784:
1504:
1565:
1391:
873:(the single digestive, urinary and reproductive orifice) of breeding males is swollen, round and dark-coloured. The hindfeet have more or less developed toe flaps, depending on the subspecies. Colours in general are more vivid than during the land phase. The dark spots grow larger, and the crest often has vertical dark and bright bands. There are five to seven longitudinal stripes on the head. The lower edge of the tail is red with a silver-blue flash and black spots. Females only develop low, straight tail fins but no crest or toe flaps, and are more drably coloured.
792:
42:
256:
1493:
91:
800:
812:
1474:
66:
1552:, where adults stay aquatic and retain their gills and skin seams or only resorb them partially, occurs regularly but only in a small proportion of individuals. It does not appear to be determined genetically but favoured by cold water, a low density of individuals and abundant aquatic prey. Wild paedomorphic individuals often metamorphosed when they were transferred into an
2501:
1545:
Females lay 100–500 eggs, usually folding them into waterplants. The eggs are 1.3–1.7 mm (0.051–0.067 in) in diameter (2.7–4 mm (0.11–0.16 in) with jelly capsule) and light brown to greenish or grey in colour. Larvae typically hatch after 10–20 days, depending on temperature, and
916:
within a few days. As in all salamanders, forelegs develop before the hindlegs. The colour becomes a more cryptic, darkly marbled yellow to brown in the growing larvae. Larvae are very slender and similar to the palmate newt. They develop a skin seam from the neck to the pointed tail; the tail is as
1671:
left open. The value of artificial water bodies as habitat can be improved when nearby hiding structures like stones or wood are added on land. Garden ponds are readily colonised if they are sun-exposed, have abundant water plants, no fish, and nearby hiding structures. Artificial hibernation sites
1406:
woods are avoided) but also in more open areas such as damp meadows, field edges, parks and gardens. It can also tolerate human disturbance and urban environments. The newts hide under structures such as logs or stones or in small mammal burrows. Smooth newts may also climb vegetation, although the
824:
Adult males of the smooth newt reach around 9–11 cm (3.5–4.3 in) head-to-tail length and are thus slightly larger than the females, which reach 8–9.5 cm (3.1–3.7 in). The body weight of adults varies between 0.3–5.2 g (0.011–0.183 oz), and decreases during the breeding
939:
species. It can be confused especially with the closely related "smooth newt complex" species (marked with * in the table below) and the more distant palmate newt, which often occurs in the same area. Females are especially difficult to tell apart, as distinguishing features are mainly observed in
840:
Outside the breeding season, both sexes are yellow-brown, brown or olive-brown. The male has dark, round spots, while the female has smaller spots of the same colour, which sometimes form two or more irregular lines along the back. The male has an orange strip on the tail underside, and the throat
1700:
Smooth newts can be kept in captivity, but must come from a legal source under the applicable legislation given their protected status (see above). They need a land and water phase, with hibernation for two to three months at 5–10 °C (41–50 °F). The juveniles remain terrestrial and will
683:
To distinguish the smooth newt from its close relatives, the
English name "northern smooth newt" has been suggested. Other common names that have been used in the literature include: common newt, great water-newt, common water-newt, warty eft, water eft, common smooth newt, small newt, small eft,
371:. Individuals are brown with a spotted underside that ranges in colour from orange to white. They reach an average length of 8–11 cm (3.1–4.3 in); males are larger than females. The newts' skins are dry and velvety when they are living on land, but become smooth when they
1455:
turn into mature adults at two to three years, and the newts can reach an age of 6–14 years in the wild. The newts recognise familiar territory using smell and visual cues, but could not orient themselves in experiments when they were transported far away from the home range.
1410:
Freshwater breeding sites are typically sun-exposed, free from fish, stagnant, water-filled permanently or for at least three months of the year, close to similar water bodies, and have shallow areas with abundant water plants. They can range from small puddles to larger
868:
During the aquatic breeding season, males develop a skin seam or crest, which runs uninterrupted along the back and the tail. It is 1–1.5 mm (0.039–0.059 in) high at mid-body, but higher along the tail. The tail also has a lower fin, and its end is pointed. The
1315:, the smooth newt generally prefers lower elevations than the Carpathian newt. In the Balkans, the precise contact zones with the Greek smooth newt and Schmidtler's smooth newt are not yet clear. In central Italy, where the range of the smooth newt subspecies
2482:
1518:
to the breeding sites occurs as soon as
February, but in the northern parts of the range and at higher altitudes, it may not start before summer. After entering the water, the breeding characters, especially the male's crest, take a few weeks to develop.
825:
season. The head is longer than it is wide, with 2–3 longitudinal grooves on the top, and the elongated snout is blunt in the male and rounded in the female. The skin is velvety and water-repellent on land but smooth during the aquatic phase; it contains
3116:
841:
and belly in males are orange to white with small dark, rounded spots (these are lighter with smaller spots in the female). Size and colour vary with the environment, and the newts tend to be smaller in northern latitudes.
2674:
400:
of smooth newt. Formerly, there were also four subspecies—all with more restricted ranges—that are now classified as separate species, because they have been found to be distinct genetically as well as in appearance: the
738:
into and completely replaced that of the
Carpathian newt populations. Partial introgression also occurred from the smooth newt to the Greek smooth newt. These patterns are likely due to the range expansion and
3227:
1641:
480:
1996:
Weisrock, D.W.; Papenfuss, T.J.; Macey, J.R.; et al. (2006). "A molecular assessment of phylogenetic relationships and lineage accumulation rates within the family
Salamandridae (Amphibia, Caudata)".
1683:
of fingers and toes but these re-grow quickly; a safer and less harmful alternative is recording the individual belly patterns through photography. Researchers have also developed genetic methods based on
1530:
towards her. In the final phase, he moves away from her, the tail quivering. If she is still interested, she will follow him and touch his cloaca with her snout, whereupon he deposits a packet of sperm (a
2800:
2699:
Dubey, Sylvain; Lavanchy, Guillaume; Thiébaud, Jacques; Dufresnes, Christophe (2019). "Herps without borders: a new newt case and a review of transalpine alien introductions in western Europe".
1840:
1587:
also occurs, mainly by preying on eggs of its own species. Various predators eat smooth newts, including waterbirds, snakes and frogs, but also larger newts such as the northern crested newt.
703:
above). The relationships within this species complex have not been fully resolved. Within the smooth newt itself, genetic groups do not completely match the currently accepted subspecies (
1526:: the male attempts to attract a female by swimming in front of her and sniffing her cloaca. He then vibrates his tail against his body, sometimes violently lashing it, thereby fanning
1423:
water. They often share breeding sites with other amphibians, including other newts; in northern France, ponds with five newt species – smooth, palmate, alpine, northern crested and
2633:
1355:
in 2011, and larvae were later found, indicating successful reproduction. Negative impacts on the native fauna are feared, including predation on and competition with native
3406:
Buono, Vincenzo; Galliani, Giorgia; Mancini, Emiliano; et al. (2018). "An improved microsatellite panel to assess genetic variability of the
Italian smooth newt (
3212:
1538:
Eggs are fertilised internally, and progeny of one female usually has multiple fathers. Females tend to mate preferentially with unrelated males, probably to avoid
2393:
Babik, W.; Branicki, W.; Crnobrnja-Isailovic, J.; et al. (2005). "Phylogeography of two
European newt species – discordance between mtDNA and morphology".
