740:. Although Kwakʼwala and Kwakwakaʼwakw culture have been well-studied by linguists and anthropologists, the efforts did not reverse the trends leading to language loss. According to Guy Buchholtzer, "The anthropological discourse had too often become a long monologue, in which the Kwakwakaʼwakw had nothing to say." As a result of these pressures, there are relatively few Kwakʼwala speakers today, and most remaining speakers are past the age of child-raising, which is considered crucial for language transmission. As with many other indigenous languages, there are significant barriers to language revitalization.
8746:
283:
3138:. C refers to one of the stem consonants. Stress marks show the location of primary stress in the suffixed form. In non-reduplicative forms, they indicate that the stem itself bears stress. In reduplicative forms, stress marks indicate which stem syllable bears stress. When no stress mark is included, stress assignment follows the regular pattern for Kwakʼwala stress. Cells with multiple options are given as in the original chart; it is not clear whether the optionality is systematic in any way.
3149:); its meaning is also unclear. A few corrections to the original chart are made in the version above. Class 2 suffixes are listed in this chart as "all -", i.e. lengthening all stems. However, all the class 2 suffixes described by Boas which productively apply to roots of type B or C leave stems unchanged rather than triggering lengthening. This also adheres to the phonotactics of Kwakʼwala, which do not allow super-heavy syllables of the type which would be created by lengthening these stems.
3423:) rejects these morphosyntactic classifications and divides suffixes into various classes based mainly on semantic criteria. Nevertheless, there are morphosyntactic facts that distinguish classes of suffixes, including suffix ordering and the existence of paradigms for certain suffix types. At a minimum, there is sufficient evidence from syntax and phonology to distinguish between stem-forming suffixes and inflectional suffixes. The classes are comparable to the distinction between
725:
439:
451:
77:
36:
4177:
the entity has no overt exponent, a pronominal clitic will be used. Clitics always precede the nominal with which they agree, which violates the generalization that Kwakʼwala affixes are always suffixing. However, the clitic always forms a phonological word with the preceding word rather than the nominal, with the result that the suffixing generalization is always true as far as the phonology is concerned.
179:
6590:
744:"Supernatural" in Kwakʼwala. The project's goal is to revitalize the language, and to be a place where Kwak̓wala is spoken fluently by community members of all ages. A review of revitalization efforts in the 1990s shows that the potential to fully revitalize Kwakʼwala still remains, but serious hurdles also exist. The language is taught at The Uʼmista Cultural Center in
5987:(CMS) North Pacific Mission in British Columbia. He arrived at Fort Rupert in 1881 and worked amongst the Kwakuitl people at Fort Rupert and Alert Bay. He learnt the Kwakʼwala language, and created an orthography for the language based upon the Latin alphabet used by English. He produced portions of the Book of Common Prayer in 1888 which was published by the
7690:
6022:, which largely resembles the Grubb orthography. Variants of this orthography allow for easier computer typesetting. For example, instead of marking ejective consonants with an apostrophe printed above the consonant, the apostrophe may be printed as a separate character following the consonant. Linguistic works on Kwakʼwala typically use an
6574:(meaning "speakers of Kwakʼwala") are an ethnic group comprising multiple tribes sharing the Kwakʼwala language. However, the Kwakʼwala spoken by each tribe exhibits often significant dialectal differences. There are four major unambiguous dialects of Kwakʼwala: Kwak̓wala, ʼNak̓wala, G̱uc̓ala and T̓łat̓łasik̓wala.
774:, researchers Sara Child and Caroline Running Wolf have combined technology and indigenous pedagogy to provide multiple resources for learning Kwakʼwala. As of 2022, they seek to use virtual or augmented reality along with text-to-speech software to create an immersive learning experience for Kwakʼwala learners.
835:(voiceless, voiced, and ejective). There is an extensive series of distinctions between rounded and non-rounded consonants in the dorsal region. Notably, there are no velar consonants without secondary articulation: they are all either palatalized or labialized. The consonants are shown in the following table.
5951:). Clitics are positioned at the left edge of the noun they agree with but lean phonologically to their left. The result is a systematic mismatch between syntactic and phonological constituent structure such that on the surface, each prenominal word appears to be inflected to agree with the following noun.
5112:
constructions. These suffixes can be either prenominal/pronominal or postnominal. First person genitives allow either form. Third person genitives observe a robust differentiation between those cases in which the subject and possessor are the same entity and those in which they are not. In the former
6010:
Although the
Boasian orthography was able to capture almost all of the important features of Kwakʼwala, it was difficult for Kwakʼwala speakers to use: it was impossible to write with a standard typewriter due to its abundant use of special symbols, and it used some standard letters very differently
1449:
In addition to the somewhat unpredictable set of changes, the patterns involved in weakening are further complicated by the fact that some suffixes weaken stops but do not affect fricatives. Boas lists 11 suffixes weakening stops and affricates but not fricatives; these suffixes are indicated by the
4176:
An entity can be present in a sentence in one of three ways: as a full overt noun, as a pronoun, or without any overt exponent. In each case, the entity will also be represented by an agreement clitic. If the entity takes the form of a noun or pronoun, the clitic will be from the prenominal set; if
3152:
Therefore, the chart above treats class 2 suffixes as causing no change in roots of these types. Additionally, several forms in the original chart have "-" in place of "+" in reduplicative forms. They are taken as errors here, and corrected in the chart above. Root classes C2 and C3 are included in
3133:
For example, class 7 suffixes added to C1 roots trigger reduplication on the pattern -+= which means that the reduplicative stem has two syllables, with the first syllable long and the second syllable preserving the length of the original stem. ˘ indicates a short copy; thus a 6a suffix on a D root
3113:
or a full vowel V, and final consonants including plain voiceless obstruents (T), voiced obstruents (D), glides (Y), other sonorants (R) and glottalized versions of each of T and R (Tʼ and Rˀ). Cells show the effect of suffixes belonging to the various classes (columns) on roots or stems of various
3418:
Expansion of stems through suffixation is a central feature of the language, which transforms a relatively small lexicon of roots into a large and precise vocabulary. Different linguistic analyses have grouped these suffixes into classes in various ways, including "formative" vs. "incremental" and
6639:
Lewis says they already have a mentor-apprentice program where a fluent elder works one-on-one with a qualified teacher for 300 hours, and between that elder and teacher, she is confident they could create a three-year pilot program that would provide a full immersion program. "We just want three
6006:
provided tens of thousands of pages of the language in which he worked with Boas to officially document. Through this data collection, Boas and Hunt developed a systematic orthography for documentation of Kwakʼwala, which captured almost all of the important distinctions in the language (although
660:
While Kwakʼwala had no written records until
European contact, archeological and linguistic evidence shed light on its prehistory. Northern and Southern branches of the Wakashan language family split approximately 2,900 years ago. Northern Wakashan (or Kwakiutlan) speakers likely expanded outward
743:
However, a number of revitalization efforts have recently attempted to reverse language loss for Kwakʼwala. A proposal to build a
Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations Centre for Language Culture has gained wide support. In August 2021 a Culture Camp for youth was launched in Bond Sound called Nawalakw or
4370:
accessible, there is no distinction between demonstrative and non-demonstrative clitics. However, third person clitics are distinguished in this way. As with verbal inflection, agreement clitics distinguish entities that are near and far and entities that are visible and invisible. Pronominal
1366:
Kwakʼwala appears to have an otherwise unattested pattern of repair strategies for coda condition violations. Underlyingly voiced consonants are devoiced word-finally but surface faithfully with following epenthesis when they are word-internal. Glottalized consonants remain glottalized when
1294:
The vowels of Kwakʼwala are /a e i o u ə/. There is a phonemic length distinction as well; however, not all vowels exist in both long and short versions. The phonemic status of some of the vowels in question is relatively unclear, as especially evident in the case of /a/ and /ə/. They often
5982:
Word lists and some documentation of Kwakʼwala were created from the early period of contact with
Europeans in the 18th century. The first systematic work to record the language was done by Rev Alfred James Hall (1853–1918) who was an English missionary with the Anglican
5134:
The following table shows genitive suffixes for first and second person possessors. Prenominal forms include a distinction between first and second person while the distinction in postnominal forms is made by adding the pronominal verbal inflection for the appropriate person.
1415:. Weakening and hardening suffixes alter the stem to which they attach by changing the features of the stem-final consonant. Following the Boasian orthographic tradition, the suffix types are indicated by a symbol preceding the suffix: ⟨-⟩, ⟨=⟩ or ⟨-!⟩, respectively.
3130:) indicates that the stem vowel is replaced with the vowel in the cell. Several symbols occurring together with + in the middle indicates that reduplication occurs; the symbols on each side of + indicate the shape of each syllable of the reduplicative stem.
5554:
Independent pronouns also exist in Kwakʼwala. Pronouns have verbal and nominal forms. Verbal forms inflect like other verbs. Nominal forms occur in subject, object, and instrumental forms. The full set of pronouns is shown in the following table:
3153:
this chart as they are included in his chart even though there are no known roots belonging to these classes (which would presumably have the shapes CəRR and CəRY). Root class B3 is included with the changes noted in the original chart although (
5804:
A minimal sentence consists of a predicate. Although that is syntactically simple, it is not necessarily semantically impoverished. The rich morphological system of Kwakʼwala allows the expression of many features in a single predicate:
8745:
1391:). Like its sister languages, Kwakʼwala morphology is notable for the complex effects that certain suffixes trigger or correlate with in the stems to which they affix. There are two basic categories of changes associated with suffixes:
4010:
notable feature of Kwakʼwala is the distinction made in verbal conjugation between visible and invisible subjects. A distinction is also made between subjects that are near the listener and those that are far. The verb paradigm for
6586:. Liqʼwala has sometimes been considered to be a dialect of Kwakʼwala and sometimes a separate language. The standard orthography for Liqʼwala is quite different from the most widely used orthography for Kwakʼwala.
5784:
Kwakʼwala formally distinguishes only three classes of words: predicates/substantives, particles, and exclamatory forms. Nouns and verbs are distinguished mainly by syntactic context. Thus, the bare form
5824:
In sentences with greater syntactic complexity, word order is identical to the order in which inflectional morphemes are added to a stem, stem/predicate-subject-direct object-instrument-direct object:
1359:, secondary stress falls on the second syllable following the primary stress and iteratively thereafter on every second syllable. This statement may be amended to take into account the observation of
4371:
demonstrative clitics are shown in the following table (1 indicates an entity near the speaker; 2 indicates an entity near the hearer; 3 indicates an entity distant from both hearer and speaker):
7784:
716:
in the stem which they inflect. It is also phonologically complex, having a rich consonant inventory containing phonemes – being distinct sound units – uncommon in languages worldwide.
3141:
A few symbols whose meaning is unclear have been retained directly, as given in Boas. These include V and v. The symbol -" corresponds to a special symbol in the original chart (a
6019:
5995:
in London. He produced the Gospel of
Matthew in 1882, the Gospel of John in 1884, the Gospel of Mark in 1890, the Gospel of Luke in 1894 and then the Book of Acts in 1897.
1525:
in most cases. Stem-final plain stops or affricates or sonorants become glottalized. As with weakening suffixes, the hardening patterns of fricatives are less predictable.
9614:
6627:
In 2017, according to Laurie Lewis of the Liqʼwala
Language Revitalization Committee, only 12 individuals, all over 70, were fluent Liqʼwala speakers. The Campbell River
8504:
1363:
that epenthetic vowels never bear stress, including secondary stress, and they seem to be invisible when syllables are counted for the assignment of secondary stress.
6640:
years to make some fluent speakers so we can save our language," Lewis says, "and I want to have the conversation about how we can do that. We believe we can do it."
8105:
1422:
in some cases. Plain voiceless stops and affricates are changed to their voiced equivalent. The behaviour of fricatives is somewhat less systematic. The sibilant
3410:
In addition to suffix-driven reduplication, word formation may also involve reduplication not tied to any suffix. There are at least two reduplication patterns.
1803:) distinguishes seven classes of suffix (with many subclasses), which all have different effects on some of the twenty possible root shapes which he identifies:
8720:
6209:
8665:
5991:(SPCK). This was expanded in 1900. He produced a Grammar of the language in 1889. He translated some books of the New Testament which were published by the
5120:
is added to the prenominal genitive marker, and the possessed noun take the postnominal demonstrative genitive ending. In the latter case, the instrumental
6346:
3443:, p. 237) In the order given by Boas, the classes correspond generally but not completely to the order in which these suffixes appear within a word:
8456:
1529:
hardens to or . (The classification is apparently arbitrary and not necessarily consistent with the weakening behavior of a given stem; a stem in which
8685:
8593:
3114:
shapes (rows). = indicates that the suffix leaves the stem unchanged. – indicates that the suffix triggers vowel lengthening in the stem (often causing
8670:
6356:
6189:
1799:
In addition to fortition and lengthening, suffixes may also be associated with lengthening or reduplication effects on the stems which precede them. (
1352:). If a word has any heavy syllables, primary stress falls on the leftmost heavy syllable. Otherwise, primary stress falls on the rightmost syllable.
786:
646:
225:
8814:
8680:
8660:
3164:"exclusively; real, really; just only; common," which belongs to class 3f. Its effect on roots of various shapes is shown in the following table.
