1421:, the development of the view that Shaka was the monster responsible for the devastation is based on the need of apartheid era historians to justify the apartheid regime's racist policies. Other scholars acknowledge distortion of the historical record by apartheid supporters and shady European traders seeking to cover their tracks, but dispute the revisionist approach, noting that stories of cannibalism, raiding, burning of villages, or mass slaughter were not developed out of thin air but based on the clearly documented accounts of hundreds of black victims and refugees. Confirmation of such accounts can also be seen in modern archaeology of the village of Lepalong, an entire settlement built underground to shelter remnants of the Kwena people from 1827 to 1836 against the tide of disruption that engulfed the region during Shakan times.
1124:, instead of the throwing assegai which they had been accustomed to use, and kept them subject to an iron discipline. If a man was observed to show the slightest hesitation about coming to close quarters with the enemy, he was executed as soon as the fight was over. If a regiment had the misfortune to be defeated, whether by its own fault or not, it would on its return to headquarters find that a goodly proportion of the wives and children belonging to it had been beaten to death on Shaka's orders, and that he was waiting their arrival to complete his vengeance by dashing out their brains. The result was, that though Shaka's armies were occasionally defeated, they were rarely annihilated, and they never ran away.
1228:
dignity and distinction to established chiefdoms in their region, for example, the Hlubi, Ndwandwe, and
Dlamini lines. Using different informants and genealogical charts, A.T. Bryant arrived at similar conclusions. The Zulu line – "a royal house of doubtful pedigree" – was very short in comparison to the Langene, Ndwandwe, Swazi, and Hlubi lines. Using his standard formula of eighteen years per reign, Bryant calculated that the Swazi, Ndwandwe, and Hlubi lines could be traced back to the beginning of the fifteenth century, while the eponymous chief Zulu had died at the beginning of the eighteenth century.
780:
1239:
opponents – especially the coalition grouped around his deadly enemy Zwide (d. 1822). The founders of the states which Omer-Cooper called "Zulu-type states," including the
Ndebele, the Gasa, the Ngoni, and the Swazi had all been closely associated with Zwide. Instead of hypothesizing that they all chose to imitate Shaka, it is easier to imagine that he modeled his state on theirs. And as they stemmed from ancient families it is entirely possible that states of that type existed in a more remote past. Soga and Bryant related each of them to a larger grouping they called Mho.
911:, in October 1827 and the devastation caused by Shaka's subsequent erratic behavior. According to Donald Morris, Shaka ordered that no crops should be planted during the following year of mourning, no milk (the basis of the Zulu diet at the time) was to be used, and any woman who became pregnant was to be killed along with her husband. At least 7,000 people who were deemed to be insufficiently grief-stricken were executed, although the killing was not restricted to humans; cows were slaughtered so that their calves would know what losing a mother felt like.
1041:, supplies such as cooking pots and sleeping mats, and extra weapons until they joined the main ranks. It is sometimes held that such support was used more for very light forces designed to extract tribute in cattle and slaves from neighbouring groups. Nevertheless, the concept of "light" forces is questionable. The fast-moving Zulu raiding party, or "ibutho lempi," on a mission invariably travelled light, driving cattle as provisions on the hoof, and were not weighed down with heavy weapons and supply packs.
1697:
650:
1683:
698:
856:, on the Mfolozi River. Shaka's troops maintained a strong position on the crest of the hill. A frontal assault by their opponents failed to dislodge them, and Shaka sealed the victory by sending his reserve forces in a sweep around the hill to attack the enemy's rear. Losses were high overall but the efficiency of the new Shakan innovations was proven. It is probable that, over time, the Zulus were able to hone and improve their encirclement tactics.
1536:
of all pregnant women and their husbands. Oral sources record that in this period of devastation, a single Zulu, a man named "Gala", eventually stood up to Shaka and objected to these measures, pointing out that Nandi was not the first person to die in
Zululand. Taken aback by such candid talk, the Zulu king is supposed to have called off the destructive edicts, rewarding the blunt teller-of-truths with a gift of cattle.
43:
1485:
1711:
142:
1313:
best. Morris references a large number of sources, including Stuart, and A. T. Bryant's "Olden Times in
Zululand and Natal", which is based on four decades of interviews of tribal sources. After sifting through these sources and noting their strengths and weaknesses, Morris generally credits Shaka with a large number of military and social innovations. This is the general consensus in the field.
84:
220:
982:, Shaka insisted that his warriors train with the weapon, which gave them a "terrifying advantage over opponents who clung to the traditional practice of throwing their spears and avoiding hand-to-hand conflict." The throwing spear was not discarded, but used as an initial missile weapon before close contact with the enemy, when the shorter stabbing spear was used in hand-to-hand combat.
804:
1021:
about 14 kilometres ." Furthermore, Zulus under Shaka sometimes advanced more slowly. They spent two whole days recuperating in one instance, and on another they rested for a day and two nights before pursuing their enemy. Several other historians of the Zulu and the Zulu military system, however, affirm the mobility rate of up to 80 kilometres (50 mi) per day.
1725:
989:. Furthermore, it is believed that he taught his warriors how to use the shield's left side to hook the enemy's shield to the right, exposing the enemy's ribs for a fatal spear stab. In Shaka's time, these cowhide shields were supplied by the king, and they remained the king's property. Different coloured shields distinguished different
601:, was killed by Shaka. Shaka chose a particularly gruesome revenge on her by locking her in a house with jackals or hyenas inside. They devoured her, and in the morning, Shaka burned the house to the ground. Shaka continued his pursuit of Zwide. It was not until around 1825 that the two military leaders met in the vicinity of
1013:. Implementation was typically blunt. Those who objected to going without sandals were simply killed. Shaka drilled his troops frequently, in forced marches that sometimes covered more than 80 kilometres (50 mi) a day in a fast trot over hot, rocky terrain. He also drilled the troops to carry out encirclement tactics.
907:, Shaka's half-brothers, appeared to have made at least two attempts to assassinate Shaka before they succeeded, with support from the Mpondo elements and some disaffected iziYendane people. Shaka had made enough enemies among his own people to hasten his demise. It came relatively quickly after the death of his mother,
1389:, after clashing with European groups like the Boers. The settling of Mzilikazi's people, the AmaNdebele or Matabele, in the south of Zimbabwe with the concomitant driving of the Mashona into the north caused a tribal conflict that still resonates today. Other notable figures to arise from the Mfecane/Difaqane include
1148:
held, since his messengers stood under penalty of death should they bear inaccurate tidings. As for firearms, Shaka acknowledged their utility as missile weapons after seeing muzzle-loaders demonstrated, but he argued that in the time a gunman took to reload, he would be swamped by charging spear-wielding warriors.
1413:
holds that the aggressive expansion of Shaka's armies caused a brutal chain reaction across the southern areas of the continent, as dispossessed tribe after tribe turned on their neighbours in a deadly cycle of fight and conquest. Some scholars contend that this theory must be treated with caution as
1377:
At the time of his death, Shaka ruled over 250,000 people and could muster more than 50,000 warriors. His 10-year-long kingship resulted in a massive number of deaths, mostly due to the disruptions the Zulu caused in neighbouring tribes, although the exact death toll is a matter of scholarly dispute.
1451:
stated that Shaka had killed 'a million people.' You will still find this figure, and higher, repeated in today's literature. However, Fynn had no way of knowing any such thing: it was a thumb-suck based in a particular view of Shaka—Shaka as a kind of genocidal maniac, an unresting killing-machine.