2993:
Pankovics, Péter; Boros, Ákos; Tóth, Zoltán; et al. (2016). "Genetic characterization of a second novel picornavirus from an amphibian host, smooth newt (
553:, and the small-bodied newts, including the smooth newt, were therefore split off as separate genus in 2004 by García-París and colleagues. They used the name
759:), although often occurring in the same habitats, almost never hybridises with the smooth newt. Artificial crosses with even more distant species such as the
1608:
3284:
2289:
Zieliński, P.; Nadachowska-Brzyska, K.; Dudek, K.; Babik, W. (2016). "Divergence history of the
Carpathian and smooth newts modelled in space and time".
2264:
3529:
1820:
884:
has strongly developed toe flaps, its tail tapers into a fine thread (but not a distinct filament), and the body is slightly square in cross-section.
1535:). He then guides her over the spermatophore so she picks it up with her cloaca. Males often try to lead females away from displaying competitors.
479:
and by the introduction of new species of fish. Like other
European amphibians, the smooth newt has now been listed as a protected species by the
3298:
Mulkeen, C.J.; Gibson-Brabazon, S.; Carlin, C.; et al. (2017). "Habitat suitability assessment of constructed wetlands for the smooth newt (
908:
are 6.5–7 mm (0.26–0.28 in) long and yellow-brown with two longitudinal stripes at hatching. They initially have, in addition to their
468:
3667:
1969:
Titus, T.A.; Larson, A. (1995). "A molecular phylogenetic perspective on the evolutionary radiation of the salamander family
Salamandridae".
1351:
until 1997, when it was declared a "controlled pest animal" because of the risk of introduction. The first record in the wild was made near
3816:
2034:"A Bayesian approach on molecules and behavior: reconsidering phylogenetic and evolutionary patterns of the Salamandridae with emphasis on
1363:, toxicity, and disease spread. The smooth newt could spread further in south-eastern Australia, where wide areas have a suitable climate.
2343:
Pabijan, M.; Zieliński, P.; Dudek, K.; et al. (2015). "The dissection of a
Pleistocene refugium: phylogeography of the smooth newt,
3189:
3280:
1394:
Sun-exposed, stagnant, shallow water bodies with abundant vegetation but without fish, such as this ditch, are typical breeding sites.
1877:
1865:
Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis
1775:
Pabijan, M.; Zieliński, P.; Dudek, K.; Stuglik, M.; Babik, W. (2017). "Isolation and gene flow in a speciation continuum in newts".
1655:
Threats to smooth newts are similar to those affecting other amphibians. They include especially the loss of breeding ponds through
1398:
Mainly a lowland species, the smooth newt is only exceptionally found above 1,000 m (3,300 ft). This species shows a wide
375:
into the water to breed. Males develop a more vivid colour pattern and a conspicuous skin seam (crest) on their back when breeding.
3760:
3589:
1640:, e.g. in Switzerland, the Czech Republic, and the Netherlands. Like all amphibians, it is also listed as protected species in the
1402:
breadth, as it's able to thrive in a wide array of terrestrial and aquatic environments. On land, it occurs in wooded areas (dense
1268:
The smooth newt has been described as "the most ubiquitous and widely distributed newt of the Old World". The nominate subspecies,
444:
such as insects and earthworms and are themselves eaten mainly by fish, birds and snakes. Between spring and summer, they breed in
452:. Females lay their eggs on water plants, and larvae hatch after 10 to 20 days. The larvae develop for around three months before
3773:
3628:
1632:
and found no general decline in populations. This assessment included subspecies now recognised as separate species (see section
1419:
values from 4 (more acidic) to 9.6 (more alkaline) are tolerated and in Germany, smooth newts have even been found in slightly
2089:. Fauna Iberica. Vol. 24. Madrid: Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
3826:
2201:
1953:
888:
also has toe flaps and a pointed tail, its crest is smooth-edged, and its body is square-shaped. In the nominate subspecies,
3778:
3633:
3831:
17:
1164:
very small, 4.5–7.5 cm (1.8–3.0 in); throat with few or no spots; golden-yellow patch behind eyes in both sexes
783:
3846:
3258:
1579:
such as earthworms, snails, slugs, bivalves, spiders, ticks, mites, springtails or insects and insect larvae, or smaller
699:– the Caucasian, Greek, Kosswig's, and Schmidtler's smooth newt – which were formerly considered subspecies (see section
3747:
3576:
2094:
1649:
1701:
only return to water at maturity. Individuals have reached ages of 4–8, exceptionally up to 20 years, in captivity.
1478:
3602:
3138:
Sinsch, U.; Heneberg, P.; Těšínský, M.; Balczun, C.; Scheid, P. (2018). "Helminth endoparasites of the smooth newt
2543:
3672:
3524:
3502:
917:
long as the head and trunk. The larvae grow to 3–4.5 cm (1.2–1.8 in), which is also the size of the
726:
between the smooth newt and its relatives. Although the Carpathian newt is morphologically clearly different,
3836:
3791:
3654:
748:
2231:
1503:
575:
877:
3841:
3542:
3537:
1228:
657:
414:
90:
1636:
above) and needs updating. Despite the overall low concern, the smooth newt is listed in some national
628:, recognise four former subspecies from southern Europe and west Asia as separate species, as they are
287:
1169:
715:), described based on morphology. The five smooth newt species collectively were estimated to have
641:
410:
1564:
912:, only two balancers at the sides of the head, short appendages for attaching to plants which get
3040:
Caffara, M.; Bruni, G.; Paoletti, C.; Gustinelli, A.; Fioravanti, M.L. (2013). "Metacercariae of
1746:
727:
591:
558:
235:
3464:
2196:]. Die neue Brehm-Bücherei (in German). Vol. 117. Magdeburg, Germany: VerlagsKG Wolf.
1448:
692:
3698:
3185:
1660:
1539:
1079:
768:
649:
476:
402:
185:
1644:(Appendix III). Disturbance, capture, killing and trade are prohibited in Ireland under the
1612:
was found to cause the local decline of a population in Germany) and at least 31 species of
3821:
3646:
3563:
3311:
2949:
2527:
The New Naturalist: Amphibians and reptiles – a natural history of the British herpetofauna
2402:
2356:
2298:
2049:
744:
629:
3226:. National Parks and Wildlife Service, Department of Culture, Heritage and the Gaeltacht.
1863:
1663:
of population through roads. Secondary habitats can help sustain the species, e.g. former
1575:
Smooth newts, including the larvae, are unselective carnivores, feeding mainly on diverse
1096:
high (less than 1 mm (0.039 in) at mid-body), denticulated (almost spine-shaped)
893:
8:
2111:
1656:
1515:
550:
509:
472:
372:
55:
3315:
2953:
2406:
2360:
2302:
2053:
460:. They reach maturity after two to three years, and the adults live for up to 14 years.
3445:
3337:
3167:
3077:
3022:
2970:
2933:
2895:
2866:
2847:
2765:
2716:
2666:
2609:
2574:
2426:
2372:
2322:
1676:
1340:
787:
Throat and belly are spotted. The spots are larger in males (pictured) than in females.
