370:. According to historian Philip Bonner, Mpande wanted Swaziland to be under his control because of fears of Boer expansion from Natal. He "was intent on turning Swaziland into a physical sanctuary should he become embroiled with Natal, and was not prepared to settle for anything less than effective control". The Zulu invasion was a success to the extent that the Swazi were faced with the prospect of "disintegration and collapse". During the invasion, Mpande's eldest son Cetshwayo proved his capacities as a leader. However, the British pressured him into withdrawing, which he did quickly.
379:
59:
420:
in his youth he was an imposing figure, quoting a French witness who said he had a regal bearing such that "a
Parisian might believe that Umpande, in his youth, had frequented the palaces of kings". However, there is considerable evidence of his "lethargy and indifference" to ruling, even in his early years, when many of the decisions were made by his sons.
419:
Mpande's apparent passivity has been interpreted in different ways. He has often been identified as a "simpleton" or "the fool of the family", in the words of J Y Gibson. James O. Gump, however, describes him as a "savvy survivor in the
Machiavellian world of Zulu politics". Gibson himself says that
386:
Cetshwayo's success as a leader led to a conflict with Mpande's second, and favourite, son
Mbuyazi. Though Cetshwayo was the oldest, he was not officially successor, as his mother had not been declared the king's Great Wife. Either brother could inherit if Mpande chose their mother as his Great Wife,
302:
in
December 1838. His defeat at the hands of the Boers led to unrest, which Dingane attempted to control by eliminating potential successors such as Mpande. In September 1839 Mpande defied his brother, who demanded his support in a war against the Swazi people. Fearing he would be killed if he joined
406:
ruler, though his father continued to carry out ceremonial functions. Cetshwayo continued his father's policy of maintaining links with both the
British and the Boers and balancing out concessions. Cetshwayo also kept an eye on his father's new wives and children for potential rivals, ordering the
338:
In
October 1843 British commissioner Henry Cloete negotiated a treaty to define the borders of Natal and Zululand. Mpande also negotiated with the Boers, ceding land around the Klip River in 1847, which the British considered a violation of the treaty. Mpande had to reoccupy the land with his own
342:
In 1843 Mpande ordered the death of his brother Gqugqu, who was said to be plotting to kill the king. Gqugqu's wives and children were also killed. The massacre produced a large influx of refugees into Natal led by his aunt
330:. Mpande was now unopposed as king. Mpande later claimed that he had been forced to become king against his own wishes. The Boers immediately were granted claim to a large stretch of territory in exchange for their help.
410:
According to Gibson, "in his later days he became so fat he was unable to walk". The exact date of his death in late 1872 is unclear, as it was kept secret to secure a smooth transition of power to
Cetshwayo.
433:. In this account God punishes wicked rulers like Shaka and Dingane, but the Zulus flourish under "Mpande's peaceful, enlightened rule." Cetshwayo was cursed because of his impious murder of Nomantshali.
429:
407:
death of his favourite wife
Nomantshali and her children in 1861. Nomantshali and her daughters were hacked to death. Though two sons escaped, the youngest was murdered in front of the king.
427:
to codify Zulu grammar and produce Zulu translations of the Bible. Colenso's associate, Zulu convert Magema Fuze, gave a
Biblically inspired account of the history of the Zulus in his book
287:(1762–1816) and his ninth wife Songiya kaNgotsha Hlabisa. He was considered a weak man in comparison to his contemporaries. While other half-brothers were eliminated when his brother
395:. Cetshwayo, who was supported by most of the territorial sub-chiefs, decided to settle the matter militarily. He invaded Mbuyazi's lands and crushed his followers at the
387:
which he did not. Cetshwayo felt that his father was favouring
Mbuyazi, and both sides developed factions of followers. Mpande ceded territory to Mbuyazi on the
358:
Mpande adopted an expansionist policy in the early 1850s, initially raiding the areas surrounding the Zulu kingdom. These moves culminated in the invasion of
138:
484:
852:
449:
is set during the power struggle between Cetshwayo and Mbuyazi. Mpande (called "Panda") is depicted as an indulgent, passive figure.