8492:
8690:
7847:
7815:
4546:
forms (which precede proper names, indefinite nouns, and third person possessive forms whose possessor is not the subject of the sentence) and
8695:
8961:
8480:
8468:
6012:
4733:
Another set of suffixes is used to simultaneously indicate the subject and object/instrument, as shown in the following tables. (When the
8784:
8710:
8534:
7972:
461:
6204:
9619:
8620:
7586:
7536:
7391:
8764:
8730:
7299:
6011:
from
English orthography, which was familiar to many Kwakwakaʼwakw. A practical orthography, developed by the Kwakwakaʼwakw linguist
6002:
in the late 19th and early 20th century. However, Boas was not solely responsible for the data collection of the Kwakʼwala language;
5988:
737:
7919:
1348:; otherwise it is light. A moraic coda is a non-glottalized sonorant. Thus, /pən/ counts as a heavy syllable, while /pət/ is light (
7274:
677:
through the late 19th to mid-20th centuries; elders and second-language learners are currently rebuilding its speaking population.
8887:
7596:
7566:
7551:
7531:
7526:
7454:
7439:
7429:
7401:
7319:
7289:
7264:
6401:
6371:
6336:
6259:
6234:
6219:
6122:
6092:
6052:
4737:
of the subject and object/instrument overlap, no suffix is available. Another construction must be used to express this kind of
9624:
4542:
Prenominal demonstrative clitics do not distinguish between visible and invisible entities. They are divided into two classes:
670:
9588:
8155:
8075:
141:
8774:
6979:
6773:
1148:
966:
113:
7776:
8116:
7067:
7051:
6919:
1230:
1214:
1097:
669:. Kwakʼwala was first written by missionaries during the colonization of the Pacific Northwest. As part of its policy of
483:
8799:
7873:
7996:
759:
app was released in
December 2011. An online dictionary, phrasebook, and language learning portal is available at the
752:
received funding for shelving to display its collection of First
Nations books for the benefit of Kwakʼwala speakers.
120:
9584:
8954:
8754:
7667:
6852:
5992:
3439:
The suffixes in Kwakʼwala can be grouped into at least nineteen different classes, principally on semantic grounds. (
1034:
255:
160:
63:
8844:
796:
with a very rich array of consonantal contrasts and relatively few vowel phonemes, frequent use of a reduced vowel /
9039:
7180:
6023:
5127:
attaches to the postnominal genitive ending on the possessed noun, and the prenominal suffix remains unchanged. (
473:
5538:
Prenominal forms for the objective and instrumental are formed by suffixing the prenominal forms given above to
3134:
will produce a reduplicative stem, with the second syllable being short and the first syllable having a nucleus
127:
9519:
8613:
287:
Marianne
Nicolson's The House of the Ghosts, 2008. Text in Kwakʼwala and English at the Vancouver Art Gallery
98:
9087:
8172:
7225:
6027:
94:
49:
9443:
9423:
8947:
7194:
6972:
6766:
1309:
analyzes that only the vowels /ə/ and /a/ are phonemic, with the remaining ones being allophonic: /i/ from
1141:
959:
425:
109:
8224:
6504:
6499:
6494:
6489:
5966:
5956:
5813:
5807:
5793:
5787:
5772:
5766:
5756:
5751:
5746:
5741:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5701:
5696:
5691:
5678:
5673:
5668:
5663:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5585:
5547:
5541:
5530:
5524:
5518:
5512:
5501:
5495:
5487:
5473:
5467:
5461:
5455:
5444:
5438:
5432:
5426:
5412:
5406:
5400:
5394:
5383:
5377:
5371:
5365:
5319:
5313:
5307:
5295:
5289:
5283:
5268:
5262:
5256:
5252:
5240:
5234:
5230:
5224:
5220:
5205:
5199:
5193:
5181:
5175:
5169:
5165:
5123:
5116:
5100:
5094:
5088:
5082:
5076:
5065:
5056:
5047:
5036:
5030:
5010:
4987:
4981:
4923:
4909:
4903:
4897:
4892:
4887:
4877:
4868:
4860:
4850:
4844:
4824:
4801:
4795:
4725:
4719:
4713:
4707:
4701:
4697:
4691:
4680:
4676:
4670:
4666:
4660:
4656:
4650:
4646:
4640:
4634:
4623:
4617:
4611:
4605:
4599:
4593:
4534:
4528:
4522:
4511:
4505:
4499:
4485:
4479:
4475:
4469:
4458:
4452:
4446:
4432:
4426:
4420:
4409:
4403:
4397:
4358:
4352:
4346:
4340:
4334:
4314:
4308:
4302:
4285:
4276:
4257:
4248:
4229:
4220:
4163:
4158:
4148:
4143:
4133:
4128:
4118:
4113:
4103:
4098:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4068:
4055:
4045:
4040:
4013:
3973:
3967:
3960:
3954:
3944:
3937:
3930:
3924:
3914:
3907:
3897:
3891:
3884:
3878:
3868:
3862:
3855:
3849:
3839:
3833:
3826:
3820:
3810:
3804:
3797:
3791:
3781:
3775:
3768:
3762:
3752:
3746:
3739:
3733:
3723:
3717:
3710:
3704:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3675:
3665:
3659:
3649:
3643:
3636:
3629:
3619:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3585:
3579:
3572:
3566:
3556:
3550:
3543:
3537:
3527:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3498:
3492:
3485:
3479:
3469:
3463:
3456:
3450:
3394:
3389:
3376:
3371:
3358:
3353:
3340:
3336:
3331:
3318:
3313:
3300:
3295:
3282:
3277:
3264:
3259:
3246:
3241:
3228:
3223:
3210:
3205:
3192:
3187:
3161:
3135:
3127:
3123:
3119:
3115:
3109:
3082:
3076:
3040:
2987:
2930:
2875:
2752:
2711:
2655:
2595:
2540:
2466:
2430:
2414:
2408:
2399:
2392:
2351:
2337:
2286:
2272:
2256:
2216:
2202:
2149:
2084:
2055:
2015:
2001:
1993:
1982:
1978:
1969:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1926:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1766:
1761:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1606:
1601:
1596:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1499:
1495:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1275:
1268:
1263:
1256:
1251:
1173:
1161:
1156:
1122:
1110:
1105:
1059:
1047:
1042:
991:
979:
974:
797:
9609:
9565:
9329:
8675:
7159:
7016:
6912:
1179:
1090:
745:
732:
The use of Kwakʼwala declined significantly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly due to the
4917:
In the preceding table, forms with a first person object do not use a verbal suffix. Rather, they use a
3721:"passive of verbs expressing sensations and mental actions; also sensations produced by outer actions" (
1399:, of a stem-final consonant, and expansion of stem material through vowel lengthening or reduplication.
696:, with multiple of these meanings often existing in a single suffix. Kwakʼwala has suffixes marking the
17:
7670:
passed a motion to pilot a Liqʼwala immersion program at Ripple Rock Elementary in Campbell River, BC.
7208:
7058:
7002:
6759:
6752:
6406:
4270:
4242:
1305:
between /a/ and /ə/ but concludes that those vowels must be underlyingly distinct in some other cases.
1302:
1221:
1167:
952:
945:
902:
736:
policies of the Canadian government, and above all the mandatory attendance of Kwakwaʼwakw children at
8918:
1295:
interchange in different instances of the same stem or suffix, depending on the phonological content.
8989:
8824:
8606:
8132:
7851:
7825:
7735:
6988:
6845:
6780:
6003:
1027:
8582:
7168:
6801:
3424:
1380:
985:
204:
9403:
9339:
7820:
7740:
6838:
6831:
6787:
1020:
1013:
87:
9097:
8789:
764:
9571:
9550:
9286:
8568:
8034:
7898:
6905:
6898:
5984:
3986:
There are two major types of inflectional suffixes in Kwakʼwala: verbal suffixes that modify a
3107:, p. 235), with a few alterations. Root shapes refer to an initial consonant C, a nucleus
1083:
1076:
681:
638:
307:
221:
8913:
8819:
8794:
8145:
7748:
7653:
7042:
7035:
6926:
6875:
4734:
1205:
1198:
1053:
812:
9152:
8700:
8497:
Existential Faithfulness: A Study of Reduplicative TETU, Feature Movement, and Dissimilation
134:
9555:
9367:
9256:
9079:
9044:
9006:
8809:
8804:
8427:(1947). Helene Boas Yampolsky (ed.). "Kwakiutl Grammar (With a Glossary of the Suffixes)".
7765:. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 72, No. 3 (July 2006), pp. 295- 324.
6947:
6861:
1116:
9112:
8923:
7997:"Researchers in B.C. could help save one of the world's most complex Indigenous languages"
6018:
Practical writing of Kwakʼwala today is typically done in the orthography promoted by the
8:
9560:
9524:
9200:
9069:
8970:
8250:
7927:
6933:
4007:
3987:
1355:
Secondary stress also occurs, but its distribution is less well understood. According to
828:
654:
9534:
9469:
9311:
9248:
9233:
9102:
9024:
9019:
8779:
8444:
8412:
8380:
8348:
8057:
6891:
6664:
6659:
6632:
6631:
reported in 2017 that an attempt would be made to teach the dialect through a Liqʼwala
1342:
1069:
888:
853:
848:
808:
713:
693:
689:
650:
345:
230:
1367:
word-final but surface with a following epenthetic vowel when they are word-internal (
417:
9514:
9464:
9319:
9301:
9296:
9276:
9271:
9223:
9157:
8769:
8563:
8416:
8384:
8352:
8151:
7187:
6824:
6704:
6684:
6669:
5948:
3146:
1006:
895:
881:
873:
858:
816:
705:
697:
8199:
7729:
479:
55:
9509:
9499:
9484:
9479:
9474:
9398:
9393:
9383:
9349:
9291:
9238:
9185:
9147:
9092:
9054:
9014:
8984:
8829:
8520:
8436:
8404:
8372:
8340:
8314:
6679:
6621:
6199:
6007:
some features, such as vowel length and stress, were not recorded systematically).
5940:
868:
701:
685:
666:
662:
594:
548:
8629:
8083:
6391:
6097:
5328:
Genitive suffixes with a third-person possessor are shown in the following table:
3599:, which turns a static or intransitive verb or a noun into a transitive verb: cf.
712:
including distance from and visibility to the speaker. These suffixes can trigger
634:
506:
318:
9504:
9494:
9489:
9448:
9357:
9324:
9281:
9228:
9218:
9213:
9208:
9167:
9142:
9137:
9132:
9127:
9107:
9059:
9049:
8834:
8735:
8319:
8302:
7228:
and thus varies significantly from the orthography employed by other dialects of
6674:
6617:
5944:
1338:
863:
733:
337:
9117:
6341:
6067:
5970:
in terms of syntactical constituency. That nominal, in turn, includes a clitic /
728:
The Tʼlisalagiʼlakw School near Alert Bay has made efforts to restore Kwakʼwala.
430:
282:
9438:
9388:
9362:
9261:
9122:
9064:
7789:
7121:
7112:
7105:
7096:
7089:
7082:
4738:
1245:
801:
642:
7763:
Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan
6582:
In addition to those dialects, there are also Kwakwakaʼwakw tribes that speak
5791:"sit" is a verb; combined with an article-like particle, it serves as a noun:
9603:
9428:
9034:
9029:
8867:
8513:
Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
7009:
6995:
6954:
6940:
6882:
6868:
6808:
6794:
6745:
6716:
1549:
in a hardening context surfaces with an additional following glottal stop: .
1388:
1345:
938:
909:
749:
709:
194:
8715:
9529:
9433:
9190:
8650:
8645:
8573:
8525:
8508:
7948:
7886:
6815:
6381:
6351:
6117:
6087:
6072:
5932:
4918:
997:
760:
674:
214:
8461:
Alternations in Place and Laryngeality: On the Coda Condition of Kwakwʼala
5954:
That can be seen in the preceding example: the sentence-initial predicate
3994:, which may agree with a noun present in the sentence, or may be entirely
724:
401:
9175:
8558:
7777:"Kwakʼwala Language Retention and Renewal: A Review with Recommendations"
1533:
becomes when weakened may become either or when it is hardened, etc.)
8705:
8061:
6583:
4017:"to go" (classified as a Paradigm 2 verb) illustrates these properties (
379:
9266:
8857:
8485:
A Practical Writing System and Short Dictionary of Kwakwʼala (Kwakiutl)
8448:
8424:
8392:
8360:
8328:
8298:
8282:
8266:
7591:
7571:
7561:
7556:
7546:
7541:
7459:
7449:
7444:
7434:
7424:
7396:
7314:
7309:
7304:
7284:
7279:
7269:
7259:
7254:
7244:
6396:
6376:
6366:
6361:
6331:
6264:
6254:
6249:
6239:
6229:
6214:
6112:
6107:
6102:
6082:
6077:
6062:
6057:
6047:
5999:
3428:
789:
8939:
8725:
8655:
1446:
alternates with both and . Sonorants weaken by becoming glottalized.
9180:
8852:
6962:
6739:
6650:
1522:
1392:
1131:
932:
839:
438:
410:
394:
8877:
8440:
450:
76:
8908:
8862:
8408:
8376:
8344:
7024:
6697:
5817:"I have this one for my husband (lit. I am husband owner of him)" (
5109:
3431:
morphology although they are not necessarily homologous with them.
1419:
1396:
1187:
804:
630:
491:
8882:
7848:"SFU News Online – Native language centre planned – July 07, 2005"
3157:, p. 217) states that there are no known roots of this type.
8553:
8395:(1932). "Notes on Some Recent Changes in the Kwakiutl language".
6734:
4927:"to come". The auxiliary precedes the main verb in the sentence.
3995:
1556:
The table below illustrates how various roots weaken and harden.