716:
587:
364:
263:
85:
41:
3734:
3693:
3550:
3437:
3341:
3274:
3159:
3096:
3069:
3014:
2975:
2934:"Common midwife toad ranaviruses replicate first in the oral cavity of smooth newts (
2900:
2784:
2769:
2634:"European newts establish in Australia, marking the arrival of a new amphibian order"
2614:
2466:
2445:
2418:
2414:
2326:
2314:
2197:
2090:
2067:
2014:
1949:
1792:
1723:
1689:
1645:
1523:
1390:
1109:
1026:
740:
731:
633:
532:
463:
The smooth newt is abundant over much of its range and is classified as a species of
449:
436:, and hide during the day. They can adapt to a wide range of natural or semi-natural
406:
3449:
3081:
2851:
2720:
2670:
2376:
2232:"The distributions of the six species constituting the smooth newt species complex (
255:
3739:
3725:
3607:
3555:
3427:
3419:
3386:
3376:
3327:
3319:
3171:
3151:
3061:
3006:
2965:
2957:
2890:
2882:
2839:
2755:
2708:
2656:
2648:
2604:
2594:
2461:
2430:
2410:
2364:
2306:
2254:
2117:
2057:
2006:
1978:
1941:
1869:
1832:
1784:
1741:
1451:
such as under logs or in burrows (but they can be active during mild weather). The
426:
317:
3323:
3026:
2843:
1590:
Various pathogens and parasites have been found to infect smooth newts, including
695:
analyses have shown that the smooth newt is distinct from its four close relatives
596:
3680:
2932:
Saucedo, Bernardo; Garner, Trenton W. J.; Kruithof, Natasja; et al. (2019).
1938:
Salamanders of the Old World: The Salamanders of Europe, Asia and Northern Africa
1672:("newt hotels") were readily used in a study in Norway, especially by juveniles.
1483:
1293:
1048:
1017:
677:
665:
504:
500:
422:
418:
387:
223:
3659:
2010:
1788:
3252:
2961:
1685:
673:
306:
3423:
3155:
3065:
3010:
2712:
2652:
2599:
2259:
1982:
1868:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (part 1) (10 ed.). Stockholm, Sweden: L. Salvii.
913:
3810:
3641:
3581:
3487:
2042:
Journal of Experimental Zoology Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution
1732:
1629:
1549:
1532:
1497:
1277:
1187:
low (less than 1 mm (0.039 in) at mid-body) but higher at tail base
992:
922:
735:
570:
492:
464:
453:
448:
or similar bodies of water. Males court females with a ritualised underwater
379:
202:
152:
75:
70:
3752:
2392:
1873:
3441:
3163:
3073:
3018:
2979:
2904:
2886:
2618:
2575:"Unraveling climate influences on the distribution of the parapatric newts
2422:
2318:
2121:
2071:
2018:
1796:
1595:
1576:
1424:
1360:
1320:
1308:
in the northern half of Italy, southern Switzerland, Slovenia and Croatia.
1301:
1285:
1200:
1141:
996:
791:
752:
562:
546:
441:
3186:"Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats"
1945:
3615:
3511:
3496:
3432:
3391:
1584:
1568:
1312:
1057:
935:
760:
527:
392:
162:
3357:"Assessing the use of artificial hibernacula by the great crested newt (
2822:
Sinsch, U.; Kirst, C. (2015). "Homeward orientation of displaced newts (
2760:
2735:
2661:
2062:
2033:
1492:
1288:, and its southern limit is central France, northern Italy, the central
730:
between the two species is frequent; it has been shown that smooth newt
440:, from forests at field edges to parks and gardens. They feed mainly on
3765:
3685:
3594:
3516:
2918:
2551:
1836:
1664:
1603:
1527:
1344:
857:
842:
609:
521:
397:
390:
names before the adoption of its current classification as a member of
142:
3620:
3381:
3356:
3332:
2368:
2310:
2288:
2240:) – an addition to the New Atlas of Amphibians and Reptiles of Europe"
1679:
individuals and monitor populations, researchers have often amputated
1680:
1591:
1444:
1440:
1352:
1348:
1284:
and northern Kazakhstan in the east. In the north it reaches central
846:
723:
581:
433:
368:
132:
102:
3458:
3297:
1327:), it was found that the latter prefers a warmer and drier climate.
1243:
high (more than 2 mm (0.079 in) at mid-body), denticulated
811:
3719:
3481:
2230:
Wielstra, B.; Canestrelli, D.; Cvijanović, M.; et al. (2018).
2229:
1668:
1637:
1613:
1599:
1580:
1553:
1420:
1179:
1127:
low (less than 1 mm (0.039 in) at mid-body), smooth-edged
1088:
834:
537:
122:
799:
3786:
1439:
Smooth newts live on land during most of the year and are mainly
1403:
1399:
1289:
1281:
1273:
1119:
853:
437:
2573:
Iannella, Mattia; Cerasoli, Francesco; Biondi, Maurizio (2017).
2282:
2032:
Steinfartz, S.; Vicario, S.; Arntzen, J.W.; Caccone, A. (2007).
1995:
1829:
Amphibian Species of the World: An Online Reference. Version 6.1
795:
During breeding season, males develop vivid colours and a crest.
503:. It was later re-described under several different species and
456:
into terrestrial juveniles, at which point they become known as
3568:
2031:
1375:
905:
870:
804:
719:
from the Carpathian newt around four to six million years ago.
383:
356:
112:
3039:
2867:"Genetic dissimilarity predicts paternity in the smooth newt (
2698:
1546:
metamorphose into terrestrial efts after around three months.
3137:
2342:
909:
896:, toe flaps are only weakly developed and the body is round.
830:
826:
815:
Breeding females are drab in colour and have no dorsal crest.
602:
573:
515:
3142:: linking morphological identification and molecular data".
2865:
Jehle, R.; Sztatecsny, M.; Wolf, J.B.W; et al. (2007).
1774:
1721:
1415:
or shallow parts of lakes. Water quality is less important;
432:
For most of the year, smooth newts live on land, are mostly
2931:
2864:
2782:
2736:"Observations on the climbing behaviour of the smooth newt
2632:
Tingley, R.; Weeks, A.R.; Smart, A.S.; et al. (2014).
2631:
1722:
Arntzen, J.W.; Kuzmin, S.; Beebee, T.; et al. (2009).
1625:
1412:
1371:
1356:
542:
445:
360:
352:
3405:
3291:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2219:
2217:
2215:
2213:
2084:
2481:
Modesti, Andrea; Aguzzi, Stefano; Manenti, Raoul (2011).
1508:
1452:
1347:
species. The smooth newt was available in the Australian
918:
676:, have collectively been referred to as the "smooth newt
457:
1486:, 1942. Educational film on the smooth newt (10:08 min).
3210:
2783:
Kaczmarek, J. M.; Piasecka, M.; Kaczmarski, M. (2018).
2338:
2336:
2210:
1416:
535:
published. Most recently, it was included in the genus
3211:
Nelson, B.; Cummins, S.; Fay, L.; et al. (2019).
2992:
2572:
2437:
1770:
1768:
1766:
1764:
1624:
The smooth newt is common over much of its range. The
3213:"Checklists of protected and rare species in Ireland"
3095:
Sinsch, Ulrich; Kaschek, Jacqueline; Wiebe, Jessica.
2444:
Skorinov, Dmitriy V.; Litvinchuk, Spartak N. (2016).
