4373: 4028:List of plants used for smoking 3953:is venerated in the form of an 3571:Holy water is important to the 3560:Exorcism in the Catholic Church 1711:named Indocybin synthesized by 1697:spp) Prodrug for Psilocin. The 1505:N-ethyl-N-propylpropan-1-amine 7678: 7378:Molecules (Basel, Switzerland) 6953:Forensic Science International 6876:Zapata Ortiz, Vicente (1952). 6762:A Popular Dictionary of Shinto 5724:McHugo, John (18 April 2013). 5024:10.1080/02791072.2001.10400574 4534:. Academic Press. p. 77. 4312: 4256:10.1080/02791072.2005.10399795 4235: 4221:. New York: Harper & Row. 4144: 4106: 4088: 4061: 3448:Sacrament § Summary table 3009: 1938:Xhosa people of South Africa. 1854:in terms of drug harmfulness. 1663:5-(Aminomethyl)-isoxazol-3-ol 1625:League for Spiritual Discovery 1522:Temple of the True Inner Light 934:) in the Northeastern Brazil. 77:in terms of drug harmfulness. 1: 7712:Snellgrove, David L. (1987). 7305:10.1016/j.toxicon.2016.07.007 7258:Link to Springer (publisher) 6848:"Liber 15 – The Gnostic Mass" 6680:Soileau, Mark (August 2012). 6349:10.1080/1743873X.2019.1610411 6156:10.1016/S1575-0973(06)75106-6 5846:"Compound Summary: Cathinone" 5411:. Bantam. 1992. p. 196. 5062:. EthnoBotanica. p. 90. 5012:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 4244:Journal of Psychoactive Drugs 4054: 2899:is often consumed as part of 2848:is the essential part of the 2735:During the Jewish holiday of 2456:0.05‍–‍0.1% 2411:widely across the continent. 1326:Beans: 5-MeO-DMT. Up to 7.4% 451:of Brazil and United States. 57:Hallucinogens used in rituals 7740: 7708:– freely downloadable (37Mb) 7177:10.1016/0306-3623(95)02149-3 6965:10.1016/0379-0738(95)01860-3 6636:"Old Norse Drinking Culture" 6415:10.1016/j.nrleng.2011.07.010 6402:Neurología (English Edition) 6089:Paul L. Schiff, Jr. (2002). 5757:10.1016/0378-8741(91)90156-8 5745:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4970:10.1016/0378-8741(83)90004-1 4958:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4897:Shield, James Mark (2007) , 4677:"Hallucinogen honey hunters" 4347:Journal of Ethnopharmacology 4285:Glasby, J. S. (1991-07-02). 3863: 3422: 2994:, consisting of a goblet of 2665:for ritual feasting, at the 2447:0.5‍–‍1.4% 2438:0.4‍–‍9.3% 2115:Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta 2109:the plant. For example, the 1344: 1201:of the indigenous people of 979:plants for these effects in 7: 7457:globalhealth.washington.edu 7214:10.1007/978-3-0348-8837-0_4 6901:UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 6882:UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 6439:Contemporary Justice Review 6336:Journal of Heritage Tourism 5877:UNODC Bulletin on Narcotics 5703:. Routledge. pp. 3–4. 5351:Southern African Humanities 4130:10.1639/0007-2745-117.4.386 4000: 3438:Non-psychoactive substances 3317: 3246:at the Quilcapampa site in 3124:Erythroxylum novogranatense 2661:, used by the semi-nomadic 2587:Alcohol replaced peyote as 1742: 560:entheogenic use of cannabis 228:Confirmed used by shamans. 173: 37:List of psychoactive plants 10: 7975: 7901:Wasson, R. Gordon (1968). 7844:Wasson, R. Gordon (1980). 7706:Internet Archive EPub file 7685:Rätsch, Christian (2005). 7391:10.3390/molecules201219849 7204:. In Pierre Jolles (ed.). 6765:. Routledge. p. 175. 6573:Substance Use & Misuse 6472:Evans, Susan Toby (2013). 6396:Carod-Artal, F.J. (2015). 5540:10.1177/014107680409700214 5121:. Tacethno.com. 2008-03-27 5097:10.7183/1045-6635.21.4.441 4184:Wasson, R. Gordon (1980). 3696:Shown in the table below, 3441: 3426: 3244:archaeological excavations 2831:) popular in the Balkans. 2486: 2482: 1857: 919:Root bark: 1-1.7% DMT and 718:Iran and the Middle East. 34: 7625:The Ancient Central Andes 7623:Quilter, Jeffrey (2022). 7481:Smithsonian Institution. 6585:10.3109/10826081003747611 6451:10.1080/10282580802058270 6091:"Opium and its alkaloids" 5935:10.1007/s11419-009-0070-5 5612:"Museo del Oro, Colombia" 5483:10.1007/s11011-016-9794-1 5357:: 333–351. Archived from 5246:Drug Testing and Analysis 5152:Ubulawu Nomathotholo Pack 4836:Acta Chemica Scandinavica 4790:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.07.003 4720:10.1007/s12012-012-9162-2 4707:Cardiovascular Toxicology 4359:10.1016/j.jep.2005.12.022 3305:polysubstance combination 2910: 2765:the drinking of ales and 2638:Yeast byproduct: Barley ( 2195:Leaves: 1.73–3.48 % 1816:3--1H-indol-4-yl acetate 1189:Bark: DMT, and 5-MeO-DMT 930:Used by the Jurema Cult ( 80: 7326:Daly, M (May 10, 2016). 7262:Experientia Supplementum 5643:The Journal of Nutrition 5455:, pp. 908, 924–926. 5085:Latin American Antiquity 4953:, Epling AND Játiva-M.)" 4772:Carod-Artal, FJ (2015). 4646:. Loompanics Unlimited. 4213:Harner, Michael (1980). 3880:Regions/Cultures of use 3819:Regions/Cultures of use 3741:Regions/Cultures of use 3724: 3529:Religious use of incense 3464:Regions/Cultures of use 3444:Religious use of incense 3389:Regions/Cultures of use 3337:Regions/Cultures of use 3215:Regions/Cultures of use 2961:Yeast byproduct: Grape ( 2620:Lonchocarpus longistylus 2512:Regions/Cultures of use 1884:Regions/Cultures of use 1798:Prodrug (suspected) for 1777:Prodrug (suspected) for 1305:shamans, under the name 371:Regions/Cultures of use 351: 193:Regions/Cultures of use 100:Regions/Cultures of use 7804:Duke, James A. (2001). 7767:Duke, James A. (1992). 7216:(inactive 2024-03-29). 7131:10.1073/pnas.86.13.5188 6476:. Thames & Hudson. 6212:Rural and Remote Health 6054:10.1073/pnas.90.12.5391 5966:Brain Research Bulletin 5873:"The chemistry of khat" 5649:(8S Suppl): 2057S–72S. 5576:The Practical Herbalist 5471:Metabolic Brain Disease 5342:J. F. Sobiecki (2008). 4681:topdocumentaryfilms.com 4675:Treza, Raphael (2011). 4389:Giftpflanzen Compendium 3710:§ Psychoactive use 3692:Psychoactive substances 3429:Sacred food as offering 3386:Substance effect class 3334:Substance effect class 3242:Between 2013 and 2017, 3228:Anadenanthera colubrina 3212:Substance effect class 3023:Substance effect class 2691:Yeast byproduct: Corn ( 2509:Substance effect class 2473:East Asian tea ceremony 1881:Substance effect class 1840:psychoactive substances 1832:, see also psilocybin) 1756:Substance effect class 1400:Substance effect class 1321:Anadenanthera peregrina 1288:Anadenanthera colubrina 1251:Trichocereus macrogonus 641:-infused smoking blend 463:Echinopsis lageniformis 368:Substance effect class 190:Substance effect class 97:Substance effect class 7897: 7890: 7823:Ott, Jonathan (1996). 7748:"Search the databases" 7536:"USDA Plants Database" 6665:Katzew, Ilona (2004). 5656:10.1093/jn/130.8.2057S 5006:Ott, Jonathan (2001). 