132:
The governor of Iraq was an extremely powerful individual within the administrative hierarchy of the
Umayyad government. In addition to Iraq itself, he was frequently granted the responsibility for the provinces of the empire that had originally been conquered with Basran or Kufan troops, including
180:
Governors who were appointed to Iraq all took up residence within the province during their tenure of office; the specific seat of government, however, tended to change over time. Under Ziyad ibn Abihi, Basra and Kufa served as twin capitals and he stayed at both towns during each year of his
189:, which he then used as his residence for the remainder of his life. Thereafter, Wasit was often used by the governors as their primary residence, although they continued to sporadically move to other towns, such as Kufa and
1022:
While Yazid was appointed in 745, it took two years and several military campaigns for him to secure his hold over the country. Al-Tabari, v. 27: pp. 24-26 52, 56-57, 92, 123, 133, 185 ff., 191-92; Crone, p.
208:, to surrender. Following their victory over the Umayyads, the Abbasids abolished the governorship of Iraq and resumed the practice of appointing separate governors to the individual districts of the region.
181:
governorship. Basra subsequently edged out Kufa as the chief town of the province, and served as the seat of the governors for the remainder of the seventh century. The famous governor
625:
109:
In the administrative structure of the
Umayyad Caliphate, Iraq was at first not a unified province; rather, it was divided between the governors of the important garrison towns of
177:. The governor had the power to appoint and dismiss sub-governors to each of these provinces, and each of his sub-governors reported directly to him, rather than to the caliph.
1013:
Al-Nadr was never able to effectively establish his rule in Iraq and eventually returned to Syria. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 12 ff., 23-24, 27; Crone, p. 144; Shaban, pp. 161-62
965:
There is some disagreement on the exact year of Khalid's appointment. Al-Tabari, v. 25: pp. 4, 7, 23, 28, 32, 44, 63, 68, 94, 96, 98-100, 110, 122-23, 130, 166, 172 ff.;
173:. In total, these provinces constituted almost half of the entire empire and produced a substantial amount of the revenues collected by the central government in
683:
602:
125:. After Ziyad's death the two towns were again separately administered, but subsequent caliphs were to repeat the combination and from the reign of '
17:
1246:
895:
Al-Tabari, v. 22: pp. 12-13, 92, 175-76, 181, 186, 195; v. 23: pp. 13, 34, 71, 76, 115, 130, 139, 145, 148, 181, 183, 202, 214, 216-17;
673:
465:
Yazid was appointed governor for military and religious affairs and Salih was appointed governor in fiscal affairs by the caliph
1217:
1065:
678:
1236:
1139:
The Lands of the
Eastern Caliphate: Mesopotamia, Persia, and Central Asia, from the Moslem Conquest to the Time of Timur
1241:
698:
1207:
1196:
1182:
1164:
1127:
1107:
1089:
1045:
539:
425:
807:
For a summary of when these towns were administratively united under the
Umayyads, see Blankinship, p. 296 n. 75
1000:'Abdallah refused to accept his dismissal and became a rebel. Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 219-20; v. 26, pp. 12 ff.;
561:
76:
162:
860:
Al-Tabari, v. 20: pp. 123, 176, 182 ff.; v. 21: pp. 67, 83-84, 85 ff., 118-22, 153, 168, 170, 171 ff.;
580:
520:
825:
Ziyad may have been given control of Kufa as early as 669. Al-Tabari, v. 18: pp. 96-97, 103, 164-67;
466:
353:
1051:
647:
496:
205:
1057:
The End of the Jihâd State: The Reign of Hishām ibn ʻAbd al-Malik and the
Collapse of the Umayyads
688:
554:
451:
398:
356:
216:
Only governors that were in control of both Basra and Kufa at the same time appear in this list.
126:
1212:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
447:
304:
969:, s.v. "Khalid b. 'Abd Allah al-Kasri" (G. R. Hawting); Crone, p. 102; Shaban, pp. 139, 143
259:
122:
1004:, s.v. "'Abd Allah b. 'Umar b. 'Abd al-'Aziz" (K. V. Zettersteen); Shaban, pp. 159, 161-62
8:
406:
182:
1137:
693:
95:
1213:
1192:
1178:
1160:
1143:
1123:
1103:
1085:
1061:
1041:
197:
158:
103:
68:
34:
383:
142:
47:
978:
Al-Tabari, v. 25: pp. 178 ff., 187, 194; v. 26: pp. 35, 55, 65, 69, 125, 195 ff.;
161:. He was furthermore given authority over the provinces of eastern Arabia, namely
1202:
1079:
1055:
138:
84:
51:
1133:
1075:
201:
1230:
134:
1115:
New Ed. 12 vols. with supplement and indices. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1960–2005.
