Semantics - Knowledge

1164:, it sees language as a wide cognitive ability that is closely related to the conceptual structures used to understand and represent the world. Cognitive semanticists do not draw a sharp distinction between linguistic knowledge and knowledge of the world and see them instead as interrelated phenomena. They study how the interaction between language and human cognition affects the conceptual organization in very general domains like space, time, causation, and action. The contrast between profile and base is sometimes used to articulate the underlying knowledge structure. The profile of a linguistic expression is the aspect of the knowledge structure that it brings to the foreground while the base is the background that provides the context of this aspect without being at the center of attention. For example, the profile of the word 467: 1629: 1576: 1438:, who observed that people usually communicate to cause some reaction in their audience. He held that the meaning of an expression is given by the intended reaction. This means that communication is not just about decoding what the speaker literally said but requires an understanding of their intention or why they said it. For example, telling someone looking for petrol that "there is a garage around the corner" has the meaning that petrol can be obtained there because of the speaker's intention to help. This goes beyond the literal meaning, which has no explicit connection to petrol. 40: 1314: 276:, which is interested in how people use language in communication. An expression like "That's what I'm talking about" can mean many things depending on who says it and in what situation. Semantics is interested in the possible meanings of expressions: what they can and cannot mean in general. In this regard, it is sometimes defined as the study of context-independent meaning. Pragmatics examines which of these possible meanings is relevant in a particular case. In contrast to semantics, it is interested in actual performance rather than in the general 1402: 606: 666:

entity can be both agent and patient, like when someone cuts themselves. An entity has the semantic role of an instrument if it is used to perform the action, for instance, when cutting something with a knife then the knife is the instrument. For some sentences, no action is described but an experience takes place, like when a girl sees a bird. In this case, the girl has the role of the experiencer. Other common semantic roles are location, source, goal, beneficiary, and stimulus.

412: 1771: 2216:, which records events that a person experienced in their life. The comprehension of language relies on semantic memory and the information it carries about word meanings. According to a common view, word meanings are stored and processed in relation to their semantic features. The feature comparison model states that sentences like "a robin is a bird" are assessed on a psychological level by comparing the semantic features of the word 1145: 1012: 1567:(384–322 BCE) introduced various conceptual distinctions that greatly influenced subsequent works in semantics. He developed an early form of the semantic triangle by holding that spoken and written words evoke mental concepts, which refer to external things by resembling them. For him, mental concepts are the same for all humans, unlike the conventional words they associate with those concepts. The 944:. Semasiology starts from words and examines what their meaning is. It is interested in whether words have one or several meanings and how those meanings are related to one another. Instead of going from word to meaning, onomasiology goes from meaning to word. It starts with a concept and examines what names this concept has or how it can be expressed in a particular language. 2182:. Denotational semantics relies on mathematical formalisms to describe the effects of each element of the code. Axiomatic semantics uses deductive logic to analyze which conditions must be in place before and after the execution of a program. Operational semantics interprets the execution of a program as a series of steps, each involving the transition from one 1497:, which introduce the additional idea that there should be some kind of verification procedure to assess whether a sentence is true. They state that the meaning of a sentence consists in the method to verify it or in the circumstances that justify it. For instance, scientific claims often make predictions, which can be used to confirm or disconfirm them using 653:

connection to the physical object. This process is only possible if the language user learned the meaning of the symbol before. The meaning of a specific symbol is governed by the conventions of a particular language. The same symbol may refer to one object in one language, to another object in a different language, and to no object in another language.

1813:(1839–1914) conceived semiotics as a general theory of signs with several subdisciplines, which were later identified by Charles W. Morris (1901–1979) as syntactics, semantics, and pragmatics. In his pragmatist approach to semantics, Peirce held that the meaning of conceptions consists in the entirety of their practical consequences. The philosophy of 2201:

the relation between language and perceptual experience. Other issues concern how people learn new words and relate them to familiar things and concepts, how they infer the meaning of compound expressions they have never heard before, how they resolve ambiguous expressions, and how semantic illusions lead them to misinterpret sentences.

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is the idea that people have of dogs. Language is seen as a medium used to transfer ideas from the speaker to the audience. After having learned the same meaning of signs, the speaker can produce a sign that corresponds to the idea in their mind and the perception of this sign evokes the same idea in

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examines how the meaning of natural language expressions can be represented and processed on computers. It often relies on the insights of formal semantics and applies them to problems that can be computationally solved. Some of its key problems include computing the meaning of complex expressions by

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of an expression is the function it fulfills in a sentence. In the sentence "the boy kicked the ball", the boy has the role of the agent who performs an action. The ball is the theme or patient of this action as something that does not act itself but is involved in or affected by the action. The same

520:, which can be used to show how two expressions with a different sense have the same referent. For instance, the sentence "the morning star is the evening star" is informative and people can learn something from it. The sentence "the morning star is the morning star", by contrast, is an uninformative 453:

Semantics is primarily interested in the public meaning that expressions have, like the meaning found in general dictionary definitions. Speaker meaning, by contrast, is the private or subjective meaning that individuals associate with expressions. It can diverge from the literal meaning, like when a

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refer to the same person but do not mean exactly the same thing. This is particularly relevant when talking about beliefs since a person may understand both expressions without knowing that they point to the same entity. A further problem is given by expressions whose meaning depends on the context,

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is an important subfield of cognitive semantics. Its central idea is that the meaning of terms cannot be understood in isolation from each other but needs to be analyzed on the background of the conceptual structures they depend on. These structures are made explicit in terms of semantic frames. For

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stands for a type of fruit but there is no direct connection between this string of letters and the corresponding physical object. The relation is only established indirectly through the mind of the language user. When they see the symbol, it evokes a mental image or a concept, which establishes the

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what meaning people should associate with particular expressions. Some of its key questions are "How do the meanings of words combine to create the meanings of sentences?", "How do meanings relate to the minds of language users, and to the things words refer to?", and "What is the connection between

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semantics, also referred to as stimulus-response theory, the meaning of an expression is given by the situation that prompts the speaker to use it and the response it provokes in the audience. For instance, the meaning of yelling "Fire!" is given by the presence of an uncontrolled fire and attempts

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To avoid these problems, referential theories often introduce additional devices. Some identify meaning not directly with objects but with functions that point to objects. This additional level has the advantage of taking the context of an expression into account since the same expression may point

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shares with cognitive semantics the idea of studying linguistic meaning from a psychological perspective by examining how humans conceptualize and experience the world. It holds that meaning is not about the objects to which expressions refer but about the cognitive structure of human concepts that

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Psychological semantics examines psychological aspects of meaning. It is concerned with how meaning is represented on a cognitive level and what mental processes are involved in understanding and producing language. It further investigates how meaning interacts with other mental processes, such as

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as a whole. This includes the study of lexical relations between words, such as whether two terms are synonyms or antonyms. Lexical semantics categorizes words based on semantic features they share and groups them into semantic fields unified by a common subject. This information is used to create

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When interpreted in a strong sense, the principle of compositionality states that the meaning of a complex expression is not just affected by its parts and how they are combined but fully determined this way. It is controversial whether this claim is correct or whether additional aspects influence

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Compositionality is often used to explain how people can formulate and understand an almost infinite number of meanings even though the amount of words and cognitive resources is finite. Many sentences that people read are sentences that they have never seen before and they are nonetheless able to

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that dictate how to arrange words to create sentences. These divisions are reflected in the fact that it is possible to master some aspects of a language while lacking others, like when a person knows how to pronounce a word without knowing its meaning. As a subfield of semiotics, semantics has a

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Another causal theory focuses on the meaning of names and holds that a naming event is required to establish the link between name and named entity. This naming event acts as a form of baptism that establishes the first link of a causal chain in which all subsequent uses of the name participate.

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is associated with the concept of the four-legged domestic animal. Sentence meaning falls into the field of phrasal semantics and concerns the denotation of full sentences. It usually expresses a concept applying to a type of situation, as in the sentence "the dog has ruined my blue skirt". The

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incorporated many of the insights of their predecessors to develop a complex theory of language through the perspective of logic. They discerned different kinds of words by their semantic and syntactic roles, such as the contrast between names, common nouns, and verbs. They also discussed the

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Truth conditions play a central role in semantics and some theories rely exclusively on truth conditions to analyze meaning. To understand a statement usually implies that one has an idea about the conditions under which it would be true. This can happen even if one does not know whether the

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refer to the same number. The meanings of these expressions differ not on the level of reference but on the level of sense. Sense is sometimes understood as a mental phenomenon that helps people identify the objects to which an expression refers. Some semanticists focus primarily on sense or

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of a statement are the way the world needs to be for the statement to be true. For example, it belongs to the truth conditions of the sentence "it is raining outside" that raindrops are falling from the sky. The sentence is true if it is used in a situation in which the truth conditions are

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across languages and considers to what extent the cognitive conceptual structures of humans are universal or relative to their linguistic background. Another research topic concerns the psychological processes involved in the application of grammar. Other investigated phenomena include

2100:, looks at the meaning of the premises, in particular, at their truth value. A conclusion follows semantically from a set of premises if the truth of the premises ensures the truth of the conclusion, that is, if any semantic interpretation function that assigns the premises the value 996:. The subject of a sentence usually refers to a specific entity while the predicate describes a feature of the subject or an event in which the subject participates. Arguments provide additional information to complete the predicate. For example, in the sentence "Mary hit the ball", 197:, and how the meanings of the constituents affect one another. Semantics can focus on a specific language, like English, but in its widest sense, it investigates meaning structures relevant to all languages. As a descriptive discipline, it aims to determine how meaning works without 1817:(1848–1925) contributed to semantics on many different levels. Frege first introduced the distinction between sense and reference, and his development of predicate logic and the principle of compositionality formed the foundation of many subsequent developments in formal semantics. 645:, either in its spoken or written form. The central idea of the model is that there is no direct relation between a linguistic expression and what it refers to, as was assumed by earlier dyadic models. This is expressed in the diagram by the dotted line between symbol and referent. 1291:

Pragmatic semantics studies how the meaning of an expression is shaped by the situation in which it is used. It is based on the idea that communicative meaning is usually context-sensitive and depends on who participates in the exchange, what information they share, and what their

1493:" is false in the actual world but there are some possible worlds in which it is true. The extension of a sentence can be interpreted as its truth value while its intension is the set of all possible worlds in which it is true. Truth-conditional semantics is closely related to 1129:

is a subfield of formal semantics that focuses on how information grows over time. According to it, "meaning is context change potential": the meaning of a sentence is not given by the information it contains but by the information change it brings about relative to a context.

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of an expression refers to the situation or circumstances in which it is used and includes time, location, speaker, and audience. It also encompasses other passages in a text that come before and after it. Context affects the meaning of various expressions, like the

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mean and how they are combined. In this regard, the meaning of complex expressions like sentences is different from word meaning since it is normally not possible to deduce what a word means by looking at its letters and one needs to consult a dictionary instead.

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and background assumptions are. It focuses on communicative actions, of which linguistic expressions only form one part. Some theorists include these topics within the scope of semantics while others consider them part of the distinct discipline of pragmatics.

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is a key aspect of how languages construct meaning. It is the idea that the meaning of a complex expression is a function of the meanings of its parts. It is possible to understand the meaning of the sentence "Zuzana owns a dog" by understanding what the words

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refer to different persons in different worlds. This view can also be used to analyze sentences that talk about what is possible or what is necessary: possibility is what is true in some possible worlds while necessity is what is true in all possible worlds.

1644:(354–430) developed a general conception of signs as entities that stand for other entities and convey them to the intellect. He was the first to introduce the distinction between natural and linguistic signs as different types belonging to a common genus. 1070:

to analyze meaning in natural languages. It aims to develop precise logical formalisms to clarify the relation between expressions and their denotation. One of its key tasks is to provide frameworks of how language represents the world, for example, using

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underlying this performance. This includes the topic of additional meaning that can be inferred even though it is not literally expressed, like what it means if a speaker remains silent on a certain topic. A closely related distinction by the semiotician

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connect thought, perception, and action. Conceptual semantics differs from cognitive semantics by introducing a strict distinction between meaning and syntax and by relying on various formal devices to explore the relation between meaning and cognition.

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analyzes the meaning of sentences in terms of their truth conditions. According to this view, to understand a sentence means to know what the world needs to be like for the sentence to be true. Truth conditions can themselves be expressed through

446:. Utterance meaning is studied by pragmatics and is about the meaning of an expression on a particular occasion. Sentence meaning and utterance meaning come apart in cases where expressions are used in a non-literal way, as is often the case with 1516:. The meaning of expressions depends on how they are used inside a game and the same expression may have different meanings in different games. Some versions of this theory identify meaning directly with patterns of regular use. Others focus on 1413:

Ideational theories, also called mentalist theories, are not primarily interested in the reference of expressions and instead explain meaning in terms of the mental states of language users. One historically influential approach articulated by

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to express arguments and assess their correctness. One part of this process is to provide a semantics for a formal language to precisely define what its terms mean. A semantics of a formal language is a set of rules, usually expressed as a

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if it is always possible to exchange expressions with the same reference without affecting the truth value of the sentence. For example, the environment of the sentence "the number 8 is even" is extensional because replacing the expression

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Cultural semantics studies the relation between linguistic meaning and culture. It compares conceptual structures in different languages and is interested in how meanings evolve and change because of cultural phenomena associated with

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Phrasal semantics studies the meaning of sentences. It relies on the principle of compositionality to explore how the meaning of complex expressions arises from the combination of their parts. The different parts can be analyzed as

1557:. It considers the positions of naturalism, which holds that things have their name by nature, and conventionalism, which states that names are related to their referents by customs and conventions among language users. The book 2126:

is how it behaves when a computer runs it. Semantics contrasts with syntax, which is the particular form in which instructions are expressed. The same behavior can usually be described with different forms of syntax. In

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to show how linguistic expressions map to the entities of that model. A common idea is that words refer to individual objects or groups of objects while sentences relate to events and states. Sentences are mapped to a

1767:(1715–1780) accepted and further developed Leibniz's idea of the linguistic nature of thought. Against Locke, he held that language is involved in the creation of ideas and is not merely a medium to communicate them. 1598:

held that all names refer to real objects. It explored how words lead to an understanding of the thing meant and what consequence this relation has to the creation of knowledge. Philosophers of the orthodox school of

1040:. A further compositional device is variable binding, which is used to determine the reference of a term. For example, the last part of the expression "the woman who likes Beethoven" specifies which woman is meant. 11050: 1742:

by John Locke (1632–1704) presented an influential version of the ideational theory of meaning, according to which words stand for ideas and help people communicate by transferring ideas from one mind to another.

494:. The referent of an expression is the object to which the expression points. The sense of an expression is the way in which it refers to that object or how the object is interpreted. For example, the expressions 888:

then the language of first-order logic is the object language and Japanese is the metalanguage. The same language may occupy the role of object language and metalanguage at the same time. This is the case in

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primarily on reference in their analysis of meaning. To grasp the full meaning of an expression, it is usually necessary to understand both to what entities in the world it refers and how it describes them.