4945:"Ethnopharmacology of 4448:10.1002/jps.2600620409 4320:"Chemical Information" 4070:"Bitten by the Amazon" 4033:N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 2625:Lonchocarpus violaceus 2576:ritually administered 2409:Aboriginal Australians 2300:Leaves: Opioids (1–6% 1166:Native American Church 724:Hawaiian baby woodrose 7864: 7559:DeKorne, Jim (2011). 7082:10.15184/aqy.2021.177 6371:Holden, Lynn (2001). 5871:Szendrei, K. (1980). 5700:The world of caffeine 5407:"Shamanic Tobaccos". 5167:. psychede.tripod.com 4217:The Way of the Shaman 3486:anointing of the sick 2113:people of Colombia's 1929:triterpenoid saponins 1685:dihydrogen phosphate 1152:Lophophora williamsii 1118:Peruvian torch cactus 1017:Mexican morning glory 995:Rhododendron ponticum 693:(espand, Syrian rue) 606:Diplopterys cabrerana 522:cannabis concentrates 457:Bolivian torch cactus 7516:on 27 September 2007 7508:The British Museum. 7428:The New Humanitarian 7281:Phyllomedusa bicolor 7023:10.1155/2016/4048764 6692:History of Religions 6144:Trastornos Adictivos 5332:, www.entheology.org 4582:Davis, Wade (1997). 4170:10.29203/ka.1992.294 4102:. 12 September 2016. 4076:on February 22, 2014 4038:Psilocybin mushrooms 3708:(also listed in the 3350:Phyllomedusa bicolor 3313:Alternative medicine 3301:psilocybin mushrooms 2372:Duboisia myoporoides 2306:7-hydroxymitragynine 2210:A ritual use by the 1910:the desired dreams. 1559:12-Methoxyibogamine 1124:Echinopsis peruviana 1063:Ergoline derivatives 1030:Ergoline derivatives 823:Seed, flower, leaf: 737:ergoline derivatives 418:Banisteriopsis caapi 391:Seed, flower, leaf: 49:This sections lists 7881:Quararibea funebris 7716:. London: Serindia. 7648:Gutiérrez, Isabel. 7297:2016Txcn..120..107L 7283:) venom exposure". 7122:1989PNAS...86.5188E 6651:William B. Taylor. 6623:. 28 February 2015. 6617:"Drinking on Purim" 6101:on October 21, 2007 6045:1993PNAS...90.5391B 5923:Forensic Toxicology 5778:Spruce, R. (1996). 4151:Nyberg, H. (1992). 4100:Alberto José Varela 3677:Ritual purification 3512:Priesthood blessing 3494:priesthood blessing 3272:Psilocybin mushroom 2563:Hindu denominations 2518:Alcoholic beverages 1830:psilocybin mushroom 1802:. In tests on mice 1629:Neo-American Church 1260:Echinopsis pachanoi 303:Psilocybin mushroom 205:Dictyonema huaorani 199:Dictyonema huaorani 139:Colorado River toad 7949:Drug-related lists 7894:in Huautla". p. 98 7888:Wasson (1980). "A 6187:Papaver somniferum 6013:Papaver somniferum 5919:Mitragyna speciosa 5578:. 3 November 2015. 5204:2013-04-24 at the 4474:www.entheology.org 4048:Psychoactive plant 4043:Psychoactive cacti 3913:Día de los Muertos 3653:, and the wine is 3524:Bursera fagaroides 3508:Oil of Catechumens 3478:holy anointing oil 3188:Papaver somniferum 2967:spp.) (fermented) 2644:spp.) (fermented) 2546:, particularly in 2544:Vajrayana Buddhism 2366:Duboisia hopwoodii 2332:Papaver somniferum 2295:Mitragyna speciosa 1916:African dream root 1890:African dream herb 1354:are thought to be 886:of India, and the 876:indigenous peoples 574:Psychotria viridis 275:Amanita pantherina 113:Paraponera clavata 45:religion and drugs 7959:Religious rituals 7859:978-0-07-068442-3 7836:978-0-9614234-8-3 7732:978-0-415-57179-1 7700:978-0-89281-978-2 7634:978-0-367-48151-3 7570:978-1-55643-999-5 7223:978-3-0348-9794-5 6772:978-1-135-79738-6 6745:978-0-8248-6430-9 6579:(14): 2357–2410. 6483:978-0-500-29065-1 6280:978-0-7387-3163-6 6253:Camellia sinensis 6039:(12): 5391–5393. 5921:) by LC-ESI-MS". 5811:Piper methysticum 5710:978-0-415-92723-9 5199:MDMA and Religion 4947:ska María Pastora 4871:Catherine Beyer. 4653:978-1-55950-211-5 4595:978-0-684-83929-5 4568:978-0-19-537001-0 4541:978-0-12-386525-0 4514:Datura stramonium 4298:978-0-203-48987-1 4228:978-0-06-250373-2 4199:978-0-07-068442-3 3998: 3997: 3916:celebration. An 3861: 3860: 3800: 3799: 3689: 3688: 3629:Sacramental bread 3420: 3419: 3410:Nicotiana rustica 3400:Nicotiana rustica 3383:Phytochemical(s) 3367: 3366: 3331:Phytochemical(s) 3310: 3309: 3250:, found that the 3209:Phytochemical(s) 3193: 3192: 3167:Piper methysticum 3120:Erythroxylum coca 3007: 3006: 2506:Phytochemical(s) 2480: 2479: 2423:Camellia sinensis 2383:tropane alkaloids 2234:Piper methysticum 2026:Nymphaea caerulea 1970:Nicotiana tabacum 1965:Nicotiana rustica 1950:Nicotiana rustica 1878:Phytochemical(s) 1836: 1835: 1740: 1739: 1569:Tabernanthe iboga 1513:DPT is used as a 1469:3--1H-indol-5-ol 1342: 1341: 932:O Culto da Jurema 910:Mimosa tenuiflora 828:tropane alkaloids 818:Datura stramonium 787:Tabernanthe iboga 709:harmala alkaloids 670:Turbina corymbosa 429:tetrahydroharmine 393:Tropane alkaloids 365:Phytochemical(s) 349: 348: 187:Phytochemical(s) 171: 170: 147:Incilius alvarius 94:Phytochemical(s) 7966: 7919: 7908: 7895: 7893: 7874: 7863: 7851: 7840: 7819: 7790: 7759: 7736: 7717: 7704: 7692: 7672: 7664: 7658: 7657: 7645: 7639: 7638: 7620: 7614: 7604: 7598: 7597: 7581: 7575: 7574: 7556: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7541:. Archived from 7540: 7532: 7526: 7525: 7523: 7521: 7512:. Archived from 7505: 7499: 7498: 7496: 7494: 7485:. Archived from 7478: 7472: 7471: 7469: 7468: 7449: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7403: 7393: 7384:(12): 22383–94. 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7344: 7338: 7337: 7323: 7317: 7316: 7276: 7270: 7257: 7251: 7243: 7203: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7171:(7): 1099–1107. 7160: 7154: 7153: 7143: 7133: 7101: 7095: 7094: 7084: 7075:(385): 142–158. 7060: 7054: 7053: 7043: 7025: 7001: 6995: 6994: 6984: 6944: 6938: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6923: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6892: 6886: 6885: 6873: 6867: 6866: 6864: 6863: 6852:sacred-texts.com 6844: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6833: 6824:. Archived from 6818: 6812: 6801: 6795: 6794: 6783: 6777: 6776: 6756: 6750: 6749: 6729: 6723: 6722: 6720: 6718: 6689: 6677: 6671: 6670: 6662: 6656: 6649: 6643: 6642: 6640: 6631: 6625: 6624: 6613: 6607: 6606: 6596: 6564: 6558: 6557: 6556:. 25 April 2016. 6546: 6540: 6539: 6537: 6535: 6524: 6518: 6517: 6515: 6513: 6502: 6496: 6495: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6417: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6351: 6342:(5–6): 466–477. 6327: 6321: 6315: 6309: 6303: 6297: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6264: 6258: 6244: 6238: 6237: 6227: 6225:10.22605/RRH4044 6203: 6197: 6196: 6181: 6175: 6173:(includes image) 6171: 6169: 6167: 6158:. Archived from 6135: 6129: 6128: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6097:. Archived from 6086: 6077: 6076: 6066: 6056: 6024: 6018: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5913: 5907: 5906: 5899: 5893: 5892: 5868: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5857: 5842: 5836: 5822: 5816: 5802: 5796: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5775: 5769: 5768: 5740: 5734: 5733: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5694: 5688: 5675: 5669: 5668: 5658: 5634: 5628: 5627: 5625: 5623: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5598: 5597: 5586: 5580: 5579: 5568: 5562: 5561: 5551: 5519: 5513: 5512: 5502: 5462: 5456: 5450: 5441: 5440: 5439:. 