1147:
943:, s.v. "Maslama b. 'Abd al-Malik b. Marwan" (G. Rotter); Shaban, pp. 136-37
345:
99:
117:. The two towns were united for the first time in 670 AD, when the caliph
61:
87:
80:
956:, s.v. "Ibn Hubayra" (J.-C. Vadet); Crone, p. 107; Shaban, pp. 137, 139
838:
Al-Tabari, v. 18: pp. 171, 179, 181-82, 187, 191, 198, 207; v. 19: p. 1
440:
274:
118:
71:, being roughly equivalent in size and shape to the ancient region of
640:
595:
196:
Iraq remained as an
Umayyad province until the year 749/750, when an
166:
72:
991:
Al-Tabari, v. 26: pp. 195 ff., 219-20; Crone, p. 158; Shaban, p. 159
511:
190:
174:
899:, s.v. "Al-Hadjdjadj b. Yusuf" (A. Dietrich); Shaban, pp. 102, 119
886:, s.v. "Bishr b. Marwan" (L. Veccia Vaglieri); Shaban, pp. 101-02
617:
319:
30:
490:
Basra and Kufa were under separate governors during this period
377:
Basra and Kufa were under separate governors during this period
298:
Basra and Kufa were under separate governors during this period
253:
Basra and Kufa were under separate governors during this period
150:
146:
186:
154:
110:
91:
921:, s.v. "Muhallabids" (P. Crone); Shaban, pp. 127-28, 132-33
661:
Son of 'Umar ibn
Hubayra. Appointed by Marwan ibn Muhammad
185:
ordered the construction of a third garrison town, that of
170:
114:
102:(the Persian Gulf), and to the southwest by the desert of
982:, s.v. "Al-Thakafi" (G. R. Hawting); Shaban, pp. 143, 159
816:
Al-Tabari, v. 18: pp. 20-21, 70, 75-78, 87, 90, 92-93, 95
1060:. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press.
847:
Al-Tabari, v. 19: pp. 18, 90, 194, 200; v. 20: pp. 5-6;
129:
on, Iraq was usually in the hands of a single governor.
952:
Al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 163, 165, 167, 191; v. 25: p. 4;
1159:. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
1081:
Slaves on Horses: The
Evolution of the Islamic Polity
829:, s.v. "'Ziyad b. Abihi" (I. Hasson); Shaban, p. 87
343:
Iraq was outside of
Umayyad control for most of the
1191:Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
1120:The Early Abbasid Caliphate: A Political History.
1228:
882:Al-Tabari, v. 21: 233-34; v. 22: pp. 3, 11, 13;
318:Son of Ziyad ibn Abihi. Appointed by the caliph
851:, s.v. "'Ubayd Allah b. Ziyad" (C. F. Robinson)
1201:
1177:Reading, UK: Garnet Publishing Limited, 2000.
1050:
917:Al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 4-5, 29, 38, 60, 75;
1132:
864:, s.v. "Mus'ab b. al-Zubayr" (H. Lammens-)
1100:Al-Kufa: Naissance de la Ville Islamique.
1084:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
674:List of Umayyad governors of al-Andalus
14:
1229:
1154:
908:Al-Tabari, v. 23: p. 217; Crone, p. 96
689:List of Umayyad governors of Ifriqiyah
679:List of Umayyad governors of Arminiyah
575:Appointed by Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik
420:Appointed by 'Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
204:and forced the last governor of Iraq,
1142:. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc.
1074:
534:Appointed by Yazid ibn 'Abd al-Malik
75:. It was bounded to the northwest by
1247:Medieval Islamic world-related lists
1102:Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose, 1986.
694:List of Umayyad governors of Madinah
211:
1038:Al-Yamama in the Early Islamic Era.
873:Al-Tabari, v. 21: pp. 191, 193, 212
55:
24:
939:Al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 148, 162-3;
684:List of Umayyad governors of Egypt
620:. Appointed by Yazid ibn al-Walid
25:
1258:
1040:Reading, UK: Ithaca Press, 2002.
930:Al-Tabari, v. 24: pp. 75, 88, 126
699:List of Umayyad governors of Sind
359:was in control of Basra and Kufa.