1534:. For example, one can infer from "x is a male sibling" that "x is a brother" and one can infer from "x is a brother" that "x has parents". According to inferentialist semantics, the meaning of the word 107:

examines meaning from a psychological perspective and assumes a close relation between language ability and the conceptual structures used to understand the world. Other branches of semantics include

1809:(1806–1873) gave great importance to the role of names to refer to things. He distinguished between the connotation and denotation of names and held that propositions are formed by combining names. 1025:

usually function as predicates and often help to establish connections between different expressions to form a more complex meaning structure. In the expression "Beethoven likes Schubert", the verb

8143: 1660:(1079–1142) was his interest in propositions or the meaning of sentences in contrast to the focus on the meaning of individual words by many of his predecessors. He further explored the nature of 2228:

of the general category. For atypical examples, as in the sentence "a penguin is a bird", there is less overlap in the semantic features and the psychological process is significantly slower.

1848:(1930–1971) formulated a complex formal framework of the semantics of the English language, which was responsible for establishing formal semantics as a major area of research. According to 1546:

Semantics was established as an independent field of inquiry in the 19th century but the study of semantic phenomena began as early as the ancient period as part of philosophy and logic. In

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The study of semantic phenomena began during antiquity but was not recognized as an independent field of inquiry until the 19th century. Semantics is relevant to the fields of formal logic,

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holds that semantics studies the relation between words and the world, pragmatics examines the relation between words and users, and syntax focuses on the relation between different words.

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have meaning even though they do not point to existing entities. Other difficulties concern cases in which different expressions are about the same entity. For instance, the expressions

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have a non-literal meaning that acts as a unit and is not a direct function of its parts. Another topic concerns the meaning of morphemes that make up words, for instance, how negative

1860:(1857–1913), language is a complex network of structural relations and the meanings of words are not fixed individually but depend on their position within this network. The theory of 1465:

refers to an ancient Greek philosopher because, at some point, he was originally named this way and people kept using this name to refer to him. This view was originally formulated by

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associated with the Sapir–Whorf hypothesis and holds instead that the underlying cognitive processes responsible for conceptual structures are independent of the language one speaks.

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perspective by considering the mental acts that endow expressions with meaning. He held that meaning always implies reference to an object and expressions that lack a referent, like

1722:(1588–1679) distinguished between marks, which people use privately to recall their own thoughts, and signs, which are used publicly to communicate their ideas to others. In their 57:. It examines what meaning is, how words get their meaning, and how the meaning of a complex expression depends on its parts. Part of this process involves the distinction between 1148:

Cognitive semantics is interested in the conceptual structures underlying language, which can be articulated through the contrast between profile and base. For instance, the term

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is an early and influential theory in formal semantics that provides a detailed analysis of how the English language can be represented using mathematical logic. It relies on

2052:, that is, whether the premises entail the conclusion. Entailment can be defined in terms of syntax or in terms of semantics. Syntactic entailment, expressed with the symbol 1388:

semantics, which allows expressions to refer not only to entities in the actual world but also to entities in other possible worlds. According to this view, expressions like

392:. There are many forms of non-linguistic meaning that are not examined by semantics. Actions and policies can have meaning in relation to the goal they serve. Fields like 11034: 6961: 3832: 3679: 1695:. Syncategorematic terms lack independent meaning and fulfill other semantic functions, such as modifying or quantifying the meaning of other expressions, like the words 2045:

to the set of all dogs. This way, it is possible to calculate the truth value of the sentence: it is true if Bertie is a member of the set of dogs and false otherwise.

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more narrow focus on meaning in language while semiotics studies both linguistic and non-linguistic signs. Semiotics investigates additional topics like the meaning of

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they evoke, like ideas and conceptual representations. The external side examines how words refer to objects in the world and under what conditions a sentence is true.

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is the person with this name. General terms refer not to a single entity but to the set of objects to which this term applies. In this regard, the meaning of the term

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is an argument. A more fine-grained categorization distinguishes between different semantic roles of words, such as agent, patient, theme, location, source, and goal.

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Perspectives of System Informatics: 4th International Andrei Ershov Memorial Conference, PSI 2001, Akademgorodok, Novosibirsk, Russia, July 2-6, 2001, Revised Papers

1711:(c. 1219/20 – c. 1292), who held that things get names similar to how people get names through some kind of initial baptism. His ideas inspired the tradition of the 1951: 2043: 2023: 1991: 1971: 1793:(1792–1829) is sometimes credited as the father of semantics since he clarified its concept and scope while also making various contributions to its key ideas. 1160:

Cognitive semantics studies the problem of meaning from a psychological perspective or how the mind of the language user affects meaning. As a subdiscipline of

61:. Sense is given by the ideas and concepts associated with an expression while reference is the object to which an expression points. Semantics contrasts with 9176: 415:

Semantics is not focused on subjective speaker meaning and is instead interested in public meaning, like the meaning found in general dictionary definitions.

7435: 7403: 7371: 7339: 1613:(4th–5th century CE) distinguished between different types of words and considered how they can carry different meanings depending on how they are used. In 629:, also called the triangle of meaning, is a model used to explain the relation between language, language users, and the world, represented in the model as 232:

Many related disciplines investigate language and meaning. Semantics contrasts with other subfields of linguistics focused on distinct aspects of language.

893:, in which both the entry term belonging to the object language and the definition text belonging to the metalanguage are taken from the English language. 126:

like the ideas that an expression evokes in the minds of language users. According to causal theories, meaning is determined by causes and effects, which

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to control it or seek safety. Behaviorist semantics relies on the idea that learning a language consists in adopting behavioral patterns in the form of

1530:, also called conceptual role semantics, holds that the meaning of an expression is given by the role it plays in the premises and conclusions of good 1339:

is the set of all cats. Similarly, verbs usually refer to classes of actions or events and adjectives refer to properties of individuals and events.

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As a field of inquiry, semantics has both an internal and an external side. The internal side is interested in the connection between words and the

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is sometimes used in a different sense to refer to compositional semantics or to the study of meaning in the formal languages of systems of logic.

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Theories of meaning explain what meaning is, what meaning an expression has, and how the relation between expression and meaning is established.

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categorization, which is understood as a cognitive heuristic to avoid information overload by regarding different entities in the same way, and

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Semanticists commonly distinguish the language they study, called object language, from the language they use to express their findings, called

9134: 8490: 1455:. One of its key motivations is to avoid private mental entities and define meaning instead in terms of publicly observable language behavior. 8125: 1880:(1929–2014) developed frame semantics as a major approach in this area. The closely related field of conceptual semantics was inaugurated by 8933: 7593:

Burgess, Alexis; Sherman, Brett (2014). "Introduction: A Plea for the Metaphysics of Meaning". In Burgess, Alexis; Sherman, Brett (eds.).

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of the premises on the level of syntax into account and ignore what meaning they express. Semantic entailment, expressed with the symbol

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in "Paco believes that the number 8 is even" is intensional since Paco may not know that the number of planets in the solar system is 8.

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connects a liker to the object of their liking. Other sentence parts modify meaning rather than form new connections. For instance, the

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discussed the relation between the meanings of individual words and full sentences while considering which one is more basic. The book

1248:. For example, address practices encode cultural values and social hierarchies, as in the difference of politeness of expressions like 10786:

Smith, Edward E.; Rips, Lance J.; Shoben, Edward J. (1975). "Semantic Memory and Psychological Semantics". In Bower, Gordon H. (ed.).

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instead of a number as an argument. Dynamic semantics focuses on the run time behavior of programs, that is, what happens during the

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Lexical semantics is the sub-field of semantics that studies word meaning. It examines semantic aspects of individual words and the

11998: 10101: 7223: 10959: 1916:, that assigns meanings to formal language expressions. For example, the language of first-order logic uses lowercase letters for 10716: 9668: 2147:

since they rely on different syntax but can usually be employed to create programs with the same behavior on the semantic level.

1625:, which explored the relation between names and entities while examining how names are required to identify and judge entities. 6953: 809:

or lexical field is a group of words that are all related to the same activity or subject. For instance, the semantic field of

7532: 440:. Different sentences can express the same proposition, like the English sentence "the tree is green" and the German sentence 12241: 11371: 11319: 11298: 11273: 11240: 11188: 11159: 11132: 11103: 11076: 11044: 11017: 10988: 10940: 10913: 10880: 10797: 10770: 10743: 10671: 10648: 10623: 10596: 10573: 10548: 10521: 10494: 10465: 10436: 10407: 10380: 10332: 10305: 10276: 10249: 10226: 10207: 10182: 10155: 10128: 10076: 10049: 10028: 10003: 9976: 9947: 9920: 9891: 9864: 9835: 9808: 9762: 9725: 9698: 9662: 9638: 9619: 9569: 9540: 9513: 9484: 9463: 9438: 9411: 9382: 9359: 9334: 9313: 9294: 9269: 9242: 9213: 9186: 9109: 9088: 9069: 9036: 9007: 8986: 8959: 8927: 8896: 8850: 8823: 8786: 8757: 8730: 8707: 8682: 8653: 8630: 8605: 8584: 8534: 8502: 8473: 8446: 8419: 8392: 8371: 8331: 8304: 8277: 8250: 8223: 8196: 8169: 8137: 8108: 8081: 8047: 8022: 7970: 7938: 7917: 7890: 7861: 7840: 7803: 7776: 7749: 7722: 7687: 7660: 7631: 7604: 7552: 7515: 7488: 7461: 7429: 7397: 7365: 7333: 7306: 7279: 7250: 7198: 7171: 7123: 7075: 7048: 7019: 2394:

The history of semantics is different from historical semantics, which studies how the meanings of words change through time.

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can be used to show the underlying hierarchy employed to combine the different parts. Various grammatical devices, like the

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Semantics studies meaning in language, which is limited to the meaning of linguistic expressions. It concerns how signs are

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Theories of meaning are general explanations of the nature of meaning and how expressions are endowed with it. According to

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in either case. Closely related fields are intercultural semantics, cross-cultural semantics, and comparative semantics.

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The model holds instead that the relation between the two is mediated through a third component. For example, the term

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analyzing their parts, handling ambiguity, vagueness, and context-dependence, and using the extracted information in

802:. It may not always be possible to fully reconstruct the meaning of a word by identifying all its semantic features. 122:, the meaning of an expression is the part of reality to which it points. Ideational theories identify meaning with 12975: 11445: 1123:

to show how meaning is created through the combination of expressions belonging to different syntactic categories.

588:. Whether a statement is true usually depends on the relation between the statement and the rest of the world. The 1380:

to one object in one context and to another object in a different context. For example, the reference of the word

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Glock, Hans-Johann (2012). "What Is a Theory of Meaning? Just When You Thought Conceptual Analysis Was Dead...".

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Riemer, Nick (2016). "Internalist Semantics: Meaning, Conceptualization and Expression". In Riemer, Nick (ed.).

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Malpas, Jeff (2014). "Introduction: Hermeneutics and Philosophy". In Malpas, Jeff; Gander, Hans-Helmuth (eds.).

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Lexical Semantics and Diachronic Morphology: The Development of -hood, -dom and -ship in the History of English

4268: 2224:. The assessment process is fast if their semantic features are similar, which is the case if the example is a 1921: 1868:(1879–1950) as an inquiry into how language represents reality and affects human thought. The contributions of 1508:

states that the meaning of an expression is given by the way it is utilized. This view was first introduced by

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of a program. In particular, it is concerned with detecting errors of syntactically correct programs, such as

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Causal theories hold that the meaning of an expression depends on the causes and effects it has. According to

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Referential theories state that the meaning of an expression is the entity to which it points. The meaning of

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Some semanticists also include the study of lexical units other than words in the field of lexical semantics.

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of another term if the meaning of the first term is included in the meaning of the second term. For example,

173:. It is a systematic inquiry that examines what linguistic meaning is and how it arises. It investigates how 87:

they stand to one another. Phrasal semantics studies the meaning of sentences by exploring the phenomenon of

9648:

Magnus, P. D.; Button, Tim; Thomas-Bolduc, Aaron; Zach, Richard; Loftis, J. Robert; Trueman, Robert (2021).

466: 12206: 12106: 2117: 1797:(1832–1915) followed him in providing a broad conception of the field, for which he coined the French term 343:

and only later acquired its wider meaning regarding any type of sign, including linguistic signs. The word

9742: 7679:

Denying Existence: The Logic, Epistemology and Pragmatics of Negative Existentials and Fictional Discourse

1993:

is a predicate for dog. Classical model-theoretic semantics assigns meaning to these terms by defining an

1636:'s innovations was his focus on the meaning of full sentences rather than the meaning of individual words. 753:, like a bank of a river in contrast to a bank as a financial institution. Hyponymy is closely related to 292:, which studies how words and their meanings changed in the course of history. Another connected field is 214:. Besides its meaning as a field of inquiry, semantics can also refer to theories within this field, like 12362: 11947: 11897: 10019:

Nerlich, Brigitte (2019). "9. The Emergence of Linguistic Semantics in the 19th and Early 20th Century".

1748: 1680:(895–980) held that meaning resides directly in speech and needs to be extracted through interpretation. 1477: 1342: 1083:

Formal semantics further examines how to use formal mechanisms to represent linguistic phenomena such as

373: 215: 202:

what a word means, and the contexts in which it is used?". The main disciplines engaged in semantics are

131: 8436: 7704: 1524:

by additionally taking into account whether a certain use is considered appropriate in a given society.

12965: 12844: 12506: 12327: 12086: 11826: 11706: 11437: 8058: 1822: 1527: 524:

since the expressions are identical not only on the level of reference but also on the level of sense.

143: 31: 1501:. According to verificationism, sentences that can neither be verified nor falsified are meaningless. 783:, which can refer to the topmost part of the human body or the top-ranking person in an organization. 12849: 12799: 12561: 12450: 12260: 12171: 11771: 11678: 11518: 2163: 1744: 1217: 584:

is a property of statements that accurately present the world and true statements are in accord with

9126: 1683:

An important topic towards the end of the Middle Ages was the distinction between categorematic and

1621:

argued that names play a key role in making distinctions to guide moral behavior. They inspired the

779:

is used if the different meanings are closely related to one another, like the meanings of the word

12904: 12768: 12347: 12096: 10429:

The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History: The People, Places, and Events That Shaped Christianity

2183: 1837: 1756: 1084: 384:

definitions by giving synonymous expressions or paraphrases, like defining the meaning of the term

250: 174: 10174:

Mathematics in Computing: An Accessible Guide to Historical, Foundational and Application Contexts

12899: 12445: 11741: 11668: 11523: 1760: 1747:(1646–1716) understood language as the mirror of thought and tried to conceive the outlines of a 1736:(1625–1695) developed an early precursor of the distinction between intension and extension. The 1221: 1208: 1080:

based on whether their description of the world is in correspondence with its ontological model.