27 March 2014. 5437:Reality Sandwich 5429: 5423: 5422: 5404: 5398: 5397: 5395: 5394: 5379: 5373: 5372: 5370: 5369: 5363: 5348: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5321: 5320: 5302: 5296: 5295: 5277: 5258:10.1002/dta.2789 5236: 5230: 5229: 5227: 5226: 5221:. Sagewisdom.org 5215: 5209: 5196: 5190: 5189: 5182: 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5161: 5155: 5149: 5143: 5137: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5126: 5115: 5109: 5108: 5080: 5074: 5073: 5050: 5044: 5043: 5003: 4992: 4991: 4981: 4955: 4951:Salvia divinorum 4939: 4933: 4927: 4921: 4920: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4905: 4894: 4888: 4887: 4885: 4883: 4868: 4862: 4861: 4851: 4827: 4821: 4818:(Convolvulaceae) 4816:Ipomoea violacea 4808: 4802: 4801: 4769: 4763: 4749: 4743: 4742: 4732: 4722: 4698: 4692: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4672: 4666: 4665: 4636: 4630: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4606: 4600: 4599: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4552: 4546: 4545: 4525: 4519: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4484: 4478: 4477: 4466: 4460: 4459: 4434:(Burmf) Bojer". 4432:Argyreia nervosa 4427: 4421: 4420: 4409: 4400: 4399: 4397: 4396: 4377: 4371: 4370: 4341: 4335: 4334: 4332: 4331: 4316: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4282: 4276: 4275: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4210: 4204: 4203: 4191: 4181: 4175: 4174: 4172: 4163:(71–80): 71–80. 4148: 4142: 4141: 4110: 4104: 4103: 4092: 4086: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4065: 3963:Santiago Atitlán 3871:Vernacular name 3868: 3867: 3810:Vernacular name 3807: 3806: 3759:Ipomoea violacea 3732:Vernacular name 3729: 3728: 3639:Elements of the 3633:sacramental wine 3455:Vernacular name 3452: 3451: 3377:Vernacular name 3374: 3373: 3325:Vernacular name 3322: 3321: 3295:Aztecs combined 3203:Vernacular name 3200: 3199: 3014: 3013: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2854:Eastern Orthodox 2671:Carmel Mountains 2589:Native Americans 2548:Tibetan Buddhist 2500:Vernacular name 2497: 2496: 2455: 2446: 2437: 1985:Calea ternifolia 1872:Vernacular name 1869: 1868: 1747: 1746: 1735:Salvia divinorum 1421:2C-B is used as 1391: 1390: 1245:San Pedro cactus 1217:Salvia divinorum 1170:Oshara tradition 1157:Stem: Mescaline 1056:Ipomoea violacea 1050:Beach moonflower 1023:Ipomoea tricolor 762:Hyoscyamus niger 730:Argyreia nervosa 437:dihydroshihunine 359:Vernacular name 356: 355: 240:Amanita muscaria 181:Vernacular name 178: 177: 88:Vernacular name 85: 84: 31:Psychoactive use 16:This page lists 7974: 7973: 7969: 7968: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7963: 7924: 7923: 7922: 7896: 7887: 7872: 7869:Theobroma cacao 7860: 7837: 7816: 7799: 7797:Further reading 7779: 7743: 7733: 7701: 7681: 7676: 7675: 7665: 7661: 7646: 7642: 7635: 7621: 7617: 7611:Peganum harmala 7605: 7601: 7588:Peganum harmala 7582: 7578: 7571: 7557: 7553: 7545: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7519: 7517: 7506: 7502: 7492: 7490: 7489:on 21 June 2007 7479: 7475: 7466: 7464: 7451: 7450: 7446: 7437: 7435: 7422: 7421: 7417: 7370: 7366: 7357: 7355: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7324: 7320: 7277: 7273: 7245: 7244: 7224: 7196: 7192: 7161: 7157: 7116:(13): 5188–92. 7102: 7098: 7061: 7057: 7002: 6998: 6945: 6941: 6931: 6929: 6921: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6893: 6889: 6874: 6870: 6861: 6859: 6846: 6845: 6841: 6831: 6829: 6828:on 7 April 2014 6820: 6819: 6815: 6811:, 25 March 2005 6802: 6798: 6785: 6784: 6780: 6773: 6757: 6753: 6746: 6730: 6726: 6716: 6714: 6683:"Spreading the 6678: 6674: 6663: 6659: 6650: 6646: 6638: 6632: 6628: 6615: 6614: 6610: 6565: 6561: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6533: 6531: 6526: 6525: 6521: 6511: 6509: 6504: 6503: 6499: 6484: 6470: 6466: 6435: 6431: 6394: 6390: 6383: 6369: 6365: 6328: 6324: 6316: 6312: 6304: 6300: 6294:Snellgrove 1987 6292: 6288: 6281: 6265: 6261: 6245: 6241: 6204: 6200: 6183: 6182: 6178: 6165: 6163: 6162:on May 15, 2008 6136: 6132: 6119: 6118: 6114: 6104: 6102: 6087: 6080: 6025: 6021: 6015:(Papaveraceae)" 6005: 6001: 5972:(Pt 1): 41–46. 5962: 5958: 5914: 5910: 5901: 5900: 5896: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5839: 5833:(Celastraceae)" 5823: 5819: 5803: 5799: 5795:, p. 1656. 5791: 5787: 5776: 5772: 5741: 5737: 5722: 5718: 5711: 5695: 5691: 5676: 5672: 5635: 5631: 5621: 5619: 5608: 5604: 5595: 5593: 5588: 5587: 5583: 5570: 5569: 5565: 5520: 5516: 5463: 5459: 5451: 5444: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5419: 5406: 5405: 5401: 5392: 5390: 5381: 5380: 5376: 5367: 5365: 5361: 5346: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5324: 5304: 5303: 5299: 5237: 5233: 5224: 5222: 5217: 5216: 5212: 5206:Wayback Machine 5197: 5193: 5184: 5183: 5179: 5170: 5168: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5150: 5146: 5138: 5134: 5124: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5112: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5051: 5047: 5004: 4995: 4940: 4936: 4932:, p. 1285. 4928: 4924: 4916: 4914: 4910: 4903: 4895: 4891: 4881: 4879: 4869: 4865: 4828: 4824: 4809: 4805: 4770: 4766: 4750: 4746: 4699: 4695: 4685: 4683: 4673: 4669: 4654: 4637: 4633: 4629:, p. 1376. 4625: 4621: 4608: 4607: 4603: 4596: 4580: 4576: 4569: 4553: 4549: 4542: 4526: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4490: 4486: 4485: 4481: 4468: 4467: 4463: 4428: 4424: 4411: 4410: 4403: 4394: 4392: 4383:Rivea corymbosa 4379: 4378: 4374: 4342: 4338: 4329: 4327: 4318: 4317: 4313: 4303: 4301: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4240: 4236: 4229: 4211: 4207: 4200: 4182: 4178: 4149: 4145: 4111: 4107: 4094: 4093: 4089: 4079: 4077: 4066: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4003: 3866: 3830:Theobroma cacao 3805: 3788:Peganum harmala 3727: 3722: 3702:morning glories 3694: 3683:Native American 3450: 3440: 3435: 3425: 3372: 3320: 3315: 3282:Theobroma cacao 3198: 3012: 2907: 2495: 2485: 2471:. For example, 2459: 2453: 2444: 2435: 2337:Latex exudate: 2129:Theobroma cacao 2097:Leaf: 0.3-1.5% 2091:Erythroxylaceae 2020:Blue water lily 1927:Root: Possibly 1922:Silene undulata 1860: 1848: 1745: 1649:Small doses of 1627:(LSD), and the 1548:Peganum harmala 1347: 1184:Virola sebifera 1087:Virola elongata 1065:(LSA disputed) 1033:(LSA disputed) 915:Mimosa hostilis 851: 739:of dry weight. 