1831:. New York, USA: American Museum of Natural History.
1276:(where the smooth newt is the only newt species) and
933:
The smooth newt resembles the other, less widespread
3355:
Dervo, Børre; Museth, Jon; Skurdal, Jostein (2018).
3101:) promotes the decline of a smooth newt population (
3088:
2938:) and show distinct strain-associated pathogenicity"
2830:) is restricted to the range of routine movements".
2566:
2480:
2388:
2386:
2333:
2025:
1989:
1447:
on land, often in congregations of several newts in
2085:García-París, M.; Montori, A.; Herrero, P. (2004).
1761:
775:) newts were successful in laboratory experiments.
471:(IUCN). It has been negatively affected by habitat
3354:
3131:
2986:
2443:
1300:only occurs in the Carpathians of Ukraine and the
1007:weakly to well developed (depending on subspecies)
612:are accepted by Pabijan, Wielstra and colleagues:
3399:
2925:
2692:
2383:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
3808:
3261:. Archived from the original on 12 February 2019
3033:
2625:
1913:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1559:
1043:belly with some dark spots, especially at sides
1004:smooth or denticulated (depending on subspecies)
722:Genetic analyses have also demonstrated ongoing
3348:
3283:) CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
3178:
2815:
2734:Lynn, Vanessa J.; Allain, Steven J. R. (2022).
2078:
1407:exact function of this is not currently known.
3094:
2727:
2183:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2171:
2169:
2167:
2165:
2163:
2161:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2153:
2151:
1962:
1272:, is most widespread and ranges natively from
469:International Union for Conservation of Nature
2776:
2537:
2535:
2446:"Tracing glacial refugia of the smooth newt (
2149:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2141:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2133:
2131:
1892:
590:, an ancient Greek god of the sea, while the
1747:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2009.RLTS.T59481A11932252.en
378:The smooth newt was originally described by
2821:
2474:
1968:
1940:. Zeist, The Netherlands: KNNV Publishing.
1855:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1619:
863:
751:mainly in southern and eastern Europe. The
594:
421:, the smooth newt forms what is known as a
417:. Together with these four species and the
2733:
2532:
2519:
2450:) based on species distribution modelling"
2128:
1935:
1434:
1252:very small, 5–7 cm (2.0–2.8 in)
944:Comparison of the smooth newt and related
819:
254:
64:
40:
3431:
3390:
3380:
3331:
2969:
2894:
2858:
2759:
2660:
2608:
2598:
2465:
2258:
2061:
1745:
1628:, in 2008, assessed its threat status as
1001:round to square (depending on subspecies)
3302:): A comparison with natural wetlands".
2103:
1861:
1803:
1563:
1502:
1491:
1389:
810:
798:
790:
782:
664:). The five smooth newt species and the
569:. "Lissotriton" is a combination of the
3204:
3044:(Trematoda: Digenea) in European newts
14:
3809:
3365:) in cold climate in southeast Norway"
3279:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3233:from the original on 25 September 2020
2541:
2454:Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University
1880:from the original on 23 September 2020
1717:
1715:
1713:
1385:
1378:, where it hybridises with the native
1296:of Ukraine and Russia. The subspecies
557:, introduced by the English zoologist
499:, placing it in the same genus as the
3463:
3462:
2525:Beebee, T & Griffiths, R. (2000)
2187:
1999:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1818:
1777:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
586:), meaning "smooth", and the name of
495:described the smooth newt in 1758 as
396:. There are currently three accepted
3792:B6DAD350-B645-4A6C-82CC-92F427DCAF48
3119:from the original on 22 October 2021
2919:"AmphibiaWeb – Lissotriton vulgaris"
2803:from the original on 22 October 2021
2785:"Winter activity of the smooth newt
2529:; Harper Collins Publishers, London.
2109:
1496:Well-developed larva shortly before
3817:IUCN Red List least concern species
1843:from the original on 12 August 2020
1733:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1710:
1688:distribution to assess patterns of
1330:
921:(terrestrial juveniles) just after
876:Subspecies differ slightly in male
24:
3245:
3097:"Heavy metacercariae infestation (
2270:from the original on 28 April 2019
1343:to Australia, which has no native
928:
25:
3858:
3408:Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis
3253:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
3192:from the original on 15 July 2015
3188:. Bern: Council of Europe. 1979.
2680:from the original on 23 July 2021
2577:Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis
2507:from the original on 23 July 2021
2485:Lissotriton vulgaris meridionalis
1659:or introduction of fish, and the
1650:Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981
1010:pointed to elongated, no filament
860:), with 24 chromosomes in total.
849:individuals have been described.
565:but then considered a synonym of
2832:Ethology Ecology & Evolution
2483:"A case of complete albinism in
2415:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02605.x
1648:, and trade in the UK under the
1472:
856:(i.e. it has two copies of each
747:, which they likely survived in
561:in 1839 with the smooth newt as
89:
2911:
1459:
1263:
1258:
549:, containing several unrelated
386:, and was then given different
2467:10.21638/11701/spbu03.2016.323
1511:) after the transition to land
1431:) newt – have been described.
1366:Within Europe, the subspecies
940:the males at breeding season.
833:glands and its upper layer is
778:
632:and genetically distinct: the
626:Amphibian Species of the World
13:
1:
3324:10.1016/j.ecoleng.2017.06.005
2844:10.1080/03949370.2015.1059893
2113:A History of British Reptiles
1704:
1560:Diet, predators and parasites
1522:Mating involves an intricate
959:Breeding male characteristics
807:is swollen in breeding males.
624:. These authors, followed by
545:. This genus was found to be
3827:Amphibians described in 1758
1695:
1370:was introduced north of the
1237:Anatolia and eastern Balkans
687:
582:
7:
3832:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
3052:(Caudata: Salamandridae)".
2793:The Herpetological Bulletin
2116:. London: John van Voorst.
2011:10.1016/j.ympev.2006.05.008
1789:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.08.003
684:small evet, and brown eft.
541:, along with most European
531:, with in total 48 species
486:
10:
3863:
3847:Habitats Directive species
3255:(9). United Kingdom. 1981.
2962:10.1038/s41598-019-41214-0
1479:The life cycle of the newt
1319:overlaps with that of the
1220:long filament (both sexes)
574:
3709:
3471:
3424:10.1007/s12041-018-0934-8
3156:10.1017/S0022149X18000184
3066:10.1017/S0022149X13000151
3011:10.1007/s00705-016-3198-8
2713:10.1163/15685381-20181028
2653:10.1007/s10530-014-0716-z
2600:10.1186/s12983-017-0239-4
2260:10.1163/15685381-17000128
1471:
1466:
1335:The nominate subspecies,
1304:of northern Romania, and
1136:lower tail fin unspotted
961:
958:
955:
952:
899:
878:secondary characteristics
269:
262:
253:
215:
210:
191:
184:
86:Scientific classification
84:
62:
53:
48:
39:
34:
3144:Journal of Helminthology
3054:Journal of Helminthology
1620:Threats and conservation
1229:Schmidtler's smooth newt
1102:pointed, but no filament
864:Breeding characteristics
658:Schmidtler's smooth newt
415:Schmidtler's smooth newt
231:L. vulgaris meridionalis
3042:Clinostomum complanatum
2748:Herpetological Bulletin
2740:and great crested newt
2349:Journal of Biogeography
1983:10.1093/sysbio/44.2.125
1936:Sparreboom, M. (2014).