1046:
847:
807:
17:
648:
690:
Three Native Accounts of the Visit of the Bishop of Natal in September and October, 1859, to Umpande, King of the Zulus
254:
His reign was relatively lengthy at 32 years, but for the latter part of his reign, he was king in name only. His son
1051:
737:
658:
615:
585:
538:
311:
decided to support Mpande, hoping to gain concessions if he could oust Dingane. In January 1840 Mpande's army led by
607:
The Washing of the Spears: A History of the Rise of the Zulu Nation Under Shaka and Its Fall in the Zulu War of 1879
1041:
262:
ruler in 1856. Mpande himself claimed that he preferred a quiet life and that he had been forced to become king.
399:, massacring survivors, including five of his brothers. Dunn escaped and later became an adviser to Cetshwayo.
339:
troops. Mpande managed to avoid further disputes with the British but continued to grant favours to the Boers.
504:
295:
to become king in 1828, he was allowed to live. Mpande apparently showed no interest in Zulu power politics.
800:
577:
Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires: The Evolution and Dissolution of the Nineteenth-Century Swazi State
348:
391:, where he and his followers settled. Mbuyazi also cultivated support from European settlers led by
303:
Dingane, Mpande instead led thousands of Zulus into the Boer republic of Natalia. The Boers led by
236:
793:
396:
713:
1026:
458:
299:
1031:
862:
857:
284:
208:
197:
8:
1036:
987:
64:
319:. Mpande arrived shortly after with Pretorius' force of Boers, and was proclaimed king.
977:
816:
767:
316:
248:
992:
982:
733:
654:
611:
581:
534:
327:
304:
188:
878:
842:
500:
496:
440:
436:
392:
323:
893:
888:
688:
605:
575:
555:
528:
908:
898:
445:
298:
Mpande came to prominence when Dingane suffered a catastrophic disaster at the
785:
1020:
998:
964:
914:
883:
154:
140:
33:
930:
903:
829:
424:
388:
308:
280:
232:
123:
49:
423:
Mpande had a positive reputation among Christian missionaries. He allowed
820:
344:
363:
80:
953:
777:
725:
367:
359:
312:
276:
255:
193:
103:
972:
919:
530:
The Dust Rose like Smoke: The Subjugation of the Zulu and the Sioux
378:
943:
760:
352:
288:
244:
228:
93:
58:
837:
938:
714:"The Bishop and the Bricoleur: Bishop John William Colenso's
533:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 64–68.
292:
240:
251:. He came to power after he had overthrown Dingane in 1840.
730:
The Bible in Africa: Transactions, Trajectories, and Trends
183:
several wives (including Ngqumbazi, Monase, Nomantshali)
686:
560:. Pietermaritzburg: P. Davis & Sons. p. 94.
1018:
815:
366:, but maintained effective independence under
801:
580:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–8.
732:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 415–454 (p. 449).
326:, Dingane escaped, but was soon murdered in
235:from 1840 to 1872. He was a half-brother of
27:Ruler of the Zulu Kingdom from 1840 to 1872
808:
794:
680:
57:
347:; according to British colonial official
377:
482:
373:
14:
1019:
711:
650:Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars
646:
603:
573:
569:
567:
553:
789:
720:The Black People and Whence they Came
629:
627:
599:
597:
522:
520:
518:
516:
514:
478:
476:
474:
430:The Black People and Whence they Came
526:
351:, nearly all kraals as far north as
564:
362:in 1852. The Swazi were under Zulu
63:An 1849 portrait of King Mpande by
32:For other people named Mpande, see
24:
624:
610:. Random House. pp. 190–199.
594:
511:
471:
25:
1063:
489:Journal of Natal and Zulu History
653:. Lanham, Md.: Scarecrow Press.
322:After executing his own general
1047:19th-century monarchs in Africa
999:Misuzulu Sinqobile kaZwelithini
988:Goodwill Zwelithini kaBhekuzulu
705:
270:
667:
640:
547:
501:10.1080/02590123.1981.11964211
485:"Mpande and the Zulu Kingship"
333:
227:(c. 1798–18 October 1872) was
13:
1:
687:John William Colenso (1901).
464:
414:
718:and Magema Kamagwaza Fuze's
712:Draper, Jonathan A. (2000).
554:Gibson, James Young (1903).