1222:
Some scholars hold that popular depictions of Shaka as a suddenly appearing genius creating innovation are overstated, and that to the contrary, Shaka was a borrower and imitator of indigenous methods, customs and even ruler-lineages already in place. They also argue that Shaka's line was relatively
1147:
The expanding Zulu power inevitably clashed with
European hegemony in the decades after Shaka's death. In fact, European travellers to Shaka's kingdom demonstrated advanced technology such as firearms and writing, but the Zulu monarch was less than convinced. There was no need to record messages, he
952:
Some older histories have doubted the military and social innovations customarily attributed to Shaka, denying them outright, or attributing them variously to
European influences. More modern researchers argue that such explanations fall short, and that the general Zulu culture, which included other
935:
Dingane assumed power and embarked on an extensive purge of pro-Shaka elements and chieftains, over the course of several years, in order to secure his position. The initial problem
Dingane faced was maintaining the loyalty of the Zulu fighting regiments. He set up his main residence at Mgungundlovu
1535:
Other Zulu sources are sometimes critical of Shaka, and numerous negative images abound in Zulu oral history. When Shaka's mother Nandi died for example, the monarch ordered a massive outpouring of grief including mass executions, forbidding the planting of crops or the use of milk, and the killing
1432:
One element in Shaka's destruction was to create a vast artificial desert around his domain... 'to make the destruction complete, organized bands of Zulu murderers regularly patrolled the waste, hunting for any stray men and running them down like wild pig'... An area 200 miles to the north of the
1427:
wrote that "Western guilt over colonialism, have also accounted for much of this distortion of what pre-literate societies actually were like, as does the wish to avoid anything which smacks of racism, even when this means distorting the actual and often appalling facts of life in many pre-literate
1227:
It seems much more likely that Shaka, seeking to build the power of a previously insignificant chiefdom, drew on an existing heritage of statecraft known to his immediate neighbors. J.H. Soga implied as much when he used genealogical evidence to argue that the Zulu were an upstart group inferior in
891:
provided medical treatment to the king after an assassination attempt by a rival tribe member hidden in a crowd. To show his gratitude, Shaka permitted
European settlers to enter and operate in the Zulu kingdom. Shaka observed several demonstrations of European technology and knowledge, but he held
843:
Shaka was able to form an alliance with the leaders of the
Mthethwa clan and was able to establish himself amongst the Qwabe, after Phakathwayo was overthrown with relative ease. With Qwabe, Hlubi and Mkhize support, Shaka was finally able to summon a force capable of resisting the Ndwandwe (of the
815:
Shaka's hegemony was primarily based on military might, smashing rivals and incorporating scattered remnants into his own army. He supplemented this with a mixture of diplomacy and patronage, incorporating friendly chieftains, including
Zihlandlo of the Mkhize, Jobe of the Sithole, and Mathubane of
1498:
The figure of Shaka still sparks interest among not only the contemporary Zulu but many worldwide who have encountered the tribe and its history. The current tendency appears to be to lionise him; popular film and other media have certainly contributed to his appeal. Certain aspects of traditional
1192:
Combined with Shaka's "buffalo horns" attack formation for surrounding and annihilating enemy forces, the Zulu combination of iklwa and shield—similar to the Roman legionaries' use of gladius and scutum—was devastating. By the time of Shaka's assassination in 1828, it had made the Zulu kingdom the
811:
As Shaka became more respected by his people, he was able to spread his ideas along with greater ease. Using his background as a soldier, Shaka taught the Zulus that the most effective way of gaining power quickly was by conquering and controlling other tribes. His teachings greatly influenced the
1467:
Shaka's enemies described him as ugly in some respects. He had a big nose, according to Baleka of the Qwabe, as told by her father. He also had two prominent front teeth. Her father also told Baleka that Shaka spoke as though "his tongue were too big for his mouth." Many said that he spoke with a
1179:
A number of historians argue that Shaka "changed the nature of warfare in Southern Africa" from "a ritualised exchange of taunts with minimal loss of life into a true method of subjugation by wholesale slaughter." Others dispute this characterization. A number of writers focus on Shaka's military
1312:
Various modern historians writing on Shaka and the Zulu point to the uncertain nature of Fynn and Isaac's accounts of Shaka's reign. A general reference work in the field is Donald Morris's "The Washing of The Spears", which notes that the sources, as a whole, for this historical era are not the
1020:
Laband also dismissed the idea of an 80-kilometre (50 mi) march in a single day as ridiculous. He further claims that even though these stories have been repeated by "astonished and admiring white commentators," the Zulu army covered "no more than 19 kilometres a day, and usually went only
1325:
It argues that in many ways, the image of Shaka has been "invented" in the modern era according to whatever agenda persons hold. This "imagining of Shaka" it is held, should be balanced by a sober view of the historical record, and allow greater scope for the contributions of indigenous African
1437:
South African historian Dan Wylie has expressed skepticism of the portrayal of Shaka as a pathological monster destroying everything within reach. He argues that attempts to distort his life and image have been systematic— beginning with the first European visitors to his kingdom. One visitor,
1238:
Shaka's triumphs did not succeed in obliterating or diminishing the memories of his better-born rivals. The hypothesis that several states of a new kind arose about the same time does not take account of the contrast between the short line of Shaka and the long pedigrees of his most important
545:
raids from the north. The initial Zulu maneuvers were primarily defensive, as King Shaka preferred to apply pressure diplomatically, with an occasional strategic assassination. His reforms of local society built on existing structures. Although he preferred social and propagandistic political
1475:
There is an anecdote that Shaka joked with one of his friends, Magaye, that he could not kill Magaye because he would be laughed at. Supposedly if he killed Magaye, it would appear to be out of jealousy because Magaye was so handsome and "Shaka himself was ugly, with a protruding forehead".
914:
Shaka was killed by three assassins sometime in 1828; September is the most frequently cited date, when almost all available Zulu manpower had been sent on yet another mass sweep to the north. This left the royal kraal critically lacking in protection. It was all the conspirators needed. An
839:
land but, some years later, Dingiswayo was ambushed by Zwide's Ndwandwe and killed. There is no evidence to suggest that Shaka betrayed Dingiswayo. The core Zulus had to retreat before several Ndwandwe incursions; the Ndwandwe was clearly the most aggressive grouping in the sub-region.
1414:
it generally neglects several other factors such as the impact of European encroachment, slave trading and expansion in that area of Southern Africa around the same time. Normal estimates for the death toll range from 1 million to 2 million. These numbers are, however, controversial.
1105:
Shaka created ruthless determination in his army by instilling in his warriors the knowledge of what would happen if their courage failed them in battle or their regiments were defeated. A brutal fate awaited them and their families if they did not perform well in combat.
612:
Already at this time, Shaka had grown famous for his use of the short stabbing spear. It was deadly and easy to thrust, whereas before, tribesmen barely tried to customize or improve their weapons. Shaka's innovative tactics, among them the bull horn tactic, devastated
1452:
But why the inventive lie? ... Fynn was bidding for a stretch of land, which allegedly had been depopulated by Shaka.. , Shaka didn't deserve that land anyway because he was such a brute, while he—Fynn— was a lonely, morally upright pioneer of civilisation.
884:), moved north towards what is now Mozambique to inflict further damage on less resistant foes and take advantage of slaving opportunities, obliging Portuguese traders to pay tribute. Shaka later had to contend again with Zwide's son, Sikhunyane, in 1826.
1333:
and Robert Edgerton. General histories of Southern Africa include Noel Mostert's "Frontiers" and a detailed account of the results from the Zulu expansion, J.D. Omer-Cooper's "The Zulu Aftermath", which advances the traditional Mfecane/Difaqane theory.
1061:, and quartered them in special military kraals, with regiments having their own distinctive names and insignia. The regimental system clearly built on existing tribal cultural elements that could be adapted and shaped to fit an expansionist agenda.
875:
of Zwide, ruler of the Ndwandwe, and destroyed it. Zwide himself escaped with a handful of followers before falling afoul of a chieftain named Mjanji, ruler of a Babelu clan. (He died in mysterious circumstances soon afterwards.) Zwide's general,
1159:. The second major clash was against the British during 1879. Once again, most Zulu successes rested on their mobility, ability to screen their forces and to close when their opponents were unfavourably deployed. Their major victory at the
1316:
A 1998 study by historian Carolyn Hamilton summarizes much of the scholarship on Shaka towards the dawn of the 21st century in areas ranging from ideology, politics and culture, to the use of his name and image in a popular South African
1091:
The "loins," a large reserve, was hidden, seated, behind the "chest" with their backs to the battle, for the sake of them not losing any confidence. The "loins" would be committed wherever the enemy impi threatened to break out of the
1016:
Historian John Laband dismisses these stories as myth, writing: "What are we to make, then, of Fynn's statement that once the Zulu army reached hard and stony ground in 1826, Shaka ordered sandals of ox-hide to be made for himself?"
581:
king. He was the eldest of many sons, but was considered to be a bastard child and was sent away to live in another neighboring tribe known as the Elangeni, where his mother was originally from, leaving his half-brother to rule the
919:
named Mbopa created a diversion, and Dingane and Mhlangana struck the fatal blows. Shaka's corpse was dumped by his assassins in an empty grain pit, which was then filled with stones and mud. The exact location is unknown. A
1202:
Much controversy still surrounds the character, methods and activities of the Zulu king. From a military standpoint, historian John Keegan notes exaggerations and myths that surround Shaka, but nevertheless maintains:
1446:
Fynn, according to Wylie, complied with the request, and Wylie notes that he had an additional motive to distort Shaka's image— he applied for a huge grant of land— an area allegedly depopulated by Shaka's savagery.
1285:. Stuart's early 20th century work was continued by D. McK. Malcolm in 1950. These and other sources such as A.T. Bryant gives us a more Zulu-centred picture. Most popular accounts are based on E.A. Ritter's novel
1264:
Scholarship in recent years has revised views of the sources on Shaka's reign. The earliest are two eyewitness accounts written by European adventurer-traders who met Shaka during the last four years of his reign.
1207:
Fanciful commentators called him Shaka, the Black Napoleon, and allowing for different societies and customs, the comparison is apt. Shaka is without doubt the greatest commander to have come out of Africa.
978:
to his people, Shaka likely did not invent it himself. He most likely outsourced it from Nzama, who later had a feud with him because he did not want to pay for the spears. According to Zulu scholar
1155:
from the Cape. Initial Zulu success rested on fast-moving surprise attacks and ambushes, but the Voortrekkers recovered and dealt the Zulu a severe defeat from their fortified wagon laager at the
2525:
594:, a respected warrior and chief of the clan. When Inkosi Dingiswayo discovered Shaka was royalty, he put him in charge of a regiment, helping to develop Shaka's military tactics and strategy.
