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815:, leader of the Voortrekkers. In return for their recovering some stolen cattle, Dingane signed a deed of cession of lands (written in English) to the Voortrekkers. It is generally believed that Dingane knew what he was signing although he could not have had any formal education, have read the contents of the document or have understood the concept of permanent land ownership since it was not a custom of the Zulus to assign land to individuals permanently. On 6 February 1838, after two days of feasting, the chief had Retief and his diplomatic party killed.
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These were assembled at the center of the
Umgungundhlovu enclosure, supplied with beer and seated in a semi-circle, a few rows deep. Dingane reacted with some irritation to the message, proclaiming that it was old news to them, and incompatible with their views: "I and my people believe there is only one God – I am that God. ... I am the Great Chief – the God of the living;
402:
Dingane kept his 500 or so concubines in severe bondage. He referred to them as his sisters or children, and placed them in various ranks. They could leave the royal enclosure only with his permission, and when doing so were not allowed to cast an eye on any man or boy. Owen observed them a few times
406:
Though
Dingane allowed Owen to reside just outside his capital, he considered the Christian faith a fiction of the English, which was of no use to him or his subjects. On a particular Sunday, he did allow Owen to expound the main precepts of Christianity before an assembly of almost 1,000 Zulu men.
391:
Dingane's subjects applied god-like attributes to him, not admitting for instance that his reign might have had a beginning. He was deemed immortal, one who was neither born, nor would ever die. When asked when his reign started, his subjects replied "hundreds and hundreds of years ago." At their
828:. It is alleged by some that they were killed because they withheld some of the cattle recovered from Chief Sekonyela. The general opinion is that Dingane did not wish to yield the land ceded to them in the treaty and mistrusted the presence of the Voortrekkers.
597:) was on the southern side of the complex, directly opposite the main entrance. The king, his mistresses and female attendants (Dingane never married officially), a total of at least 500 people, resided here. The women were divided into two groups: the black
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have revealed that the floor of this large hut was approximately 10 metres in diameter. Archaeologists found evidence inside the hut of 22 large supporting posts completely covered in glass beads. These had been noted in historical accounts by
613:, a smaller number of girls favoured by the king as his mistresses. A small settlement was built for them behind the main complex, where they could enjoy some privacy. The remainder of the king's women were the white
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outside the palace, once when brought out to sing, and also when they were instructed to bring him thatch for his hut. Some would run away when the opportunity availed, only to be apprehended and executed.
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399:, refused to pay him a visit, when such a visit was not expressly ordered by the king. Nor would anyone grind Owen even a small amount of corn or sit down with him for prayer unless ordered to do so.
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978:
647:) was located in one such triangular compartment and had three or four entrances. His hut was very large and was kept very neat by attendants; it could easily accommodate 50 people. Modern
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The habit of
Dingane's ministers, concubines and servants was not to think, act or speak, except at Dingane's suggestion or command. Owen observed that even Dingane's prime minister,
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The subjects of
Signabani who were unable to flee with him were rounded up in their refuges and massacred. The dissension was exacerbated by armed conflict with the newly arrived
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Dingane lacked Shaka's military and leadership skills; rebel chiefs broke away from his rule. Chiefs who fell out of favour with
Dingane, fled the country, including Signabani.
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At the same time, Dingane's forces killed Retief's undefended trek party, about 500 Boers and native servants, including women and children. The Boers called it the
344:, as well as Mbopa, Shaka's bodyguard. They were traditionally said to have killed Shaka because of his increasingly brutal behaviour after the death of his mother,
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They had been told to leave their firearms outside the royal kraal. Suddenly, when the dancing had reached a frenzied climax, Dingane leapt to his feet and shouted
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morning and evening meals, after receiving the distributed meat, they rose and exclaimed with raised hands: "Thou that art greater than the heavens."
878:, executed, and with a few followers, he sought refuge in Nayawo territory on the Lubombo mountains. A group of Nyawo and Swazi assassinated him in
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in 1829 and enlarged it five years later. UmGungundlovu was built according to the characteristic layout of a Zulu military settlement (singular:
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in his revolt against his half-brother
Dingane, which resulted in the latter's overthrow and death. Mpande succeeded Dingane. At the
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The men were overpowered and dragged away to the hill kwaMatiwane, named after a chief who had been killed there. Retief and his men
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Dingane orders the capture of Piet Retief's party of
Voortrekkers while they are spectators to a dancing routine of his soldiers.