402:After this Cetshwayo became
265:
121:18 October 1872 (aged 73-74)
7:
983:Cyprian Bhekuzulu kaSolomon
452:
10:
1068:
31:
1007:
962:
928:
871:
827:
774:
765:
757:
752:
218:Songiya kaNgotsha Hlabisa
214:
204:
200:, Mbuyazi and many others
187:
179:
129:
117:
109:
99:
89:
79:
71:
56:
46:
41:
1052:19th-century Zulu people
920:Sigujana kaSenzangakhona
483:Kennedy, Philip (1981).
315:defeated Dingane at the
944:Dingane kaSenzangakhona
872:Chieftains of the Zulus
768:King of the Zulu Nation
604:Morris, Donald (1994).
574:Bonner, Philip (2002).
527:Gump, James O. (1994).
1042:South African animists
949:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
557:The Story of the Zulus
397:Battle of Ndondakusuka
383:
247:, who preceded him as
225:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
42:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
18:Mpande kaSenzangakhona
939:Shaka kaSenzangakhona
724:. In Gerald O. West;
647:Laband, John (2009).
459:Battle of Blood River
381:
349:Abraham Josias Cloëté
300:Battle of Blood River
155:28.29833°S 31.42611°E
973:Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo
915:Senzangakhona kaJama
863:Ntombela kaMalandela
858:Malandela kaLuzumana
716:Commentary on Romans
374:Succession conflicts
285:Senzangakhona kaJama
209:Senzangakhona kaJama
198:Dabulamanzi kaMpande
355:had been deserted.
275:Mpande was born in
160:-28.29833; 31.42611
150: /
65:George French Angas
978:Solomon kaDinuzulu
954:Cetshwayo kaMpande
675:Story of the Zulus
635:Story of the Zulus
384:
317:Battle of Maqongqo
1014:
1013:
993:Mantfombi Dlamini
784:
783:
775:Succeeded by
328:Hlatikhulu Forest
305:Andries Pretorius
222:
221:
16:(Redirected from
1059:
879:Zulu kaMalandela
810:
803:
796:
787:
786:
758:Preceded by
750:
749:
744:
743:
709:
703:
702:
700:
698:
693:. Vause, Slatter
684:
678:
671:
665:
664:
644:
638:
631:
622:
621:
601:
592:
591:
571:
562:
561:
551:
545:
544:
524:
509:
508:
507:on 7 March 2014.
503:. Archived from
480:
441:Allan Quatermain
437:H. Rider Haggard
324:Ndlela kaSompisi
174:
173:
171:
170:
169:
167:
162:
161:
156:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
61:
39:
38:
21:
1067:
1066:
1062:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1056:
1017:
1016:
1015:
1010:
1003:
958:
924:
894:Mageba kaGumede
889:Phunga kaGumede
867:
823:
814:
780:
771:
763:
748:
747:
740:
710:
706:
696:
694:
685:
681:
672:
668:
661:
645:
641:
632:
625:
618:
602:
595:
588:
572:
565:
552:
548:
541:
525:
512:
481:
472:
467:
455:
417:
376:
336:
273:
268:
175:
165:
163:
159:
157:
153:
152:
149:
144:
141:
139:
137:
136:
135:
122:
67:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1065:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1004:
1002:
1001:
996:
990:
985:
980:
975:
969:
967:
960:
959:
957:
956:
951:
946:
941:
935:
933:
926:
925:
923:
922:
917:
912:
909:Mkabayi kaJama
906:
901:
899:Ndaba kaMageba
896:
891:
886:
881:
875:
873:
869:
868:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
834:
832:
825:
824:
813:
812:
805:
798:
790:
782:
781:
776:
773:
764:
759:
755:
754:
753:Regnal titles
746:
745:
738:
704:
679:
666:
659:
639:
623:
616:
593:
586:
563:
546:
539:
510:
469:
468:
466:
463:
462:
461:
454:
451:
446:Child of Storm
416:
413:
375:
372:
335:
332:
272:
269:
267:
264:
220:
219:
216:
212:
211:
206:
202:
201:
191:
185:
184:
181:
177:
176:
133:
131:
127:
126:
119:
115:
114:
111:
107:
106:
101:
97:
96:
91:
87:
86:
83:
77:
76:
73:
69:
68:
62:
54:
53:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1064:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1043:
1040:
1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1024:
1022:
1006:
1000:
997:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
970:
968:
966:
961:
955:
952:
950:
947:
945:
942:
940:
937:
936:
934:
932:
929:Kings of the
927:
921:
918:
916:
913:
910:
907:
905:
902:
900:
897:
895:
892:
890:
887:
885:
884:Gumede kaZulu
882:
880:
877:
876:
874:
870:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
835:
833:
831:
826:
822:
818:
811:
806:
804:
799:
797:
792:
791:
788:
779:
770:
769:
762:
756:
751:
741:
739:0-391-04111-8
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
708:
692:
691:
683:
676:
670:
662:
660:9780810860780
656:
652:
651:
643:
636:
630:
628:
619:
617:0-7126-6105-0
613:
609:
608:
600:
598:
589:
587:0-521-52300-1
583:
579:
578:
570:
568:
559:
558:
550:
542:
540:0-8032-2152-5
536:
532:
531:
523:
521:
519:
517:
515:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
479:
477:
475:
470:
460:
457:
456:
450:
448:
447:
442:
438:
434:
432:
431:
426:
421:
412:
408:
405:
400:
398:
394:
390:
380:
371:
369:
365:
361:
356:
354:
350:
346:
340:
331:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
310:
306:
301:
296:
294:
291:assassinated
290:
286:
283:, the son of
282:
278:
263:
261:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
217:
213:
210:
207:
203:
199:
195:
192:
190:
186:
182:
178:
172:
132:
128:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
66:
60:
55:
52:
51:
45:
40:
35:
34:Mpande (name)
30:
19:
1027:1790s births
948:
931:Zulu Kingdom
904:Jama kaNdaba
766:
729:
726:Musa W. Dube
719:
715:
707:
697:19 September
695:. Retrieved
689:
682:
674:
673:Gibson, JY,
669:
649:
642:
634:
633:Gibson, JY,
606:
576:
556:
549:
529:
505:the original
492:
488:
444:
435:
428:
425:John Colenso
422:
418:
409:
403:
401:
389:Tugela River
385:
357:
341:
337:
321:
309:Gert Rudolph
297:
274:
271:Early career
259:
253:
233:Zulu Kingdom
224:
223:
50:Zulu Kingdom
47:
29:
1032:1872 deaths
821:Zulu people
345:Mawa kaJama
334:Early reign
158: /
90:Predecessor
1037:Zulu kings
1021:Categories
843:Nkosinkulu
772:1840–1872
465:References
415:Assessment
364:suzerainty
249:Zulu kings
164: (
145:31°25′34″E
142:28°17′54″S
81:Coronation
963:Kings of
828:Kings of
778:Cetshwayo
677:, p. 102.
637:, p. 111.
495:: 21–38.
393:John Dunn
382:Cetshwayo
368:Mswati II
360:Swaziland
313:Nongalaza
277:Babanango
266:Biography
256:Cetshwayo
194:Cetshwayo
104:Cetshwayo
100:Successor
75:1840–1872
965:Zululand
853:Luzumana
817:Monarchs
728:(eds.).
453:See also
404:de facto
281:Zululand
260:de facto
237:Sigujana
166:Nodwengu
134:Nodwengu
124:Zululand
48:King of
1009:*Regent
819:of the
761:Dingane
353:Nseleni
289:Dingane
258:became
245:Dingane
231:of the
229:monarch
113:c. 1798
94:Dingane
848:Mdlani
838:Mnguni
736:
657:
614:
584:
537:
443:novel
215:Mother
205:Father
180:Spouse
130:Burial
830:Nguni
293:Shaka
241:Shaka
189:Issue
72:Reign
734:ISBN
699:2013
655:ISBN
612:ISBN
582:ISBN
535:ISBN
307:and
243:and
118:Died
110:Born
85:1840
497:doi
439:'s
1023::
626:^
596:^
566:^
513:^
491:.
487:.
473:^
279:,
239:,
196:,
995:*
911:*
809:e
802:t
795:v
742:.
722:"
701:.
663:.
620:.
590:.
543:.
499::
493:4
168:)
36:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