927:
832:
793:
487:
8598:
8024:
The presence of an underlying vowel in these forms is uncertain.
3911:"referring to a previous subject of conversation or narrative";
657:, revitalization efforts are underway to preserve the language.
8892:
5936:
5928:
4367:
3991:
1498:/ "place where there are many (plants etc.)" – does not weaken
1407:
Suffixes fall into three classes according to their behaviour:
1384:
771:
756:
665:, displacing Salishan languages on the mainland of what is now
458:
296:
8048:
Berman, Judith (1994). "George Hunt and the Kwakʼwala Texts".
621:
8872:
8253:(1984). "Kwakwala Syntax and the Government-binding Theory".
7416:
7411:
6194:
5974:/, syntactically connected to the following noun, and so on.
5931:
are used to mark agreement with nouns, including clitics for
606:
569:
557:
7581:
7576:
7386:
6589:
6386:
6244:
827:
The consonantal inventory of Kwakʼwala includes a three-way
645:. It has shared considerable influence with other languages
8147:
Assu of Cape Mudge: Recollections of a Coastal Indian Chief
3142:
684:, having many suffixes conveying distinct meanings such as
575:
7406:
7294:
7249:
6224:
615:
490:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8578:
3785:"master (i.e. the one by whom one is owned as a slave)").
1470:/ "to do something while doing something else" – weakens
1383:
system which, like other Wakashan languages, is entirely
612:
3534:
Limitations of form: Generally used with numerals, e.g.
457:
Kwakʼwala is classified as Critically Endangered by the
7775:
Anthony, Robert J.; Davis, Henry; Powell, J.V. (2003).
5912:
clubbed -the man -OBJ -the {sea otter} -INSTR -his club
3160:
An example of a suffix that triggers stem changes is -!
1426:
alternates with or , depending on the root. The velar
767:
were put online by the Canadian Bible Society in 2020.
7874:"Revitalizing Vancouver Island's Indigenous languages"
1478:"continuing motion in a definite direction" – weakens
8225:"Appendix A. Kwak̓wala alphabets and transliteration"
8106:"Kwak̓wala 5 to 12, Integrated Resource Package 2010"
8080:
Uʼmista Cultural Society: Language Education Products
609:
603:
600:
566:
563:
554:
551:
6033:
6015:, became the standard system for writing Kwakʼwala.
4550:
forms (which precede all other nouns and pronouns):
4366:
Because first and second person entities are always
3496:"open space, bottom of sea, world, beach, in body" (
1442:
does not change in a weakening context. The lateral
618:
572:
9615:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
8574:
Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwakʼwala Be Revived?
8463:. Manuscript: University of California, Santa Cruz.
7887:
Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwakʼwala Be Revived?
5998:Another attempt to record the language was made by
5909:
kʷixid -ida bəɡʷanəm -a -χa qʼasa -s -is tʼəlwaɢaju
597:
560:
101:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8588:
8569:Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Kwakʼwala
8429:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
7774:
7728:
7727:
4180:Verbal suffixes are shown in the following table:
1341:. A syllable is heavy if it has a long vowel or a
671:forced cultural assimilation of indigenous peoples
8287:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
8020:
8018:
8016:
7813:
3405:
220:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
9601:
3505:Special locatives referring to body parts: e.g.
785:Kwakʼwala phonology exhibits many traits of the
8331:(1924). "A Revised List of Kwakiutl Suffixes".
8285:(1893). "Vocabulary of the Kwakiutl language".
673:, the Canadian government suppressed Kwakʼwala
8435:(3). American Philosophical Society: 201–377.
8269:(1975). "Long Vowels and Stress in Kwakiutl".
8013:
6569:
5915:The man clubbed the sea-otter with his club. (
3647:"to be in the position of performing an act" (
1450:notation ⟨=⟩ as seen in the following list: /=
748:. In 2012, the Nuyumbalees Cultural Centre on
8955:
8614:
8397:International Journal of American Linguistics
8365:International Journal of American Linguistics
8333:International Journal of American Linguistics
8115:. 2010. p. E-4–E-6. Archived from
6602:
8363:(1931). "Notes on the Kwakiutl Vocabulary".
7917:
7899:"Reliable Prosperity: Cultural Preservation"
792:of which it is a part. They include a large
8499:. PhD dissertation: University of Maryland.
7920:"Preserving a language one shelf at a time"
5964:/, which belongs together with the nominal
64:Learn how and when to remove these messages
8962:
8948:
8621:
8607:
8539:Sonority Constraints on Prosodic Structure
8509:"Metrical Structure in Wakashan Phonology"
8143:
5776:"to go" (in the second and third person).
3592:Suffixes creating a transitive verb: e.g.
1402:
449:
437:
281:
8815:Mamalilikulla-QweʼQwaʼSotʼEm First Nation
8765:Campbell River First Nation (Wei Wai Kum)
8524:
8455:
8318:
8133:Kwakwa̱ka̱'wakw/Kʷakʷəkəw̓akʷ Communities
7661:
7224:Liqʼwala follows an orthography based on
5989:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
5828:kʷixidida bəɡʷanəmaχa qʼasasis tʼəlwaɢaju
1510:/ "in front of house, body, mountain"; /=
1368:
256:Learn how and when to remove this message
161:Learn how and when to remove this message
8491:
8249:
6588:
5920:
5811:"I shall try to get you to be my wife";
3981:
3640:"to sleep continuously, all the time");
3434:
723:
462:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
8969:
8144:Inglis, Joy; Assu, Harry (2011-11-01).
3872:"in a dream it was seen that he went").
484:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
9602:
8503:
8170:
8164:
8047:
5887:
3708:"passive of verbs with instrumental" (
1356:
8943:
8770:Cape Mudge First Nation (Wei Wai Kai)
8602:
8479:
8467:
8194:
8192:
7840:
6656:
5560:
5333:
4171:
3560:"only once along street of village").
1458:/ "mouth, opening, to talk about"; /=
1298:
845:
526: T̓łat̓łasik̓wala
8475:. MA thesis: University of Victoria.
8423:
8391:
8359:
8327:
8297:
8281:
8265:
8222:
8113:School District 85, British Columbia
7749:participating institution membership
5916:
5818:
5798:
5770:"to come" (in the first person) and
5764:Object forms are clearly related to
5128:
4018:
4001:
3817:Adverbial/adjectival suffixes: e.g.
3440:
3420:
3154:
3104:
3103:The chart follows the one given in (
1800:
1494:"to go attend, to be on the way"; /=
1360:
1306:
649:, especially those of the unrelated
172:
99:adding citations to reliable sources
70:
29:
8533:
8173:"How do you save a dying language?"
5860:
3779:"the one by whom one is owned as" (
1349:
24:
8589:First Peoples' Cultural Foundation
8189:
7785:First Peoples' Cultural Foundation
7716:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
6622:Vancouver Island, British Columbia
3977:"to stand in a row in the house").
3964:"to lift a load out of a canoe");
3958:"motion without cessation, away" (
3473:"sea hunter on flat, i.e. Orion").
1374:
1332:
675:and outlawed its attendant culture
210:for transliterated languages, and
190:of its non-English content, using
25:
9636:
9620:First Nations languages in Canada
8628:
8547:
8487:. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
8303:"Sketch of the Kwakiutl language"
7814:Jamieson-McLarnon, Susan (2005).
7668:School District 72 Campbell River
7207:
7193:
7186:
7179:
7167:
7158:
7120:
7111:
7104:
7095:
7088:
7066:
7057:
7050:
7041:
7034:
7015:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6978:
6971:
6953:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6881:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6851:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6814:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6034:Uʼmista Cultural Society alphabet
5993:British and Foreign Bible Society
3830:"your real supernatural power");
3197:"hit with fist and nothing else"
1794:
1229:
1220:
1213:
1204:
1197:
1178:
1166:
1147:
1140:
1115:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1052:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
996:
984:
965:
958:
951:
944:
763:Kwakʼwala Community Portal. The
45:This article has multiple issues.
8744:
7816:"Native language centre planned"
7219:
3843:"a great number of sea otters").
3743:"some of them vomit in house");
3727:"to be affected by a furuncle").
3419:"governing" vs. "restrictive". (
770:With funding from the nonprofit
593:
547:
177:
75:
34:
8242:
8216:
8137:
8126:
8098:
8068:
8041:
8027:
7989:
7965:
7941:
7911:
7891:
7691:"Aboriginal Mother Tongue (90)"
6612:), is an endangered dialect of
3971:"plural of locative suffixes" (
3772:"season of scarcity of food");
3576:"he went (about a week ago)");
3413:
86:needs additional citations for
53:or discuss these issues on the
7973:"FirstVoices: Learn Kwak̓wala"
7880:
7866:
7807:
7768:
7755:
7721:
7708:
7683:
6644:
5977:
5113:case, the instrumental suffix
3714:"it is paid to the midwife");
3589:"used to be a canoe-builder").
3406:Other word-formation processes
653:. While Kwakʼwala is severely
522: ʼNak̓wala
520: Kwak̓wala
226:multilingual support templates
13:
1:
9625:Endangered Wakashan languages
8800:Daʼnaxdaʼxw Awaetlatla Nation
8775:Gwaʼsala-ʼNakwaxdaʼxw Nations
8594:Liq̓ʷala interactive alphabet
8564:Northwest Coast keyboard maps
7676:
7226:Americanist phonetic notation
5108:Suffixation is also used for
3730:Restriction of subject: e.g.
3518:"to have hanging on chest");
822:
633:language spoken by about 450
528: Liqʼwala
524: G̱uc̓ala
9444:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
8780:Kʼómoks (Comox) First Nation
8559:FirstVoices Kwak̓wala Portal
8320:10.1525/aa.1900.2.4.02a00080
3846:Source of information: e.g.
3795:"to die of inner troubles" (
3483:"round opening, eye, door" (
1337:Stress placement depends on
780:
7:
9566:Plains Indian Sign Language
8171:Davies, Mike (2017-04-19).
8076:"Kwakʼwala Alphabet Poster"
8050:Anthropological Linguistics
7918:Brian Kieran (2012-11-15).
6577:
6563:
4921:auxiliary form of the verb
3685:"if you should be asked");
3611:"to make water-tight"; and
3531:"to begin to say in mind").
3305:"a house and nothing else"
1521:Hardening suffixes trigger
1418:Weakening suffixes trigger
746:Alert Bay, British Columbia
536:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw A̱wi'nagwis
10:
9641:
9417:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
7518:
7378:
6323:
6181:
3921:Emotional attitudes: e.g.
3875:Degree of certainty: e.g.
3859:"very much, it is said");
3502:"round thing in stomach").
3489:"to miss a round place");
1303:complementary distribution
719:
9581:
9543:
9457:
9416:
9376:
9348:
9310:
9247:
9199:
9166:
9078:
9005:
8998:
8977:
8901:
8843:
8825:Tsawataineuk First Nation
8785:Kwikwasutʼinuxw Haxwaʼmis
8753:
8742:
8638:
7736:Oxford English Dictionary
7604:
7522:
7465:
7382:
7325:
7240:
7023:
6961:
6813:
6733:
6683:
6678:
6673:
6668:
6663:
6658:
6593:Laich-kwil-tach territory
6412:
6327:
6270:
6185:
6128:
6043:
5779:
5684:
5659:
5606:
5581:
5565:
5562:
5479:
5418:
5357:
5339:Possessor is not subject
5338:
5335:
5275:
5212:
5157:
5140:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4555:
4491:
4438:
4389:
4376:
4190:
4187:
4185:
3951:Auxiliary suffixes: e.g.
3948:"oh, if he would come!").
3460:"to go away for shame");
1289:
1186:
1130:
926:
872:
867:
862:
857:
852:
847:
532:
512:
502:
470:
448:
436:
424:
408:
392:
387:
364:
334:
324:
313:
302:
292:
280:
275:
270:
9424:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
8579:Uʼmista Cultural Society
6020:Uʼmista Cultural Society
4155:3pl. elsewhere invisible
3711:halaːɢimaχamaːmajuɬtsila
3656:Plurality (human): i.e.
3563:Temporal suffixes: e.g.
3476:Special locatives: e.g.
3447:General locatives: e.g.
3122:). A cell with a vowel (
647:of the Pacific Northwest
8554:Kwakwala Bible Portions
8307:American Anthropologist
8200:"The Liq̓ʷala Language"
7821:Simon Fraser University
7741:Oxford University Press
6603:
6570:
4125:3pl. near-you invisible
3759:Nominal suffixes: e.g.
3698:"do not let us do so!")
1430:alternates with . Both
1403:Hardening and weakening
1301:presents some cases of
765:Kwakwala Bible Portions
682:morphologically complex
9589:Canadian dictionaries
9572:Maritime Sign Language
9551:American Sign Language
9040:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
8526:10.3765/bls.v12i0.1857
8271:Texas Linguistic Forum
8232:University of Victoria
7662:Revitalization efforts
6642:
6594:
6475:"and so first I throw"
5985:Church Mission Society
4140:3pl. elsewhere visible
4095:3sg. near-me invisible
3895:"emphatic certainty" (
3801:"to die of longing");
3788:Verbal suffixes: e.g.
3399:"it gets really dark"
3269:"really to stay away"
3215:"to get really loose"
815:, and the presence of
813:places of articulation
729:
639:Queen Charlotte Strait
472:This article contains
330:450 (2016 census)
308:Queen Charlotte Strait
9585:Canadian style guides
8902:Culture & Society
8820:Kwakiutl First Nation
8795:Quatsino First Nation
8541:. Garland Publishing.