953:
tribes and clans, contained a number of practices that Shaka could have drawn on to fulfill his objectives, whether in raiding, conquest or hegemony. Some of these practices are shown below.
1543:
nation builder on one hand, or a depraved monster on the other. This ambiguity continues to lend the image of Shaka its continued power and influence, almost two centuries after his death.
1167:, by deploying fast-moving regiments over a wide area of rugged ravines and gullies, and attacking the British who were forced into a rapid disorderly fighting retreat, back to the town of
1499:
Zulu culture still revere the dead monarch. The praise song is one of the most widely used poetic forms in Africa, applying not only to spirits but to men, animals, plants and even towns.
624:
In his initial years, Shaka had neither the influence nor reputation to compel any but the smallest of groups to join him, and upon Dingiswayo's death, he moved southwards across the
1088:
the Impi from both sides and encircle it; in conjunction with the "chest" they would then destroy the trapped force. The warriors who formed the "horns" were young and fast juniors.
993:
within Shaka's army. Some had black shields, others used white shields with black spots, and some had white shields with brown spots, while others used pure brown or white shields.
1253:
636:
territory. He never returned to the traditional Zulu heartland. In Qwabe, Shaka may have intervened in an existing succession dispute to help his own choice, Nqetho, into power.
871:
stream. In the two-day running battle, the Zulus inflicted a resounding defeat on their opponents. Shaka then led a fresh reserve some 110 kilometres (70 mi) to the royal
1118:
As Shaka conquered a tribe, he enrolled its remnants in his army, so that they might in their turn help to conquer others. He armed his regiments with the short stabbing
609:, a province in South Africa. Shaka was victorious in battle, although his forces sustained heavy casualties, including his military commander, Mgobhozi Ovela Entabeni.
1353:
The increased military efficiency led to more and more clans being incorporated into Shaka's Zulu empire, while other tribes moved away to be out of range of Shaka's
1281:
only in 1950. Their accounts may be balanced by the rich resource of oral histories collected around 1900 by the same James Stuart, now published in six volumes as
586:. At the time, the Zulu were a regional tribe relying on pastoral livestock, maize, and milk. When Shaka reached a suitable age, he and his mother were sent to the
1464:
Though much remains unknown about Shaka's personal appearance, sources tend to agree he had a strong, muscular body. He was tall and his skin tone was dark brown.
94:
1057:
were responsible for a variety of activities, from guarding the camp, to cattle herding, to certain rituals and ceremonies. Shaka organised various grades into
163:
557:("upheaval" or "crushing"), a period of devastating warfare and chaos in southern Africa between 1815 and 1840 that depopulated the region. His role in the
820:
and reward. As for the ruling of Qwabe, they began re-inventing their genealogies to give the impression that Qwabe and Zulu were closely related (i.e. as
1273:
in 1836, creating a picture of Shaka as a degenerate and pathological monster, which survives in modified forms to this day. Isaacs was aided in this by
737:
1184:– the Zulu thrusting spear, and the "buffalo horns" formation. This combination has been compared to the standardisation supposedly implemented by the
765:
761:
618:
2533:
760:
of the amaXhosa kingdom. They were assimilated into the amaMpondo, abaThembu and amaXhosa cultural ways of life and lived under the protection of the
2608:
936:
and established his authority over the Zulu kingdom. Dingane ruled for some twelve years, during which time he fought, disastrously, against the
741:
105:
816:
the Thuli. These people were never defeated in battle by the Zulus; they did not have to be. Shaka won them over with subtler tactics, such as
2639:
1539:
The figure of Shaka thus remains an ambiguous one in African oral tradition, defying simplistic depictions of the Zulu king as a heroic,
3756:
3618:
2779:
Etherington, Norman (2014). "Were There Large States in the Coastal Regions of Southeast Africa Before the Rise of the Zulu Kingdom?".
1442:
Here you are about to publish. Do make Shaka out to be as bloodthirsty as you can; it helps swell out the work and make it interesting.
1368:
Shaka's army set out on a massive programme of expansion, killing or enslaving those who resisted in the territories he conquered. His
824:) in the past. In this way, a greater sense of cohesion was created, though it never became complete, as subsequent civil wars attest.
520:, he was spurned as an illegitimate son. Shaka spent part of his childhood in his mother's settlements, where he was initiated into an
150:
868:
3633:
2914:
Travels and adventures in eastern Africa, descriptive of the Zoolus, their manners, customs, etc. etc. : with a sketch of Natal
2582:
1289:(1955), a potboiling romance that was re-edited into something more closely resembling a history. John Wright (history professor at
3950:
3751:
1763:
3955:
3711:
2990:
Leśniewski, Michał (2011). "Myth (De)Constructed: Some Reflections Provoked by Dan Wylie's Book Myth of Iron: Shaka in History".
2556:
924:
was built at one alleged site. Historian Donald Morris holds that the true site is somewhere on Couper Street in the village of
1001:
The story that sandals were discarded to toughen the feet of Zulu warriors has been noted in various military accounts such as
1069:
Most historians credit Shaka with initial development of the famous "bull horn" formation. It was composed of three elements:
3320:
3287:
3268:
3247:
3226:
3170:
3072:
3051:
2961:
2940:
2899:
2878:
2830:
2769:
2735:
709:
under Shaka forced other chiefdoms and clans to flee across a wide area of southern Africa. Clans fleeing the Zulu war zone
597:
After Inkosi Zwide murdered Dingiswayo, Shaka sought to avenge his death. During that encounter, Zwide's mother, Ntombazi, a
17:
224:
1824 European artist's impression of Shaka with a long throwing assegai and heavy shield. No drawings from life are known.
3970:
1768:
3975:
3643:
2980:
3965:
3960:
3945:
3601:
3578:
3399:
3143:
2669:
1359:. The ripple effect caused by these mass migrations would become known (though only in the twentieth century) as the
188:
123:
70:
3064:
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
1758:
1563:
3525:
3985:
3940:
812:
social outlook of the Zulus. The Zulu tribe soon developed a warrior outlook, which Shaka used to his advantage.
1223:
short-lived and receives undue attention, compared to other, longer established lines and rulers in the region.
1193:
greatest power in southern Africa and a force to be reckoned with, even against Britain's modern army in 1879.
425:
3334:
Terror and resistance: a study of political violence, with case studies of some primitive African communities
1783:
1151:
The first major clash after Shaka's death took place under his successor Dingane, against expanding European
2681:"Notices of the Cape And Southern Africa, Since The Appointment, As Governor, Of Major-Gen. Sir Geo. Napier"
1851:
1488:
A muster and dance of Zulu regiments at Shaka's Isibaya, as recorded by European abavakashi to his kingdom,
590:
clan, the most powerful regional tribe. There, he matured, and served as a warrior under Jobe, and then for
1278:
3704:
1290:
3460:
1456:
Michal Lesniewski has criticised Wylie for some of his attempts to revise Western thinking about Shaka.
1433:
center of the state, 300 miles to the west, and 500 miles to the south was ravaged and depopulated...
2697:
944:, who, with Boer and British support, took over the Zulu leadership in 1840, ruling for some 30 years.
3011:
Mahoney, Michael R. (2003). "Racial formation and ethnogenesis from below: The Zulu Case, 1879-1906".
2859:
Cetywayo and His White Neighbours: Or, Remarks on Recent Events in Zululand, Natal, and the Transvaal
725:
662:
3124:
2583:"Showtime Orders Drama Series 'Shaka: King of the Zulu Nation,' Antoine Fuqua to Direct and Produce"
3664:
3479:
Chanaiwa, David Shingirai (1980). "The Zulu Revolution: State Formation in a Pastoralist Society".
2661:
Olden Times in Zululand and Natal: Containing Earlier Political History of the Eastern-Ngu̇ni Clans
1081:
it in position, engaging in melee combat. The warriors who formed the "chest" were senior veterans.
887:
Shaka granted permission to Europeans to enter Zulu territory on rare occasions. In the mid-1820s,
860:
541:'s support over the next several years. He forged alliances with his smaller neighbours to counter
1924:
1329:
Military historians of the Zulu War describe Zulu fighting methods and tactics, including authors
98:
that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.
3681:
2744:
1801:
1385:
of the Khumalo, a general of Shaka's. He fled Shaka's employ, and in turn conquered an empire in
908:
900:
382:
258:
155:
3697:
1788:
1619:
1330:
1058:
629:
602:
509:
505:
283:
56:
31:
2039:
2016:
1861:
3930:
3526:"Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879"
3343:
Wylie, Dan (1995). "'Proprietor of Natal:' Henry Francis Fynn and the Mythography of Shaka".
3306:
3111:
2680:
1652:
1640:
1438:
Nathaniel Isaacs, wrote to Henry Fynn, a white adventurer, trader and quasi-local chieftain:
1156:
853:
692:
3935:
3766:
3761:
1612:
1378:
Further unquantifiable deaths occurred during mass tribal migrations to escape his armies.