483: 198: 119: 112: 11176: 10482: 8907: 7820: 4591: 4564: 4546: 3793: 3688: 2865: 43:

A central topic in semantics concerns the relation between language, world, and mental concepts.

12929: 12601: 12571: 12546: 12486: 12385: 12317: 11987: 11831: 11766: 11428: 9819: 3554: 2195: 2171: 1994: 1810: 1452: 1186:, which concerns how the language user's bodily experience affects the meaning of expressions. 1104: 993: 948: 890: 846: 194: 190: 11257: 11149: 11120: 11093: 11066: 10868: 10613: 10584: 10511: 10370: 10293: 10237: 10172: 10145: 9908: 9881: 9715: 9557: 9370: 9324: 8949: 8774: 8718: 8641: 8463: 8409: 8382: 8296:

From Cognitive Semantics to Lexical Pragmatics: The Functional Polysemy of Discourse Particles

8186: 8098: 8012: 7677: 7648: 7621: 7505: 7296: 7240: 7161: 6898: 6862: 6853: 6754: 6724: 6715: 6685: 6676: 6646: 6514: 6436: 6376: 6367: 6325: 6271: 5919: 5781: 5772: 5751: 5742: 5694: 5685: 5667: 5406: 5355: 5068: 5042: 4972: 4699: 4690: 4624: 4582: 4537: 4326: 4278: 4129: 4105: 4060: 4051: 3988: 3970: 3943: 3916: 3889: 3862: 3736: 3703: 3652: 3643: 3616: 3533: 3296: 2680: 2665: 2575: 2162:. This is the case, for instance, if a function performing a numerical calculation is given a 1018:, like the constituency-based parse tree, show how expressions are combined to form sentences. 917:

taxonomies to organize lexical knowledge, for example, by distinguishing between physical and

12829: 12723: 12688: 12576: 12551: 12395: 12312: 11962: 11942: 11877: 11761: 11543: 11005: 10897: 10760: 10733: 10424: 10322: 10266: 10066: 9993: 9937: 9852: 9428: 9399: 9203: 9024: 8840: 8747: 8595: 8524: 8321: 8240: 8213: 7960: 7907: 7793: 7766: 7451: 7188: 7113: 7036: 6907: 6811: 6802: 6745: 6706: 6667: 6637: 6628: 6595: 6586: 6565: 5898: 5841: 5802: 5712: 5442: 5130: 5112: 5033: 4945: 4864: 4828: 4798: 4672: 4465: 4456: 4353: 4165: 4138: 4096: 3853: 3584: 3563: 3494: 3431: 3383: 3374: 3039: 2734: 2590: 2356: 2288: 2179: 2167: 2144: 2083: 2055: 1913: 1857: 1790: 1684: 1171: 1161: 1153: 833: 277: 11361: 11309: 11230: 10787: 10397: 10039: 9688: 9530: 9259: 9099: 8294: 8161:

The Cultural Semantics of Address Practices: A Contrastive Study Between English and Italian

8159: 7851: 7739: 7594: 7478: 7091:

Andreou, Marios (2015). "Lexical Negation in Lexical Semantics: The Prefixes in- and dis-".

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of meaning that includes the knowledge of language, concepts, and facts. It contrasts with

1849: 1677: 1201: 521: 166: 108: 54: 8749:

States of Mind: American and Post-Soviet Perspectives on Contemporary Issues in Psychology

7067:

Metasemantics and Intersectionality in the Misinformation Age: Truth in Political Struggle

2372:, which profiles a landmass against the background of the surrounding water, and the word 1927: 1789:

In the 19th century, semantics emerged and solidified as an independent field of inquiry.

1687:. Categorematic terms have an independent meaning and refer to some part of reality, like 130:

semantics analyzes in terms of stimulus and response. Further theories of meaning include

8: 12894: 12809: 12753: 12656: 12641: 12611: 12591: 12566: 12435: 12420: 12176: 12166: 12016: 11972: 11806: 11583: 11498: 9151: 7163:

The Emergence of Semantics in Four Linguistic Traditions: Hebrew, Sanskrit, Greek, Arabic

2237: 2175: 1917: 1877: 1712: 1652:, which popularized its main ideas and inspired reflections on semantic phenomena in the 1628: 1575: 1551: 1509: 1281: 1233: 1213: 1193:

example, words like bride, groom, and honeymoon evoke in the mind the frame of marriage.

1178: 1139: 989: 884:. When a professor uses Japanese to teach their student how to interpret the language of 857: 479: 104: 58: 11308:

Zaefferer, D. (2019). "Introduction: Universals and Semantics". In Zaefferer, D. (ed.).

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Gross, Steven (2016). "(Descriptive) Externalism in Semantics". In Riemer, Nick (ed.).

8563: 6994: 2073: 2028: 2008: 1976: 1956: 1898: 1641: 1183: 1112: 1108: 12252: 10708: 9649: 2139:, which are syntactically different expressions to increase the value of the variable 12919: 12874: 12859: 12819: 12758: 12728: 12708: 12501: 12430: 11992: 11912: 11751: 11633: 11367: 11315: 11294: 11269: 11236: 11184: 11155: 11128: 11099: 11072: 11040: 11013: 10984: 10936: 10909: 10876: 10847: 10793: 10766: 10739: 10667: 10644: 10619: 10592: 10569: 10544: 10517: 10490: 10461: 10432: 10403: 10376: 10328: 10301: 10272: 10245: 10222: 10203: 10178: 10151: 10124: 10072: 10045: 10024: 9999: 9972: 9943: 9916: 9887: 9860: 9831: 9804: 9758: 9721: 9694: 9658: 9634: 9615: 9565: 9536: 9509: 9480: 9459: 9434: 9407: 9378: 9355: 9330: 9309: 9290: 9265: 9238: 9209: 9182: 9105: 9084: 9065: 9032: 9003: 8982: 8955: 8923: 8892: 8846: 8819: 8782: 8753: 8726: 8703: 8678: 8649: 8626: 8601: 8580: 8555: 8530: 8498: 8469: 8442: 8415: 8388: 8367: 8327: 8300: 8273: 8246: 8219: 8192: 8165: 8133: 8104: 8100:

Ethnosyntax: Explorations in Grammar and Culture: Explorations in Grammar and Culture

8077: 8043: 8018: 7966: 7934: 7913: 7886: 7857: 7836: 7799: 7772: 7745: 7718: 7683: 7656: 7627: 7600: 7548: 7511: 7484: 7457: 7425: 7393: 7361: 7329: 7302: 7275: 7246: 7194: 7167: 7119: 7071: 7044: 7015: 6986: 2284: 2209: 2049: 1998: 1904: 1861: 1559: 1521: 1469:

to apply to names only but has been extended to cover other types of speech as well.

1331: 1225: 1126: 1100: 985: 907: 885: 787: 626: 424: 282: 237: 84: 76: 10324:

Semantic Primes and Universal Grammar: Empirical Evidence from the Romance Languages

470:

The distinction between sense and reference was first introduced by the philosopher

12970: 12924: 12854: 12743: 12521: 12056: 11967: 11791: 11786: 11588: 10357: 9750: 9057: 8915: 8873: 8811: 8348: 7828: 7710: 7540: 7148: 7100: 2280: 2276: 2262:

The study of meaning structures found in all languages is sometimes referred to as

2225: 2123: 1908: 1873: 1865: 1845: 1806: 1724: 1605: 1317:

Referential theories identify meaning with the entities to which expressions point.

1229: 532: 150: 88: 2420:

to refer to this discipline while others understand the term in a different sense.

12733: 12636: 12531: 12496: 12201: 12116: 11872: 11851: 11801: 11781: 11721: 11688: 11643: 11638: 11598: 11483: 11205: 10976: 10930: 10659: 10538: 10453: 10118: 9995:

Translation Technique in the Peshitta to Ezekiel 1-24: A Frame Semantics Approach

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Kretzmann, Norman (2006). "Semantics, History of". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

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face problems for meaningful expressions that have no clear referent. Names like

1116: 918: 874: 589: 566: 401: 340: 312:

foundations of meaning and aims to explain where it comes from or how it arises.

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Pelletier, Francis Jeffry (1994). "The Principle of Semantic Compositionality".

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to express scientific and philosophical truths. This attempt inspired theorists

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Problems of Semantics: A Contribution to the Analysis of the Language Science

10851: 8559: 7569: 6990: 1869: 1853: 1840:, which was influential in the development of truth-conditional semantics by 1833: 1814: 1733: 1719: 1657: 1653: 1633: 1614: 1587: 1513: 1406: 1322: 662: 471: 305: 262: 123: 66: 11336: 8975:

Indraccolo, Lisa (2020). "Argumentation (Bian 辯)". In Fung, Yiu-ming (ed.).

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is the individual to which they refer. For example, the meaning of the name

786:

The meaning of words can often be subdivided into meaning components called

427:

and investigates the denotation of individual words. It is often related to

103:

to provide precise frameworks of the relation between language and meaning.

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The Footprints of God: Divine Accommodation in Jewish and Christian Thought

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Bekkum, Wout Jac van; Houben, Jan; Sluiter, Ineke; Versteegh, Kees (1997).

2151: 2077: 1384:

depends on the location in which it is used. A closely related approach is

1092: 1072: 1048:

form, also contribute to meaning and are studied by grammatical semantics.

941: 881: 770: 769:

if it has more than one possible meaning. In some cases, it is possible to

725:

is a hyponym that has characteristic features of the type it belongs to. A

420: 397: 309: 293: 226: 80: 9101:

Compositional Semantics: An Introduction to the Syntax/Semantics Interface

8646:

Scientific Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery: Principles and Foundations

1648:(480–528) wrote a translation of and various comments on Aristotle's book 936:

Lexical semantics is sometimes divided into two complementary approaches:

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Nouwen, Rick; Brasoveanu, Adrian; van Eijck, Jan; Visser, Albert (2022).

1708: 1665: 1582:

developed and compared various semantic theories of the meaning of words.

1517: 1498: 1466: 1447: 1353: 1120: 1077: 1067: 937: 669:

Lexical relations describe how words stand to one another. Two words are

609:

The semiotic triangle aims to explain how the relation between language (

573:

meanings that are not directly reducible to the meanings of their parts.

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Radical Frame Semantics and Biblical Hebrew: Exploring Lexical Semantics

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Leach, Stephen; Tartaglia, James (2018). "Postscript: The Blue Flower".

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Anaphora, Discourse, and Understanding: Evidence from English and French

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Chapman, Siobhan; Routledge, Christopher (2009). "Ideational Theories".

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Semantic Theories in Europe, 1830–1930: From Etymology to Contextuality

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Meier-Oeser, Stephan (2019). "8. Meaning in Pre-19th Century Thought".

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Principles of Object-Oriented Modeling and Simulation with Modelica 2.1

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in the speaker's mind. According to this view, the meaning of the word

1415: 1166: 1149: 1041: 1015: 926: 913: 738: 491: 381: 273: 257:, and natural signs independent of human interaction. Examples include 211: 154: 70: 51: 10859: 1763:(1728–1777) to develop the idea of a general science of sign systems. 1676:(920–1004) identified meaning with the intention of the speaker while 873:, this type of substitution is not always possible. For instance, the 12738: 12556: 12481: 12460: 12390: 12342: 12322: 12218: 11927: 11867: 11746: 11726: 11478: 11473: 11453: 10147:

Construction Grammars: Cognitive Grounding and Theoretical Extensions

8215:

A Theory of Conventional Implicature and Pragmatic Markers in Chinese

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that maps individual constants to specific objects and predicates to

1673: 1564: 1538:

is determined by these and all similar inferences that can be drawn.

1531: 1431: 1293: 1030: 930: 922: 766: 757:, which describes the relation between part and whole. For instance, 722: 642: 561:

meaning. For example, context may affect the meaning of expressions;

405: 329: 321: 301: 289: 233: 207: 83:. It examines whether words have one or several meanings and in what 9304:

King, Jeffrey C. (2006). "Semantics". In Borchert, Donald M. (ed.).

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The Poetics of Mind: Figurative Thought, Language, and Understanding

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Programming Languages and Operational Semantics: A Concise Overview

1707:. An early version of the causal theory of meaning was proposed by 1645: 1241: 775: 754: 750: 690: 670: 517: 411: 393: 240:

used in languages and how sounds are connected to form words while

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Fillmore, C. J. (2009). "Frame Semantics". In Allan, Keith (ed.).

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Linguistics for Language Teachers: Lessons for Classroom Practice

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Bagha, Karim Nazari (2011). "A Short Introduction to Semantics".

2385:

A possible world is a complete way of how things could have been.

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Cognitive semantics further compares the conceptual patterns and

838: 810: 734: 710: 661:

Many other concepts are used to describe semantic phenomena. The

585: 428: 266: 258: 245: 10688: 10120:

Deleuze and Guattari's Philosophy of Freedom: Freedom's Refrains

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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language

11982: 10091: 9911:. In Bjørner, Dines; Broy, Manfred; Zamulin, Alexandre (eds.). 4227: 3723:, Lead Section, § 1. The Descriptive Scope of Lexical Semantics 1876:(1942–present) provided the foundation of cognitive semantics. 1591: 1568: 1096: 1045: 956: 718: 562: 254: 241: 186: 73:, which investigates how people use language in communication. 62: 10587:. In Kempson, Ruth M.; Fernando, Tim; Asher, Nicholas (eds.). 9883:

Early Analytic Philosophy: An Inclusive Reader with Commentary

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of instructions. The main approaches to dynamic semantics are

1430:

A closely related theory focuses not directly on ideas but on

12516: 11468: 9647: 8912:

Information System Concepts: Towards a Consolidation of Views

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Static semantics focuses on semantic aspects that affect the

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they contain. An example is the meaning of words provided in

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Investigations of the Syntax-semantics-pragmatics Interface

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Teaching Science Students to Communicate: A Practical Guide

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difference between statements, commands, and prohibitions.

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Working with Words: An Introduction to English Linguistics

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Psycholinguistics: An Introduction to Research and Theory

4920:, § 2.1.4 Character and Content, Context and Circumstance 4893:, § 2.1.4 Character and Content, Context and Circumstance 2158:, which arise when an operation receives an incompatible 1924:. To express the sentence "Bertie is a dog", the formula 714: 177:

are built up from different layers of constituents, like

7906:

Dale, Nell B.; Weems, Chip; Headington, Mark R. (2003).

967:

affect the meaning of the words they are part of, as in

516:

The distinction between sense and reference can explain

419:

Linguistic meaning can be analyzed on different levels.

327:, meaning 'relating to signs', which is a derivative of 12282: 11125:

The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)

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The MIT Encyclopedia of the Cognitive Sciences (MITECS)

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Key Ideas in Linguistics and the Philosophy of Language

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by one. This difference is also reflected in different

1036:

modifies the color of another entity in the expression

673:

if they share the same or a very similar meaning, like

91:

or how new meanings can be created by arranging words.

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and conceptualized the scope of this field of inquiry.