8177:Campbell River Mirror
7924:Campbell River Mirror
6637:
6592:
5336:Possessor is subject
4110:3pl. near-you visible
3982:Inflectional suffixes
3814:"to pretend to cry").
3586:t͡ɬiːqˈinuχajadzəwˀaɬ
3583:"used to be, to do" (
3435:Stem-forming suffixes
1518:/ "moving on water".
1438:alternate with , but
1409:weakening, hardening,
1379:Kwakʼwala has a rich
727:
710:spatial relationships
443:Dialects of Kwakʼwala
9556:Quebec Sign Language
8999:Indigenous languages
8810:Kwiakah First Nation
8805:Tlatlasikwala Nation
8790:ʼNamgis First Nation
8473:A Kwakiutl Phonology
8255:Syntax and Semantics
8223:Adam, Werle (2010).
8204:www.languagegeek.com
7795:on 28 September 2011
7761:Fortescue, Michael.
7714:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
5797:"the one who sits" (
4080:3sg. near-me visible
3901:"I am going to go").
3467:"on a flat object" (
1454:/ "continuously"; /=
708:within a phrase and
587:previously known as
188:specify the language
186:This article should
95:improve this article
9525:Pennsylvania German
8971:Languages of Canada
7854:on February 2, 2008
7739:(Online ed.).
7695:www12.statcan.gc.ca
7237:
7138:
6653:
6040:
5960:includes a clitic /
3918:"but, on his part".
3904:Conjunctions: e.g.
3827:nənwalakʼʷinikʲasus
3756:"some are unripe").
3682:qasuʔwət͡ɬasuʔt͡ɬuʔ
3623:"to put tallow on".
842:
807:, the existence of
805:sonorant consonants
738:residential schools
9610:Wakashan languages
9561:Inuk Sign Language
9520:Newfoundland Irish
9485:Tagalog (Filipino)
9458:Minority languages
9330:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
9088:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
8978:Official languages
8457:Davenport, Tristan
7949:"FirstVoices Apps"
7828:on 2 February 2008
7236:Liqʼwala alphabet
7235:
7136:
6649:
6633:language immersion
6595:
6557:g̱wa̱g̱wax̱wa̱lał
6038:
4172:Nominal inflection
3934:"is that you?!");
3740:(huːχʷsanalaɡʲəliɬ
3605:"water-tight" and
2371:˘+= or -" or CajaC
1545:harden to , while
1537:hardens to . Both
838:
817:lateral affricates
794:phonemic inventory
730:
714:consonant mutation
661:from the north of
9597:
9596:
9515:Doukhobor Russian
9412:
9411:
8937:
8936:
8639:Tribes or Nations
8251:Anderson, Stephen
8157:978-0-7748-4306-5
7747:(Subscription or
7666:In January 2019,
7659:
7658:
7217:
7216:
7134:
7133:
6561:
6560:
6540:g̱weg̱wax̱welalh
6465:
6464:
6039:Uʼmista alphabet
5949:instrumental case
5919:, p. 282), (
5762:
5761:
5536:
5535:
5326:
5325:
5106:
5105:
4915:
4914:
4731:
4730:
4540:
4539:
4364:
4363:
4169:
4168:
4002:Verbal inflection
3653:"to be at rest").
3557:nˀəmpˈinatsʼaxsta
3403:
3402:
3098:
3097:
2728:– or ˘+= or CaRaC
2725:– or -+˘ or CaRaC
1792:
1791:
1287:
1286:
1248:
1194:
1072:
1009:
941:
922:
917:
912:
905:
898:
891:
884:
800:/, contrastively
540:
539:
498:
497:
480:rendering support
476:phonetic symbols.
266:
265:
258:
248:
247:
228:may also be used.
171:
170:
163:
145:
68:
27:Wakashan language
16:(Redirected from
9632:
9510:Hutterite German
9003:
9002:
8964:
8957:
8950:
8941:
8940:
8830:Tlowitsis Nation
8757:
8748:
8632:
8623:
8616:
8609:
8600:
8599:
8542:
8530:
8528:
8500:
8488:
8476:
8464:
8452:
8420:
8388:
8371:(3/4): 163–178.
8356:
8324:
8322:
8294:
8278:
8262:
8236:
8235:
8229:
8220:
8214:
8213:
8211:
8210:
8196:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8168:
8162:
8161:
8141:
8135:
8130:
8124:
8123:
8121:
8110:
8102:
8096:
8095:
8093:
8091:
8082:. Archived from
8072:
8066:
8065:
8045:
8039:
8038:
8031:
8025:
8022:
8011:
8010:
8008:
8007:
7993:
7987:
7986:
7984:
7983:
7969:
7963:
7962:
7960:
7959:
7945:
7939:
7938:
7936:
7935:
7926:. Archived from
7915:
7909:
7908:
7906:
7905:
7895:
7889:
7884:
7878:
7877:
7870:
7864:
7863:
7861:
7859:
7850:. Archived from
7844:
7838:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7824:. Archived from
7811:
7805:
7804:
7802:
7800:
7794:
7788:. Archived from
7781:
7772:
7766:
7759:
7753:
7752:
7744:
7732:
7725:
7719:
7712:
7706:
7705:
7703:
7702:
7687:
7238:
7234:
7211:
7197:
7190:
7183:
7171:
7162:
7139:
7135:
7124:
7115:
7108:
7099:
7092:
7085:
7070:
7061:
7054:
7045:
7038:
7031:
7019:
7012:
7005:
6998:
6991:
6982:
6975:
6957:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6929:
6922:
6915:
6908:
6901:
6894:
6885:
6878:
6871:
6864:
6855:
6848:
6841:
6834:
6827:
6818:
6811:
6804:
6797:
6790:
6783:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6755:
6748:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6712:
6707:
6700:
6693:
6654:
6648:
6606:
6573:
6506:
6501:
6496:
6491:
6467:
6466:
6041:
6037:
5968:
5958:
5889:
5862:
5821:, p. 281).
5815:
5809:
5808:ɢaɢakʼʲənt͡ɬut͡ɬ
5795:
5789:
5774:
5768:
5758:
5753:
5748:
5743:
5733:
5728:
5723:
5718:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5693:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5650:
5645:
5640:
5630:
5625:
5620:
5615:
5602:
5597:
5592:
5587:
5558:
5557:
5551:, respectively.
5549:
5543:
5532:
5526:
5520:
5514:
5503:
5497:
5489:
5475:
5469:
5463:
5457:
5446:
5440:
5434:
5428:
5414:
5408:
5402:
5396:
5385:
5379:
5373:
5367:
5331:
5330:
5321:
5315:
5309:
5297:
5291:
5285:
5270:
5264:
5258:
5254:
5242:
5236:
5232:
5226:
5222:
5207:
5201:
5195:
5183:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5138:
5137:
5125:
5118:
5102:
5096:
5090:
5084:
5078:
5067:
5058:
5049:
5038:
5032:
5012:
4989:
4983:
4930:
4929:
4925:
4911:
4905:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4879:
4870:
4862:
4852:
4846:
4826:
4803:
4797:
4744:
4743:
4727:
4721:
4715:
4709:
4703:
4699:
4693:
4682:
4678:
4672:
4668:
4662:
4658:
4652:
4648:
4642:
4636:
4625:
4619:
4613:
4607:
4601:
4595:
4553:
4552:
4536:
4530:
4524:
4513:
4507:
4501:
4487:
4481:
4477:
4471:
4460:
4454:
4448:
4434:
4428:
4422:
4411:
4405:
4399:
4374:
4373:
4360:
4354:
4348:
4342:
4336:
4316:
4310:
4304:
4287:
4278:
4259:
4250:
4231:
4222:
4183:
4182:
4165:
4160:
4150:
4145:
4135:
4130:
4120:
4115:
4105:
4100:
4090:
4085:
4075:
4070:
4057:
4047:
4042:
4024:
4023:
4021:, p. 261):
4015:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3956:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3928:"astonishing!" (
3926:
3916:
3909:
3899:
3893:
3888:"you perhaps");
3886:
3880:
3870:
3864:
3857:
3851:
3841:
3835:
3828:
3824:"real, really" (
3822:
3812:
3806:
3799:
3793:
3783:
3777:
3770:
3764:
3754:
3753:kʲˈəlxʲamənqʷəla
3748:
3741:
3735:
3725:
3719:
3712:
3706:
3696:
3690:
3683:
3679:"hypothetical" (
3677:
3667:
3661:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3633:"continuously" (
3631:
3621:
3615:
3609:
3603:
3597:
3587:
3581:
3574:
3568:
3558:
3552:
3547:"two persons");
3545:
3541:"human beings" (
3539:
3529:
3523:
3516:
3510:
3500:
3494:
3487:
3481:
3471:
3465:
3458:
3452:
3396:
3395:pʼaːdəkʲʼəmxʲʔid
3391:
3378:
3373:
3360:
3355:
3342:
3338:
3333:
3320:
3315:
3302:
3297:
3284:
3279:
3266:
3261:
3248:
3243:
3230:
3225:
3212:
3207:
3194:
3189:
3167:
3166:
3163:
3137:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3111:
3084:
3078:
3042:
2989:
2932:
2877:
2754:
2713:
2657:
2597:
2542:
2468:
2432:
2416:
2410:
2401:
2394:
2353:
2339:
2288:
2274:
2258:
2218:
2204:
2151:
2086:
2057:
2017:
2003:
1995:
1984:
1980:
1971:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1928:
1806:
1805:
1785:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1751:
1746:
1741:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1683:
1678:
1673:
1666:
1661:
1656:
1646:
1641:
1636:
1627:
1622:
1617:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1517:
1514:/ "by force"; /=
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1244:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1208:
1201:
1192:
1182:
1175:
1170:
1163:
1158:
1151:
1144:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1100:
1093:
1086:
1079:
1068:
1061:
1056:
1049:
1044:
1037:
1030:
1023:
1016:
1005:
1000:
993:
988:
981:
976:
969:
962:
955:
948:
937:
920:
915:
908:
901:
894:
887:
880:
843:
837:
799:
667:British Columbia
663:Vancouver Island
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
617:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
582:
581:
578:
577:
574:
571:
568:
565:
562:
559:
556:
553:
500:
499:
464:
453:
441:
420:
404:
397:
370:T̓łat̓łasik̓wala
340:
285:
268:
267:
261:
254:
243:
240:
234:
219:
213:
209:
203:
199:
193:
181:
180:
173:
166:
159:
155:
152:
146:
144:
103:
79:
71:
60:
38:
37:
30:
21:
9640:
9639:
9635:
9634:
9633:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9600:
9599:
9598:
9593:
9577:
9539:
9505:Canadian Gaelic
9453:
9408:
9404:Coast Tsimshian
9372:
9344:
9306:
9243:
9195:
9162:
9074:
8994:
8973:
8968:
8938:
8933:
8897:
8839:
8835:Gwawaenuk Tribe
8755:
8749:
8740:
8736:Laich-kwil-tach
8721:Tʼlatʼlasikwala
8634:
8630:
8627:
8550:
8545:
8505:Wilson, Stephen
8441:10.2307/1005538
8245:
8240:
8239:
8227:
8221:
8217:
8208:
8206:
8198:
8197:
8190:
8181:
8179:
8169:
8165:
8158:
8142:
8138:
8131:
8127:
8119:
8108:
8104:
8103:
8099:
8089:
8087:
8074:
8073:
8069:
8046:
8042:
8033:
8032:
8028:
8023:
8014:
8005:
8003:
7995:
7994:
7990:
7981:
7979:
7971:
7970:
7966:
7957:
7955:
7947:
7946:
7942:
7933:
7931:
7916:
7912:
7903:
7901:
7897:
7896:
7892:
7885:
7881:
7872:
7871:
7867:
7857:
7855:
7846:
7845:
7841:
7831:
7829:
7812:
7808:
7798:
7796:
7792:
7779:
7773:
7769:
7760:
7756:
7746:
7726:
7722:
7713:
7709:
7700:
7698:
7697:. 28 March 2018
7689:
7688:
7684:
7679:
7673:
7664:
7222:
7081:
7029:
6890:
6823:
6744:
6738:
6727:
6722:
6715:
6710:
6703:
6696:
6691:
6647:
6635:pilot program:
6618:Laich-kwil-tach
6600:(also rendered
6580:
6566:
6537:ḵʼatʼlhexidalha
6523:g̣wᴇg̣wāẋwᴇlał
6500:qʼat͡ɬʼəxʲidaɬa
6481:"raven dancer"
6036:
6030:transcription.
