476:
433:
47:
650:
658:
871:
1989, FlightScope was founded by Henri
Johnson. Originally founded to measure projectiles for the defense industry, FlightScope is a global high-tech company and world leader in the development and manufacturing of 3D Doppler Ball Tracking Monitors, Golf Radars & Launch Monitors for sports. The
860:
1981, Mark
Gillman and Fred Lichtigfeld uncovered a new biological principal between 1981 and 1983 i.e., that gases can act as neurotransmitters. This discovery was confirmed as a biological principle at Johns Hopkins University (Baltimore, USA) almost a decade later. Discoveries of a new
945:
was invented. It is a device for carrying water more easily and efficiently than traditional methods, particularly in the developing world. It consists of a barrel-shaped container which holds the water and can roll along the ground, and a handle attached to the axis of the
507:. This list covers innovation and invention in the mechanical, electronic, and industrial fields, as well as medicine, military devices and theory, artistic and scientific discovery and innovation, and ideas in religion and ethics.
978:
2001, Kenneth "Ken" Hall designed the Cobb grill, a charcoal briquette stove as a safer alternative to the paraffin stoves that cause many home fires in rural areas of South Africa. The grill was featured in the
2237:
875:
1991, the Action
Potential Stimulation (APS) Therapy device was invented by Gervan Lubbe. It consists of adhesive electrodes and is used to treat sports injuries and chronic pain conditions.
2222:
1014:
2013, Doctor
Sandile Ngcobo invented the world's first Digital Laser (Ngcobo, S., Litvin, I., Burger, L. et al. A digital laser for on-demand laser modes. Nat Commun 4, 2289 (2013).
931:
under the 'Vodago' package, using an 'Intelligent
Network' platform. This made it possible to debit customers’ accounts in real time, and led to a dramatic increase in use.
1131:
709:
is invented. It is a large concrete block weighing up to 20 tons in a complex geometric shape, used to protect harbor walls from the erosive force of the ocean waves.
2158:
271:
266:
2274:
2153:
164:
2282:
2163:
608:. Q20 is an all purpose lubricating spray that is owned by the Triton-Leo Group (Pty) Ltd. The name derives from "it has 20 answers to 20 questions".
462:
1253:
Gillman, MA; Lichtigfeld, F.J. (1981). "A comparison of the effect of morphine sulphate and nitrous oxide analgesia on chronic pain states in man".
2227:
2395:
1919:
1914:
2287:
2142:
2090:
2008:
840:
2132:
2075:
2043:
2013:
1924:
861:
neurotransmitter class have previously been rewarded with a Nobel Prize e.g. Dale and Loewi (1936) and
Furchgott, Ignarro and Murad (1998).
1738:
2405:
2400:
2319:
2080:
2033:
2028:
1983:
1973:
1951:
1939:
1929:
1909:
1894:
2344:
2299:
2294:
2122:
2112:
2048:
2023:
2018:
1956:
1934:
535:, who noted that "the country people made tea" from a plant related to rooibos or redbush which reignited popular interest in the tea.
394:
329:
2359:
2354:
2085:
2053:
2038:
2003:
1993:
1988:
2339:
2324:
2127:
2058:
1998:
1978:
1944:
868:, the first military attack helicopter capable of making a 360 degree loop, a feat previously seen as impossible across the world.
2369:
2307:
2137:
316:
101:
886:. Johnson also invented the Speedball, that measures the speed and angle of objects; it is used in various sporting tournaments.
1339:
Daras, C; Cantrill, R; Gillman, MA (1983). "(3H)Naloxone displacement: evidence for nitrous oxide as opioid receptor agonist".
63:
2170:
938:
was developed by the non-profit CyberTracker
Conservation. It allows illiterate animal trackers to record environmental data.