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Formal logic aims to determine whether arguments are

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profiles a straight line against the background of a

693:

have opposite meanings, such as the contrast between

261:

to signal agreement, stripes on a uniform signifying

65:, which studies the rules that dictate how to create 10906:

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fulfilled, i.e., if there is actually rain outside.

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refer to the same planet, just like the expressions

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in a different sense to refer to phrasal semantics.

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The Meanings of 'Meaning' 1459:According to this view, the name 1418:holds that expressions stand for 362: 272:Semantics further contrasts with 12981:Meaning (philosophy of language) 11268:. University Press of Kentucky. 8063:(Thesis). University of Toronto. 7965:(2nd ed.). John Benjamins. 6870: 6831: 6819: 6789: 6762: 6732: 6693: 6654: 6615: 6573: 6534: 6501: 6471: 6441: 6426: 6411: 6384: 6354: 6330: 6315: 6288: 6252: 6240: 6216: 6192: 6180: 6156: 6144: 6120: 6096: 6067: 6043: 6013: 5989: 5965: 5936: 5906: 5873: 5849: 5816: 5789: 5759: 5717: 5702: 5672: 5657: 5627: 5603: 5573: 5543: 5516: 5504: 5474: 5462: 5450: 5423: 5393: 5378: 5336: 5324: 5312: 5288: 5276: 5265: 5242: 5230: 5218: 5194: 5164: 5135: 5120: 5082: 5050: 5009: 4986: 4953: 4926: 4896: 4884: 4872: 4845: 4833: 4818: 4806: 4767: 4743: 4707: 4677: 4662: 4647: 4632: 2410: 2397: 2388: 2379: 891:monolingual English dictionaries 11380:from the original on 2024-02-15 11053:from the original on 2024-02-15 10904:. 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Algebraic Semantics 5206:, § Behaviourist Semantics 5003:, § 3.1 Mentalist Theories 4696:Bublitz & Norrick 2011 4057:Berwick & Stabler 2019 3380:Dirven & Verspoor 2004 2961:Leach & Tartaglia 2018 2892:Burgess & Sherman 2014 2329:Some authors use the term 2193: 2115: 1920:and uppercase letters for 1896: 1541: 1427:the mind of the audience. 1137: 1055: 905: 858:extensional or transparent 597:conditions are fulfilled. 577:Truth and truth conditions 367: 165:Semantics is the study of 115:, and cultural semantics. 32:Semantics (disambiguation) 29: 12887: 12850:Question under discussion 12800:Conversational scoreboard 12777: 12681: 12674: 12577:Intersective modification 12562:Homogeneity (linguistics) 12469: 12378: 12371: 12290: 12227: 12172:Philosophy of information 12159: 12008: 11860: 11772:Mediated reference theory 11697: 11444: 11435: 11335:Zalta, Edward N. (2022). 11229:Wierzbicka, Anna (1988). 10979:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 10662:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 10589:Philosophy of Linguistics 10456:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 10402:. John Wiley & Sons. 10369:Pollock, John L. (2017). 10265:Pavel, Thomas G. (1986). 9967:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 9907:Mosses, Peter D. (2003). 9657:. University of Calgary. 9504:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 9233:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 9202:Johnstone, P. T. (1987). 9062:10.1515/9783110226614.688 8777:. In Riemer, Nick (ed.). 8673:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 8594:Gregory, Paul A. (2017). 8387:. John Wiley & Sons. 8323:Logic, Induction and Sets 8293:Fischer, Kerstin (2013). 8126:"Computational Semantics" 8072:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 8038:Dummett, Michael (2008). 8011:Dummett, Michael (1981). 7881:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 7792:Cornish, Francis (1999). 7744:. John Wiley & Sons. 7715:10.1515/9780748631421-033 7533:"Computational Semantics" 7507:Foundations of Pragmatics 7480:The Philosophy of Science 7270:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 7266:Bezuidenhout, A. (2009). 7105:10.1007/s11525-015-9266-z 7039:. In Riemer, Nick (ed.). 7010:. In Allan, Keith (ed.). 5030:Appiah & Gutmann 1998 4195:Portner & Partee 2008 4177:Portner & Partee 2008 4144:Portner & Partee 2008 3491:Murphy & Koskela 2010 2333:for this type of inquiry. 1749:universal formal language 1745:Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1441: 1218:computational linguistics 794:has the semantic feature 656: 571:figurative or non-literal 12905:Distributional semantics 12097:Two Dogmas of Empiricism 11232:The Semantics of Grammar 10896:Strauven, Wanda (2018). 10481:Pustejovsky, J. (2006). 10452:Pustejovsky, J. (2009). 10236:Partee, Barbara (1997). 10200:Semantics: A New Outline 10171:O’Regan, Gerard (2020). 9741:Marti, Genoveva (1998). 9369:Krifka, Manfred (2001). 9323:Kortmann, Bernd (2020). 9079:Jackendoff, Ray (2002). 9023:Jackendoff, Ray (2013). 8575:Gregory, Howard (2016). 8489:Geeraerts, Dirk (2017). 8462:Geeraerts, Dirk (2010). 8408:Gamut, L. T. F. (1991). 8381:Fritzson, Peter (2010). 8320:Forster, Thomas (2003). 7927:Davis, Wayne A. (2005). 7912:. Jones & Bartlett. 7765:Cohen, Jonathan (2009). 7676:Chakrabarti, A. (1997). 7570:"Charles Sanders Peirce" 7539:. Springer Netherlands. 6277:Lepore & Ludwig 2009 5433:Holm & Karlgren 1995 5174:Holm & Karlgren 1995 5024:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4912:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4855:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4783:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4759:Holm & Karlgren 1995 4729:Holm & Karlgren 1995 3560:Kuche & Rowland 2023 2249: 1903:Logicians study correct 1892: 1854:structuralist philosophy 1838:semantic theory of truth 1757:Georg Bernhard Bilfinger 1528:Inferentialist semantics 1495:verificationist theories 288:Semantics is related to 251:non-verbal communication 144:inferentialist semantics 12976:Linguistics terminology 12900:Computational semantics 12642:Subsective modification 12446:Propositional attitudes 11898:Use–mention distinction 11742:Direct reference theory 11256:Williams, Noel (1997). 11119:Tulving, Endel (2001). 10732:Shead, Stephen (2011). 10658:Sanford, A. J. (2009). 10639:Saeed, John I. (2009). 10065:Noth, Winfried (1990). 9612:Understanding Semantics 9473:Leaman, Oliver (2015). 9258:Kay, Christian (2015). 9125:Jansana, Ramon (2022). 8640:Grimm, Stephan (2009). 8097:Enfield, N. J. (2002). 7992:Encyclopædia Britannica 7986:Duignan, Brian (2023). 7819:Crimmins, Mark (1998). 7647:Carston, Robyn (2011). 6783:, pp. 792–793, 796 6607:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6550:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6493:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6457:Jaakko & Sandu 2006 6433:Östman & Fried 2005 6202:Burch & Parker 2024 6153:, pp. 218, 221–223 5403:Morris & Preti 2023 5352:Morris & Preti 2023 5285:, § 3.2.1 Causal Origin 5259:, § 3.2.1 Causal Origin 5182:, pp. 120, 123–125 5158:, § 3.2.1 Causal Origin 4588:Bunt & Muskens 1999 4561:Bunt & Muskens 1999 4543:Bunt & Muskens 1999 4485:, pp. 664–665, 669 2331:compositional semantics 2283:, like the language of 2093:{\displaystyle \vDash } 2065:{\displaystyle \vdash } 1995:interpretation function 1777:coined the French term 1761:Johann Heinrich Lambert 1713:speculative grammarians 1453:stimulus-response pairs 1368:like the deictic terms 1222:artificial intelligence 1209:Computational semantics 953:being under the weather 484:intension and extension 113:computational semantics 69:correct sentences, and 12930:Philosophy of language 12572:Inalienable possession 12552:Free choice inferences 12547:Faultless disagreement 12318:Generalized quantifier 11832:Theory of descriptions 11767:Linguistic determinism 11429:Philosophy of language 11092:Trips, Carola (2009). 11004:Taylor, J. R. (2013). 10975:Taylor, J. R. (2009). 10759:Shi, Zhongzhi (2017). 10321:Peeters, Bert (2006). 9963:Murphy, M. L. (2009). 9939:Key Terms in Semantics 9828:Philosophy of Language 9289:. Palgrave Macmillan. 8948:Hörmann, Hans (2013). 8860:Hess, Leopold (2022). 8839:Heffer, Simon (2014). 8360:Fraser, Chris (2023). 8347:Fraser, Chris (2020). 8212:Feng, Guangwu (2010). 6418:Croft & Cruse 2004 6322:Rowe & Levine 2015 5471:, § 3.2.5 Social Norms 4257:Croft & Cruse 2004 2196:Semantics (psychology) 2094: 2066: 2039: 2019: 1987: 1967: 1947: 1888:In various disciplines 1811:Charles Sanders Peirce 1800: 1786: 1780: 1685:syncategorematic terms 1637: 1583: 1410: 1318: 1275: 1267: 1259: 1251: 1157: 1019: 1004:is the predicate, and 622: 482:, also referred to as 475: 442: 416: 400:are interested in the 350: 265:, and the presence of 44: 12830:Plural quantification 12724:Inquisitive semantics 12689:Alternative semantics 11943:Mental representation 11878:Linguistic relativity 11762:Inquisitive semantics 11314:. Walter de Gruyter. 11291:The Study of Language 11289:Yule, George (2010). 11175:Vámos, Tibor (2019). 11098:. Walter de Gruyter. 11012:. Walter de Gruyter. 10977:"Cognitive Semantics" 10929:Sun, Zhenbin (2014). 10815:"Theories of Meaning" 10813:Speaks, Jeff (2021). 10540:Introducing Semantics 10537:Riemer, Nick (2010). 10068:Handbook of Semiotics 10023:. De Gruyter Mouton. 9803:. De Gruyter Mouton. 9743:"Sense and Reference" 9591:Oxford Bibliographies 9587:"Cognitive Semantics" 9556:Lewis, David (2012). 9285:Kearns, Kate (2011). 9056:. De Gruyter Mouton. 8725:. Walter de Gruyter. 8441:. De Gruyter Mouton. 8299:. Walter de Gruyter. 7853:Cognitive Linguistics 7626:. Walter de Gruyter. 7510:. Walter de Gruyter. 7035:Allan, Keith (2015). 7006:Allan, Keith (2009). 5319:Berto & Jago 2023 4936:Berto & Jago 2023 4181:3, 8–10, 35, 127, 324 3313:, pp. 7–8, 10–12 3011:, pp. 1–6, 18–21 2357:linguistic relativity 2289:programming languages 2208:, which is a form of 2180:operational semantics 2145:programming languages 2095: 2067: 2040: 2020: 1988: 1968: 1948: 1914:mathematical function 1858:Ferdinand de Saussure 1832:In the 20th century, 1791:Christian Karl Reisig 1773: 1631: 1578: 1404: 1316: 1284:and uses the pronoun 1179:linguistic typologies 1172:right-angled triangle 1162:cognitive linguistics 1154:right-angled triangle 1147: 1014: 927:individuated entities 608: 469: 414: 355:, which the linguist 278:linguistic competence 42: 12815:Function application 12622:Responsive predicate 12612:Privative adjectives 12127:Naming and Necessity 12037:De Arte Combinatoria 11836:Definite description 11797:Semantic externalism 10765:. World Scientific. 9629:Lyons, John (1996). 9152:"Montague Semantics" 8887:Hoad, T. F. (1993). 8717:Gupta, Anil (2011). 8124:Erk, Katrin (2018). 8068:Edmonds, P. (2009). 4737:, pp. 1414–1415 3951:, pp. 1414–1415 2405:structural semantics 2084: 2056: 2029: 2009: 2005:. The function maps 1977: 1957: 1946:{\displaystyle D(b)} 1928: 1918:individual constants 1850:structural semantics 1678:Abu Mansur al-Azhari 1654:scholastic tradition 1640:In the Middle Ages, 1202:Conceptual semantics 949:Compound expressions 813:includes words like 729:is a prototype of a 635:Thought or Reference 619:Thought or Reference 458:with pain or drugs. 120:referential theories 109:conceptual semantics 30:For other uses, see 12895:Cognitive semantics 12810:Existential closure 12754:Situation semantics 12657:Temperature paradox 12627:Rising declaratives 12592:Modal subordination 12567:Hurford disjunction 12527:Discourse relations 12177:Philosophical logic 12167:Analytic philosophy 11973:Sense and reference 11852:Verification theory 11807:Situation semantics 10869:"General Semantics" 10454:"Lexical Semantics" 10238:"Opacity and Scope" 10177:. Springer Nature. 10094:"Dynamic Semantics" 9558:"General Semantics" 9500:Lepore, E. (2009). 9406:. Springer Nature. 9329:. Springer Nature. 9229:Jun, J. S. (2009). 8999:Philosophy of Logic 8671:"Dynamic Semantics" 8600:. Broadview Press. 8491:"Lexical Semantics" 8040:Thought and Reality 7798:. Clarendon Press. 7216:"Impossible Worlds" 7070:. Springer Nature. 6300:, pp. 150, 162 6264:, pp. 150, 162 2320:for both phenomena. 2264:universal semantics 2238:Semantic technology 1878:Charles J. Fillmore 1872:(1941–present) and 1829:, are meaningless. 1510:Ludwig Wittgenstein 1301:Theories of meaning 1234:machine translation 1216:. It forms part of 1214:automatic reasoning 1140:Cognitive semantics 1134:Cognitive semantics 765:. An expression is 518:identity statements 480:sense and reference 462:Sense and reference 443:"der Baum ist grün" 105:Cognitive semantics 59:sense and reference 12940:Semantics of logic 12865:Strict conditional 12840:Quantifier raising 12805:Downward entailing 12785:Autonomy of syntax 12714:Generative grammar 12694:Categorial grammar 12632:Scalar implicature 12537:Epistemic modality 12512:De dicto and de re 12027:Port-Royal Grammar 11923:Family resemblance 11842:Theory of language 11817:Supposition theory 11235:. John Benjamins. 11154:. John Benjamins. 11065:Tondl, L. (2012). 10952:"Compositionality" 10792:. Academic Press. 10687:Seachris, Joshua. 10516:. John Benjamins. 10362:10.1007/BF00763644 10327:. John Benjamins. 10150:. John Benjamins. 10044:. John Benjamins. 9585:Li, Fuyin (2021). 9433:. John Benjamins. 9371:"Compositionality" 7655:. John Benjamins. 7242:Minimalist Parsing 7166:. John Benjamins. 6960:. Harper Collins. 6952:AHD Staff (2022). 6935:. Harper Collins. 6927:AHD Staff (2022). 