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On the south side, just behind the main complex, were three separate enclosed groups of huts. The centre group was used by the
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Dingane reclining in his hut with his wives shuffling about on their knees in his presence, as depicted by
Captain
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were divided into compartments of about three huts each, enclosed by a two-metre-high hedge of intertwined
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Dingane's grave is near
Ingwavuma in the Hlatikulu Forest, an hour's drive from Tembe elephant park.
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related that
Dingane was revered as the "great idol" of the Zulu nation, while a missionary, Rev.
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comprised about 100 privileged women, and within that group was another elite, the
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854:. An estimated 3,000 Zulus were killed. Dingane's commander at the battle was
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Rope of sand: the rise and fall of the Zulu Kingdom in the nineteenth century
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1102:. Vol. 1. Hartford, NY: The J. B. Burr Publishing Co. pp. 207–209.
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Bonar, Andrew Redman (1849). "1. Superstitions of the heathen: The Zulus".
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EA Mare – South African Journal of Art History, 2009 – repository.up.ac.za
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Dingane ordered his army to seek and kill the group of Voortrekkers under
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Dingane in ordinary and dancing dress, illustrated from life by Captain
731: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
453: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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Amazulu: The Zulus, Their Past History, Manners, Customs, and Language
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for "weeping") was named by early settlers in memory of the massacre.
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Dingane came to power in 1828 after assassinating his half-brother
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Kirkby, Rev. Mr. (July–December 1880). "Zululand under Dingaan".
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Zulu King Dingane orders the execution of Piet Retief's men
1299:"Zulu King Dingane orders the killing of Piet Retief's men"
1194:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 373–375.
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include versions of some events in Dingane's life, as does
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In January 1840, Pretorius and a force of 400 Boers helped
388:, highlighted several aspects of his despotic governance.
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The Uncivilized Races of Men in all Countries of the World
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A huge half-moon shaped area was included in the black
1149:(3 ed.). Edinburgh: Thomas Nelson. pp. 15–21
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consisted of a large, central circular parade ground (
62:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1098:Wood, J. G. (1878). "Chapter XXI. Domestic Life".
1585:
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1027:Okoye, Felix (1969). "Dingane: A reappraisal".
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348:. The assassination took place at present-day
308:in 1828, after assassinating his half-brother
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1222:. Johannesburg: Jonathan Ball. p. 66.
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372:'s missionary station at the royal capital.
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292:–29 January 1840), commonly referred to as
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586:) and storage huts for their shields. The
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791:Learn how and when to remove this message
513:Learn how and when to remove this message
122:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1313:Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars
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1069:, April 1969. Retrieved 17 March 2011.
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729:adding citations to reliable sources
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411:is the Great Chief of the wicked."
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1192:The Archaeology of southern Africa
1146:Incidents of Missionary Enterprise
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811:In November 1837 Dingane met with
667:George Champion and Francis Owen.
562:Dingane built his capital city of
340:with the help of another brother,
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1247:. Vol. 1. Cape Town: STRUIK.
835:. The nearby present-day town of
1113:Devenish, George (9 July 2014).
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1619:19th-century monarchs in Africa
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1555:Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu
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312:. He set up his royal capital,
47:needs additional citations for
1624:19th-century murdered monarchs
1315:, Scarecrow Press, 2009, p. 62
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1029:The Journal of African History
984:Dingane signing a treaty with
304:prince who became king of the
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1258:Jenkinson, Thomas B. (1884).
1245:ANNALS OF NATAL, 1495 TO 1845
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553:Location of Dingane’s kraal,
324:, on the slope of Lion Hill (
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283:Dingane ka Senzangakhona Zulu
1331:South African History Online
1117:. citizen.co.za. The Witness
1000:Bronze statue of Dingane at
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220:1840 (aged 44–45)
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1550:Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon
1348:Zulu Kraal: Dingane's Kraal
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1067:Cambridge University Press
697:Conflict with Voortrekkers
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1170:The Cape Monthly Magazine
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1190:Mitchell, Peter (2002).
643:The king's private hut (
356:Governance and reverence
27:King of the Zulu Kingdom
1511:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
1439:Chieftains of the Zulus
1264:. W.H. Allen. pp.