455:
229:
68:
1873:
928:
1698:
2205:
2390:
2259:
2195:
1904:
1209:
630:
1765:
1676:
727:
unveiled the Amoils Cryo Pencil, the world's first surgical tool to use extreme cold to destroy unwanted tissue, at
1810:
448:
389:
374:
311:
26:
1715:
2212:
2100:
728:
1025:
becomes the first to transplant 3D-printed bones for reconstructive middle-ear implants on 3 March 2019, at the
576:
is South Africa's signature variety wine grape, and was bred from a cross between Pinot noir and
Cinsaut grapes.
2107:
808:
2334:
1828:
422:
351:
56:
346:
2217:
2200:
1026:
399:
384:
356:
336:
622:
was the first successful microwave electronic distance measurement equipment and was also invented by Dr.
2249:
2232:
1966:
825:
founded
Computicket, the world's first computerized ticketing system. It was deployed nationally in 1971.
2068:
1961:
1614:
1000:
2008, the freeplay fetal heart rate monitor was invented. It is a hand-crank powered diagnostic device.
878:
1992, Speed Gun, a device that measures the speed of cricket balls, was invented by Henri
Johnson from
676:
1073:
893:, a portable electronic device that emits an electromagnetic field, was invented. It is often used in
2364:
2349:
2329:
2063:
732:
612:
1842:
1296:
Gillman, MA; Lichtigfeld, FJ. (1981). "The similarity of the action of nitrous oxide and morphine".
341:
1866:
415:
296:
520:
is a folksport originating from the Cape and is thought to be the forerunner of the American game
2312:
2242:
1886:
1183:
504:
492:
404:
133:
35:
1742:
954:
883:
829:
206:
138:
2190:
2095:
1376:"Effects of nitrous oxide and halothane on mu and kappa opioid receptors in guinea-pig brain"
767:
695:
291:
259:
128:
78:
1569:
1512:
964:, a three part single use syringe, was invented. It is credited with dramatically reducing
872:
company was the first worldwide to create a launch monitor capable of tracking a golf ball.
811:
496:
148:
475:
8:
1859:
1106:
782:
437:
186:
1573:
1516:
1007:, a paint whose fillers are based on recycled industrial waste is invented by Professor
633:
an aerodynamic uranium enrichment process designed around a device called a vortex tube.
1595:
1538:
1484:
1459:
1440:
1321:
1278:
1046:
1022:
942:
793:
774:
763:
724:
699:
143:
2269:
1657:
1587:
1530:
1432:
1428:
1397:
1392:
1356:
1352:
1313:
1309:
1270:
1266:
917:
740:
521:
301:
211:
108:
83:
1792:
1325:
1282:
1599:
1577:
1558:"Localization of nitric oxide synthase indicating a neuronal role for nitric oxide"
1542:
1520:
1479:
1471:
1444:
1424:
1387:
1348:
1305:
1262:
736:
216:
181:
980:
822:
246:
176:
73:
1726:
1475:
961:
865:
800:
744:
615:
by Harley and Pretorius at the University of Pretoria in Pretoria, South Africa
236:
199:
2384:
1851:
1770:
1231:
1008:
990:
902:
879:
833:
756:
623:
591:
532:
785:. George Pratley invented Pratley's Putty to hold electrical box components.
539:
people of the Cederberg region had made the tea for hundreds of years prior.
950:
935:
898:
894:
890:
818:
713:
619:
500:
241:
121:
1591:
1534:
1436:
1401:
1360:
1317:
1274:
1074:"10 pretty cool inventions you may not have known come from South Africa"
748:
684:
587:
171:
88:
1739:"Smartlock Safety Syringe | SABS Design Institute | Design SA"
1636:
1132:"Ron Hickman: Lotus car designer and inventor of the Black & Decker"
843:
set the world narrow-gauge rail speed record of 245 kilometres per hour.