1160:
832:
779:
538:
517:
372:
279:
248:
3280:
A military history of South Africa : from the Dutch-Khoi wars to the end of apartheid
497:, he ordered wide-reaching reforms that reorganized the military into a formidable force.
8:
3980:
3891:
1688:
1571:
1552:
2857:
2609:"'King Shaka': Charmaine Bingwa & Nkeki Obi-Melekwe Among 5 Cast In Showtime Series"
701:
This map illustrates the rise of the Zulu Empire under Shaka (1816–1828) in present-day
3881:
3720:
3671:
3545:
3512:
3504:
3376:
3368:
3332:
3028:
2816:
2804:
1748:
1738:
1424:
1274:
1111:
888:
749:
494:
230:
3896:
3886:
3597:
3590:
3574:
3567:
3553:
3516:
3496:
3405:
3395:
3380:
3360:
3316:
3293:
3283:
3264:
3243:
3222:
3195:
3176:
3166:
3149:
3139:
3099:
3078:
3068:
3047:
2976:
2957:
2936:
2917:
2895:
2874:
2826:
2808:
2796:
2765:
2731:
2665:
1773:
1528:
1302:
1260:. Regimental deployments and lines of the attack showed his classic template at work.
1164:
1085:
362:
3990:
3782:
3746:
3537:
3488:
3352:
3020:
2999:
2909:
2853:
2788:
2723:
2706:
1743:
1730:
1588:
1294:
1266:
1107:
757:
561:
is highly controversial. He was ultimately assassinated by his half-brothers, King
2392:
Newitt, Malyn D.D. The Gaza Empire. Microsoft Encarta Reference Library, 2005. DVD
1638:
Shaka has been featured as a playable leader for the Zulu civilization in all six
3797:
3792:
3647:
3637:
3628:
3622:
3435:
3413:
3389:
3258:
3237:
3216:
3203:
3189:
3133:
3086:
3062:
3041:
2951:
2930:
2889:
2870:
Terrific Majesty: The Powers of Shaka Zulu and the Limits of Historical Invention
2868:
2820:
2759:
2748:
2727:
2659:
1951:"Shaka Zulu's Linkage of Strategy and Tactics: An Early Form of Operational Art?"
1874:
1808:
1702:
1632:
1469:
864:
1374:(warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death.
3812:
3802:
2692:
2108:
1950:
1716:
1418:
1318:
1298:
1185:
1142:
1110:
learned about Shaka's methods from his nephew and late 19th-century Zulu king,
921:
667:
481:
101:
3689:
3180:
2792:
2761:
Like Lions They Fought: The Zulu War and the Last Black Empire in South Africa
2710:
1839:
1163:
was the most prominent one, but they also forced back a British column at the
3924:
3902:
3868:
3818:
3787:
3500:
3364:
3297:
3103:
2921:
2800:
1794:
1656:
1607:
1599:
1277:, whose diary (actually a rewritten collage of various papers) was edited by
1050:
929:
845:
788:
625:
614:
587:
440:
427:
392:
287:
3409:
3082:
1595:
and dub record producer and sound engineer was named in honour of Shaka Zulu
3834:
3807:
3733:
3557:
3417:
3207:
3153:
3090:
2929:
Johanneson, B.; Fernandez, M.; Roberts, B.; Jacobs, M.; Seleti, Y. (2011).
1778:
1668:
1663:
1592:
1093:
986:
985:
It is also supposed that Shaka introduced a larger, heavier version of the
937:
821:
769:
729:
702:
583:
513:
490:
308:
291:
3199:
3098:
Ngubane, Jordan K (1976). "Shaka's social, political and military ideas".
1696:
965:, and is credited with having introduced a new variant of the weapon: the
649:
3724:
1398:
1306:
1152:
1078:
979:
904:
836:
753:
721:
578:
341:
3549:
3372:
3032:
3003:
1815:
1628:
1556:
1394:
1390:
1030:
877:
828:
784:
717:
697:
671:
606:
591:
527:
407:
62:
3508:
2557:"The Zulu are coming to Civilization 6 in the Rise and Fall expansion"
1053:
culture of the day, and indeed are still important in much of Africa.
3857:
3312:
1584:
1382:
1054:
961:
Shaka is often said to have been dissatisfied with the long throwing
817:
733:
566:
418:
319:
304:
3541:
3356:
3024:
2695:(1988). "The Mfecane as Alibi: Thoughts on Dithakong and Mbolompo".
1256:
Shaka's methods reached their high point during the Zulu victory at
3876:
3823:
3492:
3135:
The Zulu aftermath: a nineteenth-century revolution in Bantu Africa
1753:
1386:
971:, a short stabbing spear with a long, broad, sword-like spearhead.
881:
849:
542:
2891:
Carnage and Culture: Landmark Battles in the Rise to Western Power
1084:
While the enemy impi was pinned by the "chest," the "horns" would
577:
Shaka (roughly translated as "intestinal beetle") was born to the
3847:
1540:
1410:
1361:
1343:
1309:) are among a number of writers who have modified these stories.
1168:
1120:
962:
925:
796:
783:
Large statue representing Shaka (rather obviously based on actor
598:
562:
552:
357:
2928:
2114:
1845:
1252:
803:
141:
3852:
3741:
2718:
Colenso, Frances; Durnford, Edward (2011), "The Putini Tribe",
1567:
1511:
The battle-axe that excels over other battle-axes in sharpness,
1484:
1038:
941:
916:
792:
745:
2460:
2458:
1615:. Haggard refers to him using the alternate spelling of Chaka.
2376:
2374:
1370:
1136:
967:
872:
639:
633:
2359:
1570:
city centre was opened on 1 May 2010 in preparation for the
526:(fighting unit/regiment), serving as a warrior under Inkosi
219:
3394:(Illustrated ed.). University of KwaZulu-Natal Press.
2455:
2325:
2323:
2272:
2188:
2021:
Indilinga – African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems
1624:
1355:
1174:
1074:
522:
95:
personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay
3436:"The Zulu Military Organization and the Challenge of 1879"
2443:
2371:
2262:
2260:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2203:
1996:
1972:
892:
that the Zulu way was superior to that of the foreigners.
2308:
2221:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1574:
after a protracted debate over the naming of the airport.
2750:
Jeqe, the Bodyservant of King Tshaka: (Insila Ka Tshaka)
2320:
2296:
2245:
1049:
Age-grade groupings of various sorts were common in the
3461:"Shaka Zulu's brutality was exaggerated, says new book"
2257:
2200:
2176:
2154:
2152:
2086:
2084:
2057:
1598:
A large wooden statue representing Shaka is located at
2685:
The United Service Journal and Naval Military Magazine
2494:
2482:
2470:
2407:
2347:
2164:
1892:
1404:
2419:
2233:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
2129:
2127:
2125:
2123:
1527:
Traditional Zulu praise song, English translation by
2149:
2081:
2069:
1960:
1678:
3163:
Anglo-Zulu War, 1879 : a selected bibliography
3013:
International Journal of African Historical Studies
2431:
2096:
2040:"Zulu Tribe or Zulu Nation? An Historical Analysis"
2017:"ZULU TRIBE OR ZULU NATION? AN HISTORICAL ANALYSIS"
1393:, who expanded from the Zulu area into what is now
1073:The main force, the "chest," closed with the enemy
549:King Shaka's reign coincided with the start of the
3589:
3566:
3331:
2395:
2284:
2120:
1984:
1566:at La Mercy, 35 km (22 mi) north of the
1217:
1064:
844:Nxumalo clan). Shaka's first major battle against
2335:
947:
546:methods, he also engaged in a number of battles.
3922:
1517:He is the great hubbub like the rocks of Nkandla
3719:
2717:
2014:
1978:
1029:Boys aged six and over joined Shaka's force as
748:. A number of tribes fled to the lands of King
493:from 1816 to 1828. One of the most influential
3035:– via Humanities International Complete.
2722:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 63–77,
2015:Mbatha, Mthandeni; Cebekhulu, Mxolisi (2022).
1044:
3705:
2949:
2278:
2194:
1875:"History of Shaka (Tshaka), King of the Zulu"
1631:in the title role. The series was written by
1513:He is the long-strided pursuer, son of Ndaba,
1024:
974:Although he is credited with introducing the
3446:(4). South African Military History Society
3131:
2778:
2365:
2266:
835:clan, as overlord after he returned to the
71:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3712:
3698:
3304:
3235:
3214:
2989:
2664:. Cape Town: Longmans, Green and Company.
2500:
2464:
2353:
2251:
1591:sound system operator, prolific conscious
1137:Shaka's methods versus European technology
807:A sketch of a Zulu warrior, drawn in 1913.
640:Expansion of power and conflict with Zwide
550:
500:King Shaka was born in the lunar month of
218:
3277:
1966:
1627:TV miniseries about Shaka, which starred
1611:(1892), an historical adventure novel by
1559:on the Durban beach front opened in 2004.