698:Peganum harmala 377:Angel's trumpet 354: 323: 176: 83: 59: 47: 33: 12: 11: 5: 7972: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7944:Hallucinations 7941: 7936: 7921: 7920: 7915:cacahuaxochitl 7909: 7898: 7885: 7877:cacahuaxochitl 7858: 7841: 7835: 7820: 7814: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7793: 7792: 7791: 7777: 7742: 7739: 7738: 7737: 7731: 7718: 7709: 7699: 7680: 7677: 7674: 7673: 7659: 7656:. p. 234. 7640: 7633: 7615: 7599: 7594:Entheology.com 7576: 7569: 7551: 7548:on 2012-11-22. 7527: 7500: 7473: 7459:. 2015-09-28. 7444: 7430:. 2007-05-25. 7415: 7364: 7339: 7318: 7271: 7222: 7190: 7155: 7096: 7055: 6996: 6959:(3): 179–189. 6939: 6928:: 31. May 1950 6910: 6887: 6868: 6839: 6813: 6803:John Burnett, 6796: 6778: 6771: 6751: 6744: 6724: 6712:10.1086/665961 6704:10.1086/665961 6672: 6667:Casta Painting 6657: 6644: 6626: 6608: 6559: 6541: 6519: 6497: 6482: 6464: 6429: 6388: 6382:978-0904674330 6381: 6363: 6322: 6320:, p. 236. 6310: 6308:, p. 212. 6298: 6296:, p. 168. 6286: 6279: 6259: 6239: 6198: 6189:- Opium Poppy" 6176: 6146:(in Spanish). 6130: 6127:on 2014-12-27. 6112: 6078: 6019: 5999: 5956: 5908: 5903:"New Features" 5894: 5863: 5837: 5817: 5797: 5785: 5770: 5751:(1–2): 25–30. 5735: 5716: 5709: 5689: 5683:Coffea arabica 5670: 5629: 5618:on 11 May 2013 5602: 5581: 5563: 5514: 5477:(3): 631–641. 5457: 5442: 5424: 5417: 5399: 5383:"Nicotiana sp" 5374: 5334: 5322: 5297: 5252:(6): 812–826. 5231: 5210: 5191: 5177: 5156: 5144: 5132: 5110: 5091:(4): 441–450. 5087:(in Spanish). 5075: 5068: 5045: 5018:(3): 273–281. 4993: 4964:(3): 287–312. 4934: 4922: 4889: 4863: 4822: 4803: 4764: 4744: 4713:(3): 208–215. 4693: 4667: 4652: 4640:Andrews, Steve 4631: 4619: 4601: 4594: 4574: 4567: 4547: 4540: 4520: 4500: 4479: 4461: 4442:(4): 588–591. 4422: 4401: 4372: 4353:(2): 198–202. 4336: 4311: 4297: 4277: 4250:(2): 145–150. 4234: 4227: 4205: 4198: 4176: 4143: 4124:(4): 386–394. 4117:The Bryologist 4105: 4087: 4059: 4058: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4030: 4025: 4020: 4018:God in a Pill? 4015: 4010: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3993: 3987: 3985: 3979: 3978: 3948: 3943: 3941: 3930: 3929: 3900: 3895: 3893: 3882: 3881: 3878: 3875: 3872: 3865: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3854: 3849: 3847: 3840: 3839: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3804: 3801: 3798: 3797: 3794: 3791: 3784: 3778: 3777: 3765: 3762: 3749: 3743: 3742: 3739: 3736: 3733: 3726: 3723: 3721: 3718: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3663: 3662: 3643: 3637: 3635: 3625: 3624: 3617:drink offering 3613: 3608: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3585:Avalokitesvara 3557: 3543: 3541: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3526: 3521: 3515: 3514: 3496: 3482: 3480: 3472:, also called 3466: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3456: 3439: 3436: 3424: 3421: 3418: 3417: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3387: 3384: 3381: 3378: 3371: 3368: 3365: 3364: 3361: 3356: 3353: 3346: 3339: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3319: 3316: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3307: 3293: 3288: 3285: 3278: 3268: 3267: 3262:made from the 3240: 3234: 3231: 3224: 3217: 3216: 3213: 3210: 3207: 3204: 3197: 3194: 3191: 3190: 3184: 3179: 3176: 3170: 3169: 3163: 3158: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3143: 3138: 3135: 3129: 3128: 3106: 3101: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3085: 3080: 3077: 3071: 3070: 3064: 3059: 3056: 3050: 3049: 3042: 3037: 3034: 3028: 3027: 3024: 3021: 3018: 3011: 3008: 3005: 3004: 2978: 2973: 2968: 2959: 2953: 2952: 2936: 2931: 2926: 2924: 2918: 2917: 2894: 2889: 2884: 2882: 2876: 2875: 2858:Roman Catholic 2842: 2837: 2832: 2825: 2819: 2818: 2807: 2802: 2797: 2795: 2787: 2786: 2763:Norse religion 2759: 2754: 2749: 2747: 2741: 2740: 2733: 2728: 2723: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2696: 2689: 2683: 2682: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2636: 2630: 2629: 2612: 2607: 2602: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2578:alcohol enemas 2533: 2528: 2523: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2484: 2481: 2478: 2477: 2465: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2448: 2439: 2429: 2426: 2419: 2413: 2412: 2390: 2385: 2379: 2377:Nicotiana spp. 2362: 2356: 2355: 2351: 2346: 2335: 2328: 2318: 2317: 2314: 2309: 2298: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2281: 2276: 2269: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2248: 2243: 2237: 2230: 2224: 2223: 2212:Quechua people 2208: 2203: 2193: 2186: 2178: 2177: 2170: 2165: 2158: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2140: 2135: 2132: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2106: 2101: 2095: 2087: 2077: 2076: 2073: 2068: 2062: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2044: 2039: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2008:thle-pela-kano 2000:Chontal people 1996: 1991: 1988: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1961: 1956: 1953: 1946: 1940: 1939: 1936: 1931: 1925: 1918: 1912: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1896:Entada rheedii 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1879: 1876: 1873: 1859: 1856: 1847: 1844: 1834: 1833: 1822: 1817: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1796: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1781: 1775: 1770: 1767: 1761: 1760: 1757: 1754: 1751: 1744: 1741: 1738: 1737: 1731: 1726: 1723: 1717: 1716: 1713:Albert Hofmann 1691: 1686: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1669: 1664: 1661: 1655: 1654: 1647: 1642: 1639: 1633: 1632: 1621: 1616: 1613: 1607: 1606: 1603: 1598: 1595: 1589: 1588: 1585: 1580: 1578: 1572: 1571: 1565: 1560: 1557: 1551: 1550: 1544: 1539: 1536: 1530: 1529: 1511: 1506: 1503: 1497: 1496: 1493: 1488: 1485: 1479: 1478: 1475: 1470: 1467: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1452: 1449: 1443: 1442: 1419: 1414: 1411: 1405: 1404: 1401: 1398: 1395: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1339: 1336: 1331: 1324: 1317: 1311: 1310: 1299: 1294: 1291: 1284: 1278: 1277: 1276:South America 1274: 1269: 1263: 1247: 1241: 1240: 1235: 1230: 1220: 1213: 1207: 1206: 1195: 1190: 1187: 1180: 1174: 1173: 1163: 1158: 1155: 1148: 1142: 1141: 1138: 1133: 1127: 1120: 1114: 1113: 1098: 1093: 1090: 1083: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1066: 1059: 1052: 1046: 1045: 1040: 1035: 1026: 1019: 1013: 1012: 1009: 1004: 998: 991: 985: 984: 965: 960: 950: 942: 936: 935: 928: 923: 917: 906: 900: 899: 857: 852: 850: 849: 843: 837: 831: 824: 821: 814: 808: 807: 801: 796: 790: 783: 777: 776: 773: 768: 765: 758: 752: 751: 745: 740: 733: 726: 720: 719: 