1004:
789:
752:
550:
484:
1161:
1882:
1582:
1557:
1525:
1500:
1015:
778:
680:
662:
638:
488:
306:
284:
1843:"FREEPLAY FETAL HEART RATE MONITOR - INDEX: Design to Improve Life®"
1375:
994:
717:
642:
605:
573:
924:
906:
854:
691:
536:
528:
517:
46:
1637:"About Us – FlightScope, 3D Ball Tracking Monitor Manufacturers"
720:
by fabricating an aluminium version in 1965 from a bicycle horn.
698:. He shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with
1658:"Classic Inventions - Inspirations - SABLE Accelerator Network"
913:
1087:
553:, a shorter style of spear, was popularized under the rule of
804:
706:
687:, and has since sold about 30 million units around the world.
634:
598:
554:
920:. It is a certificate authority (CA) for X.509 certificates.
1677:"17 Things You Didn't Know Were Invented By South Africans"
1210:"17 Things You Didn't Know Were Invented By South Africans"
857:, a mine-resistant military personnel vehicle, is produced.
649:
1415:
Gillman, MA. (1992). "Nitrous oxide as neurotransmitter".
965:
657:
635:
The Uranium Enrichment Corporation of South Africa, Ltd.
1727:
Computer Business Review (2001) 'Mobile stats snapshot'
986:
2001, Engineer Graeme Wells created the oil-can guitar.
832:
was invented by Ferdinand Chauvier, formerly from the
637:(UCOR) developed the process, operating a facility at
1498:
807:
design was used to facilitate the development of the
604:
1950, Q20 lubricant was invented by Mr. Robertson in
1829:"Great South African Inventions - Popular Mechanics"
1338:
803:
was invented by Doctor Herbert Scheffel. This novel
1716:
MyBroadband (2014) 'Great South African inventions'
1460:"Nitrous oxide, Nitric oxide and neurotransmission"
1176:
601:, the country's largest fuel producer, was founded.
1373:
1295:
1252:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
2382:
1555:
841:South African Class 6E1, Series 4 unit no. E1525
747:'s eyes. His invention has been widely used for
1652:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1615:"All Nobel Laureates in Physiology or Medicine"
1881:
1057:
1867:
456:
1643:
1374:Ori, C.; Ford-Rice, F; London, E.D. (1989).
1203:
1201:
1162:"Pantograph Testing in South Africa in 1980"
1155:
1153:
1457:
1184:"Company Overview of Computicket (Pty) Ltd"
993:invented the "cementless concrete", called
1874:
1860:
1785:
1556:Bredt, DS; Hwang, PM; Snyder, SH. (1990).
594:and was first used for a stable Wavemeter.
463:
449:
1581:
1524:
1483:
1391:
1198:
1150:
1047:"History of Rooibos Tea - RooibosTea.com"
656:
648:
505:history of the formation of South Africa
483:The following is a list and timeline of
474:
1674:
1634:
1414:
1207:
983:'s best inventions of the year in 2001.
957:to provide defense against carjackings.
766:completed the world's first successful
2396:Science and technology in South Africa
2383:
1763:
927:became the first network to introduce
1855:
1764:Cabral, Alvin R. (1 November 2015).
1612:
1499:Gillman MA; Lichtigfeld, FJ (1994).
503:including predecessor states in the
1159:
631:Helikon vortex separation processis
13:
2406:South Africa history-related lists
2401:Lists of inventions or discoveries
1895:Lists of inventions or discoveries
1766:"Why you should be open to change"
1016:https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms3289
543:
14:
2417:
2260:Lists of inventors or discoverers
1104:
770:on 3 December 1967, in Cape Town.
1393:10.1097/00000542-198903000-00027
968:infection rates in South Africa.
431:
45:
1835:
1821:
1803:
1757:
1731:
1720:
1709:
1691:
1668:
1628:
1606:
1549:
1492:
1451:
1408:
1367:
1332:
1289:
1246:
1107:"Inventor of the Workmate dies"
972:
864:1984, development began on the
694:, or CAT scan, was invented by
561:
510:
1224:
1124:
1098:
1080:
1039:
1:
1033:
716:claimed to have invented the
423:List of years in South Africa
1793:"The Link-It orbiter system"
1429:10.1016/0140-6736(92)91379-M
1353:10.1016/0014-2999(83)90626-X
1310:10.1016/0304-3959(81)90054-3
1267:10.1016/0022-510X(81)90186-6
1027:Steve Biko Academic Hospital
847:
739:. It has been used to treat
669:
590:circuit was designed by Dr.