5980:
5925:
5907:
5899:
5891:
5880:
5872:
5864:
5853:
5845:
5837:
5829:
5814:ɬawadənt͡ɬasəkʲ
5782:
5149:
5144:
5131:, p. 254)
4174:
4004:
3984:
3961:uːχt͡ɬəɡʲəɬəχsa
3692:"exhortative" (
3570:"recent past" (
3437:
3416:
3408:
3363:"really naked"
3211:kʲəkʲənˀəmxʲʔid
1797:
1405:
1377:
1375:Morphophonology
1339:syllable weight
1335:
1333:Suprasegmentals
1292:
931:
825:
787:Northwest Coast
783:
777:
734:assimilationist
722:
651:Salishan family
596:
592:
550:
546:
527:
525:
523:
521:
519:
507:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
478:Without proper
466:
465:
456:
444:
416:
400:
393:
360:
341:
338:Language family
336:
327:
326:Native speakers
288:
262:
251:
250:
249:
244:
238:
235:
229:
217:
211:
207:
205:transliteration
201:
197:
191:
182:
178:
167:
156:
150:
147:
104:
102:
92:
80:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
9638:
9628:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9595:
9594:
9582:
9579:
9578:
9576:
9575:
9568:
9563:
9558:
9553:
9547:
9545:
9544:Sign languages
9541:
9540:
9538:
9537:
9532:
9527:
9522:
9517:
9512:
9507:
9502:
9497:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9467:
9461:
9459:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9451:
9446:
9441:
9439:Chinook Jargon
9436:
9431:
9426:
9420:
9418:
9414:
9413:
9410:
9409:
9407:
9406:
9401:
9396:
9391:
9386:
9380:
9378:
9374:
9373:
9371:
9370:
9365:
9360:
9354:
9352:
9346:
9345:
9343:
9342:
9340:Nuu-chah-nulth
9337:
9332:
9327:
9322:
9316:
9314:
9308:
9307:
9305:
9304:
9299:
9294:
9289:
9284:
9279:
9274:
9269:
9264:
9259:
9253:
9251:
9245:
9244:
9242:
9241:
9236:
9231:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9205:
9203:
9197:
9196:
9194:
9193:
9188:
9183:
9178:
9172:
9170:
9164:
9163:
9161:
9160:
9155:
9150:
9145:
9140:
9135:
9130:
9125:
9120:
9115:
9110:
9105:
9100:
9095:
9090:
9084:
9082:
9076:
9075:
9073:
9072:
9067:
9062:
9057:
9052:
9047:
9042:
9037:
9032:
9027:
9022:
9017:
9011:
9009:
9000:
8996:
8995:
8993:
8992:
8987:
8981:
8979:
8975:
8974:
8967:
8966:
8959:
8952:
8944:
8935:
8934:
8932:
8931:
8926:
8921:
8916:
8911:
8905:
8903:
8899:
8898:
8896:
8895:
8890:
8885:
8880:
8875:
8870:
8865:
8860:
8855:
8849:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8837:
8832:
8827:
8822:
8817:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8797:
8792:
8787:
8782:
8777:
8772:
8767:
8761:
8759:
8751:
8750:
8743:
8741:
8739:
8738:
8733:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8708:
8703:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8686:Kwikwasutʼinux
8683:
8678:
8673:
8668:
8663:
8658:
8653:
8648:
8642:
8640:
8636:
8635:
8626:
8625:
8618:
8611:
8603:
8597:
8596:
8591:
8586:
8576:
8571:
8566:
8561:
8556:
8549:
8548:External links
8546:
8544:
8543:
8531:
8501:
8493:Struijke, Caro
8489:
8477:
8465:
8453:
8421:
8409:10.1086/463797
8403:(1/2): 90–93.
8389:
8377:10.1086/463790
8357:
8345:10.1086/463753
8339:(1): 117–131.
8325:
8313:(4): 708–721.
8295:
8279:
8263:
8246:
8244:
8241:
8238:
8237:
8215:
8188:
8163:
8156:
8136:
8125:
8122:on 2016-01-29.
8097:
8067:
8056:(4): 482–514.
8040:
8035:"Global.Bible"
8026:
8012:
7988:
7964:
7940:
7910:
7890:
7879:
7865:
7839:
7806:
7767:
7754:
7720:
7707:
7681:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7656:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7636:
7633:
7630:
7627:
7624:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7602:
7601:
7599:
7594:
7589:
7584:
7579:
7574:
7569:
7564:
7559:
7554:
7549:
7544:
7539:
7534:
7529:
7524:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7515:
7512:
7509:
7506:
7503:
7500:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7485:
7482:
7479:
7476:
7473:
7470:
7467:
7463:
7462:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7422:
7419:
7414:
7409:
7404:
7399:
7394:
7389:
7384:
7380:
7379:
7376:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7366:
7363:
7360:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7339:
7336:
7333:
7330:
7327:
7323:
7322:
7317:
7312:
7307:
7302:
7297:
7292:
7287:
7282:
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7221:
7218:
7215:
7214:
7212:
7205:
7203:
7199:
7198:
7191:
7184:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7165:
7163:
7156:
7152:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7142:
7132:
7131:
7129:
7127:
7125:
7118:
7116:
7109:
7102:
7100:
7093:
7086:
7078:
7077:
7075:
7073:
7071:
7064:
7062:
7055:
7048:
7046:
7039:
7032:
7027:
7021:
7020:
7013:
7006:
6999:
6992:
6985:
6983:
6976:
6969:
6967:
6965:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6944:
6937:
6930:
6923:
6916:
6909:
6902:
6895:
6887:
6886:
6879:
6872:
6865:
6858:
6856:
6849:
6842:
6835:
6828:
6820:
6819:
6812:
6805:
6798:
6791:
6784:
6777:
6770:
6763:
6756:
6749:
6742:
6731:
6730:
6725:
6720:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6694:
6688:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6646:
6643:
6616:spoken by the
6579:
6576:
6565:
6562:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6554:ḵ̓at̓ła̱xidała
6552:
6549:
6546:
6542:
6541:
6538:
6535:
6532:
6529:
6525:
6524:
6521:
6520:qǃăʟǃxꞏᵋiʼdała
6518:
6515:
6512:
6508:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6492:
6487:
6483:
6482:
6479:
6476:
6473:
6472:"that will be"
6470:
6463:
6462:
6459:
6456:
6453:
6450:
6447:
6444:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6429:
6426:
6423:
6420:
6417:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6404:
6399:
6394:
6389:
6384:
6379:
6374:
6369:
6364:
6359:
6354:
6349:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6325:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6317:
6314:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6278:
6275:
6272:
6268:
6267:
6262:
6257:
6252:
6247:
6242:
6237:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6202:
6197:
6192:
6187:
6183:
6182:
6179:
6178:
6175:
6172:
6169:
6166:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6126:
6125:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6085:
6080:
6075:
6070:
6065:
6060:
6055:
6050:
6045:
6035:
6032:
5979:
5976:
5900:
5892:
5881:
5873:
5865:
5854:
5846:
5838:
5830:
5827:
5826:
5781:
5778:
5760:
5759:
5754:
5749:
5744:
5739:
5735:
5734:
5729:
5724:
5719:
5714:
5710:
5709:
5704:
5699:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5682:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5661:
5657:
5656:
5651:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5632:
5631:
5626:
5621:
5616:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5579:
5578:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5566:Nominal forms
5564:
5561:
5534:
5533:
5527:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5505:
5504:
5498:
5492:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5476:
5470:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5448:
5447:
5441:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5415:
5409:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5387:
5386:
5380:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5359:
5355:
5354:
5351:
5348:
5345:
5341:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5324:
5323:
5316:
5310:
5304:
5300:
5299:
5292:
5286:
5280:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5265:
5259:
5249:
5245:
5244:
5237:
5227:
5217:
5214:
5210:
5209:
5202:
5196:
5190:
5186:
5185:
5178:
5172:
5162:
5159:
5155:
5154:
5151:
5146:
5141:
5104:
5103:
5097:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5069:
5068:
5062:
5059:
5053:
5050:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5033:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5017:1pl. exclusive
5014:
5013:
5007:
5004:
5001:
4998:
4995:
4994:1pl. inclusive
4991:
4990:
4984:
4978:
4975:
4972:
4969:
4965:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4957:1pl. exclusive
4955:
4954:1pl. inclusive
4952:
4949:
4946:
4945:
4943:
4941:
4938:
4936:
4934:
4913:
4912:
4906:
4900:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4881:
4880:
4874:
4871:
4866:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4853:
4847:
4841:
4838:
4835:
4832:
4831:1pl. exclusive
4828:
4827:
4821:
4818:
4815:
4812:
4809:
4808:1pl. inclusive
4805:
4804:
4798:
4792:
4789:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4771:1pl. exclusive
4769:
4768:1pl. inclusive
4766:
4763:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4748:
4729:
4728:
4722:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4684:
4683:
4673:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4637:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4585:
4582:
4579:
4576:
4573:
4570:
4566:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4556:
4538:
4537:
4531:
4525:
4519:
4515:
4514:
4508:
4502:
4496:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4482:
4472:
4466:
4462:
4461:
4455:
4449:
4443:
4440:
4436:
4435:
4429:
4423:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4406:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4383:
4380:
4377:
4362:
4361:
4355:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4328:
4324:
4323:
4321:
4319:
4317:
4311:
4305:
4299:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4282:
4279:
4273:
4271:1pl. exclusive
4267:
4266:
4264:
4262:
4260:
4254:
4251:
4245:
4243:1pl. inclusive
4239:
4238:
4236:
4234:
4232:
4226:
4223:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4197:
4193:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4107:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4077:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4058:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4032:Interrogative
4030:
4027:
4003:
4000:
3990:; and nominal
3983:
3980:
3979:
3978:
3949:
3945:ɡʲaːχniʔsd͡liʔ
3919:
3902:
3873:
3866:"in a dream" (
3853:"it is said" (
3844:
3815:
3808:"to pretend" (
3786:
3757:
3728:
3701:Passive: e.g.
3699:
3670:
3666:ʔaχiːdəxʲdaʔχʷ
3654:
3624:
3590:
3561:
3532:
3528:nˀeːnˀkʼʲiχʼid
3503:
3474:
3436:
3433:
3415:
3412:
3407:
3404:
3401:
3400:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3365:
3364:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3346:
3345:"really rain"
3343:
3334:
3329:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3289:
3288:
3287:"really dead"
3285:
3280:
3275:
3271:
3270:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3252:
3251:"really cold"
3249:
3244:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3233:"really many"
3231:
3226:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3181:
3180:
3177:
3176:Suffixed form
3174:
3171:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3086:
3080:
3074:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3038:
3035:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3022:
3020:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2990:
2985:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2928:
2925:
2921:
2920:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2873:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2853:
2851:
2849:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2819:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2812:
2810:
2808:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2762:
2759:
2756:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2735:
2732:
2729:
2726:
2723:
2720:
2717:
2714:
2709:
2706:
2702:
2701:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2653:
2650:
2646:
2645:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2593:
2590:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2538:
2535:
2531:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2420:
2417:
2411:
2405:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2387:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2349:
2346:
2342:
2341:
2335:
2332:
2329:
2326:
2323:
2320:
2318:
2316:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2289:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2268:
2266:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2251:
2248:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2219:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2206:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2152:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2102:
2099:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2082:
2079:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2053:
2050:
2047:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2024:
2021:
2018:
2013:
2010:
2006:
2005:
1999:
1996:
1991:
1988:
1985:
1976:
1973:
1967:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1924:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1913:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1880:
1877:
1874:
1871:
1868:
1865:
1862:
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1820:
1818:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1796:
1795:Stem expansion
1793:
1790:
1789:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1702:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1685:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1650:
1647:
1642:
1637:
1631:
1630:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1589:
1584:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1404:
1401:
1376:
1373:
1369:Davenport 2007
1334:
1331:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1259:
1254:
1249:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1236:
1234:
1227:
1225:
1218:
1211:
1209:
1202:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1183:
1176:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1154:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1101:
1094:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1031:
1024:
1017:
1010:
1002:
1001:
994:
989:
982:
977:
972:
970:
963:
956:
949:
942:
935:
924:
923:
918:
913:
906:
899:
892:
885:
877:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
846:
824:
821:
782:
779:
721:
718:
643:Western Canada
637:people around
538:
537:
534:
530:
529:
514:
510:
509:
504:
496:
495:
482:, you may see
468:
467:
455:
454:
446:
445:
442:
434:
433:
428:
422:
421:
414:
406:
405:
398:
390:
389:
388:Language codes
385:
384:
383:
382:
377:
374:
371:
366:
362:
361:
359:
358:
357:
356:
344:
342:
335:
332:
331:
328:
325:
322:
321:
315:
311:
310:
304:
300:
299:
294:
293:Native to
290:
289:
286:
278:
277:
273:
272:
264:
263:
246:
245:
224:. Knowledge's
185:
183:
176:
169:
168:
83:
81:
74:
69:
43:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9637:
9626:
9623:
9621:
9618:
9616:
9613:
9611:
9608:
9607:
9605:
9592:
9590:
9586:
9580:
9574:
9573:
9569:
9567:
9564:
9562:
9559:
9557:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9548:
9546:
9542:
9536:
9533:
9531:
9528:
9526:
9523:
9521:
9518:
9516:
9513:
9511:
9508:
9506:
9503:
9501:
9498:
9496:
9493:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9462:
9460:
9456:
9450:
9447:
9445:
9442:
9440:
9437:
9435:
9432:
9430:
9429:Broken Slavey
9427:
9425:
9422:
9421:
9419:
9415:
9405:
9402:
9400:
9397:
9395:
9392:
9390:
9387:
9385:
9382:
9381:
9379:
9375:
9369:
9366:
9364:
9361:
9359:
9356:
9355:
9353:
9351:
9347:
9341:
9338:
9336:
9333:
9331:
9328:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9313:
9309:
9303:
9300:
9298:
9295:
9293:
9290:
9288:
9285:
9283:
9280:
9278:
9275:
9273:
9270:
9268:
9265:
9263:
9260:
9258:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9246:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9230:
9227:
9225:
9222:
9220:
9217:
9215:
9212:
9210:
9207:
9206:
9204:
9202:
9198:
9192:
9189:
9187:
9184:
9182:
9179:
9177:
9174:
9173:
9171:
9169:
9165:
9159:
9156:
9154:
9151:
9149:
9146:
9144:
9141:
9139:
9136:
9134:
9131:
9129:
9126:
9124:
9121:
9119:
9116:
9114:
9111:
9109:
9106:
9104:
9101:
9099:
9096:
9094:
9091:
9089:
9086:
9085:
9083:
9081:
9077:
9071:
9068:
9066:
9063:
9061:
9058:
9056:
9053:
9051:
9048:
9046:
9043:
9041:
9038:
9036:
9033:
9031:
9028:
9026:
9023:
9021:
9018:
9016:
9013:
9012:
9010:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8982:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8965:
8960:
8958:
8953:
8951:
8946:
8945:
8942:
8930:
8927:
8925:
8922:
8920:
8917:
8915:
8912:
8910:
8907:
8906:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8891:
8889:
8886:
8884:
8881:
8879:
8876:
8874:
8871:
8869:
8868:New Vancouver
8866:
8864:
8861:
8859:
8856:
8854:
8851:
8850:
8848:
8846:
8842:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8826:
8823:
8821:
8818:
8816:
8813:
8811:
8808:
8806:
8803:
8801:
8798:
8796:
8793:
8791:
8788:
8786:
8783:
8781:
8778:
8776:
8773:
8771:
8768:
8766:
8763:
8762:
8760:
8758:
8756:First Nations
8752:
8747:
8737:
8734:
8732:
8729:
8727:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8717:
8714:
8712:
8709:
8707:
8704:
8702:
8701:ʼNakʼwaxdaʼxw
8699:
8697:
8694:
8692:
8689:
8687:
8684:
8682:
8679:
8677:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8664:
8662:
8659:
8657:
8654:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8643:
8641:
8637:
8633:
8631:Kwakwakaʼwakw
8624:
8619:
8617:
8612:
8610:
8605:
8604:
8601:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8584:
8580:
8577:
8575:
8572:
8570:
8567:
8565:
8562:
8560:
8557:
8555:
8552:
8551:
8540:
8536:
8532:
8527:
8522:
8518:
8514:
8510:
8506:
8502:
8498:
8494:
8490:
8486:
8482:
8478:
8474:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8354:
8350:
8346:
8342:
8338:
8334:
8330:
8326:
8321:
8316:
8312:
8308:
8304:
8300:
8296:
8293:(140): 34–82.