6828:, pp. 793–797 6546:, pp. 173–174 6528:, pp. 193–195 6526:Magnus et al. 2021 6453:, pp. 173–174 6249:, pp. 802–803 6228:, pp. 787–789 6210:, pp. 797–799 6189:, pp. 795–796 6168:, pp. 230–231 6138:, pp. 784–785 6132:, pp. 212–213 6114:, pp. 779–780 6108:, pp. 209–210 6085:, pp. 777–778 6079:, pp. 207–208 6055:, pp. 206–207 6031:, pp. 773–774 6025:, pp. 205–206 6007:, pp. 770–771 6001:, pp. 201–202 5983:, pp. 769–770 5977:, pp. 200–201 5954:, pp. 769–770 5948:, pp. 198–199 5916:Bekkum et al. 1997 5891:, pp. 763–764 5885:, pp. 197–198 5867:, pp. 761–762 5861:, pp. 193–195 5834:, pp. 759–761 5739:Bekkum et al. 1997 5735:, pp. 304–307 5709:Bekkum et al. 1997 5682:Bekkum et al. 1997 5664:Bekkum et al. 1997 5645:, pp. 757–758 5639:, pp. 189–191 5621:, pp. 755–756 5615:, pp. 186–187 5597:, pp. 752–753 5585:, pp. 184–185 5239:, pp. 120–121 5227:, pp. 123–125 4980:, pp. 209–210 4908:, pp. 209–210 4815:, pp. 209–210 4791:, pp. 209–210 4509:, pp. 261–263 4491:, pp. 330–332 4228:Nouwen et al. 2022 4224:, pp. 272–273 4035:, pp. 384–385 4023:, pp. 382–383 4011:, pp. 378–380 3996:, pp. 103–104 3903:, pp. 103–104 3762:, pp. 113–115 3511:, pp. 113–115 3487:, pp. 223–226 3463:, pp. 116–120 3415:, pp. 152–155 3409:, pp. 115–116 2963:, pp. 274–275 2945:, pp. 113–114 2939:, pp. 530–531 2802:, pp. 1–3, 14 2186:to another state. 2090: 2074:rules of inference 2062: 2035: 2015: 1983: 1963: 1953:can be used where 1943: 1907:and often develop 1899:Semantics of logic 1787: 1642:Augustine of Hippo 1638: 1584: 1411: 1409:of language users. 1319: 1282:these distinctions 1158: 1113:higher-order logic 1109:Montague semantics 1073:ontological models 1020: 623: 476: 417: 45: 18:Linguistic meaning 12966:Concepts in logic 12948: 12947: 12920:Logic translation 12883: 12882: 12875:Universal grinder 12860:Squiggle operator 12820:Meaning postulate 12759:Supervaluationism 12729:Intensional logic 12709:Dynamic semantics 12670: 12669: 12502:Crossover effects 12451:Tense–aspect–mood 12431:Lexical semantics 12250: 12249: 11752:Dynamic semantics 11373:978-9-004-53518-3 11321:978-3-110-87052-7 11300:978-0-521-76527-5 11275:978-0-813-10939-8 11242:978-9-027-23019-5 11204:Whiting, Daniel. 11190:978-0-429-60697-7 11161:978-9-027-20572-8 11134:978-0-262-73144-7 11105:978-3-484-30527-4 11078:978-9-400-98364-9 11046:978-1-107-54420-8 11019:978-3-110-80419-5 10990:978-0-080-95969-6 10942:978-3-642-54865-9 10915:978-9-048-52523-2 10882:978-1-412-95937-7 10799:978-0-080-86359-7 10772:978-981-314-582-5 10745:978-9-004-22218-2 10709:"Classical Logic" 10673:978-0-080-95969-6 10650:978-1-405-15639-4 10625:978-1-317-34928-0 10598:978-0-444-51747-0 10585:"Meaning and Use" 10575:978-0-415-66173-7 10550:978-0-521-85192-3 10523:978-9-027-24952-4 10496:978-0-080-44854-1 10467:978-0-080-95969-6 10438:978-0-736-94807-4 10431:. Harvest House. 10409:978-0-470-75818-2 10382:978-1-400-88646-3 10334:978-9-027-23091-1 10307:978-0-190-87342-4 10278:978-0-674-29966-5 10251:978-0-262-62114-4 10228:978-1-138-68182-8 10209:978-0-521-20927-4 10184:978-3-030-34209-8 10157:978-9-027-21823-0 10130:978-0-429-66352-9 10078:978-0-253-20959-7 10051:978-9-027-27726-8 10030:978-3-110-37373-8 10005:978-9-004-27443-3 9978:978-0-080-95969-6 9949:978-1-847-06276-5 9942:. A&C Black. 9922:978-3-540-45575-2 9893:978-1-350-32361-2 9866:978-0-824-72219-7 9837:978-3-110-20329-5 9824:Sprachphilosophie 9810:978-3-110-37373-8 9764:978-0-415-25069-6 9727:978-8-437-08579-1 9700:978-1-317-67664-5 9664:979-8-527-34950-4 9640:978-0-521-21473-5 9621:978-0-415-82673-0 9571:978-9-401-02557-7 9542:978-0-191-53749-3 9515:978-0-080-95969-6 9486:978-1-472-56945-5 9465:978-1-315-38592-1 9440:978-9-027-26178-6 9413:978-3-030-91628-2 9384:978-0-262-73144-7 9361:978-0-028-65788-2 9336:978-3-476-05678-8 9315:978-0-028-65788-2 9296:978-0-333-71701-1 9271:978-0-748-64479-7 9244:978-0-080-95969-6 9215:978-0-521-33692-5 9188:978-0-521-76939-6 9111:978-0-199-67714-6 9090:978-0-198-27012-6 9071:978-3-110-22661-4 9038:978-0-199-37663-6 9009:978-0-080-46663-7 8988:978-3-030-29033-7 8961:978-1-461-26211-4 8929:978-0-387-34870-4 8898:978-0-192-83098-2 8852:978-1-446-47380-1 8825:978-1-137-40808-2 8788:978-1-317-41245-8 8759:978-0-19-510351-9 8732:978-3-110-88666-5 8709:978-0-415-66173-7 8684:978-0-080-95969-6 8655:978-3-642-02788-8 8632:978-1-399-50460-7 8607:978-1-77048-594-5 8586:978-0-415-21610-4 8536:978-0-521-42992-4 8504:978-0-199-38465-5 8475:978-0-198-70030-2 8448:978-3-110-22661-4 8421:978-0-226-28084-4 8394:978-0-470-93761-7 8373:978-0-192-59168-5 8349:"School of Names" 8333:978-0-521-53361-4 8306:978-3-110-82864-1 8279:978-0-080-95969-6 8252:978-1-447-16368-8 8225:978-1-849-50934-3 8198:978-1-107-71766-4 8171:978-1-498-57928-5 8139:978-0-199-38465-5 8110:978-0-191-58179-3 8083:978-0-080-95969-6 8049:978-0-199-20727-5 8024:978-0-674-31931-8 7972:978-9-027-29541-5 7940:978-0-191-60309-9 7919:978-0-763-70490-2 7892:978-0-080-95969-6 7863:978-0-521-66770-8 7842:978-0-415-25069-6 7805:978-0-198-70028-9 7778:978-0-191-60960-2 7751:978-1-786-30128-4 7724:978-0-748-63142-1 7689:978-0-792-34388-2 7662:978-9-027-20787-6 7633:978-3-110-80010-4 7606:978-0-191-64835-9 7554:978-9-401-14231-1 7517:978-3-110-21426-0 7490:978-0-262-52156-7 7463:978-9-004-36262-8 7431:978-0-199-54143-0 7399:978-0-199-54143-0 7367:978-0-199-54143-0 7335:978-0-199-54143-0 7308:978-3-825-24528-3 7281:978-0-080-95969-6 7252:978-0-198-79508-7 7200:978-0-791-49628-2 7173:978-9-027-29881-2 7125:978-1-400-82209-6 7077:978-3-030-73339-1 7050:978-1-317-41245-8 7021:978-0-080-95969-6 2833:Bezuidenhout 2009 2806:Bezuidenhout 2009 2782:Bezuidenhout 2009 2521:Bezuidenhout 2009 2303:is an antonym of 2285:first-order logic 2277:natural languages 2210:general knowledge 2204:One key topic is 2050:deductively valid 2038:{\displaystyle D} 2018:{\displaystyle b} 1986:{\displaystyle D} 1966:{\displaystyle b} 1864:was developed by 1862:general semantics 1759:(1693–1750), and 1650:On Interpretation 1560:On Interpretation 1332:George Washington 1226:cognitive science 1127:Dynamic semantics 979:Phrasal semantics 919:abstract entities 908:Lexical semantics 902:Lexical semantics 886:first-order logic 788:semantic features 627:semiotic triangle 601:Semiotic triangle 557:understand them. 425:lexical semantics 283:Charles W. Morris 85:lexical relations 77:Lexical semantics 16:(Redirected from 12988: 12925:Linguistics wars 12855:Semantic parsing 12744:Montague grammar 12679: 12678: 12522:Deontic modality 12376: 12375: 12363:Truth conditions 12298:Compositionality 12291:Central concepts 12277: 12270: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12212:Formal semantics 12160:Related articles 12152: 12142: 12132: 12122: 12112: 12102: 12092: 12082: 12072: 12062: 12052: 12042: 12032: 12022: 11792:Relevance theory 11787:Phallogocentrism 11422: 11415: 11408: 11399: 11398: 11388: 11386: 11385: 11356: 11354: 11352: 11331: 11329: 11328: 11304: 11285: 11283: 11282: 11252: 11250: 11249: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11171: 11169: 11168: 11144: 11142: 11141: 11115: 11113: 11112: 11088: 11086: 11085: 11061: 11059: 11058: 11029: 11027: 11026: 11000: 10998: 10997: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10946: 10925: 10923: 10922: 10892: 10890: 10889: 10863: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10809: 10807: 10806: 10782: 10780: 10779: 10762:Mind Computation 10755: 10753: 10752: 10728: 10726: 10724: 10703: 10701: 10699: 10683: 10681: 10680: 10654: 10635: 10633: 10632: 10608: 10606: 10605: 10579: 10560: 10558: 10557: 10533: 10531: 10530: 10506: 10504: 10503: 10477: 10475: 10474: 10448: 10446: 10445: 10425:"Abelard, Peter" 10419: 10417: 10416: 10392: 10390: 10389: 10365: 10344: 10342: 10341: 10317: 10315: 10314: 10288: 10286: 10285: 10268:Fictional Worlds 10261: 10259: 10258: 10232: 10213: 10194: 10192: 10191: 10167: 10165: 10164: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10113: 10111: 10109: 10088: 10086: 10085: 10061: 10059: 10058: 10034: 10015: 10013: 10012: 9988: 9986: 9985: 9959: 9957: 9956: 9932: 9930: 9929: 9903: 9901: 9900: 9876: 9874: 9873: 9847: 9845: 9844: 9814: 9795: 9774: 9772: 9771: 9737: 9735: 9734: 9710: 9708: 9707: 9683: 9681: 9679: 9673: 9656: 9644: 9625: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9581: 9579: 9578: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9525: 9523: 9522: 9496: 9494: 9493: 9469: 9450: 9448: 9447: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9394: 9392: 9391: 9365: 9346: 9344: 9343: 9319: 9300: 9281: 9279: 9278: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9225: 9223: 9222: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9171: 9169: 9167: 9146: 9144: 9142: 9121: 9119: 9118: 9094: 9075: 9048: 9046: 9045: 9019: 9017: 9016: 8992: 8971: 8969: 8968: 8944: 8942: 8941: 8902: 8883: 8881: 8856: 8845:. Random House. 8835: 8833: 8832: 8798: 8796: 8795: 8769: 8767: 8766: 8742: 8740: 8739: 8713: 8694: 8692: 8691: 8665: 8663: 8662: 8636: 8617: 8615: 8614: 8590: 8571: 8546: 8544: 8543: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8485: 8483: 8482: 8458: 8456: 8455: 8431: 8429: 8428: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8377: 8356: 8343: 8341: 8340: 8316: 8314: 8313: 8289: 8287: 8286: 8262: 8260: 8259: 8235: 8233: 8232: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8181: 8179: 8178: 8154: 8152: 8151: 8120: 8118: 8117: 8093: 8091: 8090: 8070:"Disambiguation" 8064: 8053: 8034: 8032: 8031: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7982: 7980: 7979: 7955: 7953: 7952: 7923: 7902: 7900: 7899: 7873: 7871: 7870: 7846: 7815: 7813: 7812: 7788: 7786: 7785: 7761: 7759: 7758: 7734: 7732: 7731: 7699: 7697: 7696: 7672: 7670: 7669: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7616: 7614: 7613: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7564: 7562: 7561: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7500: 7498: 7497: 7473: 7471: 7470: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7414: 7412: 7411: 7382: 7380: 7379: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7318: 7316: 7315: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7210: 7208: 7207: 7183: 7181: 7180: 7156: 7135: 7133: 7132: 7108: 7087: 7085: 7084: 7060: 7058: 7057: 7031: 7029: 7028: 7002: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6913: 6874: 6868: 6835: 6829: 6823: 6817: 6793: 6787: 6766: 6760: 6736: 6730: 6697: 6691: 6658: 6652: 6619: 6613: 6609:, pp. 17–20 6577: 6571: 6552:, pp. 13–14 6538: 6532: 6505: 6499: 6495:, pp. 17–18 6475: 6469: 6459:, pp. 13–14 6445: 6439: 6430: 6424: 6415: 6409: 6388: 6382: 6358: 6352: 6334: 6328: 6319: 6313: 6292: 6286: 6256: 6250: 6244: 6238: 6220: 6214: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6160: 6154: 6148: 6142: 6130:Meier-Oeser 2019 6124: 6118: 6106:Meier-Oeser 2019 6100: 6094: 6077:Meier-Oeser 2019 6071: 6065: 6053:Meier-Oeser 2019 6047: 6041: 6023:Meier-Oeser 2019 6017: 6011: 5999:Meier-Oeser 2019 5993: 5987: 5975:Meier-Oeser 2019 5969: 5963: 5946:Meier-Oeser 2019 5940: 5934: 5910: 5904: 5883:Meier-Oeser 2019 5877: 5871: 5859:Meier-Oeser 2019 5853: 5847: 5826:Meier-Oeser 2019 5820: 5814: 5793: 5787: 5763: 5757: 5721: 5715: 5706: 5700: 5691:Chakrabarti 1997 5676: 5670: 5661: 5655: 5637:Meier-Oeser 2019 5631: 5625: 5613:Meier-Oeser 2019 5607: 5601: 5583:Meier-Oeser 2019 5577: 5571: 5547: 5541: 5526:Meier-Oeser 2019 5520: 5514: 5508: 5502: 5478: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5454: 5448: 5435:, pp. 23–24 5427: 5421: 5397: 5391: 5382: 5376: 5340: 5334: 5328: 5322: 5316: 5310: 5300:, pp. 45–46 5292: 5286: 5280: 5274: 5269: 5263: 5246: 5240: 5234: 5228: 5222: 5216: 5198: 5192: 5168: 5162: 5147:, pp. 51–52 5139: 5133: 5124: 5118: 5086: 5080: 5054: 5048: 5013: 5007: 4990: 4984: 4957: 4951: 4930: 4924: 4914:, pp. 21–22 4900: 4894: 4888: 4882: 4876: 4870: 4857:, pp. 21–22 4849: 4843: 4837: 4831: 4822: 4816: 4810: 4804: 4785:, pp. 21–22 4771: 4765: 4761:, pp. 21–22 4747: 4741: 4731:, pp. 20–21 4725:, pp. 51–52 4711: 4705: 4681: 4675: 4666: 4660: 4651: 4645: 4636: 4630: 4609: 4603: 4573: 4567: 4558: 4552: 4528: 4519: 4501: 4495: 4477: 4471: 4453:Mushayabasa 2014 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4428:, pp. 76–77 4423: 4417: 4413:, pp. 83–84 4400: 4394: 4377: 4371: 4370:, pp. 74–75 4365: 4359: 4346:, pp. 74–75 4338: 4332: 4319:, pp. 74–75 4311: 4305: 4300: 4294: 4293:, pp. 73–74 4288: 4282: 4272: 4266: 4253:, pp. 73–74 4240: 4234: 4216: 4210: 4189: 4183: 4174: 4168: 4159: 4153: 4120: 4111: 4087: 4081: 4072: 4066: 4042: 4036: 4030: 4024: 4018: 4012: 4006: 4000: 3979: 3973: 3964: 3955: 3934: 3928: 3880: 3874: 3844: 3838: 3811: 3805: 3790:Pustejovsky 2006 3784: 3778: 3775:Pustejovsky 2009 3772: 3766: 3748: 3742: 3727:Pustejovsky 2009 3715: 3709: 3694:Pustejovsky 2009 3685:Pustejovsky 2006 3664: 3658: 3636:, pp. 22–23 3628: 3622: 3602: 3596: 3575: 3569: 3545: 3539: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3500: 3479: 3473: 3469:, pp. 63–70 3455: 3446: 3440: 3434: 3425: 3419: 3401: 3395: 3391:, pp. 13–16 3367:, pp. 25–26 3359: 3350: 3339:Truth Conditions 3323: 3314: 3308: 3302: 3289:, pp. 11–12 3275: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3230:, pp. 25–28 3222: 3216: 3212:, pp. 27–28 3198: 3192: 3174: 3168: 3150: 3144: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3102: 3084: 3078: 3074:, pp. 12–13 3056:, pp. 21–22 3048: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3021: 3015: 2999:, pp. 21–22 2991: 2985: 2955: 2949: 2931: 2925: 2907: 2901: 2877: 2871: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2823:, pp. 12–13 2818: 2812: 2794: 2788: 2770: 2764: 2746: 2740: 2713: 2707: 2703:, pp. 30–31 2697:, pp. 12–13 2689: 2683: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2629: 2623: 2617: 2611: 2605: 2596: 2566: 2560: 2551: 2545: 2515: 2509: 2503: 2497: 2467: 2461: 2438: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2386: 2383: 2377: 2366: 2360: 2353: 2347: 2344:formal semantics 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2314: 2308: 2298: 2292: 2281:formal languages 2273: 2267: 2260: 2138: 2134: 2112:Computer science 2099: 2097: 2096: 2091: 2071: 2069: 2068: 2063: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2036: 2024: 2022: 2021: 2016: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1984: 1972: 1970: 1969: 1964: 1952: 1950: 1949: 1944: 1909:formal languages 1884:(1945–present). 