580:
566:
7:
1675:Mikva K (9 February 2017).
1476:10.1136/bmj.305.6865.1368-d
1208:Mikva K (9 February 2017).
679:, a portable, multipurpose
677:Black & Decker Workmate
10:
2422:
916:Consulting was founded by
531:is recorded by naturalist
380:Inventions and discoveries
2258:
2181:
1893:
790:diamond vitrectomy cutter
702:for his work on X-ray CT.
613:Flame ionization detector
153:1887 Annexation (British)
2391:South African inventions
653:The prototype CT scanner
297:South African Border War
16:Smartlock safety syringe
777:was carried aboard the
438:South Africa portal
134:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
955:Blaster (flamethrower)
884:1999 Cricket World Cup
714:Freddie "Saddam" Maake
666:
654:
480:
479:A classic jukskei game
207:South African Republic
139:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
768:heart transplantation
731:. Amoils refined the
696:Allan MacLeod Cormack
660:
652:
478:
260:Union of South Africa
129:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
79:Kingdom of Mapungubwe
2201:multiple discoveries
1662:www.sablenetwork.com
1458:Gillman MA. (1992).
1234:. Kreepykrauly.co.za
960:1999, the Smartlock
929:prepay mobile phones
812:narrow-gauge railway
729:Baragwanath Hospital
497:South African people
357:Ramaphosa presidency
347:Motlanthe presidency
317:Apartheid referendum
165:British colonisation
149:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
2250:Spurious inventions
2213:Historic inventions
1815:www.southafrica.net
1703:www.southafrica.net
1574:1990Natur.347..768B
1517:1994Natur.367...28G
1111:www.theregister.com
1092:www.tritonleo.co.za
312:Internal resistance
187:Orange River Colony
1051:www.rooibostea.com
1023:Mashudu Tshifularo
943:hippo water roller
794:Selig Percy Amoils
764:Christiaan Barnard
725:Selig Percy Amoils
700:Godfrey Hounsfield
683:, was invented by
667:
655:
481:
337:Mandela presidency
144:Cetshwayo kaMpande
102:Dutch colonisation
2378:
2377:
2263:by country/region
1898:by country/region
1845:. 27 August 2009.
1831:. 3 October 2011.
1568:(6295): 768–770.
918:Mark Shuttleworth
762:1967, Sir Doctor
741:Margaret Thatcher
473:
472:
400:Religious history
395:Political history
302:Angolan Civil War
212:Orange Free State
109:Dutch Cape Colony
84:Kingdom of Mutapa
2413:
2283:African-American
2228:Medieval Islamic
2218:Byzantine Empire
1876:
1869:
1862:
1853:
1852:
1847:
1846:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1825:
1819:
1818:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1789:
1783:
1782:
1780:
1778:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1741:. Archived from
1735:
1729:
1724:
1718:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1695:
1689:
1688:
1686:
1684:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1654:
1641:
1640:
1632:
1626:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1585:
1583:10.1038/347768a0
1553:
1547:
1546:
1528:
1526:10.1038/367028a0
1496:
1490:
1489:
1487:
1455:
1449:
1448:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1395:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1347:(1–2): 177–178.
1336:
1330:
1329:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1228:
1222:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1164:. Testing Trains
1157:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1128:
1122:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1102:
1096:
1095:
1084:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1055:
1054:
1043:
1021:2019, Professor
989:2005, Professor
909:to repel sharks.