1874:10.5962/bhl.title.37256
1435:Lifecycle and behaviour
1368:L. v. meridionalis
1317:L. v. meridionalis
1306:L. v. meridionalis
892:, the crest is clearly
886:L. v. meridionalis
820:General characteristics
622:L. v. meridionalis
49:Male during land phase
3304:Ecological Engineering
3220:Irish Wildlife Manuals
2887:10.1098/rsbl.2007.0311
2744:in south-east England"
2122:10.5962/bhl.title.5498
2087:Amphibia: Lissamphibia
1572:
1512:
1500:
1395:
1249:elongated, no filament
1065:very low, smooth-edged
816:
808:
796:
788:
765:Ichthyosaura alpestris
757:Lissotriton helveticus
693:Molecular phylogenetic
595:
425:: some of the species
355:. It is widespread in
219:L. vulgaris ampelensis
1946:10.1163/9789004285620
1862:Linnaeus, C. (1767).
1740:: e.T59481A11932252.
1567:
1540:inbreeding depression
1506:
1495:
1393:
1298:L. v. ampelensis
1170:Kosswig's smooth newt
1080:Caucasian smooth newt
973:Toe flaps (hind feet)
882:L. v. ampelensis
814:
802:
794:
786:
743:of species after the
650:Caucasian smooth newt
642:Kosswig's smooth newt
618:L. v. ampelensis
411:Kosswig's smooth newt
403:Caucasian smooth newt
3837:Amphibians of Europe
3530:Lissotriton-vulgaris
3503:Lissotriton vulgaris
3473:Lissotriton vulgaris
3363:Lissotriton vulgaris
3300:Lissotriton vulgaris
3140:Lissotriton vulgaris
3103:Lissotriton vulgaris
3050:Lissotriton vulgaris
2999:Archives of Virology
2995:Lissotriton vulgaris
2936:Lissotriton vulgaris
2869:Lissotriton vulgaris
2828:Lissotriton vulgaris
2787:Lissotriton vulgaris
2738:Lissotriton vulgaris
2641:Biological Invasions
2587:Frontiers in Zoology
2546:Lissotriton vulgaris
2448:Lissotriton vulgaris
2345:Lissotriton vulgaris
2234:Lissotriton vulgaris
2188:Große, W-R. (2011).
1823:Lissotriton vulgaris
1819:Frost, D.R. (2020).
1726:Lissotriton vulgaris
1571:eating a smooth newt
1443:. They also usually
1161:pointed, no filament
1099:moderately developed
1071:blunt, with filament
745:Last Glacial Maximum
348:Lissotriton vulgaris
339:northern smooth newt
243:L. vulgaris vulgaris
195:Lissotriton vulgaris
27:Species of amphibian
18:Lissotriton vulgaris
3412:Journal of Genetics
3361:) and smooth newt (
3316:2017EcEng.106..532M
3099:Parastrigea robusta
2954:2019NatSR...9.4453S
2761:10.33256/hb160.2526
2542:Kuzmin, S. (1999).
2407:2005MolEc..14.2475B
2361:2015JBiog..42..671P
2347:, in the Balkans".
2303:2016MolEc..25.3912Z
2063:10.1002/jez.b.21119
2054:2007JEZB..308..139S
1609:Parastrigea robusta
1386:Habitat and ecology
1380:L. v. vulgaris
1337:L. v. vulgaris
1270:L. v. vulgaris
949:
890:L. v. vulgaris
852:The smooth newt is
662:L. schmidtleri
614:L. v. vulgaris
491:Swedish naturalist
56:Conservation status
3842:Amphibians of Asia
3359:Triturus cristatus
2942:Scientific Reports
2824:Triturus cristatus
2789:in Central Europe"
2742:Triturus cristatus
1971:Systematic Biology
1837:10.5531/db.vz.0001
1573:
1513:
1501:
1396:
1217:strongly developed
1190:strongly developed
943:
817:
809:
797:
789:
773:Triturus cristatus
672:), which is their
601:means "common" in
351:) is a species of
3802:
3801:
3694:Open Tree of Life
3465:Taxon identifiers
3382:10.3390/d10030056
3046:Triturus carnifex
2701:Amphibia-Reptilia
2494:Herpetology Notes
2395:Molecular Ecology
2369:10.1111/jbi.12449
2311:10.1111/mec.13724
2297:(16): 3912–3928.
2291:Molecular Ecology
2247:Amphibia-Reptilia
2203:978-3-89432-476-6
2110:Bell, T. (1839).
1955:978-90-04-28562-0
1825:(Linnaeus, 1758)"
1690:genetic diversity
1646:Wildlife Act 1976
1524:courtship display
1490:
1489:
1256:
1255:
1223:throat unspotted
1214:low, smooth-edged
1110:Greek smooth newt
1027:Iberian Peninsula
741:secondary contact
732:mitochondrial DNA
670:L. montadoni
634:Greek smooth newt
507:names, including
429:with each other.
407:Greek smooth newt
327:
326:
314:Triturus vulgaris
284:Salamandra exigua
79:
16:(Redirected from
3854:
3795:
3794:
3782:
3781:
3769:
3768:
3756:
3755:
3743:
3742:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3711:Lacerta vulgaris
3702:
3701:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3675:
3663:
3662:
3660:NHMSYS0020194827
3650:
3649:
3637:
3636:
3624:
3623:
3611:
3610:
3598:
3597:
3585:
3584:
3572:
3571:
3559:
3558:
3546:
3545:
3533:
3532:
3520:
3519:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3492:
3491:
3490:
3460:
3459:
3454:
3453:
3435:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3394:
3384:
3352:
3346:
3345:
3335:
3295:
3289:
3288:
3278:
3270:
3268:
3266:
3256:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3238:
3232:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3197:
3182:
3176:
3175:
3135:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3092:
3086:
3085:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3005:(4): 1043–1050.
2990:
2984:
2983:
2973:
2929:
2923:
2922:
2915:
2909:
2908:
2898:
2862:
2856:
2855:
2819:
2813:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2763:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2696:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2679:
2664:
2638:
2629:
2623:
2622:
2612:
2602:
2570:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2554:on 19 April 2019
2550:. Archived from
2539:
2530:
2523:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2512:
2506:
2491:
2478:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2401:(8): 2475–2491.