716: 711: 701: 694: 687: 686: 681: 676: 673: 666: 660: 659: 656: 651: 642: 631: 625: 624: 617: 612: 609: 602: 596: 595: 585: 580: 577: 570: 564: 563: 553: 548: 533: 525: 514: 513: 503: 498: 492: 490: 481: 480: 479:South America 477: 472: 466: 459: 453: 452: 445: 440: 421: 414: 408: 407: 400: 395: 389: 379: 373: 372: 369: 366: 363: 360: 353: 350: 347: 346: 341: 336: 313: 305: 299: 298: 296: 287: 278: 271: 265: 264: 261: 252: 243: 236: 230: 229: 226: 221: 208: 201: 195: 194: 191: 188: 185: 182: 175: 172: 169: 168: 165: 160: 149: 144: 135: 134: 127: 122: 116: 109: 102: 101: 98: 95: 92: 89: 82: 79: 58: 55: 32: 29: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7971: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7937: 7935: 7932: 7931: 7929: 7917: 7916: 7910: 7906: 7905: 7899: 7892: 7884: 7882: 7878: 7870: 7861: 7855: 7850: 7849: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7828: 7827: 7821: 7817: 7815:9780849338656 7811: 7807: 7802: 7801: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7778:9780849336720 7774: 7770: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7757: 7753: 7749: 7745: 7744: 7734: 7728: 7725:. Routledge. 7724: 7719: 7715: 7710: 7707: 7702: 7696: 7691: 7690: 7683: 7682: 7671: 7669: 7663: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7636: 7630: 7626: 7619: 7612: 7608: 7603: 7595: 7591: 7590:- Syrian Rue" 7589: 7580: 7572: 7566: 7562: 7555: 7544: 7537: 7531: 7515: 7511: 7504: 7488: 7484: 7477: 7462: 7458: 7454: 7448: 7433: 7429: 7425: 7419: 7411: 7407: 7402: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7383: 7379: 7375: 7368: 7354:on 2016-11-21 7353: 7349: 7348:"About Kambo" 7343: 7335: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7286: 7282: 7275: 7269: 7267: 7263: 7255: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7233: 7229: 7225: 7219: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7202: 7194: 7186: 7182: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7159: 7151: 7147: 7142: 7137: 7132: 7127: 7123: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7100: 7092: 7088: 7083: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7051: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7033: 7029: 7024: 7019: 7015: 7011: 7007: 7000: 6992: 6988: 6983: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6950: 6943: 6927: 6920: 6914: 6906: 6902: 6898: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6857: 6853: 6849: 6843: 6827: 6823: 6817: 6810: 6806: 6800: 6792: 6788: 6782: 6774: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6755: 6747: 6741: 6737: 6736: 6728: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6688: 6686: 6676: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6648: 6637: 6630: 6622: 6618: 6612: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6590: 6586: 6582: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6563: 6555: 6551: 6545: 6529: 6523: 6507: 6501: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6479: 6475: 6468: 6460: 6456: 6452: 6448: 6445:(2): 155–63. 6444: 6440: 6433: 6425: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6392: 6384: 6378: 6374: 6367: 6359: 6355: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6319: 6314: 6307: 6302: 6295: 6290: 6282: 6276: 6272: 6271: 6263: 6256: 6254: 6248: 6243: 6235: 6231: 6226: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6202: 6194: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6174: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6134: 6126: 6122: 6116: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6085: 6083: 6074: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6038: 6034: 6030: 6023: 6016: 6014: 6008: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5912: 5904: 5898: 5890: 5886: 5882: 5878: 5874: 5867: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5834: 5832: 5826: 5821: 5814: 5813:(Piperaceae)" 5812: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5789: 5781: 5774: 5766: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5750: 5746: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5720: 5712: 5706: 5702: 5701: 5693: 5686: 5684: 5679: 5674: 5666: 5662: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5644: 5640: 5633: 5617: 5613: 5606: 5591: 5585: 5577: 5573: 5567: 5559: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5541: 5537: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5510: 5506: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5438: 5434: 5428: 5420: 5418:0-553-37130-4 5414: 5410: 5403: 5389:on 2008-09-06 5388: 5384: 5378: 5364:on 2013-05-11 5360: 5356: 5352: 5345: 5338: 5331: 5326: 5318: 5314: 5310: 5309: 5301: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5276: 5271: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5255: 5251: 5247: 5243: 5235: 5220: 5214: 5207: 5203: 5200: 5195: 5187: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5136: 5120: 5114: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5079: 5071: 5069:1-888755-02-4 5065: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5054:Ott, Jonathan 5049: 5041: 5037: 5033: 5029: 5025: 5021: 5017: 5013: 5009: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4989: 4985: 4980: 4979:2027.42/25229 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4954: 4952: 4948: 4938: 4931: 4926: 4913:on 2014-06-20 4909: 4902: 4901: 4893: 4878: 4874: 4867: 4859: 4855: 4850: 4845: 4842:(3): 903–16. 4841: 4837: 4833: 4826: 4819: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4775: 4768: 4761: 4759: 4753: 4748: 4740: 4736: 4731: 4726: 4721: 4716: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4697: 4682: 4678: 4671: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4628: 4623: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4597: 4591: 4587: 4586: 4578: 4570: 4564: 4560: 4559: 4551: 4543: 4537: 4533: 4532: 4524: 4517: 4516:(Solanaceae)" 4515: 4509: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4475: 4471: 4465: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4437: 4436:J. Pharm. Sci 4433: 4426: 4418: 4414: 4408: 4406: 4391:(in German). 4390: 4386: 4384: 4376: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4340: 4326:on 2004-11-21 4325: 4321: 4315: 4300: 4294: 4291:. CRC Press. 