1509:He is the bird that preys on other birds,
189:Learn how and when to remove this message
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
3478:
3433:
3256:
2866:
2757:
2678:
2580:
2449:
2413:
2329:
2302:
2170:
1483:
1459:
1271:Travels and Adventures in Eastern Africa
1251:
1175:Creator of a revolutionary warfare style
802:
778:
696:
166:of all important aspects of the article.
3587:
3458:
3191:Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire
3097:
3010:
2932:Focus History: Learner's book. Grade 10
2852:
2839:
2691:
2437:
2380:
2239:
2002:
1990:
1247:
1129:
996:
14:
3923:
3564:
3523:
3329:
3187:
3060:
3039:
2970:
2908:
2887:
2720:History of the Zulu War and Its Origin
2657:
2637:
2606:
2425:
2401:
2386:
2314:
2290:
2227:
2215:
2182:
2158:
2143:
2102:
2090:
2075:
2063:
2037:
1911:
1857:
1667:, 13-episode South African TV show on
1186:reorganised Roman legions under Marius
162:Please consider expanding the lead to
3693:
3387:
3342:
3160:
2554:
2515:, 1974 ed. "African Peoples, arts of"
2488:
2476:
2341:
2038:Mbatha, Mthandeni (1 December 2022).
1578:
1507:Thunderer-while-sitting, son of Menzi
1348:
480:
2973:The Rise and Fall of the Zulu Nation
2950:Knight, Ian; McBride, Angus (1989).
2935:. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Longman.
2894:. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group.
2815:
2743:
2607:Petski, Denise (29 September 2022).
2518:
1764:African military systems (1800–1900)
940:, and against another half-brother,
643:
135:
77:
36:
27:King of the Zulu Kingdom (1787–1828)
2888:Hanson, Victor (18 December 2007).
1769:African military systems after 1900
1428:societies". Rubinstein also notes:
1405:Disruptions of the Mfecane/Difaqane
472:–24 September 1828), also known as
24:
3426:
3278:Stapleton, Timothy Joseph (2010).
2687:. Part III. London: Henry Colburn.
1659:directing and executive producing.
1479:
956:
25:
4002:
3625: (archived 30 September 2007)
3612:
3138:. Northwestern University Press.
3067:(New ed.). London: Pimlico.
1948:
1925:"The Colenso family and Elangeni"
1515:Who pursued the sun and the moon.
605:, near the present-day border of
52:This article has multiple issues.
3650: (archived 14 December 2007)
2840:Guttman, Jon (June 2008). "??".
1759:African military systems to 1800
1723:
1709:
1695:
1681:
1564:King Shaka International Airport
648:
140:
82:
41:
3951:19th-century monarchs in Africa
3903:Misuzulu Sinqobile kaZwelithini
3892:Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu
3236:Rubinstein, William D. (2014).
2822:The Diary of Henry Francis Fynn
2600:
2581:Otterson, Joe (16 March 2021).
2574:
2555:Chalk, Andy (6 February 2018).
2548:
2506:
2031:
2008:
1218:As a borrower, not an innovator
752:of the amaMpondo kingdom, King
533:King Shaka further refined the
154:may be too short to adequately
60:or discuss these issues on the
3956:19th-century murdered monarchs
3640: (archived 10 August 2007)
3391:Myth of Iron: Shaka in History
3330:Walter, Eugene Victor (1969).
1942:
1917:
1867:
1337:
1242:
948:Social and military revolution
756:of abaThembu kingdom and King
705:. The rise of the Zulu Empire
164:provide an accessible overview
13:
1:
3459:Carroll, Rory (22 May 2006).
3434:Bourquin, S. (January 1979).
3132:Omer-Cooper, John D. (1966).
2027:(2): 145 – via Sabinet.
1822:
1647:A television series entitled
1489:
1100:
867:, at the confluence with the
863:eventually took place on the
572:
466:
272:
2758:Edgerton, Robert B. (1988).
2728:10.1017/cbo9781139058001.006
2640:"The Rise and Fall of Shaka"
1832:
1519:Where elephants take shelter
1505:He is Shaka the unshakeable,
1037:) and served as carriers of
628:, establishing his capital,
504:(July) in the year 1787, in
336:Shaka Sigidi kaSenzangakhona
7:
3887:Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon
3257:Samkange, Stanlake (1973).
3061:Morris, Donald R. (1994) .
1979:Colenso & Durnford 2011
1674:
1291:University of KwaZulu-Natal
1045:Age-grade regimental system
661:to comply with Knowledge's
516:. The son of the Zulu King
10:
4007:
3971:Monarchies of South Africa
3644:"Shaka Zulu", Carpe Noctem
3338:. Oxford University Press.
3305:Vandervort, Bruce (2015).
3215:Rubinstein, W. D. (2004).
3194:. London: Longmans Green.
2867:Hamilton, Carolyn (1998).
2698:Journal of African History
2658:Bryant, Alfred T. (1929).
2630:
1521:When the heavens frown...
1341:
1140:
1025:Logistic support by youths
690:
302:24 September 1828 (age 41)
29:
3976:People from KwaZulu-Natal
3911:
3866:
3832:
3775:
3731:
3678:
3669:
3661:
3656:
3308:Wars of Imperial Conquest
3161:Raugh, Harold E. (2011).
2793:10.1017/S0361541300003442
2711:10.1017/S0021853700030590
2279:Knight & McBride 1989
2195:Knight & McBride 1989
1546:
1003:The Washing of the Spears
537:military system with the
456:
414:
402:
398:
388:
378:
368:
356:
347:
340:
335:
330:
326:
314:
298:
268:
264:
254:
244:
236:
229:
217:
210:
205:
3966:History of KwaZulu-Natal
3961:19th-century Zulu people
3946:18th-century Zulu people
3824:Sigujana kaSenzangakhona
3665:Sigujana kaSenzangakhona
3569:Anatomy of the Zulu Army
3524:Deflem, Mathieu (1999).
3440:Military History Journal
3242:. Taylor & Francis.
2745:Dube, John Langalibalele
1827:
1283:The James Stuart Archive
1180:innovations such as the
1011:Anatomy of the Zulu Army
895:
674:may contain suggestions.
659:may need to be rewritten
617:forces at the battle of
3848:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
3776:Chieftains of the Zulus
3682:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
3672:King of the Zulu Nation
3040:Mofolo, Thomas (1981).
2638:Bishop, Dennis (n.d.).
2513:Encyclopædia Britannica
2044:Sabinet African Journal
1802:Emperor Shaka the Great
827:Shaka still recognised
259:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
3986:South African animists
3941:1828 murders in Africa
3853:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
3588:Mostert, Noel (1992).
3481:African Studies Review
3188:Ritter, E. A. (1955).
3119:Cite journal requires
2825:. Shuter and Shooter.
2115:Johanneson et al. 2011
1846:Johanneson et al. 2011
1789:List of South Africans
1651:is being developed at
1524:
1495:
1435:
1261:
1236:
1215:
1200:
1134:
1007:Like Lions They Fought
808:
800:
776:
569:and Mbopha kaSithayi.
551:
510:KwaZulu-Natal Province
489:, was the king of the
487:Sigidi kaSenzangakhona
104:by rewriting it in an
32:Shaka (disambiguation)
3843:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
3619:Shaka: Zulu chieftain
2975:. Arms & Armour.
2971:Laband, John (1997).
1949:Allen, MAJ Calvin R.
1502:
1487:
1460:Physical descriptions
1430:
1381:The Mfecane produced
1255:
1225:
1205:
1190:
1157:Battle of Blood River
1116:
1065:"Bull horn" formation
854:Battle of Gqokli Hill
806:
782:
700:
463:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
441:29.34000°S 31.29444°E
212:ISilo Samabandla Onke
18:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
3877:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
3819:Senzangakhona kaJama
3767:Ntombela kaMalandela
3762:Malandela kaLuzumana
3629:The History of Shaka
3565:Knight, Ian (1995).
2854:Haggard, Henry Rider
1613:Sir H. Rider Haggard
1248:Biographical sources
1161:Battle of Isandlwana
997:Mobility of the army
539:Mthethwa Paramountcy
518:Senzankakhona kaJama
495:monarchs of the Zulu
373:Senzangakhona kaJama
280:Mthethwa Paramountcy
249:Senzangakhona kaJama
30:For other uses, see
3573:. Greenhill Books.
3388:Wylie, Dan (2006).
3260:Origins of Rhodesia
3221:. Pearson Longman.
3218:Genocide: A History
2817:Fynn, Henry Francis
2383:, pp. 487–519.
2317:, pp. 617–620.
2230:, pp. 467–545.
2005:, pp. 559–583.
1689:South Africa portal
1572:2010 FIFA World Cup
1553:uShaka Marine World
478:Zulu pronunciation:
446:-29.34000; 31.29444
437: /
403:Cause of death
3882:Solomon kaDinuzulu
3858:Cetshwayo kaMpande
2956:. Bloomsbury USA.
2452:, pp. 36–130.