2390:
2381:
2380:
2340:
2331:
2330:
2286:
2280:
2279:
2277:
2275:
2269:
2262:
2244:
2227:
2208:
2207:
2185:
2126:
2125:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2082:
2076:
2075:
2065:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1993:
1987:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1933:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1859:
1853:
1852:
1850:
1848:
1816:
1801:
1800:
1772:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1719:
1642:Berne Convention
1476:
1475:
1464:
1463:
1331:Introduced range
1325:L. italicus
1246:weakly developed
1074:belly unspotted
1068:weakly developed
991:widespread from
950:
942:
769:northern crested
646:L. kosswigi
600:
585:
579:
578:
497:Lacerta vulgaris
481:Berne Convention
321:
310:
299:
295:Triton palustris
291:
280:
276:Lacerta vulgaris
258:
247:
246:(Linnaeus, 1758)
239:
227:
197:
177:L. vulgaris
94:
93:
73:
68:
67:
44:
32:
31:
21:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3852:
3851:
3807:
3806:
3803:
3798:
3790:
3785:
3777:
3772:
3764:
3759:
3751:
3746:
3738:
3733:
3724:
3723:
3718:
3705:
3697:
3692:
3684:
3681:Observation.org
3679:
3671:
3666:
3658:
3653:
3645:
3640:
3632:
3627:
3619:
3614:
3606:
3601:
3593:
3588:
3580:
3575:
3567:
3562:
3554:
3549:
3541:
3536:
3528:
3523:
3515:
3510:
3501:
3500:
3495:
3486:
3485:
3480:
3467:
3457:
3404:
3400:
3353:
3349:
3296:
3292:
3272:
3271:
3264:
3262:
3259:"Archived copy"
3257:
3251:
3250:
3246:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3215:
3209:
3205:
3195:
3193:
3184:
3183:
3179:
3136:
3132:
3122:
3120:
3093:
3089:
3038:
3034:
2991:
2987:
2930:
2926:
2917:
2916:
2912:
2875:Biology Letters
2863:
2859:
2820:
2816:
2806:
2804:
2781:
2777:
2732:
2728:
2697:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2677:
2636:
2630:
2626:
2571:
2567:
2557:
2555:
2544:"AmphibiaWeb –
2540:
2533:
2524:
2520:
2510:
2508:
2504:
2489:
2479:
2475:
2442:
2438:
2391:
2384:
2341:
2334:
2287:
2283:
2273:
2271:
2267:
2242:
2236:sensu lato and
2228:
2211:
2204:
2194:The smooth newt
2186:
2129:
2108:
2104:
2097:
2083:
2079:
2030:
2026:
1994:
1990:
1967:
1963:
1956:
1934:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1817:
1804:
1773:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1720:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1622:
1562:
1507:Two juveniles (
1484:British Council
1473:
1467:External videos
1462:
1449:winter shelters
1437:
1388:
1359:and freshwater
1333:
1294:Eurasian steppe
1280:in the west to
1266:
1261:
1240:slightly square
1152:slightly square
1093:slightly square
1049:Carpathian newt
1031:slightly square
931:
929:Similar species
902:
866:
822:
781:
690:
678:species complex
666:Carpathian newt
638:L. graecus
630:morphologically
592:species epithet
489:
423:species complex
419:Carpathian newt
363:, and has been
316:
305:
297:
286:
278:
271:48, including:
245:
233:
221:
206:
199:
193:
180:
88:
80:
69:
65:
58:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3860:
3850:
3849:
3844:
3839:
3834:
3829:
3824:
3819:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3796:
3783:
3770:
3757:
3744:
3731:
3715:
3713:
3707:
3706:
3704:
3703:
3690:
3677:
3664:
3651:
3638:
3625:
3612:
3599:
3586:
3573:
3560:
3547:
3534:
3521:
3508:
3493:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3456:
3455:
3418:(2): 569–573.
3398:
3347:
3290:
3244:
3203:
3177:
3150:(3): 332–341.
3130:
3115:(3): 210–221.
3087:
3060:(3): 278–285.
3032:
2985:
2924:
2910:
2881:(5): 526–528.
2857:
2838:(3): 312–328.
2814:
2775:
2754:(160): 25–26.
2726:
2691:
2624:
2565:
2531:
2518:
2473:
2460:(3): 136–143.
2436:
2382:
2355:(4): 671–683.
2332:
2281:
2253:(2): 252–259.
2209:
2202:
2190:Der Teichmolch
2127:
2102:
2095:
2077:
2048:(2): 139–162.
2024:
2005:(2): 368–383.
1988:
1977:(2): 125–151.
1961:
1954:
1891:
1854:
1802:
1760:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1697:
1694:
1686:microsatellite
1677:mark and track
1621:
1618:
1561:
1558:
1488:
1487:
1469:
1468:
1461:
1458:
1436:
1433:
1387:
1384:
1332:
1329:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1254:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1233:L. schmidtleri
1225:
1224:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1208:Western Europe
1206:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1176:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1149:Southern Italy
1147:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:well developed
1128:
1125:
1122:
1116:
1106:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1086:
1076:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1055:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1040:short filament
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1023:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
989:
978:
977:
974:
971:
968:
964:
963:
960:
957:
954:
930:
927:
901:
898:
865:
862:
821:
818:
780:
777:
689:
686:
674:sister species
654:L. lantzi
488:
485:
454:metamorphosing
325:
324:
323:
322:
311:
303:Molge punctata
300:
298:Laurenti, 1768
292:
281:
279:Linnaeus, 1758
267:
266:
260:
259:
251:
250:
249:
248:
240:
228:
213:
212:
208:
207:
200:
189:
188:
182:
181:
174:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
150:
146:
145:
140:
136:
135:
130:
126:
125:
120:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
100:
96:
95:
82:
81:
63:
60:
59:
54:
51:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3859:
3848:
3845:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3835:
3833:
3830:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3812:
3805:
3793:
3788:
3784:
3780:
3775:
3771:
3767:
3762:
3758:
3754:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3736:
3732:
3727:
3721:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3708:
3700:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3682:
3678:
3674:
3669:
3665:
3661:
3656:
3652:
3648:
3643:
3639:
3635:
3630:
3626:
3622:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3539:
3535:
3531:
3526:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3509:
3504:
3498:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3461:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3434:
3433:11573/1278542
3429:
3425:
3421:
3417:
3413:
3409:
3402:
3393:
3392:11250/2558570
3388:
3383:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3351:
3343:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3317:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3276:
3260:
3254:
3248:
3229:
3225:
3221:
3214:
3207:
3191:
3187:
3181:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3157:
3153:
3149:
3145:
3141:
3134:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3104:
3100:
3091:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3036:
3028:
3024:
3020:
3016:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2989:
2981:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2937:
2928:
2920:
2914:
2906:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2880:
2876:
2872:
2870:
2861:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2818:
2802:
2798:
2794:
2790:
2788:
2779:
2771:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2753:
2749:
2745:
2743:
2739:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2710:
2706:
2702:
2695:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2654:
2650:
2646:
2642:
2635:
2628:
2620:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2569:
2553:
2549:
2547:
2538:
2536:
2528:
2522:
2503:
2499:
2495:
2488:
2486:
2477:
2468:
2463:
2459:
2455:
2451:
2449:
2440:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2420:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2339:
2337:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2266:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2241:
2239:
2238:L. montandoni
2235:
2226:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2216:
2214:
2205:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2142:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2134:
2132:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2114:
2106:
2098:
2096:84-00-08292-3
2092:
2088:
2081:
2073:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2037:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1992:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1965:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1866:
1858:
1842:
1838:
1834:
1830:
1826:
1824:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1798:
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1771:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1748:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1734:
1729:
1727:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1678:
1673:
1670:
1666:
1662:
1661:fragmentation
1658:
1653:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1631:
1630:Least Concern
1627:
1617:
1615:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1588:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1577:invertebrates
1570:
1566:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:Paedomorphism
1547:
1543:
1541:
1536:
1534:
1533:spermatophore
1529:
1525:
1520:
1517:
1510:
1505:
1499:
1498:metamorphosis
1494:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1470:
1465:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1432:
1430:
1429:T. marmoratus
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1408:
1405:
1401:
1392:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1364:
1362:
1361:invertebrates
1358:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:Great Britain
1275:
1271:
1251:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1239:
1236:
1234:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1204:L. helveticus
1202:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1193:long filament
1192:
1189:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1177:
1175:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1133:long filament
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1098:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1061:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:L. montandoni
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
998:
994:
993:British Isles
990:
988:
987:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
966:
965:
951:
947:
941:
938:
937:
926:
924:
923:metamorphosis
920:
915:
911:
907:
897:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
874:
872:
861:
859:
855:
850:
848:
844:
838:
836:
832:
828:
813:
806:
801:
793:
785:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
733:
729:
728:hybridisation
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
685:
681:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
606:
604:
599:
598:
593:
589:
584:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
540:
539:
534:
530:
529:
524:
523:
518:
517:
512:
511:
506:
502:
501:green lizards
498:
494:
493:Carl Linnaeus
484:
482:
478:
477:fragmentation
474:
470:
466:
465:least concern
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:invertebrates
439:
435:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
395:
394:
389:
385:
381:
380:Carl Linnaeus
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
359:and parts of
358:
354:
350:
349:
344:
340:
336:
335:European newt
332:
319:
315:
312:
308:
304:
301:
296:
293:
289:
285:
282:
277:
274:
273:
272:
268:
265:
261:
257:
252:
244:
241:
237:
232:
229:
225:
220:
217:
216:
214:
209:
204:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
153:Salamandridae
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
117:
114:
111:
108:
107:
104:
101:
98:
97:
92:
87:
83:
77:
72:
71:Least Concern
61:
57:
52:
47:
43:
38:
33:
30:
19:
3804:
3710:
3472:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3358:
3350:
3307:
3303:
3299:
3293:
3263:. Retrieved
3247:
3235:. Retrieved
3223:
3219:
3206:
3194:. Retrieved
3180:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3121:. Retrieved
3112:
3108:
3102:
3098:
3090:
3057:
3053:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3035:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2988:
2945:
2941:
2935:
2927:
2913:
2878:
2874:
2868:
2860:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2823:
2817:
2805:. Retrieved
2796:
2792:
2786:
2778:
2751:
2747:
2741:
2737:
2729:
2707:(1): 13–27.
2704:
2700:
2694:
2682:. Retrieved
2662:11343/216887
2647:(1): 31–37.
2644:
2640:
2627:
2590:
2586:
2580:
2576:
2568:
2556:. Retrieved
2552:the original
2545:
2526:
2521:
2509:. Retrieved
2497:
2493:
2484:
2476:
2457:
2453:
2447:
2439:
2398:
2394:
2352:
2348:
2344:
2294:
2290:
2284:
2272:. Retrieved
2250:
2246:
2237:
2233:
2193:
2189:
2112:
2105:
2086:
2080:
2045:
2041:
2035:
2027:
2002:
1998:
1991:
1974:
1970:
1964:
1937:
1882:. Retrieved
1864:
1857:
1845:. Retrieved
1828:
1822:
1780:
1776:
1751:. Retrieved
1737:
1731:
1725:
1699:
1674:
1654:
1633:
1623:
1607:
1596:picornavirus
1589:
1574:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1521:
1514:
1477:
1460:Reproduction
1438:
1428:
1409:
1397:
1379:
1367:
1365:
1336:
1334:
1324:
1321:Italian newt
1316:
1310:
1305:
1302:Danube delta
1297:
1292:and the dry
1286:Fennoscandia
1269:
1267:
1264:Native range
1259:Distribution
1232:
1203:
1201:Palmate newt
1173:
1144:
1142:Italian newt
1113:
1083:
1052:
1020:
1018:Bosca's newt
997:Central Asia
985:
984:
982:Smooth newt*
981:
970:Dorsal crest
956:Distribution
945:
934:
932:
904:The aquatic
903:
894:denticulated
889:
885:
881:
875:
867:
851:
839:
823:
772:
764:
756:
753:palmate newt
736:introgressed
721:
712:
709:meridionalis
708:
704:
700:
696:
691:
682:
669:
661:
653:
645:
637:
625:
621:
617:
613:
607:
566:
563:type species
554:
547:polyphyletic
536:
526:
520:
514:
508:
496:
490:
462:
431:
391:
377:
347:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
328:
313:
302:
294:
283:
275:
270:
242:
230:
218:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
35:Smooth newt
29:
3822:Lissotriton
3616:iNaturalist
3512:AmphibiaWeb
3497:Wikispecies
3310:: 532–540.
3123:13 December
2948:(1): 4453.
2807:13 December
2581:L. italicus
2511:13 December
2500:: 395–396.
2456:. Biology.
1884:20 December
1665:gravel pits
1657:destruction
1592:ranaviruses
1585:Cannibalism
1569:Grass snake
1339:, has been
1313:Carpathians
1174:L. kosswigi
1145:L. italicus
1058:Carpathians
986:L. vulgaris
946:Lissotriton
936:Lissotriton
837:regularly.
779:Description
559:Thomas Bell
555:Lissotriton
528:Lissotriton
473:destruction
393:Lissotriton
343:common newt
331:smooth newt
211:Subspecies
164:Lissotriton
3811:Categories
3726:Q109500894
3333:10379/6626
3265:22 October
3237:1 November
3196:1 November
3109:Salamandra
1753:1 November
1705:References
1606:(of which
1604:trematodes
1600:protozoans
1598:, various
1528:pheromones
1345:salamander
1341:introduced
1114:L. graecus
967:Body shape
858:chromosome
843:Albinistic
705:ampelensis
610:subspecies
522:Salamandra
398:subspecies
365:introduced
3375:(3): 56.
3369:Diversity
3342:103494922
2799:: 21–22.
2770:249300071
2593:(1): 55.
2327:206183624
1696:Captivity
1681:phalanges
1638:red lists
1614:helminths
1516:Migration
1445:hibernate
1441:nocturnal
1353:Melbourne
1349:pet trade
1178:Northern
1118:Southern
1084:L. lantzi
1021:L. boscai
976:Tail end
847:leucistic
724:gene flow
688:Evolution
434:nocturnal
427:hybridise
369:Australia
236:Boulenger
171:Species:
109:Kingdom:
103:Eukaryota
3720:Wikidata
3482:Wikidata
3450:46977273
3442:29932078
3275:cite web
3228:Archived
3190:Archived
3164:29502544
3117:Archived
3082:27758178
3074:23506789
3019:28005212
2980:30872735
2905:17638673
2852:83929007
2801:Archived
2721:92084541
2675:Archived
2671:18950725
2619:29255477
2558:26 April
2502:Archived
2423:15969729
2377:86108465
2319:27288862
2274:19 April
2265:Archived
2072:16969762
2036:Triturus
2019:16815049
1878:Archived
1847:18 April
1841:Archived
1797:28797693
1783:: 1–12.