18:List of Umayyad Governors of Iraq
735:Shaban, p. 87; Morony, pp. 72-73
426:Yazid ibn Abi Kabshah al-Saksaki
1016:
1007:
994:
985:
972:
959:
946:
933:
924:
911:
902:
889:
876:
867:
854:
841:
832:
819:
810:
801:
792:
1175:Oman in Early Islamic History.
1157:Iraq after the Muslim Conquest
783:
774:
765:
756:
747:
738:
729:
720:
711:
407:Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
183:al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-Thaqafi
67:) was the area comprising the
13:
1:
1030:
780:Morony, p. 158; Djaït, p. 271
540:Khalid ibn 'Abdallah al-Qasri
448:Yazid ibn al-Muhallab al-Azdi
798:Morony, p. 163; Crone, p. 61
657:
654:
651:
635:
632:
629:
626:Al-Nadr ibn Sa'id al-Harashi
612:
609:
606:
590:
587:
584:
571:
568:
565:
549:
546:
543:
530:
527:
524:
506:
503:
500:
483:
480:
477:
461:
458:
455:
435:
432:
429:
416:
413:
410:
393:
390:
387:
370:
367:
364:
336:
333:
330:
314:
311:
308:
291:
288:
285:
269:
266:
263:
246:
243:
240:
218:
7:
1155:Morony, Michael G. (1984).
1113:The Encyclopaedia of Islam.
667:
62:
41:
10:
1263:
1237:Lists of governors in Asia
1122:London: Croom Helm, 1981.
762:Blankinship, pp. 57, 60-63
581:Mansur ibn Jumhur al-Kalbi
562:Yusuf ibn 'Umar al-Thaqafi
521:Umar ibn Hubayra al-Fazari
467:Sulayman ibn 'Abd al-Malik
441:al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik
98:, to the southeast by the
69:lower parts of Mesopotamia
1242:Umayyad governors of Iraq
1052:Blankinship, Khalid Yahya
497:Maslama ibn 'Abd al-Malik
325:
233:
230:
221:
1208:The History of al-Ṭabarī
1189:The 'Abbasid Revolution.
704:
648:Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari
639:Appointed by the caliph
594:Appointed by the caliph
555:Hisham ibn 'Abd al-Malik
553:Appointed by the caliph
439:Appointed by the caliph
273:Appointed by the caliph
227:
224:
206:Yazid ibn Umar al-Fazari
121:gave control of both to
119:Mu'awiyah ibn Abi Sufyan
618:'Umar ibn 'Abd al-'Aziz
512:Yazid ibn 'Abd al-Malik
452:Salih ibn Abd al-Rahman
399:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
397:Brother of the caliph '
352:. From 686 to 691, the
127:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan
90:), to the northeast by
1002:Encyclopaedia of Islam
980:Encyclopaedia of Islam
967:Encyclopaedia of Islam
954:Encyclopaedia of Islam
941:Encyclopaedia of Islam
919:Encyclopaedia of Islam
897:Encyclopaedia of Islam
884:Encyclopaedia of Islam
862:Encyclopaedia of Islam
849:Encyclopaedia of Islam
827:Encyclopaedia of Islam
510:Brother of the caliph
231:Nature of Termination
305:'Ubaydallah ibn Ziyad
1036:Al-Askar, Abdullah.
753:Al-Rawas, pp. 62 ff.
744:Al-Askar, pp. 133-36
514:, who appointed him
401:, who appointed him
357:Mus'ab ibn al-Zubayr
133:al-Ahwaz, al-Jibal,
1205:, ed. (1985–2007).
789:Kennedy, pp. 49 ff.
641:Marwan ibn Muhammad
603:'Abdallah ibn 'Umar
320:Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah
616:Son of the caliph
596:Yazid ibn al-Walid
79:, to the north by
27:This is a list of
1219:978-0-7914-7249-1
1067:978-0-7914-1827-7
726:Le Strange, Map 1
717:Le Strange, p. 24
665:
664:
212:List of governors
94:, to the east by
29:governors of the
16:(Redirected from
1254:
1223:
1203:Yarshater, Ehsan
1173:Al-Rawas, Isam.
1170:
1151:
1095:
1071:
1024:
1020:
1014:
1011:
1005:
998:
992:
989:
983:
976:
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963:
957:
950:
944:
937:
931:
928:
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874:
871:
865:
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852:
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839:
836:
830:
823:
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808:
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799:
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790:
787:
781:
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772:
769:
763:
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754:
751:
745:
742:
736:
733:
727:
724:
718:
715:
384:Bishr ibn Marwan
219:
65:
59:
48:medieval history
21:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1255:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1227:
1226:
1220:
1167:
1134:Le Strange, Guy
1118:Kennedy, Hugh.