1749:Amathole Mountains
1739:List of Zulu kings
1605:Shaka features in
1579:In popular culture
1496:
1425:William Rubinstein
1409:The theory of the
1349:History and legacy
1275:Henry Francis Fynn
1262:
1112:Cetshwayo kaMpande
889:Henry Francis Fynn
809:
801:
777:
106:encyclopedic style
93:is written like a
3918:
3917:
3897:Mantfombi Dlamini
3688:
3687:
3679:Succeeded by
3345:History in Africa
3322:978-1-134-22374-9
3289:978-0-313-36589-8
3270:978-0-435-32791-0
3249:978-1-317-86995-5
3228:978-0-582-50601-5
3172:978-0-8108-7467-1
3074:978-0-7126-6105-8
3053:978-0-435-90229-2
2963:978-0-85045-864-0
2942:978-0-636-11449-4
2910:Isaacs, Nathaniel
2901:978-0-307-42518-8
2880:978-0-86486-421-5
2832:978-0-86985-904-9
2781:History in Africa
2771:978-0-02-908910-1
2753:. Lovedale Press.
2737:978-1-139-05800-1
2679:Charters (1839).
2491:, pp. 14–15.
2479:, pp. 14–46.
2368:, pp. 12–86.
2218:, pp. 50–53.
2185:, pp. 15–69.
2066:, pp. 61–67.
1914:, pp. 17–69.
1774:Legends of Africa
1623:, a 10-part 1986
1529:Ezekiel Mphahlele
1470:speech impediment
1303:Rhodes University
1165:Battle of Hlobane
693:Ndwandwe–Zulu War
689:
688:
663:quality standards
460:
459:
352:
351:
231:King of the Zulus
199:
198:
191:
181:
180:
134:
133:
126:
75:
16:(Redirected from
3998:
3783:Zulu kaMalandela
3714:
3707:
3700:
3691:
3690:
3662:Preceded by
3654:
3653:
3607:
3595:
3584:
3572:
3561:
3520:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3455:
3453:
3451:
3421:
3384:
3339:
3337:
3326:
3301:
3274:
3253:
3232:
3211:
3184:
3157:
3128:
3122:
3117:
3115:
3107:
3094:
3057:
3036:
3007:
2986:
2967:
2946:
2925:
2905:
2884:
2863:
2849:
2842:Military History
2836:
2812:
2775:
2754:
2740:
2714:
2688:
2675:
2654:
2644:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2604:
2598:
2597:
2595:
2593:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2532:. Archived from
2522:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2467:, p. 21–23.
2462:
2453:
2447:
2441:
2435:
2429:
2423:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2399:
2393:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2369:
2366:Omer-Cooper 1966
2363:
2357:
2351:
2345:
2339:
2333:
2332:, pp. 3–47.
2327:
2318:
2312:
2306:
2305:, pp. 7–35.
2300:
2294:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2267:Etherington 2014
2264:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2213:
2198:
2192:
2186:
2180:
2174:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2147:
2141:
2118:
2112:
2106:
2100:
2094:
2088:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2035:
2029:
2028:
2012:
2006:
2000:
1994:
1988:
1982:
1976:
1970:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1946:
1940:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1879:bulawayo1872.com
1871:
1865:
1855:
1849:
1843:
1744:Hintsa kaKhawuta
1733:
1731:Biography portal
1728:
1727:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1713:
1712:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1685:
1684:
1589:British Jamaican
1531:
1494:
1491:
1365:(annihilation).
1362:Mfecane/Difaqane
1295:Pietermaritzburg
1267:Nathaniel Isaacs
1234:
1213:
1198:
1132:
1108:H. Rider Haggard
932:, South Africa.
774:
715:
713:
708:
684:
681:
675:
652:
644:
559:Mfecane/Difaqane
556:
553:Mfecane/Difaqane
484:
482:[ˈʃaːɠa]
479:
471:
468:
452:
451:
449:
448:
447:
442:
438:
435:
434:
433:
430:
328:
327:
277:
276: July 1787
274:
222:
203:
202:
194:
187:
176:
173:
167:
144:
136:
129:
122:
118:
115:
109:
86:
85:
78:
67:
45:
44:
37:
21:
4006:
4005:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3921:
3920:
3919:
3914:
3907:
3862:
3828:
3798:Mageba kaGumede
3793:Phunga kaGumede
3771:
3727:
3718:
3684:
3675:
3667:
3648:Wayback Machine
3638:Wayback Machine
3634:Statue proposal
3623:Wayback Machine
3615:
3610:
3604:
3581:
3542:10.2307/3773913
3469:
3467:
3449:
3447:
3429:
3427:Further reading
3424:
3402:
3357:10.2307/3171924
3323:
3290:
3271:
3250:
3229:
3173:
3146:
3120:
3118:
3109:
3108:
3075:
3054:
3025:10.2307/3559434
2983:
2964:
2943:
2902:
2881:
2833:
2772:
2738:
2693:Cobbing, Julian
2672:
2642:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2617:
2615:
2605:
2601:
2591:
2589:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2536:on 2 April 2015
2524:
2523:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2501:Leśniewski 2011
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2465:Rubinstein 2004
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2424:
2420:
2412:
2408:
2400:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2354:Rubinstein 2014
2352:
2348:
2340:
2336:
2328:
2321:
2313:
2309:
2301:
2297:
2289:
2285:
2277:
2273:
2265:
2258:
2252:Vandervort 2015
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2201:
2193:
2189:
2181:
2177:
2169:
2165:
2157:
2150:
2142:
2121:
2113:
2109:
2101:
2097:
2089:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2048:
2046:
2036:
2032:
2013:
2009:
2001:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1977:
1973:
1965:
1961:
1953:
1947:
1943:
1933:
1931:
1929:Amersham Museum
1923:
1922:
1918:
1910:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1873:
1872:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1830:
1825:
1729:
1724:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1703:Monarchy portal
1701:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1633:Joshua Sinclair
1581:
1549:
1533:
1526:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1492:
1482:
1480:In Zulu culture
1462:
1407:
1351:
1346:
1340:
1301:and Dan Wylie (
1250:
1245:
1235:
1232:
1220:
1214:
1212:
1199:
1197:
1177:
1145:
1139:
1133:
1128:
1103:
1067:
1047:
1027:
999:
959:
957:Weapons changes
950:
898:
861:decisive battle
831:and his larger
772:
711:
710:
706:
695:
685:
679:
676:
666:
653:
642:
575:
477:
469:
445:
443:
439:
436:
431:
428:
426:
424:
423:
422:
406:Assassination (
322:
309:Kingdom of Zulu
303:
278:
275:
225:
195:
184:
183:
182:
177:
171:
168:
161:
149:This article's
145:
130:
119:
113:
110:
102:help improve it
99:
87:
83:
46:
42:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4004:
3994:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3916:
3915:
3912:
3909:
3908:
3906:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3873:
3871:
3864:
3863:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3839:
3837:
3830:
3829:
3827:
3826:
3821:
3816:
3813:Mkabayi kaJama
3810:
3805:
3803:Ndaba kaMageba
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3779:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3738:
3736:
3729:
3728:
3717:
3716:
3709:
3702:
3694:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3677:
3668:
3663:
3659:
3658:
3657:Regnal titles
3652:
3651:
3641:
3631:
3626:
3614:
3613:External links
3611:
3609:
3608:
3602:
3585:
3579:
3562:
3536:(4): 371–391.
3521:
3493:10.2307/523668
3476:
3456:
3430:
3428:
3425:
3423:
3422:
3400:
3385:
3340:
3327:
3321:
3302:
3288:
3275:
3269:
3254:
3248:
3233:
3227:
3212:
3185:
3171:
3158:
3144:
3129:
3121:|journal=
3095:
3073:
3058:
3052:
3037:
3019:(3): 559–583.
3008:
2987:
2982:978-1854094216
2981:
2968:
2962:
2947:
2941:
2926:
2916:. E. Churton.
2906:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2864:
2850:
2837:
2831:
2813:
2776:
2770:
2764:. Free Press.
2755:
2741:
2736:
2715:
2705:(3): 487–519.
2689:
2676:
2670:
2655:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2625:
2599:
2573:
2547:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2481:
2469:
2454:
2442:
2430:
2428:, p. 313.
2418:
2406:
2394:
2385:
2370:
2358:
2346:
2334:
2319:
2307:
2295:
2283:
2271:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2199:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2148:
2119:
2117:, p. 145.
2107:
2095:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2030:
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1967:Stapleton 2010
1959:
1941:
1916:
1891:
1866:
1850:
1848:, p. 150.