1669:quarries
1634:Taxonomy
1581:plankton
1554:aquarium
1421:brackish
1180:Anatolia
1089:Caucasus
948:species
914:resorbed
835:shed off
717:diverged
713:vulgaris
701:Taxonomy
597:vulgaris
567:Triturus
551:lineages
538:Triturus
533:synonyms
487:Taxonomy
438:habitats
288:Laurenti
264:Synonyms
203:Linnaeus
149:Family:
133:Amphibia
123:Chordata
119:Phylum:
113:Animalia
99:Domain:
76:IUCN 3.1
3787:ZooBank
3766:2431894
3699:1041774
3595:5218405
3488:Q215247
3312:Bibcode
3172:3709643
2971:6418247
2950:Bibcode
2896:2391198
2610:5727953
2431:7484766
2403:Bibcode
2357:Bibcode
2299:Bibcode
2050:Bibcode
1425:marbled
1404:conifer
1400:habitat
1311:In the
1290:Balkans
1282:Siberia
1274:Ireland
1120:Balkans
953:Species
854:diploid
749:refugia
648:), the
467:by the
450:display
373:migrate
238:, 1882)
226:, 1951)
205:, 1758)
159:Genus:
143:Urodela
139:Order:
129:Class:
74: (
3779:776599
3634:775922
3621:556656
3582:316365
3569:333313
3543:152518
3448:
3440:
3340:
3170:
3162:
3080:
3072:
3027:531673
3025:
3017:
2978:
2968:
2903:
2893:
2850:
2768:
2719:
2684:10 May
2669:
2617:
2607:
2429:
2421:
2375:
2325:
2317:
2200:
2093:
2070:
2038:newts"
2017:
1952:
1795:
1376:Geneva
1211:square
1184:square
1124:square
1062:square
962:Other
906:larvae
900:Larvae
871:cloaca
805:cloaca
767:) and
761:alpine
697:
656:) and
608:Three
588:Triton
583:lissós
576:λισσός
510:Triton
405:, the
384:lizard
357:Europe
320:, 1918
309:, 1820
307:Merrem
290:, 1768
3753:10852
3748:EUNIS
3740:3RMY3
3647:59481
3577:EUNIS
3556:72KTZ
3446:S2CID
3338:S2CID
3231:(PDF)
3216:(PDF)
3168:S2CID
3078:S2CID
3023:S2CID
2848:S2CID
2766:S2CID
2717:S2CID
2678:(PDF)
2667:S2CID
2637:(PDF)
2505:(PDF)
2490:(PDF)
2427:S2CID
2373:S2CID
2323:S2CID
2268:(PDF)
2243:(PDF)
2192:[
1413:ponds
1374:near
1357:frogs
1025:West
910:gills
831:toxin
827:mucus
603:Latin
571:Greek
543:newts
516:Molge
505:genus
446:ponds
388:genus
382:as a
367:into
3774:ITIS
3761:GBIF
3673:8324
3668:NCBI
3642:IUCN
3629:ITIS
3608:1985
3603:GISD
3590:GBIF
3538:BOLD
3517:4303
3438:PMID
3410:)".
3285:link
3281:link
3267:2021
3239:2020
3198:2020
3160:PMID
3125:2020
3070:PMID
3048:and
3015:PMID
2997:)".
2976:PMID
2901:PMID
2809:2020
2686:2020
2615:PMID
2579:and
2560:2020
2513:2020
2419:PMID
2315:PMID
2276:2020
2198:ISBN
2091:ISBN
2068:PMID
2046:308B
2015:PMID
1950:ISBN
1886:2020
1849:2020
1793:PMID
1755:2020
1738:2009
1626:IUCN
1594:, a
1509:efts
1453:efts
1372:Alps
1158:none
1155:none
1037:none
1034:none
919:efts
845:and
829:and
803:The
734:has
620:and
525:and
475:and
458:efts
413:and
361:Asia
353:newt
329:The
318:Dunn
224:Fuhn
3735:CoL
3686:448
3655:NBN
3564:EoL
3551:CoL
3525:ASW
3428:hdl
3420:doi
3387:hdl
3377:doi
3328:hdl
3320:doi
3308:106
3224:116
3152:doi
3062:doi
3007:doi
3003:162
2966:PMC
2958:doi
2891:PMC
2883:doi
2840:doi
2797:144
2756:doi
2752:160
2709:doi
2657:hdl
2649:doi
2605:PMC
2595:doi
2462:doi
2411:doi
2365:doi
2307:doi
2255:doi
2118:doi
2058:doi
2007:doi
1979:doi
1942:doi
1870:doi
1833:doi
1785:doi
1781:116
1742:doi
1675:To
1667:or
995:to
680:".
640:),
341:or
3813::
3789::
3776::
3763::
3750::
3737::
3722::
3696::
3683::
3670::
3657::
3644::
3631::
3618::
3605::
3592::
3579::
3566::
3553::
3540::
3527::
3514::
3499::
3484::
3444:.
3436:.
3426:.
3416:97
3414:.
3385:.
3373:10
3371:.
3367:.
3336:.
3326:.
3318:.
3306:.
3277:}}
3273:{{
3222:.
3218:.
3166:.
3158:.
3148:93
3146:.
3113:45
3111:.
3107:.
3105:)"
3076:.
3068:.
3058:88
3056:.
3021:.
3013:.
3001:.
2974:.
2964:.
2956:.
2944:.
2940:.
2899:.
2889:.
2877:.
2873:.
2871:)"
2846:.
2836:28
2834:.
2826:,
2795:.
2791:.
2764:.
2750:.
2746:.
2715:.
2705:40
2703:.
2673:.
2665:.
2655:.
2645:17
2643:.
2639:.
2613:.
2603:.
2591:14
2589:.
2585:.
2534:^
2496:.
2492:.
2452:.
2425:.
2417:.
2409:.
2399:14
2397:.
2385:^
2371:.
2363:.
2353:42
2351:.
2335:^
2321:.
2313:.
2305:.
2295:25
2293:.
2263:.
2251:39
2249:.
2245:.
2212:^
2130:^
2066:.
2056:.
2044:.
2040:.
2013:.
2003:41
2001:.
1975:44
1973:.
1948:.
1894:^
1876:.
1839:.
1827:.
1805:^
1791:.
1779:.
1763:^
1736:.
1730:.
1712:^
1692:.
1652:.
1616:.
1602:,
1583:.
1556:.
1542:.
1482:,
1417:pH
1382:.
925:.
880::
711:,
707:,
616:,
605:.
519:,
513:,
483:.
409:,
337:,
333:,
3452:.
3430::
3422::
3395:.
3389::
3379::
3344:.
3330::
3322::
3314::
3287:)
3269:.
3241:.
3200:.
3174:.
3154::
3127:.
3084:.
3064::
3029:.
3009::
2982:.
2960::
2952::
2946:9
2921:.
2907:.
2885::
2879:3
2854:.
2842::
2811:.
2772:.
2758::
2723:.
2711::
2688:.
2659::
2651::
2621:.
2597::
2583:"
2562:.
2548:"
2515:.
2498:4
2487:"
2470:.
2464::
2458:3
2433:.
2413::
2405::
2379:.
2367::
2359::
2329:.
2309::
2301::
2278:.
2257::
2206:.
2124:.
2120::
2099:.
2074:.
2060::
2052::
2021:.
2009::
1985:.
1981::
1958:.
1944::
1888:.
1872::
1851:.
1835::
1821:"
1799:.
1787::
1757:.
1744::
1728:"
1724:"
1427:(
1323:(
1231:*
1172:*
1112:*
1082:*
1051:*
771:(
763:(
755:(
668:(
660:(
652:(
644:(
636:(
580:(
345:(
234:(
222:(
201:(
78:)
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