1874:Ronald Langacker 1866:Alfred Korzybski 1846:Richard Montague 1823:phenomenological 1807:John Stuart Mill 1803: 1783: 1732:(1612–1694) and 1725:Port-Royal Logic 1278: 1270: 1262: 1254: 1244:, religion, and 1230:machine learning 1052:Formal semantics 1000:is the subject, 761:is a meronym of 717:is a hyponym of 709:. One term is a 590:truth conditions 533:Compositionality 528:Compositionality 445: 390:adult male sheep 353: 341:medical symptoms 335:, the noun for ' 333: 325: 227:mental phenomena 151:computer science 93:Formal semantics 89:compositionality 50:is the study of 21: 12996: 12995: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12987: 12986: 12985: 12951: 12950: 12949: 12944: 12879: 12773: 12734:Lambda calculus 12666: 12637:Sloppy identity 12597:Opaque contexts 12532:Donkey anaphora 12497:Counterfactuals 12465: 12367: 12286: 12281: 12251: 12246: 12223: 12202:School of Names 12155: 12150: 12140: 12130: 12120: 12117:Of Grammatology 12110: 12100: 12090: 12080: 12070: 12060: 12050: 12040: 12030: 12020: 12004: 11856: 11802:Semantic holism 11782:Non-cognitivism 11722:Conventionalism 11693: 11440: 11431: 11426: 11396: 11391: 11383: 11381: 11374: 11350: 11348: 11337:"Gottlob Frege" 11326: 11324: 11322: 11301: 11280: 11278: 11276: 11247: 11245: 11243: 11219: 11217: 11195: 11193: 11191: 11166: 11164: 11162: 11139: 11137: 11135: 11110: 11108: 11106: 11083: 11081: 11079: 11056: 11054: 11047: 11024: 11022: 11020: 10995: 10993: 10991: 10965: 10963: 10943: 10920: 10918: 10916: 10887: 10885: 10883: 10828: 10826: 10804: 10802: 10800: 10777: 10775: 10773: 10750: 10748: 10746: 10722: 10720: 10697: 10695: 10678: 10676: 10674: 10651: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10603: 10601: 10599: 10576: 10555: 10553: 10551: 10528: 10526: 10524: 10501: 10499: 10497: 10472: 10470: 10468: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10414: 10412: 10410: 10387: 10385: 10383: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10283: 10281: 10279: 10256: 10254: 10252: 10229: 10210: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10162: 10160: 10158: 10135: 10133: 10131: 10107: 10105: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10031: 10010: 10008: 10006: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9927: 9925: 9923: 9898: 9896: 9894: 9871: 9869: 9867: 9842: 9840: 9838: 9811: 9769: 9767: 9765: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9705: 9703: 9701: 9677: 9675: 9671: 9665: 9654: 9641: 9622: 9600: 9598: 9576: 9574: 9572: 9547: 9545: 9543: 9520: 9518: 9516: 9491: 9489: 9487: 9466: 9445: 9443: 9441: 9418: 9416: 9414: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9362: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9316: 9297: 9276: 9274: 9272: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9220: 9218: 9216: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9165: 9163: 9140: 9138: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9091: 9072: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9014: 9012: 9010: 8989: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8939: 8937: 8930: 8914:. Springer US. 8899: 8853: 8830: 8828: 8826: 8793: 8791: 8789: 8764: 8762: 8760: 8737: 8735: 8733: 8710: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8660: 8658: 8656: 8633: 8612: 8610: 8608: 8587: 8541: 8539: 8537: 8514: 8512: 8505: 8480: 8478: 8476: 8453: 8451: 8449: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8374: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8311: 8309: 8307: 8284: 8282: 8280: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8176: 8174: 8172: 8149: 8147: 8140: 8115: 8113: 8111: 8088: 8086: 8084: 8050: 8029: 8027: 8025: 8001: 7999: 7977: 7975: 7973: 7950: 7948: 7941: 7920: 7897: 7895: 7893: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7843: 7810: 7808: 7806: 7783: 7781: 7779: 7756: 7754: 7752: 7729: 7727: 7725: 7694: 7692: 7690: 7667: 7665: 7663: 7638: 7636: 7634: 7611: 7609: 7607: 7583: 7581: 7559: 7557: 7555: 7522: 7520: 7518: 7495: 7493: 7491: 7468: 7466: 7464: 7441: 7439: 7432: 7409: 7407: 7400: 7377: 7375: 7368: 7345: 7343: 7336: 7313: 7311: 7309: 7286: 7284: 7282: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7229: 7227: 7205: 7203: 7201: 7178: 7176: 7174: 7130: 7128: 7126: 7082: 7080: 7078: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7026: 7024: 7022: 6967: 6965: 6942: 6940: 6922: 6917: 6916: 6912: 6875: 6871: 6867: 6836: 6832: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6794: 6790: 6786: 6767: 6763: 6759: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6659: 6655: 6651: 6620: 6616: 6612: 6578: 6574: 6570: 6539: 6535: 6531: 6506: 6502: 6498: 6476: 6472: 6468: 6446: 6442: 6431: 6427: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6359: 6355: 6351: 6335: 6331: 6320: 6316: 6312: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6257: 6253: 6245: 6241: 6237: 6221: 6217: 6213: 6197: 6193: 6185: 6181: 6177: 6161: 6157: 6149: 6145: 6141: 6125: 6121: 6117: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6018: 6014: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958:Blackburn 2008b 5941: 5937: 5933: 5911: 5907: 5903: 5895:Provenzola 2013 5878: 5874: 5870: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5821: 5817: 5813: 5794: 5790: 5786: 5778:Indraccolo 2020 5764: 5760: 5756: 5722: 5718: 5707: 5703: 5699: 5677: 5673: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5578: 5574: 5570: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5521: 5517: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5479: 5475: 5467: 5463: 5455: 5451: 5447: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5398: 5394: 5383: 5379: 5375: 5341: 5337: 5333:, pp. 8–11 5329: 5325: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5306:, pp. 8–11 5293: 5289: 5281: 5277: 5272:Blackburn 2008a 5270: 5266: 5262: 5252:Blackburn 2008a 5247: 5243: 5235: 5231: 5223: 5219: 5215: 5199: 5195: 5191: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5151:Blackburn 2008a 5140: 5136: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5055: 5051: 5047: 5014: 5010: 5006: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4901: 4897: 4889: 4885: 4877: 4873: 4869: 4850: 4846: 4838: 4834: 4823: 4819: 4811: 4807: 4803: 4772: 4768: 4764: 4748: 4744: 4740: 4712: 4708: 4704: 4682: 4678: 4667: 4663: 4652: 4648: 4637: 4633: 4629: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4574: 4570: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4529: 4522: 4518: 4513:Jackendoff 2011 4502: 4498: 4494: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4448: 4444: 4436: 4432: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4401: 4397: 4393: 4378: 4374: 4366: 4362: 4358: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4312: 4308: 4301: 4297: 4289: 4285: 4273: 4269: 4265: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4190: 4186: 4175: 4171: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4121: 4114: 4110: 4093:Bohnemeyer 2021 4088: 4084: 4075:Wierzbicka 1988 4073: 4069: 4065: 4043: 4039: 4033:Jackendoff 2002 4031: 4027: 4021:Jackendoff 2002 4019: 4015: 4009:Jackendoff 2002 4007: 4003: 3999: 3980: 3976: 3965: 3958: 3954: 3935: 3931: 3927: 3895:Jackendoff 2002 3881: 3877: 3873: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3812: 3808: 3804: 3785: 3781: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3608:Blackburn 2008c 3603: 3599: 3595: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3546: 3542: 3538: 3519: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3456: 3449: 3441: 3437: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3360: 3353: 3349: 3346:, pp. 8–10 3331:, pp. 9–10 3324: 3317: 3309: 3305: 3301: 3276: 3267: 3259: 3255: 3249:Cunningham 2009 3247: 3243: 3239: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3180:Cunningham 2009 3175: 3171: 3167: 3156:Cunningham 2009 3151: 3147: 3143: 3132:Cunningham 2009 3121: 3117: 3109: 3105: 3101: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3049: 3045: 3034: 3030: 3022: 3018: 3014: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2967:Cunningham 2009 2956: 2952: 2948: 2937:Cunningham 2009 2932: 2928: 2924: 2908: 2904: 2900: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2857:AHD Staff 2022a 2843: 2839: 2831: 2827: 2819: 2815: 2811: 2795: 2791: 2787: 2771: 2767: 2763: 2747: 2743: 2739: 2731:Jackendoff 2013 2714: 2710: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2675: 2671: 2660: 2656: 2652: 2630: 2626: 2618: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2595: 2567: 2563: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2516: 2512: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2439: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2424: 2418:psychosemantics 2415: 2411: 2402: 2398: 2393: 2389: 2384: 2380: 2367: 2363: 2354: 2350: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2315: 2311: 2299: 2295: 2274: 2270: 2261: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2234: 2214:episodic memory 2206:semantic memory 2198: 2192: 2136: 2132: 2120: 2114: 2085: 2082: 2081: 2057: 2054: 2053: 2030: 2027: 2026: 2010: 2007: 2006: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1929: 1926: 1925: 1901: 1895: 1890: 1842:Donald Davidson 1753:Christian Wolff 1730:Antoine Arnauld 1623:School of Names 1592:orthodox school 1544: 1487:Hillary Clinton 1483:possible worlds 1475: 1444: 1399: 1360:Roger Bannister 1311: 1303: 1199: 1190:Frame semantics 1142: 1136: 1117:lambda calculus 1060: 1054: 981: 910: 904: 899: 875:embedded clause 659: 603: 579: 567:kick the bucket 530: 464: 402:meaning of life 370: 365: 304:in particular. 253:, conventional 163: 136:verificationist 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12994: 12984: 12983: 12978: 12973: 12968: 12963: 12946: 12945: 12943: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12915:Inferentialism 12912: 12910:Formal grammar 12907: 12902: 12897: 12891: 12889: 12885: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12867: 12862: 12857: 12852: 12847: 12842: 12837: 12835:Possible world 12832: 12827: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12807: 12802: 12797: 12792: 12787: 12781: 12779: 12775: 12774: 12772: 12771: 12766: 12761: 12756: 12751: 12746: 12741: 12736: 12731: 12726: 12721: 12719:Glue semantics 12716: 12711: 12706: 12701: 12696: 12691: 12685: 12683: 12682:Formal systems 12676: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12667: 12665: 12664: 12659: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12629: 12624: 12619: 12614: 12609: 12607:Polarity items 12604: 12599: 12594: 12589: 12584: 12579: 12574: 12569: 12564: 12559: 12554: 12549: 12544: 12539: 12534: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12504: 12499: 12494: 12492:Conservativity 12489: 12484: 12479: 12473: 12471: 12467: 12466: 12464: 12463: 12458: 12456:Quantification 12453: 12448: 12443: 12438: 12433: 12428: 12423: 12418: 12413: 12408: 12403: 12398: 12393: 12388: 12382: 12380: 12373: 12369: 12368: 12366: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12333:Presupposition 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12300: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12280: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12257: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12228: 12225: 12224: 12222: 12221: 12216: 12215: 12214: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12189: 12184: 12179: 12174: 12169: 12163: 12161: 12157: 12156: 12154: 12153: 12143: 12133: 12123: 12113: 12103: 12093: 12083: 12073: 12063: 12053: 12043: 12033: 12023: 12012: 12010: 12006: 12005: 12003: 12002: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11953:Presupposition 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11925: 11920: 11915: 11910: 11905: 11900: 11895: 11890: 11885: 11880: 11875: 11870: 11864: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11855: 11854: 11849: 11844: 11839: 11829: 11824: 11819: 11814: 11809: 11804: 11799: 11794: 11789: 11784: 11779: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11744: 11739: 11734: 11732:Deconstruction 11729: 11724: 11719: 11714: 11709: 11703: 11701: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11691: 11686: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11661: 11656: 11651: 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11606: 11601: 11596: 11591: 11586: 11581: 11576: 11571: 11566: 11561: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11511: 11506: 11501: 11496: 11491: 11486: 11481: 11476: 11471: 11466: 11461: 11456: 11450: 11448: 11442: 11441: 11436: 11433: 11432: 11425: 11424: 11417: 11410: 11402: 11395: 11394:External links 11392: 11390: 11389: 11372: 11357: 11332: 11320: 11305: 11299: 11286: 11274: 11253: 11241: 11226: 11201: 11189: 11172: 11160: 11145: 11133: 11116: 11104: 11089: 11077: 11062: 11045: 11030: 11018: 11001: 10989: 10972: 10947: 10941: 10926: 10914: 10893: 10881: 10864: 10846:(3): 304–311. 