4290: 4289: 4281: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4224: 4219: 4218: 4209: 4201: 4195: 4190: 4189: 4180: 4171: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4139: 4135: 4131: 4127: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4109: 4101: 4097: 4091: 4075: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4021: 4019: 4016: 4014: 4011: 4009: 4006: 4005: 3994: 3992: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3968: 3964: 3960: 3956: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3936: 3932: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3915: 3914: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3869: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3842: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3826: 3823: 3822: 3818: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3808: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3780: 3779: 3774: 3770: 3766: 3763: 3761: 3760: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3748: 3747:Morning glory 3745: 3744: 3740: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3730: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3699: 3698:Aztec tobacco 3684: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3672:Salvia apiana 3670: 3668: 3665: 3664: 3660: 3656: 3655:non-alcoholic 3652: 3648: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3636: 3634: 3630: 3627: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3604: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3591: 3586: 3582: 3577: 3574: 3569: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3548: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3532: 3530: 3527: 3525: 3522: 3520: 3517: 3516: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3495: 3491: 3487: 3483: 3481: 3479: 3475: 3471: 3468: 3467: 3463: 3460: 3457: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3434: 3430: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3406: 3403: 3401: 3398: 3396: 3395:Aztec tobacco 3393: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3382: 3379: 3376: 3375: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3352: 3351: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3323: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3294: 3292: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3277: 3273: 3270: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248:southern Peru 3245: 3241: 3239:+ depressant 3238: 3235: 3232: 3230: 3229: 3225: 3223: 3219: 3218: 3214: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3196:Poly drug use 3189: 3185: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3175: 3172: 3171: 3168: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3157: 3155: 3152: 3151: 3148: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3136: 3134: 3131: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3121: 3115: 3111: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3099: 3097: 3094: 3093: 3090: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3072: 3069: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3025: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3003: 3001: 3000:Cake of Light 2997: 2993: 2989: 2983: 2979: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2965: 2960: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2944: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2919: 2906: 2902: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2885: 2883: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2859: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2841: 2838: 2836: 2833: 2830: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2801: 2798: 2796: 2794: 2793: 2789: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2776: 2772: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2755: 2753: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2743: 2742: 2738: 2734: 2732: 2729: 2727: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2715: 2711: 2707: 2705: 2702: 2700: 2697: 2695:), fermented 2694: 2690: 2688: 2685: 2684: 2680: 2676: 2672: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2637: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2603: 2601: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2592: 2590: 2585: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2570: 2568: 2564: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2534: 2532: 2529: 2527: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2515: 2511: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2490: 2474: 2470: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2452: 2449: 2443: 2440: 2434: 2431: 2430: 2427: 2425: 2424: 2420: 2418: 2415: 2414: 2410: 2406: 2402: 2398: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2380: 2378: 2374: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2363: 2361: 2358: 2357: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2344: 2340: 2336: 2334: 2333: 2329: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2319: 2315: 2313: 2310: 2307: 2304:, 0.01–0.04% 2303: 2299: 2297: 2296: 2292: 2290: 2287: 2286: 2282: 2280: 2277: 2274: 2270: 2268: 2267: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2247: 2244: 2242: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2207: 2204: 2202: 2198: 2194: 2192: 2191: 2187: 2185: 2184: 2180: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2169: 2166: 2163: 2159: 2156: 2155: 2151: 2149: 2146: 2145: 2141: 2139: 2136: 2133: 2131: 2130: 2126: 2124: 2121: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2096: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2086: 2082: 2079: 2078: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2028: 2027: 2023: 2021: 2018: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2001: 1997: 1995: 1992: 1989: 1987: 1986: 1982: 1980: 1977: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1960: 1957: 1954: 1952: 1951: 1947: 1945: 1944:Aztec tobacco 1942: 1941: 1937: 1935: 1932: 1930: 1926: 1924: 1923: 1919: 1917: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1898: 1897: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1880: 1877: 1874: 1871: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1841: 1831: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1815: 1813: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1783: 1780: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1763: 1762: 1758: 1755: 1752: 1749: 1748: 1736: 1732: 1730: 1727: 1724: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1703: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1679: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1668: 1665: 1662: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1646: 1643: 1640: 1638: 1635: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1608: 1604: 1602: 1599: 1596: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1584: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1558: 1556: 1553: 1552: 1549: 1545: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1512: 1510: 1507: 1504: 1502: 1499: 1498: 1494: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1468: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1456: 1453: 1450: 1448: 1445: 1444: 1440: 1436: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1418: 1415: 1412: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1399: 