882:and used in the
792:was invented by
737:cataract surgery
465:
458:
451:
436:
435:
434:
390:Military history
375:Economic history
342:Mbeki presidency
217:Natalia Republic
182:Transvaal Colony
64:Middle Stone Age
49:
39:
21:
20:
2421:
2420:
2416:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2411:
2410:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2374:
2262:
2254:
2243:Lost inventions
2238:Native American
2177:
1897:
1889:
1880:
1850:
1841:
1840:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1822:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1791:
1790:
1786:
1776:
1774:
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1725:
1721:
1714:
1710:
1697:
1696:
1692:
1682:
1680:
1673:
1669:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1633:
1629:
1619:
1617:
1611:
1607:
1554:
1550:
1497:
1493:
1456:
1452:
1413:
1409:
1372:
1368:
1341:Eur J Pharmacol
1337:
1333:
1294:
1290:
1251:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1215:
1213:
1206:
1199:
1189:
1187:
1186:. Bloomberg L.P
1182:
1181:
1177:
1167:
1165:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1138:. 12 April 2011
1136:The Independent
1130:
1129:
1125:
1115:
1113:
1103:
1099:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1076:. 12 July 2013.
1072:
1071:
1058:
1045:
1044:
1040:
1036:
975:
850:
823:Benoni, Gauteng
775:Pratley's Putty
672:
583:
569:
564:
546:
544:18–19th Century
513:
469:
432:
430:
410:
409:
370:
362:
361:
352:Zuma presidency
332:
322:
321:
287:
277:
276:
262:
252:
251:
247:Second Boer War
232:
222:
221:
202:
192:
191:
177:Colony of Natal
167:
157:
156:
124:
114:
113:
104:
94:
93:
74:Bantu expansion
59:
37:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2419:
2409:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2376:
2375:
2373:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2327:
2322:
2317:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2297:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2256:
2255:
2253:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2156:
2147:United States
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2072:
2071:
2066:
2061:
2051:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1979:Czech Republic
1976:
1971:
1970:
1969:
1964:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1912:
1907:
1901:
1899:
1891:
1890:
1879:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1856:
1849:
1848:
1834:
1820:
1802:
1784:
1756:
1745:on 1 July 2016
1730:
1719:
1708:
1690:
1667:
1642:
1627:
1605:
1548:
1491:
1470:(6865): 1368.
1450:
1407:
1386:(3): 541–544.
1380:Anesthesiology
1366:
1331:
1288:
1245:
1223:
1197:
1175:
1149:
1123:
1097:
1079:
1056:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1019:
1012:
1001:
998:
987:
984:
974:
971:
970:
969:
962:safety syringe
958:
947:
939:
932:
921:
910:
887:
876:
873:
869:
866:Denel Rooivalk
862:
858:
849:
846:
845:
844:
837:
826:
815:
801:Scheffel bogie
797:
786:
771:
760:
745:Nelson Mandela
735:technique for
733:cryoextraction
721:
710:
703:
688:
671:
668:
665:, South Africa
647:
646:
627:
616:
609:
602:
595:
582:
579:
578:
577:
568:
565:
563:
560:
559:
558:
549:1787–1828 The
545:
542:
541:
540:
525:
512:
509:
495:that involved
471:
470:
468:
467:
460:
453:
445:
442:
441:
426:
425:
419:
418:
412:
411:
408:
407:
402:
397:
392:
387:
382:
377:
371:
368:
367:
364:
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2223:Indus Valley
2118:South Africa
2117:
2069:explorations
1837:
1823:
1814:
1805:
1796:
1787:
1775:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1747:. Retrieved
1743:the original
1733:
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1618:. Retrieved
1608:
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1258:
1255:J Neurol Sci
1254:
1248:
1236:. Retrieved
1226:
1214:. Retrieved
1188:. Retrieved
1178:
1166:. Retrieved
1140:. Retrieved
1135:
1126:
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1110:
1100:
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973:21st century
951:Charl Fourie
936:CyberTracker
899:spearfishing
895:scuba diving
891:Shark Shield
819:Percy Tucker
620:Tellurometer
562:20th century
511:18th Century
501:South Africa
482:
429:
385:LGBT history
379:
272:World War II
242:Jameson Raid
122:Zulu Kingdom
57:Pre-colonial
38:South Africa
18:
2335:New Zealand
2171:discoveries
2154:before 1890
2150:inventions
2128:Switzerland
2101:discoveries
2081:Philippines
2064:discoveries
2054:Netherlands
1967:discoveries
1887:discoveries
1797:Security SA
1620:17 February
749:cryosurgery
685:Ron Hickman
588:Wadley loop
586:1940s, the
529:Rooibos tea
493:discoveries
487:as well as
485:innovations
292:Legislation
267:World War I
172:Cape Colony
89:Kaditshwene
36:History of
2385:Categories
2164:after 1991
2096:inventions
2059:Inventions
1962:inventions
1920:Bangladesh
1915:Azerbaijan
1883:Inventions
1679:. Moguldom
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1304:(1): 110.