8292:
8288:
8284:
8280:
8276:
8272:
8268:
8264:
8260:
8256:
8252:
8248:
8247:
8233:
8226:
8219:
8205:
8201:
8195:
8193:
8178:
8174:
8167:
8159:
8153:
8150:. UBC Press.
8149:
8148:
8140:
8134:
8129:
8118:
8114:
8107:
8101:
8086:on 2011-08-28
8085:
8081:
8077:
8071:
8063:
8059:
8055:
8051:
8044:
8036:
8030:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8002:
7998:
7992:
7978:
7974:
7968:
7954:
7950:
7944:
7930:on 2013-09-15
7929:
7925:
7921:
7914:
7900:
7894:
7888:
7883:
7875:
7869:
7853:
7849:
7843:
7827:
7823:
7822:
7817:
7810:
7791:
7787:
7786:
7778:
7771:
7764:
7758:
7750:
7742:
7738:
7737:
7731:
7724:
7717:
7711:
7696:
7692:
7686:
7682:
7674:
7671:
7669:
7655:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7603:
7600:
7598:
7595:
7593:
7590:
7588:
7585:
7583:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7573:
7570:
7568:
7565:
7563:
7560:
7558:
7555:
7553:
7550:
7548:
7545:
7543:
7540:
7538:
7535:
7533:
7530:
7528:
7525:
7521:
7517:
7513:
7510:
7507:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7464:
7461:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7420:
7418:
7415:
7413:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7403:
7400:
7398:
7395:
7393:
7390:
7388:
7385:
7381:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7367:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7324:
7321:
7318:
7316:
7313:
7311:
7308:
7306:
7303:
7301:
7298:
7296:
7293:
7291:
7288:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7251:
7248:
7246:
7243:
7239:
7233:
7231:
7227:
7213:
7210:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7178:
7175:
7174:
7170:
7166:
7164:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7153:
7149:
7146:
7143:
7141:
7140:
7130:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7119:
7117:
7114:
7110:
7107:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7094:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7080:
7079:
7076:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7065:
7063:
7060:
7056:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7040:
7037:
7033:
7028:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7011:
7007:
7004:
7000:
6997:
6993:
6990:
6986:
6984:
6981:
6977:
6974:
6970:
6968:
6966:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6949:
6945:
6942:
6938:
6935:
6931:
6928:
6924:
6921:
6917:
6914:
6910:
6907:
6903:
6900:
6896:
6893:
6889:
6888:
6884:
6880:
6877:
6873:
6870:
6866:
6863:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6850:
6847:
6843:
6840:
6836:
6833:
6829:
6826:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6810:
6806:
6803:
6799:
6796:
6792:
6789:
6785:
6782:
6778:
6775:
6771:
6768:
6764:
6761:
6757:
6754:
6750:
6747:
6743:
6741:
6736:
6732:
6726:
6721:
6718:
6714:
6709:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6695:
6690:
6689:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6655:
6652:
6641:
6636:
6634:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6615:
6611:
6607:
6605:
6599:
6591:
6587:
6585:
6575:
6572:
6571:Kwakwakaʼwakw
6556:
6553:
6550:
6547:
6544:
6543:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6530:
6527:
6526:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6513:
6510:
6509:
6505:ɢʷəɢʷaːχʷəlaɬ
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6485:
6484:
6480:
6477:
6474:
6471:
6469:
6468:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6411:
6408:
6405:
6403:
6400:
6398:
6395:
6393:
6390:
6388:
6385:
6383:
6380:
6378:
6375:
6373:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6363:
6360:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6348:
6345:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6315:
6312:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6269:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6258:
6256:
6253:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6241:
6238:
6236:
6233:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6208:
6206:
6203:
6201:
6198:
6196:
6193:
6191:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6173:
6170:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6066:
6064:
6061:
6059:
6056:
6054:
6051:
6049:
6046:
6042:
6031:
6029:
6025:
6021:
6016:
6014:
6008:
6005:
6001:
5996:
5994:
5990:
5986:
5975:
5973:
5969:
5963:
5959:
5952:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5938:
5934:
5930:
5924:
5922:
5921:Anderson 1984
5918:
5913:
5910:
5906:
5903:
5898:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5879:
5876:
5871:
5868:
5863:
5857:
5852:
5849:
5844:
5841:
5836:
5833:
5825:
5822:
5820:
5816:
5810:
5802:
5800:
5796:
5790:
5777:
5775:
5769:
5755:
5750:
5745:
5740:
5737:
5736:
5730:
5725:
5720:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5705:
5700:
5695:
5690:
5687:
5683:
5677:
5672:
5667:
5662:
5658:
5652:
5647:
5642:
5637:
5634:
5633:
5627:
5622:
5617:
5612:
5609:
5605:
5599:
5594:
5589:
5584:
5580:
5577:Instrumental
5576:
5573:
5570:
5569:
5563:Verbal forms
5559:
5556:
5552:
5550:
5544:
5528:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5499:
5493:
5491:
5485:
5482:
5478:
5471:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5450:
5449:
5442:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5410:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5388:
5381:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5360:
5356:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5329:
5317:
5311:
5305:
5302:
5301:
5293:
5287:
5281:
5278:
5274:
5266:
5260:
5250:
5247:
5246:
5238:
5228:
5218:
5215:
5211:
5203:
5197:
5191:
5188:
5187:
5179:
5173:
5163:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5139:
5136:
5132:
5130:
5126:
5119:
5111:
5098:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5071:
5070:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5051:
5045:
5042:
5041:
5034:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5008:
5005:
5002:
4999:
4996:
4993:
4992:
4985:
4979:
4976:
4973:
4970:
4967:
4966:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4942:
4940:Instrumental
4939:
4937:
4935:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4926:
4920:
4907:
4901:
4896:
4891:
4886:
4883:
4882:
4875:
4872:
4867:
4864:
4859:
4856:
4855:
4848:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4833:
4830:
4829:
4822:
4819:
4816:
4813:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4799:
4793:
4790:
4787:
4784:
4781:
4780:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4758:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4749:
4746:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4736:
4723:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4695:
4689:
4686:
4685:
4674:
4664:
4654:
4644:
4638:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4588:
4587:
4583:
4580:
4577:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4567:
4564:Instrumental
4554:
4551:
4549:
4545:
4532:
4526:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4509:
4503:
4497:
4494:
4490:
4483:
4473:
4467:
4464:
4463:
4456:
4450:
4444:
4441:
4437:
4430:
4424:
4418:
4415:
4414:
4407:
4401:
4395:
4392:
4388:
4385:Instrumental
4384:
4381:
4378:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4356:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4312:
4306:
4300:
4297:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4289:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4255:
4252:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4233:
4227:
4224:
4218:
4215:
4214:
4211:Instrumental
4210:
4207:
4204:
4202:Instrumental
4201:
4198:
4195:
4194:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4162:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4147:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4132:
4127:
4124:
4123:
4117:
4112:
4109:
4108:
4102:
4097:
4094:
4093:
4087:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4072:
4067:
4064:
4063:
4059:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4044:
4039:
4036:
4035:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4008:typologically
3999:
3997:
3993:
3989:
3976:
3970:
3963:
3957:
3950:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3927:
3920:
3917:
3910:
3903:
3900:
3894:
3887:
3881:
3874:
3871:
3865:
3858:
3852:
3845:
3842:
3840:qʼaːsadzikʲas
3836:
3829:
3823:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3800:
3794:
3787:
3784:
3778:
3771:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3749:
3742:
3736:
3729:
3726:
3720:
3713:
3707:
3700:
3697:
3691:
3684:
3678:
3671:
3669:"they took").
3668:
3662:
3655:
3652:
3646:
3639:
3632:
3626:Aspect: e.g.
3625:
3622:
3617:"tallow" and
3616:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3582:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3553:
3546:
3540:
3533:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3511:
3504:
3501:
3495:
3488:
3482:
3475:
3472:
3470:ʔaleːwədzəweʔ
3466:
3459:
3453:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3442:
3432:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3411:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3385:
3384:
3381:"really dry"
3380:
3375:
3370:
3367:
3366:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3349:
3348:
3344:
3335:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3323:"very first"
3322:
3317:
3312:
3309:
3308:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3169:
3168:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3150:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3131:
3118:to turn into
3112:
3106:
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3093:
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3023:
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3019:
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3009:
3007:
3004:
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2999:
2997:
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2986:
2983:
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2976:
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2599:
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2209:
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2188:
2186:
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2177:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
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2148:
2145:
2142:
2141:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
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2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
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2077:
2076:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2007:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1977:
1974:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1957:
1948:
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1925:
1922:
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1787:
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1697:
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1614:
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1610:
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1600:
1595:
1594:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1553:hardens to .