1396: 1393: 1392: 1389: 1388: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1329: 1325: 1323: 1322: 1318: 1316: 1313: 1312: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1298: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1289: 1285: 1283: 1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1257: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1243: 1242: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1209: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1185: 1181: 1179: 1176: 1175: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1162: 1159: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1144: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1126: 1125: 1121: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1111: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1097: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1079: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1070: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1058: 1057: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1047: 1044: 1041: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 1027: 1025: 1024: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1003: 1002:Grayanotoxins 999: 997: 996: 992: 990: 987: 986: 982: 978: 977: 972: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 958:grayanotoxins 955: 951: 948: 947: 943: 941: 938: 937: 933: 929: 927: 924: 922: 918: 916: 912: 911: 907: 905: 902: 901: 897: 893: 889: 885: 881: 880:Marie-Galante 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 858: 856: 853: 847: 844: 841: 838: 835: 832: 829: 826: 825: 822: 820: 819: 815: 813: 810: 809: 805: 802: 800: 797: 795: 791: 789: 788: 784: 782: 779: 778: 774: 772: 769: 766: 764: 763: 759: 757: 754: 753: 749: 746: 744: 741: 738: 735:Seed: 0.325% 734: 732: 731: 727: 725: 722: 721: 717: 715: 712: 710: 706: 702: 700: 699: 695: 692: 689: 688: 685: 682: 680: 677: 674: 672: 671: 667: 665: 664:Christmasvine 662: 661: 657: 655: 652: 650: 646: 643: 640: 636: 632: 630: 627: 626: 622: 618: 616: 613: 610: 608: 607: 603: 601: 598: 597: 593: 589: 586: 584: 581: 578: 576: 575: 571: 569: 566: 565: 561: 557: 554: 552: 549: 546: 542: 538: 534: 531: 530: 526: 523: 519: 516: 515: 511: 509: 504: 502: 499: 497: 493: 491: 489: 487: 483: 482: 478: 476: 473: 471: 467: 465: 464: 460: 458: 455: 454: 450: 446: 444: 441: 438: 434: 430: 426: 422: 420: 419: 415: 413: 410: 409: 405: 401: 399: 396: 394: 390: 388: 385: 384: 380: 378: 375: 374: 370: 367: 364: 361: 358: 357: 345: 342: 340: 337: 334: 330: 329:norbaeocystin 326: 321: 317: 314: 311: 310: 306: 304: 301: 300: 297: 295: 291: 288: 286: 285:ibotenic acid 282: 279: 277: 276: 272: 270: 267: 266: 262: 260: 256: 253: 251: 250:ibotenic acid 247: 244: 242: 241: 237: 235: 232: 231: 227: 225: 222: 220: 216: 212: 209: 207: 206: 202: 200: 197: 196: 192: 189: 186: 183: 180: 179: 166: 164: 161: 158: 154: 150: 148: 145: 143: 140: 137: 136: 132: 128: 126: 123: 121: 117: 115: 114: 110: 107: 104: 103: 99: 96: 93: 90: 87: 86: 78: 76: 72: 71:hallucinogens 68: 64: 54: 52: 46: 42: 38: 28: 25: 23: 19: 7914: 7903: 7880: 7868: 7865: 7847: 7825: 7805: 7768: 7751: 7722: 7713: 7688: 7667: 7662: 7654:ResearchGate 7653: 7643: 7624: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7593: 7587: 7579: 7560: 7554: 7543:the original 7530: 7518:. 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Retrieved 4680: 4670: 4643: 4634: 4622: 4614:www.maps.org 4613: 4604: 4584: 4577: 4557: 4550: 4530: 4523: 4513: 4503: 4491:. Retrieved 4482: 4473: 4464: 4439: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4416: 4393:. Retrieved 4388: 4382: 4381:"Ololiuqui ( 4375: 4350: 4346: 4339: 4328:. Retrieved 4324:the original 4314: 4302:. Retrieved 4287: 4280: 4247: 4243: 4237: 4216: 4208: 4187: 4179: 4160: 4156: 4146: 4121: 4115: 4108: 4099: 4090: 4078:. Retrieved 4074:the original 4063: 3917: 3911: 3829: 3786: 3772: 3769:T. corymbosa 3768: 3757: 3753:T. corymbosa 3752: 3712:table), and 3695: 3671: 3621:Law of Moses 3596:Ashtamangala 3594: 3588: 3578: 3570: 3523: 3498:Sacramental 3409: 3399: 3348: 3280: 3226: 3187: 3166: 3154:Kavalactones 3145:Prodrug for 3118: 3089:Catha edulis 3088: 3067: 3045: 2985: 2962: 2947:Bill Merrill 2943:semana santa 2942: 2940: 2861: 2852:rite in the 2829:fruit brandy 2790: 2692: 2667:Raqefet Cave 2639: 2623: 2619: 2586: 2571: 2560: 2556: 2541: 2421: 2401:extended use 2376: 2370: 2364: 2341:0.3–25% and 2330: 2293: 2266:Catha edulis 2264: 2241:kavalactones 2239:Root: 3-20% 2232: 2216:Ilex guayusa 2215: 2190:Ilex guayusa 2188: 2183:Ilex guayusa 2181: 2152: 2127: 2089: 2056: 2052:Chili pepper 2024: 2007: 1983: 1979:Bitter-grass 1968: 1964: 1948: 1920: 1894: 1861: 1849: 1837: 1824:Prodrug for 1734: 1721:Salvinorin A 1705:María Sabina 1694: 1672: 1605:See species 1583:Dissociative 1568: 1547: 1495:See species 1477:See species 1459:See species 1438: 1386: 1384:Pharmahuasca 1348: 1319: 1306: 1286: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1224:Salvinorin A 1215: 1182: 1150: 1122: 1085: 1054: 1032: 1021: 993: 976:Rhododendron 974: 946:Rhododendron 944: 940:Labrador tea 931: 914: 908: 816: 785: 760: 728: 696: 668: 604: 572: 537:Cannabinoids 527: 506: 484: 461: 439:, 5-MeO-DMT 427:0.31-0.84%, 416: 381: 333:aeruginascin 312:spp. (etc.) 307: 294:dissociative 273: 259:dissociative 238: 203: 198: 146: 111: 60: 48: 26: 15: 7679:Works cited 7607:Rätsch 2005 7291:: 107–109. 7016:: 4048764. 6698:(1): 1–30. 6255:(Theaceae)" 6218:(3): 4044. 5856:31 December 5793:Rätsch 2005 5685:(Rubiaceae) 5453:Rätsch 2005 4930:Rätsch 2005 4627:Rätsch 2005 4417:Sage Wisdom 4013:Ethnobotany 3989:Element in 3983:Kosher wine 3971:pilgrimages 3773:I. violacea 3764:Numerology 3714:cacao beans 3545:Element in 3484:Element in 3303:to yield a 3237:Psychedelic 3020:IUPAC name 2815:Mesoamerica 2809:Before the 2718:Kosher wine 2641:Liquid Gold 2565:, like the 2469:tea culture 2451:theobromine 2399:(or, after 2326:Opium poppy 2302:mitragynine 2218:is used in 1820:Psychedelic 1794:Psychedelic 1773:Psychedelic 1753:IUPAC name 1729:Psychedelic 1689:Psychedelic 1619:Psychedelic 1601:Psychedelic 1563:Psychedelic 1542:Psychedelic 1509:Psychedelic 1491:Psychedelic 1473:Psychedelic 1455:Psychedelic 1417:Psychedelic 1397:IUPAC name 1376:cannabidiol 1334:Psychedelic 1297:Psychedelic 1272:Psychedelic 1233:Psychedelic 1228:salvinorins 1193:Psychedelic 1161:Psychedelic 1136:Psychedelic 1096:Psychedelic 1069:Psychedelic 1038:Psychedelic 981:shamanistic 926:Psychedelic 846:Scopolamine 842:up to 0.05% 840:hyoscyamine 799:Psychedelic 792:Root bark: 743:Psychedelic 714:Psychedelic 679:Psychedelic 654:Psychedelic 615:Psychedelic 592:Santo Daime 583:Psychedelic 551:Psychedelic 510:acutifolium 501:Psychedelic 488:acutifolium 475:Psychedelic 443:Psychedelic 433:telepathine 339:Psychedelic 269:Panther cap 224:Psychedelic 163:Psychedelic 151:Secretion: 131:Satere-Mawe 120:Poneratoxin 118:Secretion: 7934:Entheogens 7928:Categories 7467:2022-07-14 7438:2022-07-14 7358:2020-02-13 6862:2023-08-31 5622:9 November 5596:2013-03-26 5393:2008-03-17 5368:2020-02-13 5225:2013-01-13 5171:2013-03-31 4917:2020-03-15 4778:Neurologia 4686:20 October 4493:14 January 4395:2008-04-18 4330:2008-04-11 4304:14 January 4055:References 3959:cult image 3946:Veneration 3908:home altar 3825:Cacao bean 3782:Syrian rue 3706:Syrian rue 3685:cultures. 