1232:"About Us"
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1142:21 October
1116:21 October
1088:"Homepage"
1034:References
1005:Amoriguard
941:1997, the
889:1995, the
853:1980, the
799:1975, the
788:1970, the
753:gynecology
705:1963, the
690:1963, the
675:1961, the
661:Dolosse -
522:Horseshoes
489:inventions
307:Bantustans
2320:Bulgarian
2279:American
2270:Worldwide
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2191:chemistry
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2009:Indonesia
1905:Australia
1238:10 August
1160:Coxon D.
848:1980–2000
779:Apollo 11
681:workbench
670:1960–1980
663:Cape Town
639:Pelindaba
581:1930–1960
567:1900–1930
285:Apartheid
230:Boer Wars
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2138:Thailand
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718:vuvuzela
643:Pretoria
606:Pinetown
574:Pinotage
416:Timeline
27:a series
25:Part of
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1811:"Eish!"
1699:"Eish!"
1600:4349236
1592:1700301
1570:Bibcode
1543:4312092
1535:8107770
1513:Bibcode
1485:1883890
1445:5142063
1437:1346310
1402:2564264
1361:6305684
1318:7232008
1275:7205318
946:barrel.
925:Vodacom
907:surfing
855:Casspir
814:system.
692:CT scan
629:1960s,
537:Khoisan
518:Jukskei
405:Slavery
2340:Polish
2325:German
2133:Taiwan
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2108:Russia
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2049:Mexico
2019:Israel
1999:Greece
1989:France
1952:Canada
1925:Brazil
1598:
1590:
1562:Nature
1541:
1533:
1505:Nature
1482:
1443:
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1417:Lancet
1400:
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1316:
1281:
1273:
1003:2013,
949:1998,
934:1997,
923:1996,
914:Thawte
912:1995,
905:, and
839:1978,
828:1974,
817:1971,
781:Eagle
773:1969,
712:1965,
618:1959,
611:1957,
597:1950,
572:1925,
29:on the
2370:Swiss
2313:Welsh
2123:Spain
2039:Korea
2034:Japan
2024:Italy
2004:India
1984:Egypt
1957:China
1945:Wales
1683:3 May
1596:S2CID
1539:S2CID
1441:S2CID
1322:S2CID
1279:S2CID
1216:3 May
1190:3 May
1168:3 May
805:bogie
707:dolos
641:near
599:Sasol
557:Zulu.
555:Shaka
551:iklwa
527:1772
516:1743
369:Topic
1885:and
1779:2019
1751:2016
1685:2019
1622:2017
1588:PMID
1531:PMID
1433:PMID
1398:PMID
1357:PMID
1314:PMID
1298:Pain
1271:PMID
1240:2018
1218:2019
1192:2019
1170:2019
1144:2023
1118:2023
755:and
743:and
491:and
1578:doi
1566:347
1521:doi
1509:367
1480:PMC
1472:doi
1468:305
1425:doi
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1306:doi
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