1524:
1519:
1506:/ "canoe"; /=
1447:
1421:
1416:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1394:
1390:
1389:reduplication
1386:
1382:
1381:morphological
1372:
1370:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1357:Wilson (1986)
1353:
1351:
1347:
1344:
1340:
1330:
1324:
1308:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1283:
1281:
1279:
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1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1247:
1243:
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1232:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1203:
1200:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1129:
1126:
1121:
1118:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1102:
1099:
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1092:
1088:
1085:
1081:
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1074:
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1067:
1066:
1063:
1058:
1055:
1051:
1046:
1041:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
995:
990:
987:
983:
978:
973:
971:
968:
964:
961:
957:
954:
950:
947:
943:
940:
936:
934:
929:
925:
919:
914:
911:
907:
904:
900:
897:
893:
890:
886:
883:
879:
878:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
844:
841:
836:
834:
830:
820:
818:
814:
810:
806:
803:
795:
791:
788:
778:
775:
773:
768:
766:
762:
758:
753:
751:
750:Quadra Island
747:
741:
739:
735:
726:
717:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
680:Kwakʼwala is
678:
676:
672:
668:
664:
658:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:Kwakwakaʼwakw
632:
626:
590:
586:
580:
544:
535:
531:
518:
515:
511:
508:
505:
501:
493:
489:
485:
481:
477:
475:
469:
463:
460:
452:
447:
440:
435:
432:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
413:
412:
407:
403:
399:
396:
391:
386:
381:
378:
375:
372:
369:
368:
367:
363:
355:
352:
351:
349:
348:
347:
343:
339:
333:
329:
323:
320:
319:Kwakwakaʼwakw
316:
312:
309:
305:
301:
298:
295:
291:
284:
279:
274:
269:
260:
257:
242:
232:
227:
223:
216:
206:
196:
189:
184:
175:
174:
165:
162:
154:
151:November 2009
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126:
122:
119:
115:
112: –
111:
107:
106:Find sources:
100:
96:
90:
89:
84:This article
82:
78:
73:
72:
67:
65:
58:
57:
52:
51:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
9583:
9570:
9530:Plautdietsch
9334:
9191:Inuvialuktun
8928:
8681:Dzawadaʼenux
8651:Mamalilikala
8583:Archive copy
8538:
8516:
8512:
8496:
8484:
8481:Grubb, David
8472:
8469:Grubb, David
8460:
8432:
8428:
8400:
8396:
8368:
8364:
8336:
8332:
8310:
8306:
8290:
8286:
8274:
8270:
8258:
8254:
8243:Bibliography
8231:
8218:
8207:. Retrieved
8203:
8180:. Retrieved
8176:
8166:
8146:
8139:
8128:
8117:the original
8112:
8100:
8088:. Retrieved
8084:the original
8079:
8070:
8053:
8049:
8043:
8029:
8004:. Retrieved
8000:
7991:
7980:. Retrieved
7976:
7967:
7956:. Retrieved
7952:
7943:
7932:. Retrieved
7928:the original
7923:
7913:
7902:. Retrieved
7893:
7882:
7868:
7858:September 2,
7856:. Retrieved
7852:the original
7842:
7830:. Retrieved
7826:the original
7819:
7809:
7797:. Retrieved
7790:the original
7783:
7770:
7762:
7757:
7734:
7723:
7715:
7710:
7699:. Retrieved
7694:
7685:
7672:
7665:
7229:
7223:
6638:
6628:
6626:
6613:
6609:
6601:
6597:
6596:
6581:
6567:
6017:
6009:
5997:
5981:
5971:
5965:
5961:
5955:
5953:
5933:definiteness
5927:A number of
5926:
5914:
5911:
5908:
5904:
5901:
5896:
5893:
5885:
5882:
5877:
5874:
5869:
5866:
5858:
5855:
5850:
5847:
5842:
5839:
5834:
5831:
5823:
5812:
5806:
5803:
5792:
5786:
5783:
5771:
5765:
5763:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5537:
5353:Postnominal
5347:Postnominal
5327:
5153:Postnominal
5133:
5121:
5114:
5107:
4922:
4919:periphrastic
4916:
4732:
4575:Consonantal
4547:
4543:
4541:
4365:
4179:
4175:
4012:
4005:
3985:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3942:
3935:
3929:
3922:
3912:
3905:
3896:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3867:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3838:
3831:
3825:
3818:
3809:
3802:
3796:
3789:
3780:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3751:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3722:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3693:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3664:
3657:
3648:
3641:
3634:
3627:
3618:
3612:
3606:
3600:
3593:
3584:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3555:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3526:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3497:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3468:
3461:
3457:maːxtsʼaxʲsa
3455:
3448:
3438:
3429:inflectional
3425:derivational
3417:
3414:Morphosyntax
3409:
3337:jˀəjˀuːɡʷamˀ
3319:ɡʲəɡʲaːlaʔəm
3301:ɡʲəɡʲuːkʷʼəm
3159:
3151:
3140:
3132:
3108:
3100:
3099:
2737:˘+= or CaRaC
2731:˘+= or CaRaC
1798:
1555:
1520:
1462:/ "away"; /=
1448:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1406:
1387:(except for
1378:
1365:
1354:
1336:
1322:
1299:Grubb (1969)
1297:
1293:
831:contrast in
826:
784:
776:
769:
761:First Voices
755:A Kwakʼwala
754:
742:
731:
679:
659:
588:
584:
542:
541:
516:
471:
409:
353:
252:
236:
222:ISO 639 code
218:}}
212:{{
208:}}
202:{{
198:}}
192:{{
187:
157:
148:
138:
131:
124:
117:
105:
93:Please help
88:verification
85:
61:
54:
48:
47:Please help
44:
9368:Assiniboine
9257:Bella Coola
9176:Inuinnaqtun
8676:Maʼamtagila
8671:Daʼnaxdaʼxw
8666:Aʼwaʼetʼala
8519:: 283–291.
8425:Boas, Franz
8393:Boas, Franz
8361:Boas, Franz
8329:Boas, Franz
8299:Boas, Franz
8283:Boas, Franz
8267:Bach, Emmon
8001:Global News
7977:FirstVoices
7953:FirstVoices
7718:, Edinburgh
7220:Orthography
7083:glottalized
6551:ga̱łʼmisa̱n
6534:gelhʼmisehn
6478:"six kinds"
6028:Americanist
6013:David Grubb
6004:George Hunt
5978:Orthography
5967:bəɡʷanəmaχa
5943:(including
5639:nuːɡʷənuxʼʷ
5150:2nd person
5148:Prenominal:
5145:1st person
5143:Prenominal:
4741:relation.)
4581:Consonantal
4569:Consonantal
4544:consonantal
4368:deictically
4191:Prenominal
4188:Pronominal
4029:Indicative
3882:"perhaps" (
3856:χənt͡ɬəlalˀ
3811:qʼʷaːsabuɬa
3798:xʷəljalisəm
3769:xʲaːmˀaʔənχ
3695:ɢʷalaxʲənts
3672:Mode: e.g.
3525:"in mind" (
3515:teːkʼʷəpəla
3486:t͡ɬeːχʼʷstu
3359:χəχaːnˀaʔəm
3170:Root class
1716:pʼaːpʼətsʼa
1699:kʼʲəmtɬʼala
1361:Boas (1947)
1317:; /e/ from
1313:; /u/ from
1307:Bach (1975)
1246:glottalized
802:glottalized
486:instead of
110:"Kwakʼwala"
9604:Categories
9267:Halkomelem
9080:Athabaskan
9070:Potawatomi
9007:Algonquian
8858:Gwayasdums
8716:Gwatʼsinux
8691:Gwawaʼenux
8535:Zec, Draga
8209:2019-06-13
8182:2019-06-13
8006:2023-05-11
7982:2022-10-27
7958:2022-10-27
7934:2012-12-02
7904:2012-12-02
7751:required.)
7730:"Kwakiutl"
7701:2018-05-21
7677:References
7605:Lowercase
7523:Uppercase
7466:Lowercase
7383:Uppercase
7326:Lowercase
7241:Uppercase
6651:Consonants
6620:people of
6517:g̣ᴇłᵋmisᴇn
6495:ɡʲəɬmˀisən
6413:Lowercase
6328:Uppercase
6271:Lowercase
6186:Uppercase
6129:Lowercase
6044:Uppercase
6000:Franz Boas
5945:accusative
5902:tʼəlwaɢaju
5794:jəχakʼʷasʼ
5738:elsewhere
5649:ɡʲaχənuxʼʷ
5635:exclusive
5610:inclusive
5508:invisible
5480:elsewhere
5451:invisible
5390:invisible
5350:Prenominal
5344:Prenominal
5303:invisible
5276:elsewhere
5248:invisible
5189:invisible
5057:setsənuxʼʷ
4898:ɡʲaχənuxʼʷ
4869:ɡʲaχənuxʼʷ
4845:ənuxʼʷut͡ɬ
4518:invisible
4465:invisible
4416:invisible
3996:pronominal
3941:"oh if!" (
3898:ladzat͡ɬən
3766:"season" (
3734:(xʲ)sanala
3580:ajadzəwˀaɬ
3512:"throat" (
3265:χaːkʲʼaʔəm
3229:qʼaqʼajˀəm
1767:tsʼulˀəmja
1694:kʼʲəmdləkʷ
1568:Hardening
1565:Weakening
840:Consonants
823:Consonants
790:Sprachbund
706:instrument
655:endangered
585:Kwak̓wala,
306:along the
121:newspapers
50:improve it
9535:Ukrainian
9470:Cantonese
9335:Kwakʼwala
9234:Tuscarora
9201:Iroquoian
9181:Inuktitut
9153:Tsuutʼina
9103:Chipewyan
9098:Chilcotin
9025:Blackfoot
9020:Algonquin
8929:Kwakʼwala
8919:Mythology
8853:Memkumlis
8711:Gusgimukw
8696:Haxwaʼmis
8661:Ławitʼsis
8417:143779471
8385:144062209
8353:143653837
7230:Kwakʼwala
6963:Fricative
6746:voiceless
6740:Affricate
6645:Phonology
6614:Kwakʼwala
6548:hiʼa̱mtli
6490:hiʔəmt͡ɬi
5957:kʷixidida
5917:Boas 1947
5878:sea otter
5819:Boas 1947
5799:Boas 1947
5713:near-you
5685:3sg./pl.
5660:2sg./pl.
5614:nuːɡʷənts
5419:near-you
5213:near-you
5129:Boas 1947
4963:3sg./pl.
4960:2-sg./pl.
4796:ənt͡ɬut͡ɬ
4777:3sg./pl.
4774:2-sg./pl.
4739:reflexive
4735:extension
4327:3sg./pl.
4298:2sg./pl.
4104:laːʔəɡʲaʔ
4019:Boas 1947
3988:predicate
3885:suːɡʲanəm
3837:"large" (
3747:amənqʷəla
3573:qaːsaxʲid
3441:Boas 1947
3421:Boas 1947
3377:lələmwˀəm
3341:jˀuːɡʷamˀ
3155:Boas 1947
3105:Boas 1947
3060:-" or ˘+=
2565:-" or ˘+=
2558:˘+= or ˈ-
2506:-" or ˘+=
2398:-+˘ or -+
2383:-" or -+=
2380:-" or ˘+=
2377:-" or ˘+=
2374:-" or ˘+=
2368:-" or ˘+=
2116:-" or ˘+=
2104:˘+= or -"
1801:Boas 1947
1762:tsʼuːlatu
1626:ɢaːɢəkʼʲa
1607:watʼiːniʔ
1523:fortition
1393:fortition
1385:suffixing
1132:Fricative
939:voiceless
933:Affricate
829:airstream
809:ejectives
781:Phonology
543:Kwakʼwala
517:Kwak̓wala
431:Kwak̓wala
411:Glottolog
395:ISO 639-3
354:Kwakʼwala
314:Ethnicity
276:Kwak̓wala
271:Kwakʼwala
239:June 2021
56:talk page
9465:Mandarin
9320:Ditidaht
9312:Wakashan
9302:Thompson
9297:Squamish
9287:shíshálh
9277:Okanagan
9272:Lillooet
9249:Salishan
9224:Onondaga
9158:Tutchone
9113:Gwichʼin
8909:Potlatch
8863:Kalugwis
8845:Villages
8706:Gwaʼsala
8537:(1994).
8507:(1986).
8495:(2000).
8483:(1977).
8471:(1969).
8459:(2007).
8301:(1900).
8090:4 August
8062:30028391
7147:Central
7025:Sonorant
6892:ejective
6698:sibilant
6665:Alveolar
6610:Liḵʼwala
6604:Liq̓ʷala
6598:Liqʼwala
6584:Liqʼwala
6578:Liqʼwala
6564:Dialects
6545:Uʼmista
6531:hi7emtli
6514:heʼᵋᴇmʟe
6461:ʼ
5848:bəɡʷanəm
5688:near-me
5624:ɡʲaχənts
5483:visible
5422:visible
5361:visible
5358:near-me
5279:visible
5216:visible
5194:ɡʲinuxʼʷ
5161:visible
5158:near-me
5110:genitive
5072:3sg./pl.
5043:2sg./pl.
5037:ənuxʼʷas
5031:ənuxʼʷus
4933:Subject
4893:ɡʲaχənts
4884:3sg./pl.
4857:2sg./pl.
4851:ənuxʼʷaq
4747:Subject
4584:Vocalic
4558:Subject
4495:visible
4442:visible
4393:visible
4379:Subject
4286:əntsuxʼʷ
4277:əntsuxʼʷ
4164:laːʔijˀa
4065:2sg./pl.
3974:jəpəmliɬ
3931:saʔid͡la
3869:laʔəŋɡʲa
3782:qʼaːɡʷid
3750:"some" (
3737:"some" (
3650:xʲuːsaɬa
3637:məmiːχəs
3620:jaːsikʷa
3554:"long" (
3544:malˀuːkʷ
3499:mˀəɡʷiːs
3454:"away" (
3283:ɬaːlaʔəm
3247:wˀadaʔəm
2951:– or ˘+=
2895:– or ˘+=
2743:– or ˘+=
2740:˘+= or –
2734:– or ˘+=
2640:– or ˘+-
2617:– or ˘+=
2365:– or -+˘
2107:– or ˘+=
2101:– or V+=
2061:-+˘ or –
2044:– or ˘+=
2038:= or ˘+=
1972:or CVC*a
1966:– or ˘+=
1940:– or V+=
1784:siːwˀala
1745:dlaːwaju
1733:maːmanˀa
1728:mənatsʼi
1711:pʼəjaːju
1682:jaːqʼʷəs
1591:'pinch'
1571:Meaning
1492:ɡʲətɬəla
1420:lenition
1397:lenition
1350:Zec 1994
1188:Sonorant
1070:ejective
889:sibilant
854:Alveolar
849:Bilabial
833:plosives
631:Wakashan
629:), is a
589:Kwakiutl
513:Language
492:Help:IPA
418:kwak1269
380:Liq̓ʷala
376:Nak̕wala
373:G̱uc̓ala
365:Dialects
350:Northern
346:Wakashan
18:Liqʼwala
9500:Italian
9480:Spanish
9475:Punjabi
9399:Tlingit
9394:Kutenai
9384:Beothuk
9292:Shuswap
9282:Saanich
9239:Wyandot
9186:Inupiaq
9148:Tahltan
9093:Carrier
9055:Naskapi
9045:Miꞌkmaq
9015:Abenaki
8985:English
8731:Wiwekam
8726:Wekaʼyi
8656:ʼNamgis
8646:Kwaguʼł
8449:1005538
8277:: 9–19.