1837:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1824:
1821:
1820:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1735:
1734:
1720:
1717:History portal
1706:
1692:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1660:
1645:
1636:
1616:
1603:
1596:
1580:
1577:
1576:
1575:
1560:
1548:
1545:
1503:
1501:
1481:
1478:
1461:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1444:
1443:
1419:Julian Cobbing
1406:
1403:
1350:
1347:
1342:Main article:
1339:
1336:
1299:Julian Cobbing
1269:published his
1249:
1246:
1244:
1241:
1230:
1219:
1216:
1210:
1195:
1176:
1173:
1143:Anglo-Zulu War
1141:Main article:
1138:
1135:
1126:
1102:
1099:
1098:
1097:
1089:
1082:
1066:
1063:
1046:
1043:
1026:
1023:
998:
995:
958:
955:
949:
946:
897:
894:
865:Mhlatuze River
789:Camden markets
691:Main article:
687:
686:
656:
654:
647:
641:
638:
574:
571:
458:
457:
454:
453:
421:, South Africa
416:
412:
411:
404:
400:
399:
396:
395:
390:
386:
385:
380:
376:
375:
370:
366:
365:
360:
354:
353:
350:
349:
345:
344:
338:
337:
333:
332:
324:
323:
318:
316:
312:
311:
300:
296:
295:
270:
266:
265:
262:
261:
256:
252:
251:
246:
242:
241:
238:
234:
233:
227:
226:
223:
215:
214:
208:
207:
197:
196:
179:
178:
158:the key points
148:
146:
139:
132:
131:
114:September 2017
90:
88:
81:
76:
50:
49:
47:
40:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4003:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3928:
3926:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3893:
3890:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3874:
3872:
3870:
3865:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3833:Kings of the
3831:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3788:Gumede kaZulu
3786:
3784:
3781:
3780:
3778:
3774:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3710:
3708:
3703:
3701:
3696:
3695:
3692:
3683:
3674:
3673:
3666:
3660:
3655:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3605:
3603:9780679401360
3599:
3594:
3593:
3586:
3582:
3580:9781853672132
3576:
3571:
3570:
3563:
3559:
3555:
3551:
3547:
3543:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3482:
3477:
3466:
3462:
3457:
3445:
3441:
3437:
3432:
3431:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3401:9781869140472
3397:
3393:
3392:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3358:
3354:
3350:
3346:
3341:
3336:
3335:
3328:
3324:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3295:
3291:
3285:
3281:
3276:
3272:
3266:
3263:. Heinemann.
3262:
3261:
3255:
3251:
3245:
3241:
3240:
3234:
3230:
3224:
3220:
3219:
3213:
3209:
3205:
3201:
3197:
3193:
3192:
3186:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3168:
3165:. Scarecrow.
3164:
3159:
3155:
3151:
3147:
3145:9780810105881
3141:
3137:
3136:
3130:
3126:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3096:
3092:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3076:
3070:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3055:
3049:
3046:. Heinemann.
3045:
3044:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2984:
2978:
2974:
2969:
2965:
2959:
2955:
2954:
2948:
2944:
2938:
2934:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2911:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2892:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:. D. Philip.
2872:
2871:
2865:
2861:
2860:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2818:
2814:
2810:
2806:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2777:
2773:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2756:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2742:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2677:
2673:
2671:9780598896391
2667:
2663:
2662:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2614:
2610:
2603:
2588:
2584:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2521:
2514:
2509:
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2459:
2451:
2450:Hamilton 1998
2446:
2439:
2434:
2427:
2422:
2416:, p. 19.
2415:
2414:Charters 1839
2410:
2403:
2398:
2389:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2367:
2362:
2355:
2350:
2343:
2338:
2331:
2330:Hamilton 1998
2326:
2324:
2316:
2311:
2304:
2303:Hamilton 1998
2299:
2292:
2287:
2281:, p. 49.
2280:
2275:
2268:
2263:
2261:
2254:, p. 21.
2253:
2248:
2242:, p. 23.
2241:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2212:
2210:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2197:, p. 17.
2196:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2173:, p. 39.
2172:
2171:Edgerton 1988
2167:
2161:, p. 51.
2160:
2155:
2153:
2145:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2124:
2116:
2111:
2104:
2099:
2093:, p. 99.
2092:
2087:
2085:
2078:, p. 61.
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2045:
2041:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2011:
2004:
1999:
1992:
1987:
1980:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1952:
1945:
1930:
1926:
1920:
1913:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1880:
1876:
1870:
1863:
1859:
1854:
1847:
1842:
1838:
1818:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1810:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1780:
1777:
1775:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1721:
1718:
1707:
1704:
1698:
1693:
1690:
1679:
1670:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1658:
1657:Antoine Fuqua
1654:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1637:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1621:
1617:
1614:
1610:
1609:
1608:Nada the Lily
1604:
1601:
1600:Camden Market
1597:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1582:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1558:
1555:, an aquatic
1554:
1551:
1550:
1544:
1542:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1522:
1500:
1486:
1477:
1473:
1471:
1465:
1457:
1450:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1440:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1426:
1422:
1420:
1417:According to
1415:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1379:
1375:
1373:
1372:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1345:
1335:
1332:
1327:
1324:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1259:
1254:
1240:
1233:Etherington,
1229:
1224:
1209:
1204:
1194:
1189:
1187:
1183:
1172:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1131:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1095:
1090:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1042:
1040:
1036:
1032:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
969:
964:
954:
945:
943:
939:
933:
931:
930:KwaZulu-Natal
927:
923:
918:
912:
910:
906:
902:
893:
890:
885:
883:
879:
874:
870:
866:
862:
857:
855:
851:
847:
841:
838:
834:
830:
825:
823:
819:
813:
805:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
771:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
716:included the
704:
699:
694:
683:
680:December 2023
673:
669:
664:
660:
657:This section
655:
651:
646:
645:
637:
635:
631:
627:
626:Thukela River
622:
620:
616:
610:
608:
604:
600:
595:
593:
589:
585:
580:
570:
568:
564:
560:
555:
554:
547:
544:
540:
536:
531:
529:
525:
524:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
492:
488:
483:
475:
464:
455:
450:
420:
417:
415:Resting place
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
394:
393:Zulu religion
391:
387:
384:
381:
377:
374:
371:
367:
364:
363:House of Zulu
361:
359:
355:
346:
343:
339:
334:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
310:
306:
301:
297:
293:
289:
288:KwaZulu-Natal
285:
281:
271:
267:
263:
260:
257:
253:
250:
247:
243:
239:
235:
232:
228:
221:
216:
213:
209:
204:
201:
193:
190:
175:
172:December 2023
165:
159:
157:
152:
147:
143:
138:
137:
128:
125:
117:
107:
103:
97:
96:
91:This article
89:
80:
79:
74:
72:
65:
64:
59:
58:
53:
48:
39:
38:
33:
19:
3931:1780s births
3842:
3835:Zulu Kingdom
3808:Jama kaNdaba
3670:
3591:
3568:
3533:
3529:
3484:
3480:
3468:. Retrieved
3465:The Guardian
3464:
3448:. Retrieved
3443:
3439:
3390:
3348:
3344:
3333:
3307:
3279:
3259:
3238:
3217:
3190:
3162:
3134:
3112:cite journal
3063:
3042:
3016:
3012:
2998:(2): 55–69.
2995:
2991:
2972:
2952:
2931:
2913:
2890:
2869:
2862:. AMS Press.
2858:
2845:
2841:
2821:
2784:
2780:
2760:
2749:
2719:
2702:
2696:
2684:
2660:
2650:
2647:Old Soldiers
2646:
2616:. Retrieved
2612:
2602:
2590:. Retrieved
2586:
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2560:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:the original
2529:
2526:"Shaka Zulu"
2520:
2512:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2472:
2445:
2438:Cobbing 1988
2433:
2421:
2409:
2397:
2388:
2381:Cobbing 1988
2361:
2349:
2337:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2274:
2247:
2240:Guttman 2008
2235:
2223:
2190:
2178:
2166:
2110:
2105:, p. 9.
2098:
2071:
2059:
2047:. Retrieved
2043:
2033:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2003:Mahoney 2003
1998:
1991:Ngubane 1976
1986:
1974:
1962:
1944:
1932:. Retrieved
1928:
1919:
1884:15 September
1882:. Retrieved
1878:
1869:
1853:
1841:
1816:Sekhukhune I
1814:
1809:Lion's Blood
1807:
1800:
1793:
1779:Moshoeshoe I
1669:Mzansi Magic
1664:Shaka Ilembe
1662:
1648:
1641:Civilization
1639:
1618:
1606:
1593:roots reggae
1538:
1534:
1525:
1504:
1497:
1474:
1466:
1463:
1455:
1445:
1436:
1431:
1423:
1416:
1408:
1380:
1376:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1328:
1322:
1315:
1311:
1286:
1282:
1279:James Stuart
1270:
1263:
1257:
1237:
1226:
1221:
1206:
1201:
1191:
1181:
1178:
1153:Voortrekkers
1150:
1146:
1130:Haggard 1882
1119:
1117:
1104:
1094:encirclement
1068:
1048:
1034:
1028:
1019:
1015:
1010:
1006:
1002:
1000:
990:
987:Nguni shield
984:
975:
973:
966:
960:
951:
938:Voortrekkers
934:
913:
899:
886:
858:
842:
826:
814:
810:
703:South Africa
677:
668:You can help
658:
623:
611:
596:
584:Zulu kingdom
576:
558:
548:
534:
532:
523:ibutho lempi
521:
514:South Africa
501:
499:
491:Zulu Kingdom
486:
473:
462:
461:
292:South Africa
282:(today near
211:
200:
185:
169:
153:
151:lead section
120:
111:
92:
68:
61:
55:
54:Please help
51:
3936:1828 deaths
3725:Zulu people
3487:(3): 1–20.