3667:White Sage 3657:and often 3651:unleavened 3539:Holy water 3442:See also: 3427:See also: 3359:Depressant 3345:(or sapo) 3220:Alcohol + 3182:Depressant 3161:Depressant 3141:Depressant 3040:Depressant 3017:Substance 2976:Depressant 2934:Depressant 2892:Depressant 2840:Depressant 2805:Depressant 2757:Depressant 2731:Depressant 2704:Depressant 2653:Depressant 2622:(see page 2610:Depressant 2552:Ganachakra 2531:Depressant 2487:See also: 2405:depressant 2381:Nicotine, 2349:Depressant 2312:Depressant 2275:up to 14% 2246:Depressant 2164:0.06-3.2% 2042:Depressant 2037:nuciferine 2012:divination 1852:hard drugs 1828:(found in 1750:Substance 1709:psilocybin 1693:(See also 1681:Psilocybin 1645:Entactogen 1394:Substance 1380:cannabinol 1226:and other 1178:Red ucuuba 921:yuremamine 848:up to 0.3% 812:Jimsonweed 707:and other 600:Chaliponga 579:Leaf: DMT 383:Brugmansia 325:baeocystin 316:Psilocybin 290:Depressant 255:Depressant 234:Fly agaric 219:psilocybin 142:bufotoxins 106:Bullet ant 75:soft drugs 63:entheogens 51:entheogens 35:See also: 18:substances 7741:Databases 7260:page for 7248:cite book 7232:1664-431X 7091:246999684 7069:Antiquity 7032:2090-2840 6973:0379-0738 6932:August 4, 6492:811320587 6459:143549807 6358:164957487 5943:1860-8973 5491:0885-7490 5292:212738912 5266:1942-7611 5105:163915994 4662:780276732 4157:Karstenia 3975:moonshine 3967:Holy Week 3933:Alcohol ( 3885:Alcohol ( 3852:Sacrifice 3835:Sacrifice 3641:Eucharist 3500:olive oil 3423:Sober use 3414:Ayahuasca 3291:Stimulant 3104:Stimulant 3083:Stimulant 3062:Stimulant 3010:Chemicals 2992:eucharist 2850:Eucharist 2844:Although 2775:Midsummer 2710:corn beer 2663:Natufians 2582:entheogen 2463:Stimulant 2397:stimulant 2388:Stimulant 2279:Stimulant 2220:ayahuasca 2206:Stimulant 2168:Stimulant 2138:Stimulant 2104:Stimulant 2071:Deliriant 2066:Capsaicin 2033:Aporphine 2010:, during 1994:Oneirogen 1959:Stimulant 1934:Oneirogen 1905:Oneirogen 1812:4-AcO-DMT 1702:curandera 1695:Psilocybe 1667:Deliriant 1534:Harmaline 1518:sacrament 1515:religious 1465:Bufotenin 1447:5-MeO-DMT 1435:Amagqirha 1423:entheogen 1368:extracted 1364:mescaline 1352:4-AcO-DMT 1345:Chemicals 1328:bufotenin 1267:Mescaline 1203:Venezuela 1131:Mescaline 1106:5-MeO-DMT 1102:entheogen 1007:Deliriant 989:Mad honey 983:rituals. 968:Caucasian 963:Deliriant 860:Algonquin 855:Deliriant 771:Deliriant 705:Harmaline 621:ayahuasca 496:Bufotenin 470:Mescaline 412:Ayahuasca 404:ayahuasca 398:Deliriant 309:Psilocybe 211:5-MeO-DMT 159:(et al.) 157:bufotenin 153:5-MeO-DMT 125:Deliriant 67:ayahuasca 24:context. 7886:— 7787:25874249 7461:Archived 7432:Archived 7410:26703535 7313:27421671 7268:) series 7050:27144028 6856:Archived 6603:21039108 6554:Munchies 6424:21893367 6234:28780876 5986:27178014 5951:25610332 5730:BBC News 5665:10917925 5558:14749409 5509:26821073 5317:31643176 5284:32180350 5202:Archived 5056:(2001). 5032:11718320 4798:21893367 4739:22528814 4367:16455218 4272:30736017 4264:16149327 4138:84084929 4001:See also 3874:Species 3813:Species 3793:Incense 3735:Species 3647:leavened 3611:Libation 3605:Liquids 3581:Mahayana 3555:Epiphany 3551:exorcism 3458:Species 3404:Incense 3380:Species 3328:Species 3206:Species 3174:Morphine 3147:morphine 3054:Caffeine 3036:Ethanol 2982:Dionysus 2922:Tesgüino 2864:Bektashi 2693:Zea mays 2503:Species 2442:theanine 2433:caffeine 2339:morphine 2201:Theanine 2197:caffeine 2162:caffeine 2085:coca tea 2058:Capsicum 2031:Flower: 1875:Species 1826:psilocin 1743:Prodrugs 1659:Muscimol 1623:Used by 1576:Ketamine 1555:Ibogaine 1356:prodrugs 1255:pachanoi 1081:Nyakwána 1043:Zapotecs 1000:Nectar: 971:peasants 874:and the 868:Cherokee 834:atropine 794:Ibogaine 568:Chacruna 535:Flower: 529:Cannabis 518:Cannabis 508:Brosimum 486:Brosimum 362:Species 320:psilocin 281:Muscimol 246:Muscimol 184:Species 174:Mushroom 91:Species 20:used in 7520:16 July 7493:16 July 7401:6332072 7293:Bibcode 7285:Toxicon 7240:9949868 7185:8981054 7150:2544892 7118:Bibcode 7041:4838786 6991:8819993 6982:2705900 6832:1 April 6809:Npr.org 6791:NPR.org 6717:June 5, 6621:aishcom 6594:4137975 6166:May 10, 6073:8390660 6041:Bibcode 5994:3952688 5889:6911031 5850:PubChem 5765:1682531 5549:1079300 5500:4863909 5275:9191646 5125:May 15, 5040:5877023 4988:6876852 4882:5 March 4858:5806312 4758:Ipomoea 4730:3404272 4456:4698977 4080:13 July 3991:Kiddush 3951:Maximón 3939:tobacco 3937:), and 3922:tequila 3918:ofrenda 3904:ofrenda 3898:Ofrenda 3891:tobacco 3889:), and 3864:Alcohol 3846:leaves 3547:baptism 3490:baptism 3133:Codeine 3096:Cocaine 3075:Cathine 3032:Alcohol 2988:Thelema 2971:Alcohol 2929:Alcohol 2887:Alcohol 2835:Alcohol 2800:Alcohol 2761:In the 2752:Alcohol 2726:Alcohol 2699:Alcohol 2669:in the 2648:Alcohol 2605:Alcohol 2535:In the 2526:Alcohol 2483:Alcohol 2345:0.5–4% 2343:codeine 2273:cathine 2111:Tairona 2099:cocaine 2064:Fruit: 1804:1cP-LSD 1699:Mazatec 1673:Amanita 1520:by the 1427:Sangoma 1425:by the 1238:Mazatec 1199:shamans 1074:Mazatec 956:, some 896:Hungary 890:of the 872:Luiseño 756:Henbane 684:Mazatec 494:Latex: 425:Harmine 344:Mazatec 7891:Velada 7873: 7856: 7833: 7812: 7785: 7775: 7729: 7697: 7631: 7567: 7408: 7398: 7311: 7238: 7230: 7220: 7183: 7148: 7141:297583 7138: 7089: 7048: 7038: 7030: 6989: 6979: 6971: 6769: 6742: 6735:Shinto 6710: 6601: 6591: 6490: 6480: 6457: 6422: 6379: 6356: 6277: 6232: 6195:. n.d. 6105:May 8, 6071: 6061: 5992: 5984: 5949: 5941: 5887: 5763: 5707: 5663: 5556: 5546: 5507: 5497: 5489: 5415: 5315: 5290: 5282: 5272: 5264: 5142:Erowid 5103: 5066: 5038: 5030: 4986: 4856: 4796: 4737: 4727: 4660: 4650: 4592: 4565: 4538: 4454: 4365: 4295: 4270: 4262: 4225: 4196: 4136: 3955:effigy 3935:liquor 3926:mezcal 3887:liquor 3771:, and 3756:, and 3704:, and 3553:, and 3506:, and 3492:, and 3476:, and 3470:Chrism 3318:Animal 3266:tree. 3256:chicha 3122:, and 3068:Coffea 3026:Notes 2998:and a 2901:Shinto 2792:Pulque 2687:Chicha 2679:Israel 2616:balché 2598:Balché 2580:as an 2567:Aghori 2491:, and 2454: 2445: 2436: 2428:Leaf: 2393:Pituri 2360:Pituri 2289:Kratom 2271:Leaf: 2160:Seed: 2154:Coffea 2148:Coffee 2035:, and 2004:Oaxaca 1786:1P-LSD 1765:1A-LSD 1759:Notes 1433:, and 1431:Nyanga 1403:Notes 1330:. 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