7137:Vowels
6735:Plosive
6705:lateral
6685:Glottal
6670:Palatal
5929:clitics
5835:clubbed
5654:jənuxʼʷ
5644:jənuxʼʷ
5571:Subject
4988:ənt͡ɬas
4982:ənt͡ɬus
4802:ənt͡ɬaq
4754:Object
4578:Vocalic
4572:Vocalic
4561:Object
4548:vocalic
4382:Object
4230:ən(t͡ɬ)
4221:ən(t͡ɬ)
4205:Subject
4196:Subject
4119:laːʔuχʷ
4089:laːʔəkʲ
3992:clitics
3938:niʔsd͡l
3660:xʲdaʔχʷ
3614:jaːsikʷ
3390:pʼədəkʲ
3193:maːnˀəm
3041:tsʼəɬkʲ
2988:ɡʲəmˀxʲ
2465:˘+- or
2407:– or -+
1832:Suffix
1788:paddle
1779:siːwaju
1750:dlaːwˀa
1689:kʼʲəmtɬ
1677:jaːɢʷis
1645:bəkʼʷəs
1640:bəɡʷiːs
1602:waːdəkʷ
1587:ʔiːpʼid
1582:ʔiːbaju
1512:χtɬəjˀa
1466:/ or /=
1413:neutral
928:Plosive
896:lateral
882:central
874:Glottal
859:Palatal
811:at all
720:History
698:subject
533:Country
488:Unicode
231:See why
135:scholar
9495:German
9490:Arabic
9449:Michif
9434:Bungee
9358:Stoney
9350:Siouan
9325:Haisla
9229:Seneca
9219:Oneida
9214:Mohawk
9209:Cayuga
9143:Tagish
9138:Slavey
9133:Sekani
9128:Nicola
9108:Dogrib
9065:Ottawa
9060:Ojibwe
9050:Munsee
8990:French
8893:Tsaxis
8878:Gwaʼyi
8447:
8415:
8383:
8351:
8154:
8060:
7832:13 May
7799:20 May
7144:Front
6825:voiced
6680:Uvular
6660:Labial
6629:Mirror
6528:Grubb
5937:deixis
5832:kʷixid
5788:kʼʷasʼ
5780:Syntax
5707:jəsɡʲa
5702:laχɡʲa
5697:jəχɡʲa
5596:ɡʲaχən
5586:nuːɡʷa
5574:Object
5413:ɡʲaʔəs
5308:ənuxʼʷ
5284:ənuxʼʷ
5170:ɡʲints
5089:ənuxʼʷ
5048:setsən
5011:əntsas
4888:ɡʲaχən
4861:ɡʲaχən
4825:əntsaq
4624:sɡʲada
4612:χɡʲada
4208:Object
4199:Object
4149:laːʔiʔ
4134:laːʔuʔ
4099:laɡʲaʔ
4046:laːʔən
3879:ɡʲanəm
3863:ʔəŋɡʲa
3792:alisəm
3724:ʔamdəɬ
3296:ɡʲuːkʷ
3179:Gloss
2931:jəŋkʲʼ
2614:˘+=(a)
2541:jˀuːɡʷ
2352:ɡʲuːkʷ
2287:tsʼəmˀ
1757:tsʼuːɬ
1665:wənqʼa
1660:wənɢiɬ
1649:'man'
1621:ɢəɡʲad
1508:χsikʲa
1343:moraic
1321:; and
1290:Vowels
1007:voiced
869:Uvular
772:Mitacs
757:iPhone
704:, and
702:object
694:person
692:, and
690:aspect
583:), or
503:People
459:UNESCO
317:3,665
303:Region
297:Canada
137:
130:
123:
116:
108:
9389:Haida
9377:other
9363:Sioux
9262:Comox
9168:Inuit
9123:Kaska
8914:Music
8888:Takus
8883:Baʼas
8873:Yalis
8445:JSTOR
8413:S2CID
8381:S2CID
8349:S2CID
8228:(PDF)
8120:(PDF)
8109:(PDF)
8058:JSTOR
7793:(PDF)
7780:(PDF)
7745:
7155:High
7150:Back
7030:plain
6723:plain
6711:plain
6692:plain
6675:Velar
6511:Boas
5888:INSTR
5875:qʼasa
5732:jəsuχ
5727:laχuχ
5722:jəχuχ
5679:jut͡ɬ
5674:lat͡ɬ
5669:jut͡ɬ
5629:jənts
5619:jənts
5607:1pl.
5582:1sg.
5445:(a)χs
5269:(a)qʼ
4677:suχda
4657:χuχda
4600:ɡʲada
4433:sɡʲaʔ
4427:χɡʲaʔ
4216:1sg.
4074:laːsa
3850:lˀ(a)
3608:ʔamχa
3551:tsʼaq
3451:axʲsa
3372:ləmχʷ
3332:juːɡʷ
3314:ɡʲaːl
3260:χəkʲʼ
3173:Root
3147:trema
3145:with
2984:CəRˀT
2927:CəRTʼ
2876:məndz
2656:waːnˀ
2596:siːqʼ
2431:qʼuːm
2217:χəkʲʼ
2194:= (?)
1858:Shape
1855:Class
1811:Root
1774:siːχʷ
1740:dlaχʷ
1562:Root
1490:; (=)
1474:; (=)
1468:toʔji
1464:təwiʔ
1460:əxʲsa
1456:əχsta
1395:, or
1327:/əwa/
1325:from
1319:/əja/
1193:plain
916:plain
864:Velar
142:JSTOR
128:books
9035:Innu
9030:Cree
8152:ISBN
8092:2015
7860:2017
7834:2023
7801:2011
7202:Low
7176:Mid
6728:lab.
6717:lab.
6608:and
6568:The
6486:IPA
5962:-ida
5947:and
5941:case
5939:and
5905:club
5897:-his
5870:-the
5843:-the
5840:-ida
5474:qʼəs
5401:ɡʲaʔ
5395:ɡʲas
5384:ɡʲas
5366:ɡʲas
5257:ənts
5241:(a)q
5225:ənts
5200:ɡʲas
5176:ɡʲas
5166:ɡʲin
5083:ənts
4968:1sg.
4951:1sg.
4924:ɡʲaχ
4904:ut͡ɬ
4782:1sg.
4765:1sg.
4641:uχda
4618:sɡʲa
4606:χɡʲa
4421:ɡʲaʔ
4410:səkʲ
4404:qəkʲ
4309:ut͡ɬ
4258:ənts
4249:ənts
4159:laːʔ
4084:lakʲ
4060:---
4056:lekʲ
4052:1pl.
4037:1sg.
3955:ɡʲəɬ
3925:id͡l
3821:kʲas
3805:buɬa
3644:aːɬa
3630:(ə)s
3602:ʔamχ
3567:xʲid
3509:pəla
3480:ʔstu
3464:ʔdzu
3427:and
3354:χanˀ
3278:ɬəlˀ
3242:wˀəd
3224:qʼəj
3206:kʲən
3188:məxʲ
3143:dash
3101:Key:
3094:-+˘
3037:CəTT
2872:CəRD
2770:-+=
2764:-+=˘
2712:qəns
2708:CVRT
2652:CVRˀ
2592:CVTʼ
2419:-+˘
2283:CəRˀ
2213:CəTʼ
2150:wˀəd
2138:-+˘
2073:-+˘
1952:or +
1861:e.g.
1723:məxʲ
1706:pʼəs
1672:jaqʷ
1655:wənq
1635:bəkʷ
1616:ɢəkʲ
1577:ʔiːp
1543:/χʷ/
1541:and
1539:/xʷ/
1535:/xʲ/
1516:tɬiʔ
1502:; /=
1496:χəkʷ
1476:ɡʲəɬ
1436:/χʷ/
1434:and
1432:/xʷ/
1428:/xʲ/
1411:and
1346:coda
1315:/əw/
1311:/əj/
921:lab.
910:lab.
903:pal.
686:mood
195:lang
114:news
9118:Hän
8924:Art
8581:. (
8521:doi
8437:doi
8405:doi
8373:doi
8341:doi
8315:doi
7650:y̓
7644:x̌ʷ
7614:q̓ʷ
7587:X̌ʷ
7537:Q̓ʷ
7511:p̓
7496:m̓
7472:k̓ʷ
7392:K̓ʷ
7374:k̓
7356:gʷ
7341:c̓
6955:qʷʼ
6941:kʷʼ
6920:tɬʼ
6913:tsʼ
6452:x̱w
6446:xw
6431:t̓s
6425:t̓ł
6422:tł
6392:X̱w
6357:T̓s
6347:T̓ł
6307:ʼn
6286:ḵ̓w
6283:ḵ̓
6274:k̓w
6210:Ḵ̓w
6190:K̓w
6177:k̓
6162:g̱w
6159:g̱
6144:dł
6098:G̱w
6026:or
6024:IPA
5972:-χa
5894:-is
5867:-χa
5861:OBJ
5851:man
5801:).
5767:ɡaχ
5757:jəs
5752:laq
5747:jəχ
5692:ɡʲa
5601:jən
5591:jən
5545:or
5407:ɡʲa
5378:ɡʲa
5296:(i)
5263:uχs
5255:, -
5233:, -
5223:, -
5206:ɡʲa
5168:, -
5066:sis
4878:siq
4702:ida
4700:; -
4698:ida
4679:; -
4669:; -
4667:suχ
4661:χʷa
4659:; -
4649:; -
4647:χuχ
4594:ɡʲa
4486:suʔ
4480:quʔ
4478:; -
4476:qʼʷ
4459:suχ
4129:laʔ
4114:laχ
4069:las
4041:lən
3915:tˈa
3892:dza
3834:dzi
3763:ənχ
3538:ukʷ
3339:or
3126:or
3069:˘+=
3066:˘+=
3063:˘+=
3057:˘+=
2981:C6.
2972:˘+-
2959:v+=
2954:˘+=
2948:˘+=
2924:C5.
2915:˘+-
2902:v+=
2892:v+=
2869:C4.
2822:C3.
2775:C2.
2767:-+˘
2761:-+=
2758:-+˘
2749:˘+=
2746:˘+=
2705:C1.
2681:˘+=
2674:˘+=
2649:B6.
2637:-+˘
2634:˘+-
2625:v+=
2622:˘+=
2589:B5.
2568:˘+=
2537:CVD
2534:B4.
2521:˘+-
2485:CVY
2482:B3.
2471:-+˘
2454:˘+=
2427:CVR
2424:B2.
2404:-+v
2389:˘+=
2386:˘+=
2348:CVT
2345:B1.
2340:+˘
2328:˘+=
2325:˘+=
2322:˘+=
2280:A6.
2275:+˘
2253:˘+=
2210:A5.
2205:+˘
2146:CəD
2143:A4.
2135:-+˘
2132:-+˘
2129:-+˘
2126:-+˘
2119:˘+=
2113:˘+=
2110:˘+=
2085:dəy
2081:CəY
2078:A3.
2070:-+˘
2067:-+˘
2064:-+˘
2052:˘+=
2049:˘+=
2041:˘+=
2035:-+=
2016:kən
2012:CəR
2009:A2.
2004:+v
1975:˘+=
1927:nəp
1923:CəT
1920:A1.
1597:wat
1551:/ɬ/
1547:/χ/
1531:/s/
1527:/s/
1500:/s/
1472:/s/
1444:/ɬ/
1440:/χ/
1424:/s/
1371:).
1123:qʷʼ
1111:kʷʼ
1106:kʲʼ
1098:tɬʼ
1091:tsʼ
641:in
474:IPA
426:ELP
402:kwk
215:IPA
97:by
9606::
9587:-
8517:12
8515:.
8511:.
8443:.
8433:37
8431:.
8411:.
8399:.
8379:.
8367:.
8347:.
8335:.
8309:.
8305:.
8291:31
8289:.
8273:.
8259:16
8257:.
8230:.
8202:.
8191:^
8175:.
8111:.
8078:.
8054:36
8052:.
8015:^
7999:.
7975:.
7951:.
7922:.
7818:.
7782:.
7733:.
7693:.
7641:x̌
7638:xʷ
7635:x
7632:w̓
7623:t̓
7620:t
7611:q̓
7608:qʷ
7597:Y̓
7582:X̌
7577:Xʷ
7567:W̓
7552:T̓
7532:Q̓
7527:Qʷ
7514:q
7502:n̓
7490:ƛ̓
7481:ł
7478:l̓
7469:kʷ
7455:P̓
7440:N̓
7430:M̓
7421:̓
7402:L̓
7387:Kʷ
7371:k
7362:ǧʷ
7347:dᶻ
7320:K̓
7300:Ǧʷ
7290:Gʷ
7275:Dᶻ
7265:C̓
7232:.
7122:wˀ
7113:jˀ
7106:lˀ
7097:nˀ
7090:mˀ
7010:χʷ
6996:xʷ
6948:qʼ
6934:kʼ
6927:cʼ
6906:tʼ
6899:pʼ
6883:ɢʷ
6869:ɡʷ
6853:dɮ
6846:dz
6809:qʷ
6795:kʷ
6774:tɬ
6767:ts
6624:.
6458:ʼy
6449:x̱
6440:ʼw
6428:ts
6419:t̓
6402:ʼY
6387:X̱
6382:Xw
6372:ʼW
6352:Ts
6342:Tł
6337:T̓
6319:s
6316:p̓
6301:ʼm
6292:ʼl
6280:ḵw
6260:P̓
6245:ʼN
6235:ʼM
6220:ʼL
6205:Ḵ̓
6200:Ḵw
6174:kw
6156:gw
6147:dz
6135:a̱
6123:K̓
6118:Kw
6093:G̱
6088:Gw
6073:Dz
6068:Dł
6053:A̱
5883:-s
5856:-a
5773:la
5742:hi
5717:ju
5664:su
5531:as
5513:is
5488:is
5468:uχ
5462:qʼ
5456:us
5439:uχ
5427:us
5372:kʲ
5322:-
5314:is
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