1098:Djaït, Hichem.
1092:
1076:Crone, Patricia
1068:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1021:
1017:
1012:
1008:
999:
995:
990:
986:
977:
973:
964:
960:
951:
947:
938:
934:
929:
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907:
903:
894:
890:
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872:
868:
859:
855:
846:
842:
837:
833:
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820:
815:
811:
806:
802:
797:
793:
788:
784:
779:
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766:
761:
757:
752:
748:
743:
739:
734:
730:
725:
721:
716:
712:
707:
670:
417:Died in office
394:Died in office
270:Died in office
260:Ziyad ibn Abihi
214:
123:Ziyad ibn Abihi
58:
44:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1225:
1224:
1218:
1199:
1187:Shaban, M. A.
1185:
1171:
1165:
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1072:
1066:
1048:
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993:
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791:
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773:
764:
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746:
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728:
719:
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236:
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232:
229:
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213:
210:
202:besieged Wasit
56:
43:
40:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1259:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1221:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1198:
1197:0-521-07849-0
1194:
1190:
1186:
1184:
1183:0-86372-238-5
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1166:0-691-05395-2
1162:
1158:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1131:
1129:
1128:0-389-20018-2
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1108:2-7068-0927-2
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1091:0-521-52940-9
1087:
1083:
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1069:
1063:
1059:
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1046:0-86372-400-0
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870:
863:
857:
850:
844:
835:
828:
822:
813:
804:
795:
786:
777:
771:Morony, p. 73
768:
759:
750:
741:
732:
723:
714:
710:
700:
697:
695:
692:
690:
687:
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682:
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593:
582:
579:
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66:
64:
53:
49:
39:
37:
36:
32:
19:
1206:
1188:
1174:
1156:
1138:
1119:
1112:
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1080:
1056:
1037:
1018:
1009:
1001:
996:
987:
979:
974:
966:
961:
953:
948:
940:
935:
926:
918:
913:
904:
896:
891:
883:
878:
869:
861:
856:
848:
843:
834:
826:
821:
812:
803:
794:
785:
776:
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758:
749:
740:
731:
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713:
489:
484:
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376:
371:
351:
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337:
326:
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292:
281:
252:
247:
215:
195:
179:
131:
108:
60:
45:
33:province of
28:
26:
100:Sea of Fars
88:Aturpatakan
81:Adharbayjan
1231:Categories
1031:References
613:Dismissed
591:Dismissed
572:Dismissed
550:Dismissed
531:Dismissed
507:Dismissed
462:Dismissed
436:Dismissed
275:Muawiyah I
167:al-Yamamah
163:al-Bahrayn
1210:(40 vols)
636:Resigned
315:Resigned
77:al-Jazira
73:Babylonia
1136:(1905).
1078:(1980).
1054:(1994).
668:See also
354:Zubayrid
191:al-Hirah
175:Damascus
147:Sijistan
143:Khurasan
96:al-Ahwaz
92:al-Jibal
85:Sassanid
63:al-ʿIrāq
50:, Iraq (
42:Overview
1148:1044046
658:Killed
198:Abbasid
155:al-Sind
31:Umayyad
1216:
1195:
1181:
1163:
1146:
1126:
1106:
1088:
1064:
1044:
347:second
234:Notes
225:Start
159:Jurjan
157:, and
151:Makran
139:Kerman
104:Arabia
57:العراق
52:Arabic
705:Notes
349:fitna
222:Name
200:army
187:Wasit
111:Basra
83:(the
1214:ISBN
1193:ISBN
1179:ISBN
1161:ISBN
1144:OCLC
1124:ISBN
1104:ISBN
1086:ISBN
1062:ISBN
1042:ISBN
655:750
652:745
633:745
630:745
610:745
607:744
588:744
585:744
569:744
566:738
547:738
544:724
528:724
525:721
504:721
501:720
481:720
478:717
474:None
459:717
456:715
450:and
433:715
430:714
414:714
411:694
391:694
388:693
368:693
365:691
334:691
331:684
327:None
312:684
309:680
289:680
286:673
282:None
267:673
264:670
244:670
241:661
228:End
171:Oman
169:and
135:Fars
115:Kufa
113:and
35:Iraq
1023:107
485:n/a
372:n/a
338:n/a
293:n/a
248:n/a
46:In
1233::
193:.
165:,
153:,
149:,
145:,
141:,
137:,
106:.
54::
38:.
1222:.
1169:.
1150:.
1094:.
1070:.
519:'
20:)
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