3351:: 409–437.
3282:. Praeger.
3004:10593/13652
2787:: 157–183.
2426:Hanson 2007
2402:Walter 1969
2315:Morris 1994
2291:Isaacs 1836
2228:Morris 1994
2216:Morris 1994
2183:Morris 1994
2159:Morris 1994
2144:Laband 1997
2103:Morris 1994
2091:Morris 1994
2076:Bishop n.d.
2064:Morris 1994
1912:Morris 1994
1858:Morris 1994
1493: 1827
1399:Zwangendaba
1338:The Mfecane
1326:discourse.
1307:Grahamstown
1258:Isandhlwana
1243:Scholarship
980:John Laband
754:Ngubengcuka
722:Zwangendaba
565:and Prince
506:Mthonjaneni
470: 1787
444: /
342:Regnal name
245:Predecessor
3981:Zulu kings
3925:Categories
3747:Nkosinkulu
3676:1816–1828
3181:1004124072
2992:Werkwinkel
2530:sabc.co.za
2489:Wylie 2006
2477:Wylie 2006
2342:Raugh 2011
1934:1 February
1860:, p.
1823:References
1649:King Shaka
1629:Henry Cele
1620:Shaka Zulu
1602:in London.
1557:theme park
1395:Mozambique
1391:Soshangane
1331:Ian Knight
1323:Shakaland.
1319:theme park
1287:Shaka Zulu
1101:Discipline
1055:Age grades
1033:warriors (
1031:apprentice
878:Soshangane
852:, was the
829:Dingiswayo
785:Henry Cele
718:Soshangane
607:Mpumalanga
592:Dingiswayo
573:Early life
528:Dingiswayo
502:uNtulikazi
474:Shaka Zulu
432:31°17′40″E
429:29°20′24″S
408:fratricide
206:King Shaka
57:improve it
3867:Kings of
3732:Kings of
3592:Frontiers
3530:Ethnology
3517:145190863
3501:0002-0206
3450:14 August
3381:153865008
3365:0361-5413
3313:Routledge
3298:490811014
3104:661145240
2953:The Zulus
2922:156120553
2809:162610479
2801:0361-5413
1833:Citations
1585:Jah Shaka
1383:Mzilikazi
1059:regiments
905:Mhlangana
848:, of the
818:patronage
787:) at the
672:talk page
567:Mhlangana
419:KwaDukuza
320:KwaDukuza
305:KwaDukuza
255:Successor
240:1816–1828
156:summarize
63:talk page
3869:Zululand
3757:Luzumana
3721:Monarchs
3558:20503540
3418:8648993M
3410:65188289
3239:Genocide
3208:6173522M
3091:7794339M
3083:59939927
2912:(1836).
2856:(1882).
2848:(4): 23.
2819:(1986).
2747:(1951).
2653:(2): 61.
2613:Deadline
2561:PC Gamer
2049:24 April
1754:Matiwane
1675:See also
1653:Showtime
1387:Zimbabwe
1231:—
1211:—
1196:—
1127:—
991:amabutho
922:monument
882:Shangaan
880:(of the
859:Another
850:Ndwandwe
833:Mthethwa
630:Bulawayo
588:Mthethwa
543:Ndwandwe
389:Religion
3991:Mfecane
3913:*Regent
3723:of the
3646:at the
3636:at the
3621:at the
3550:3773913
3373:3171924
3154:2361338
3033:3559434
2631:Sources
2592:3 April
2587:Variety
2566:1 April
1784:Ndebele
1655:, with
1541:protean
1411:Mfecane
1344:Mfecane
1169:Kambula
1039:rations
963:assegai
926:Stanger
901:Dingane
869:Mvuzane
797:England
762:Mpondos
726:Ndebele
621:Hill.
615:Zwide's
603:Pongola
599:sangoma
563:Dingane
284:Melmoth
100:Please
3752:Mdlani
3742:Mnguni
3600:
3577:
3556:
3548:
3515:
3509:523668
3507:
3499:
3470:1 July
3416:
3408:
3398:
3379:
3371:
3363:
3319:
3296:
3286:
3267:
3246:
3225:
3206:
3200:666024
3198:
3179:
3169:
3152:
3142:
3102:
3089:
3081:
3071:
3050:
3031:
2979:
2960:
2939:
2920:
2898:
2877:
2829:
2807:
2799:
2768:
2734:
2668:
2618:7 June
2540:1 July
1644:games.
1568:Durban
1547:Legacy
1397:, and
1079:pinned
1009:, and
942:Mpande
917:iNduna
909:Nandi
793:London
773:
770:Xhosas
766:Thembu
758:Hintsa
746:Mfengu
742:Zotsho
734:Ngwane
714:
712:
707:
670:. The
619:Gqokli
535:ibutho
485:) and
379:Mother
369:Father
348:iLembe
315:Burial
3734:Nguni
3546:JSTOR
3513:S2CID
3505:JSTOR
3377:S2CID
3369:JSTOR
3043:Chaka
3029:JSTOR
2805:S2CID
2643:(PDF)
1954:(PDF)
1828:Notes
1795:Chaka
1371:impis
1356:impis
1182:iklwa
1121:Iklwa
1086:flank
1051:Bantu
1035:udibi
976:ilkwa
968:iklwa
928:, in
896:Death
873:kraal
846:Zwide
822:Nguni
730:Hlubi
634:Qwabe
632:, in
383:Nandi
358:House
331:Names
237:Reign
3598:ISBN
3575:ISBN
3554:PMID
3497:ISSN
3472:2016
3452:2018
3406:OCLC
3396:ISBN
3361:ISSN
3317:ISBN
3294:OCLC
3284:ISBN
3265:ISBN
3244:ISBN
3223:ISBN
3196:OCLC
3177:OCLC
3167:ISBN
3150:OCLC
3140:ISBN
3125:help
3100:OCLC
3079:OCLC
3069:ISBN
3048:ISBN
2977:ISBN
2958:ISBN
2937:ISBN
2918:OCLC
2896:ISBN
2875:ISBN
2827:ISBN
2797:ISSN
2766:ISBN
2732:ISBN
2666:ISBN
2620:2023
2594:2022
2568:2020
2542:2016
2051:2024
1936:2024
1886:2014
1625:SABC
1562:The
1077:and
1075:impi
903:and
837:Zulu
768:and
750:Faku
744:and
738:Baca
579:Zulu
299:Died
269:Born
3538:doi
3489:doi
3353:doi
3021:doi
3000:hdl
2789:doi
2724:doi
2707:doi
1862:107
1297:),
791:in
3927::
3596:.
3552:.
3544:.
3534:38
3532:.
3528:.
3511:.
3503:.
3495:.
3485:23
3483:.
3463:.
3442:.
3438:.
3414:OL
3412:.
3404:.
3375:.
3367:.
3359:.
3349:22
3347:.
3315:.
3311:.
3292:.
3204:OL
3202:.
3175:.
3148:.
3116::
3114:}}
3110:{{
3087:OL
3085:.
3077:.
3027:.
3017:36
3015:.
2994:.
2846:24
2844:.
2803:.
2795:.
2785:31
2783:.
2730:,
2703:29
2701:.
2683:.
2649:.
2645:.
2611:.
2585:.
2559:.
2528:.
2457:^
2373:^
2322:^
2259:^
2202:^
2151:^
2122:^
2083:^
2042:.
2025:21
2023:.
2019:.
1927:.
1894:^
1877:.
1587:,
1490:c.
1472:.
1401:.
1321:,
1305:,
1293:,
1188:.
1171:.
1114::
1005:,
795:,
764:,
740:,
736:,
732:,
728:,
724:,
720:,
530:.
512:,
508:,
467:c.
307:,
290:,
286:,
273:c.
66:.
3899:*
3815:*
3713:e
3706:t
3699:v
3606:.
3583:.
3560:.
3540::
3519:.
3491::
3474:.
3454:.
3444:4
3420:.
3383:.
3355::
3325:.
3300:.
3273:.
3252:.
3231:.
3210:.
3183:.
3156:.
3127:)
3123:(
3106:.
3093:.
3056:.
3023::
3006:.
3002::
2996:6
2985:.
2966:.
2945:.
2924:.
2904:.
2883:.
2835:.
2811:.
2791::
2774:.
2726::
2713:.
2709::
2674:.
2651:6
2622:.
2596:.
2570:.
2544:.
2503:.
2440:.
2404:.
2356:.
2344:.
2293:.
2269:.
2146:.
2053:.
1993:.
1981:.
1969:.
1956:.
1938:.
1888:.
1864:.
1635:.
1096:.
799:.
775:.
682:)
678:(
665:.
476:(
465:(
410:)
294:)
192:)
186:(
174:)
170:(
160:.
127:)
121:(
116:)
112:(
108:.
73:)
69:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