10835: 10810: 10798: 10783: 10771: 10756: 10744: 10729: 10704: 10684: 10672: 10655: 10649: 10636: 10624: 10609: 10597: 10580: 10574: 10561: 10549: 10534: 10522: 10507: 10495: 10478: 10466: 10449: 10437: 10420: 10408: 10393: 10381: 10366: 10345: 10333: 10318: 10306: 10289: 10277: 10262: 10250: 10233: 10227: 10214: 10208: 10195: 10183: 10168: 10156: 10141: 10129: 10114: 10089: 10077: 10062: 10050: 10035: 10029: 10016: 10004: 9989: 9977: 9960: 9948: 9933: 9921: 9904: 9892: 9886:. Bloomsbury. 9877: 9865: 9859:. EPFL Press. 9848: 9836: 9815: 9809: 9796: 9786:(2): 205–211. 9775: 9763: 9738: 9726: 9711: 9699: 9684: 9663: 9645: 9639: 9626: 9620: 9607: 9582: 9570: 9553: 9541: 9526: 9514: 9497: 9485: 9479:. Bloomsbury. 9470: 9464: 9451: 9439: 9424: 9412: 9395: 9383: 9366: 9360: 9347: 9335: 9320: 9314: 9301: 9295: 9282: 9270: 9255: 9243: 9226: 9214: 9199: 9187: 9172: 9147: 9122: 9110: 9095: 9089: 9076: 9070: 9049: 9037: 9020: 9008: 8993: 8987: 8972: 8960: 8945: 8928: 8903: 8897: 8884: 8857: 8851: 8836: 8824: 8799: 8787: 8770: 8758: 8743: 8731: 8723:What Is Truth? 8714: 8708: 8695: 8683: 8666: 8654: 8637: 8631: 8618: 8606: 8591: 8585: 8572: 8547: 8535: 8520: 8503: 8486: 8474: 8459: 8447: 8432: 8420: 8405: 8393: 8378: 8372: 8357: 8344: 8332: 8317: 8305: 8290: 8278: 8263: 8251: 8236: 8224: 8209: 8197: 8182: 8170: 8155: 8138: 8121: 8109: 8094: 8082: 8065: 8054: 8048: 8035: 8023: 8008: 7983: 7971: 7956: 7939: 7924: 7918: 7903: 7891: 7874: 7862: 7847: 7841: 7816: 7804: 7789: 7777: 7762: 7750: 7735: 7723: 7700: 7688: 7673: 7661: 7644: 7632: 7617: 7605: 7590: 7565: 7553: 7528: 7516: 7501: 7489: 7474: 7462: 7447: 7430: 7415: 7398: 7383: 7366: 7351: 7334: 7319: 7307: 7292: 7280: 7263: 7251: 7236: 7211: 7199: 7184: 7172: 7157: 7136: 7124: 7109: 7099:(4): 391–410. 7088: 7076: 7061: 7049: 7032: 7020: 7008:"Introduction" 7003: 6985:(1/4): 11–29. 6974: 6954:"Hermeneutics" 6949: 6923: 6921: 6918: 6915: 6914: 6911: 6910: 6901: 6892: 6883: 6876: 6869: 6866: 6865: 6856: 6847: 6837: 6830: 6818: 6815: 6814: 6805: 6795: 6788: 6785: 6784: 6778: 6768: 6761: 6758: 6757: 6748: 6742:Fernández 2014 6738: 6731: 6728: 6727: 6718: 6709: 6703:Fernández 2014 6699: 6692: 6689: 6688: 6679: 6670: 6664:Fernández 2014 6660: 6653: 6650: 6649: 6640: 6631: 6625:Fernández 2014 6621: 6614: 6611: 6610: 6604: 6598: 6592:Johnstone 1987 6589: 6579: 6572: 6569: 6568: 6559: 6558:, Lead Section 6553: 6547: 6540: 6533: 6530: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6507: 6500: 6497: 6496: 6490: 6484: 6477: 6470: 6467: 6466: 6460: 6454: 6447: 6440: 6425: 6410: 6407: 6406: 6397: 6390: 6383: 6380: 6379: 6373:Steinfatt 2009 6370: 6360: 6353: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6301: 6294: 6287: 6284: 6283: 6274: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6247:Kretzmann 2006 6239: 6236: 6235: 6232:Pelletier 1994 6229: 6226:Kretzmann 2006 6222: 6215: 6212: 6211: 6208:Kretzmann 2006 6205: 6198: 6191: 6187:Kretzmann 2006 6179: 6176: 6175: 6169: 6162: 6155: 6143: 6140: 6139: 6136:Kretzmann 2006 6133: 6126: 6119: 6116: 6115: 6112:Kretzmann 2006 6109: 6102: 6095: 6092: 6091: 6086: 6083:Kretzmann 2006 6080: 6073: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6059:Kretzmann 2006 6056: 6049: 6042: 6039: 6038: 6032: 6029:Kretzmann 2006 6026: 6019: 6012: 6009: 6008: 6005:Kretzmann 2006 6002: 5995: 5988: 5985: 5984: 5981:Kretzmann 2006 5978: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5952:Kretzmann 2006 5949: 5942: 5935: 5932: 5931: 5922: 5912: 5905: 5902: 5901: 5892: 5889:Kretzmann 2006 5886: 5879: 5872: 5869: 5868: 5865:Kretzmann 2006 5862: 5855: 5848: 5845: 5844: 5835: 5832:Kretzmann 2006 5829: 5822: 5815: 5812: 5811: 5805: 5795: 5788: 5785: 5784: 5775: 5765: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5745: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5688: 5678: 5671: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5646: 5643:Kretzmann 2006 5640: 5633: 5626: 5623: 5622: 5619:Kretzmann 2006 5616: 5609: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5595:Kretzmann 2006 5592: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5569: 5568: 5559: 5553:Geeraerts 2010 5549: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5529: 5522: 5515: 5503: 5500: 5499: 5493: 5487: 5480: 5473: 5461: 5449: 5446: 5445: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5419: 5418: 5409: 5399: 5392: 5377: 5374: 5373: 5372:, p. 1027 5367: 5358: 5349: 5342: 5335: 5323: 5311: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5294: 5287: 5275: 5264: 5261: 5260: 5254: 5248: 5241: 5229: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5212:, p. 1026 5207: 5200: 5193: 5190: 5189: 5188:, p. 1026 5183: 5177: 5170: 5163: 5160: 5159: 5153: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5119: 5116: 5115: 5106: 5100: 5094: 5088: 5081: 5078: 5077: 5071: 5062: 5056: 5049: 5046: 5045: 5036: 5027: 5021: 5015: 5008: 5005: 5004: 4998: 4992: 4985: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4966: 4959: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4939: 4938:, Lead Section 4932: 4925: 4922: 4921: 4915: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4883: 4871: 4868: 4867: 4858: 4851: 4844: 4832: 4817: 4805: 4802: 4801: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4773: 4766: 4763: 4762: 4756: 4749: 4742: 4739: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4719:, Lead Section 4713: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4693: 4683: 4676: 4661: 4646: 4631: 4628: 4627: 4621:Geeraerts 2010 4618: 4611: 4604: 4601: 4600: 4594: 4585: 4579:Geeraerts 2010 4575: 4568: 4553: 4550: 4549: 4540: 4534:Geeraerts 2010 4530: 4520: 4517: 4516: 4510: 4503: 4496: 4493: 4492: 4486: 4479: 4472: 4469: 4468: 4459: 4449: 4442: 4430: 4418: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4402: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4386: 4379: 4372: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4347: 4340: 4333: 4330: 4329: 4320: 4313: 4306: 4295: 4283: 4267: 4264: 4263: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4230:, Lead Section 4225: 4218: 4211: 4208: 4207: 4201: 4191: 4184: 4169: 4162:Moeschler 2007 4154: 4151: 4150: 4141: 4135:Moeschler 2007 4132: 4126:Geeraerts 2010 4122: 4112: 4109: 4108: 4099: 4089: 4082: 4067: 4064: 4063: 4054: 4044: 4037: 4025: 4013: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3981: 3974: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3946: 3936: 3929: 3926: 3925: 3919: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3882: 3875: 3872: 3871: 3865: 3856: 3846: 3839: 3836: 3835: 3826: 3820: 3817:Geeraerts 2017 3813: 3806: 3803: 3802: 3799:Geeraerts 2017 3796: 3786: 3779: 3767: 3764: 3763: 3757: 3754:Geeraerts 2017 3750: 3743: 3740: 3739: 3730: 3724: 3721:Geeraerts 2017 3717: 3710: 3707: 3706: 3697: 3691: 3682: 3673: 3672:, Lead Section 3670:Geeraerts 2017 3666: 3659: 3656: 3655: 3646: 3637: 3630: 3623: 3620: 3619: 3610: 3604: 3597: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3577: 3570: 3567: 3566: 3557: 3547: 3540: 3537: 3536: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3501: 3498: 3497: 3488: 3481: 3474: 3471: 3470: 3464: 3457: 3447: 3435: 3420: 3417: 3416: 3410: 3403: 3396: 3393: 3392: 3386: 3377: 3368: 3361: 3351: 3348: 3347: 3341: 3335:Blackburn 2008 3332: 3325: 3315: 3303: 3300: 3299: 3290: 3287:Pelletier 1994 3284: 3283:, Lead Section 3277: 3265: 3263:, Lead Section 3253: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3236:, pp. 7–9 3231: 3224: 3217: 3214: 3213: 3207: 3206:, Lead Section 3200: 3193: 3190: 3189: 3188:, pp. 7–9 3183: 3176: 3169: 3166: 3165: 3164:, pp. 7–9 3159: 3152: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3135: 3129: 3128:, pp. 7–9 3122: 3115: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3098:, pp. 5–6 3093: 3086: 3079: 3076: 3075: 3069: 3068:, pp. 1–6 3063: 3062:, pp. 5–6 3057: 3050: 3043: 3028: 3016: 3013: 3012: 3006: 3005:, pp. 5–6 3000: 2993: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2976: 2975:, pp. 1–2 2970: 2964: 2957: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2940: 2933: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2889: 2879: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2859: 2854: 2844: 2837: 2825: 2813: 2810: 2809: 2803: 2796: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2772: 2765: 2762: 2761: 2760:, pp. 4–6 2755: 2748: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2728: 2722: 2721:, pp. 4–5 2715: 2708: 2705: 2704: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2669: 2654: 2651: 2650: 2649:, pp. 4–6 2644: 2638: 2637:, Lead Section 2631: 2624: 2612: 2597: 2594: 2593: 2587:Fernández 2014 2584: 2578: 2568: 2561: 2554:Zaefferer 2019 2546: 2543: 2542: 2536:Zaefferer 2019 2533: 2524: 2517: 2510: 2498: 2495: 2494: 2493:, pp. 2–3 2488: 2482: 2481:, Lead Section 2476: 2475:, pp. 4–5 2469: 2462: 2459: 2458: 2457:, Lead Section 2452: 2446: 2444:AHD Staff 2022 2440: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2423: 2422: 2409: 2396: 2387: 2378: 2361: 2348: 2335: 2322: 2309: 2293: 2268: 2254: 2253: 2251: 2248: 2246: 2243: 2242: 2241: 2233: 2230: 2194:Main article: 2191: 2188: 2116:Main article: 2113: 2110: 2089: 2061: 2034: 2025:to Bertie and 2014: 2001:of objects or 1982: 1962: 1942: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1897:Main article: 1894: 1891: 1889: 1886: 1882:Ray Jackendoff 1819:Edmund Husserl 1548:ancient Greece 1543: 1540: 1514:language games 1474: 1471: 1443: 1440: 1398: 1395: 1386:possible world 1323:singular terms 1310: 1307: 1302: 1299: 1264:in Spanish or 1198: 1195: 1138:Main article: 1135: 1132: 1099:, mass terms, 1089:intensionality 1085:quantification 1056:Main article: 1053: 1050: 980: 977: 906:Main article: 903: 900: 898: 895: 658: 655: 602: 599: 578: 575: 529: 526: 463: 460: 423:is studied by 369: 366: 364: 363:Basic concepts 361: 162: 159: 138:theories, the 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12993: 12982: 12979: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12967: 12964: 12962: 12959: 12958: 12956: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12892: 12890: 12886: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12868: 12866: 12863: 12861: 12858: 12856: 12853: 12851: 12848: 12846: 12843: 12841: 12838: 12836: 12833: 12831: 12828: 12826: 12823: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12791: 12788: 12786: 12783: 12782: 12780: 12776: 12770: 12767: 12765: 12762: 12760: 12757: 12755: 12752: 12750: 12747: 12745: 12742: 12740: 12737: 12735: 12732: 12730: 12727: 12725: 12722: 12720: 12717: 12715: 12712: 12710: 12707: 12705: 12702: 12700: 12697: 12695: 12692: 12690: 12687: 12686: 12684: 12680: 12677: 12673: 12663: 12660: 12658: 12655: 12653: 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12633: 12630: 12628: 12625: 12623: 12620: 12618: 12615: 12613: 12610: 12608: 12605: 12603: 12602:Performatives 12600: 12598: 12595: 12593: 12590: 12588: 12585: 12583: 12582:Logophoricity 12580: 12578: 12575: 12573: 12570: 12568: 12565: 12563: 12560: 12558: 12555: 12553: 12550: 12548: 12545: 12543: 12540: 12538: 12535: 12533: 12530: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12503: 12500: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12474: 12472: 12468: 12462: 12459: 12457: 12454: 12452: 12449: 12447: 12444: 12442: 12439: 12437: 12434: 12432: 12429: 12427: 12424: 12422: 12419: 12417: 12416:Evidentiality 12414: 12412: 12409: 12407: 12404: 12402: 12399: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12383: 12381: 12377: 12374: 12370: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12278: 12273: 12271: 12266: 12264: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12229: 12226: 12220: 12217: 12213: 12210: 12209: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12197:Scholasticism 12195: 12193: 12190: 12188: 12185: 12183: 12180: 12178: 12175: 12173: 12170: 12168: 12165: 12164: 12162: 12158: 12149: 12148: 12144: 12139: 12138: 12134: 12129: 12128: 12124: 12119: 12118: 12114: 12109: 12108: 12104: 12099: 12098: 12094: 12089: 12088: 12084: 12079: 12078: 12074: 12068: 12064: 12059: 12058: 12054: 12049: 12048: 12044: 12039: 12038: 12034: 12029: 12028: 12024: 12019: 12018: 12014: 12013: 12011: 12007: 12001: 12000: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11931: 11929: 11926: 11924: 11921: 11919: 11916: 11914: 11911: 11909: 11906: 11904: 11901: 11899: 11896: 11894: 11891: 11889: 11886: 11884: 11881: 11879: 11876: 11874: 11871: 11869: 11866: 11865: 11863: 11859: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11843: 11840: 11837: 11833: 11830: 11828: 11825: 11823: 11820: 11818: 11815: 11813: 11812:Structuralism 11810: 11808: 11805: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11795: 11793: 11790: 11788: 11785: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11775: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11743: 11740: 11738: 11737:Descriptivism 11735: 11733: 11730: 11728: 11725: 11723: 11720: 11718: 11717:Contrastivism 11715: 11713: 11710: 11708: 11705: 11704: 11702: 11700: 11696: 11690: 11687: 11685: 11682: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11595: 11592: 11590: 11587: 11585: 11582: 11580: 11577: 11575: 11572: 11570: 11567: 11565: 11562: 11560: 11557: 11555: 11552: 11550: 11547: 11545: 11542: 11540: 11537: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11515: 11512: 11510: 11507: 11505: 11502: 11500: 11497: 11495: 11492: 11490: 11487: 11485: 11482: 11480: 11477: 11475: 11472: 11470: 11467: 11465: 11462: 11460: 11457: 11455: 11452: 11451: 11449: 11447: 11443: 11439: 11434: 11430: 11423: 11418: 11416: 11411: 11409: 11404: 11403: 11400: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11365: 11364: 11358: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11333: 11323: 11317: 11313: 11312: 11306: 11302: 11296: 11292: 11287: 11277: 11271: 11267: 11263: 11261: 11254: 11244: 11238: 11234: 11233: 11227: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11202: 11192: 11186: 11183:. CRC Press. 