1115:"Missionary and martyr"
1079:A history of King Shaka
893:King of the Zulu Nation
18:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
1609:South African animists
1516:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
1063:Dingane: a reappraisal
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1506:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
1218:Laband, John (1995).
1088:, accessed 5 May 2012
1061:Okoye, Felix N. C., "
1006:Long March to Freedom
852:Battle of Blood River
820:Bulalani abathakathi!
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593:The royal enclosure (
557:, within South Africa
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1540:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
1482:Senzangakhona kaJama
1430:Ntombela kaMalandela
1425:Malandela kaLuzumana
725:improve this article
619:first fruit ceremony
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447:improve this article
322:White Umfolozi River
267:Senzangakhona kaJama
56:improve this article
1287:"Kill the wizards!"
1243:Bird, John (1965).
1084:5 June 2012 at the
862:Overthrow and death
674:women of the black
623:umkhosi wokweshwama
1545:Solomon kaDinuzulu
1521:Cetshwayo kaMpande
1329:– an article from
956:The Induna's Wife.
872:Battle of Maqongqo
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436:This section
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45:This article
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1594:1790s births
1510:
1498:Zulu Kingdom
1471:Jama kaNdaba
1312:
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1282:
1270:. Retrieved
1260:
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1151:. Retrieved
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735:
723:Please help
718:verification
715:
691:Voortrekkers
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665:missionaries
661:Voortrekkers
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605:. The black
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445:Please help
440:verification
437:
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394:
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382:Francis Owen
375:
370:Francis Owen
335:
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306:Zulu Kingdom
297:
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145:Zulu Kingdom
143:King of the
142:
118:
109:
99:
92:
85:
78:
66:
54:Please help
49:verification
46:
29:
1629:Fratricides
1599:1840 deaths
1388:Zulu people
986:Piet Retief
901:Preceded by
826:were killed
813:Piet Retief
657:Piet Retief
652:excavations
290: 1795
182:Predecessor
112:August 2009
1604:Zulu kings
1588:Categories
1410:Nkosinkulu
1176:: 324–326.
1014:References
1008:exhibition
914:1828–1840
751:newspapers
570:, plural:
473:newspapers
342:Umhlangana
326:Singonyama
310:Shaka Zulu
225:, current
173:Coronation
82:newspapers
1614:Regicides
1530:Kings of
1395:Kings of
1272:19 August
1153:16 August
1121:22 August
1049:161299851
1004:, in the
781:June 2023
740:"Dingane"
682:Rebellion
584:uhlangoti
572:amakhanda
503:June 2023
462:"Dingane"
409:Umatiwane
350:KwaDukuza
192:Successor
167:1828–1840
71:"Dingane"
1532:Zululand
1420:Luzumana
1384:Monarchs
1082:Archived
1002:Maropeng
971:Gardiner
676:isigodlo
634:isigodlo
630:isigodlo
615:isigodlo
607:isigodlo
603:isigodlo
599:isigodlo
595:isigodlo
417:isigodlo
376:Captain
300:, was a
1576:*Regent
1386:of the
938:novels
765:scholar
588:isibaya
576:ikhanda
574:). The
568:ikhanda
487:scholar
298:Dingaan
294:Dingane
246:unknown
236:unknown
207: (
137:Dingane
96:scholar
1415:Mdlani
1405:Mnguni
1268:(n139)
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1047:
923:Mpande
868:Mpande
837:Weenen
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672:uBheje
638:withes
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318:kraals
273:Mother
263:Father
233:Spouse
196:Mpande
98:
91:
84:
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69:
1397:Nguni
1045:S2CID
947:Marie
911:Reign
906:Shaka
841:Dutch
772:JSTOR
758:books
645:ilawu
611:bheje
494:JSTOR
480:books
346:Nandi
338:Shaka
252:House
242:Issue
186:Shaka
164:Reign
103:JSTOR
89:books
1274:2009
1224:ISBN
1196:ISBN
1155:2020
1123:2023
944:and
744:news
466:news
302:Zulu
217:Died
209:1795
205:1795
202:Born
177:1828
75:news
1266:123
1174:III
1065:",
1037:doi
727:by
625:).
449:by
328:).
296:or
58:by
1590::
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1182:^
1172:.
1131:^
1043:.
1033:10
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287:c.
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