11182: 11178: 11173: 11163: 11157: 11153: 11152: 11146: 11136: 11130: 11127:. MIT Press. 11126: 11122: 11117: 11107: 11101: 11097: 11096: 11090: 11080: 11074: 11070: 11069: 11063: 11052: 11048: 11042: 11038: 11037: 11031: 11021: 11015: 11011: 11007: 11002: 10992: 10986: 10982: 10978: 10973: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10948: 10944: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10927: 10917: 10911: 10907: 10903: 10901: 10898:"Marinetti's 10894: 10884: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10865: 10861: 10857: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10841: 10836: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10811: 10801: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10784: 10774: 10768: 10764: 10763: 10757: 10747: 10741: 10737: 10736: 10730: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10705: 10694: 10690: 10685: 10675: 10669: 10665: 10661: 10656: 10652: 10646: 10642: 10637: 10627: 10621: 10618:. Routledge. 10617: 10616: 10610: 10600: 10594: 10590: 10586: 10581: 10577: 10571: 10568:. Routledge. 10567: 10562: 10552: 10546: 10542: 10541: 10535: 10525: 10519: 10515: 10514: 10508: 10498: 10492: 10488: 10484: 10479: 10469: 10463: 10459: 10455: 10450: 10440: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10411: 10405: 10401: 10400: 10394: 10384: 10378: 10374: 10373: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10355: 10351: 10346: 10336: 10330: 10326: 10325: 10319: 10309: 10303: 10299: 10295: 10290: 10280: 10274: 10270: 10269: 10263: 10253: 10247: 10244:. MIT Press. 10243: 10239: 10234: 10230: 10224: 10220: 10215: 10211: 10205: 10201: 10196: 10186: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10169: 10159: 10153: 10149: 10148: 10142: 10132: 10126: 10123:. Routledge. 10122: 10121: 10115: 10103: 10099: 10095: 10090: 10080: 10074: 10070: 10069: 10063: 10053: 10047: 10043: 10042: 10036: 10032: 10026: 10022: 10017: 10007: 10001: 9997: 9996: 9990: 9980: 9974: 9970: 9966: 9961: 9951: 9945: 9941: 9940: 9934: 9924: 9918: 9914: 9910: 9905: 9895: 9889: 9885: 9884: 9878: 9868: 9862: 9858: 9854: 9849: 9839: 9833: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9816: 9812: 9806: 9802: 9797: 9793: 9789: 9785: 9781: 9776: 9766: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9749:. Routledge. 9748: 9744: 9739: 9729: 9723: 9719: 9718: 9712: 9702: 9696: 9693:. Routledge. 9692: 9691: 9685: 9670: 9666: 9660: 9653: 9652: 9646: 9642: 9636: 9632: 9627: 9623: 9617: 9613: 9608: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9583: 9573: 9567: 9563: 9559: 9554: 9544: 9538: 9535:. Clarendon. 9534: 9533: 9527: 9517: 9511: 9507: 9503: 9498: 9488: 9482: 9478: 9477: 9471: 9467: 9461: 9458:. Routledge. 9457: 9452: 9442: 9436: 9432: 9431: 9425: 9415: 9409: 9405: 9401: 9396: 9386: 9380: 9377:. MIT Press. 9376: 9372: 9367: 9363: 9357: 9353: 9348: 9338: 9332: 9328: 9327: 9321: 9317: 9311: 9307: 9302: 9298: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9273: 9267: 9263: 9262: 9256: 9246: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9227: 9217: 9211: 9207: 9206: 9200: 9190: 9184: 9180: 9179: 9173: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9148: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9123: 9113: 9107: 9103: 9102: 9096: 9092: 9086: 9082: 9077: 9073: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9050: 9040: 9034: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9011: 9005: 9001: 9000: 8994: 8990: 8984: 8980: 8979: 8973: 8963: 8957: 8953: 8952: 8946: 8935: 8931: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8913: 8909: 8904: 8900: 8894: 8890: 8885: 8880: 8875: 8871: 8867: 8863: 8858: 8854: 8848: 8844: 8843: 8837: 8827: 8821: 8817: 8813: 8809: 8805: 8800: 8790: 8784: 8781:. Routledge. 8780: 8776: 8771: 8761: 8755: 8751: 8750: 8744: 8734: 8728: 8724: 8720: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8702:. Routledge. 8701: 8696: 8686: 8680: 8676: 8672: 8667: 8657: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8638: 8634: 8628: 8624: 8619: 8609: 8603: 8599: 8598: 8592: 8588: 8582: 8579:. Routledge. 8578: 8573: 8569: 8565: 8561: 8557: 8554:(65): 51–79. 8553: 8548: 8538: 8532: 8528: 8527: 8521: 8510: 8506: 8500: 8496: 8492: 8487: 8477: 8471: 8467: 8466: 8460: 8450: 8444: 8440: 8439: 8433: 8423: 8417: 8413: 8412: 8406: 8396: 8390: 8386: 8385: 8379: 8375: 8369: 8365: 8364: 8358: 8354: 8350: 8345: 8335: 8329: 8325: 8324: 8318: 8308: 8302: 8298: 8297: 8291: 8281: 8275: 8271: 8270: 8264: 8254: 8248: 8244: 8243: 8237: 8227: 8221: 8217: 8216: 8210: 8200: 8194: 8190: 8189: 8183: 8173: 8167: 8163: 8162: 8156: 8145: 8141: 8135: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8112: 8106: 8102: 8101: 8095: 8085: 8079: 8075: 8071: 8066: 8062: 8061: 8055: 8051: 8045: 8042:. Clarendon. 8041: 8036: 8026: 8020: 8016: 8015: 8009: 7997: 7993: 7989: 7984: 7974: 7968: 7964: 7963: 7957: 7946: 7942: 7936: 7932: 7931: 7925: 7921: 7915: 7911: 7910: 7904: 7894: 7888: 7884: 7880: 7875: 7865: 7859: 7855: 7854: 7848: 7844: 7838: 7834: 7830: 7827:. Routledge. 7826: 7822: 7817: 7807: 7801: 7797: 7796: 7790: 7780: 7774: 7770: 7769: 7763: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7742: 7736: 7726: 7720: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7707: 7701: 7691: 7685: 7681: 7680: 7674: 7664: 7658: 7654: 7650: 7645: 7635: 7629: 7625: 7624: 7618: 7608: 7602: 7598: 7597: 7591: 7579: 7575: 7571: 7566: 7556: 7550: 7546: 7542: 7538: 7534: 7529: 7519: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7502: 7492: 7486: 7483:. MIT Press. 7482: 7481: 7475: 7465: 7459: 7455: 7454: 7448: 7437: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7422: 7416: 7405: 7401: 7395: 7391: 7390: 7384: 7373: 7369: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7352: 7341: 7337: 7331: 7327: 7326: 7320: 7310: 7304: 7300: 7299: 7293: 7283: 7277: 7273: 7269: 7264: 7254: 7248: 7244: 7243: 7237: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7212: 7202: 7196: 7192: 7191: 7185: 7175: 7169: 7165: 7164: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7137: 7127: 7121: 7117: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7102: 7098: 7094: 7089: 7079: 7073: 7069: 7068: 7062: 7052: 7046: 7043:. Routledge. 7042: 7038: 7033: 7023: 7017: 7013: 7009: 7004: 7000: 6996: 6992: 6988: 6984: 6980: 6975: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6950: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6925: 6924: 6909: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6887: 6884: 6882:, p. 792 6881: 6878: 6877: 6873: 6864: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6851: 6848: 6846: 6842: 6839: 6838: 6834: 6827: 6822: 6813: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6800: 6797: 6796: 6792: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6773: 6770: 6769: 6765: 6756: 6752: 6749: 6747: 6743: 6740: 6739: 6735: 6726: 6722: 6719: 6717: 6713: 6712:Fritzson 2010 6710: 6708: 6704: 6701: 6700: 6696: 6687: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6674: 6673:Fritzson 2010 6671: 6669: 6665: 6662: 6661: 6657: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6635: 6632: 6630: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6608: 6605: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541: 6537: 6527: 6524: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6509: 6508: 6504: 6494: 6491: 6488: 6485: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6464: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6438: 6434: 6429: 6423: 6419: 6414: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6395: 6392: 6391: 6387: 6378: 6374: 6371: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6344: 6341: 6338: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6296: 6295: 6291: 6282: 6278: 6275: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6263: 6260: 6259: 6255: 6248: 6243: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6219: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6199: 6195: 6188: 6183: 6173: 6170: 6167: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6152: 6147: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6128: 6127: 6123: 6113: 6110: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6099: 6090: 6087: 6084: 6081: 6078: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6061:, p. 777 6060: 6057: 6054: 6051: 6050: 6046: 6037:, p. 210 6036: 6033: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6016: 6006: 6003: 6000: 5997: 5996: 5992: 5982: 5979: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5968: 5959: 5956: 5953: 5950: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5939: 5930: 5926: 5923: 5921: 5917: 5914: 5913: 5909: 5900: 5896: 5893: 5890: 5887: 5884: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5843: 5839: 5836: 5833: 5830: 5828:, p. 192 5827: 5824: 5823: 5819: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5774: 5770: 5767: 5766: 5762: 5753: 5749: 5746: 5744: 5740: 5737: 5734: 5731: 5728: 5727:Aklujkar 1970 5725: 5724: 5720: 5714: 5710: 5705: 5696: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5675: 5669: 5665: 5660: 5650: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5620: 5617: 5614: 5611: 5610: 5606: 5596: 5593: 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5580: 5576: 5567: 5563: 5560: 5558: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5546: 5537: 5533: 5530: 5528:, p. 182 5527: 5524: 5523: 5519: 5512: 5507: 5497: 5494: 5491: 5488: 5485: 5482: 5481: 5477: 5470: 5465: 5458: 5453: 5444: 5440: 5439:Strauven 2018 5437: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5426: 5417: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5400: 5396: 5390: 5386: 5381: 5371: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5353: 5350: 5347: 5344: 5343: 5339: 5332: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5305: 5302: 5299: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5279: 5273: 5268: 5258: 5255: 5253: 5250: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5233: 5226: 5221: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5175: 5172: 5171: 5167: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5138: 5132: 5128: 5123: 5114: 5110: 5107: 5104: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5093: 5090: 5089: 5085: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5063: 5061: 5058: 5057: 5053: 5044: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5012: 5002: 4999: 4997: 4994: 4993: 4989: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4970: 4967: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4956: 4947: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4934: 4933: 4929: 4919: 4916: 4913: 4910: 4907: 4904: 4903: 4899: 4892: 4887: 4880: 4875: 4866: 4862: 4859: 4856: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4842:, p. 211 4841: 4836: 4830: 4826: 4821: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4796: 4793: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4774: 4770: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4714: 4710: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4688: 4685: 4684: 4680: 4674: 4670: 4665: 4659: 4655: 4650: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4598: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4580: 4577: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4562: 4557: 4548: 4544: 4541: 4539: 4535: 4532: 4531: 4527: 4525: 4515:, p. 688 4514: 4511: 4508: 4505: 4504: 4500: 4490: 4489:Fillmore 2009 4487: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4467: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4446: 4439: 4434: 4427: 4422: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4380: 4376: 4369: 4364: 4355: 4351: 4348: 4345: 4342: 4341: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4321: 4318: 4315: 4314: 4310: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4276: 4275:Kortmann 2020 4271: 4262: 4258: 4255: 4252: 4249: 4247: 4244: 4243: 4239: 4229: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4215: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4196: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4182: 4178: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4158: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4127: 4124: 4123: 4119: 4117: 4107: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4094: 4091: 4090: 4086: 4080: 4076: 4071: 4062: 4058: 4055: 4053: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4041: 4034: 4029: 4022: 4017: 4010: 4005: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3986: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3961: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3941: 3938: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3922:Jacobson 2014 3920: 3918: 3914: 3911: 3908: 3905: 3902: 3899: 3897:, p. 378 3896: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3851: 3848: 3847: 3843: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3825:, p. 106 3824: 3821: 3818: 3815: 3814: 3810: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3783: 3777:, p. 479 3776: 3771: 3761: 3758: 3755: 3752: 3751: 3747: 3738: 3734: 3731: 3729:, p. 476 3728: 3725: 3722: 3719: 3718: 3714: 3705: 3701: 3698: 3696:, p. 476 3695: 3692: 3690: 3686: 3683: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3671: 3668: 3667: 3663: 3654: 3650: 3647: 3645: 3641: 3638: 3635: 3632: 3631: 3627: 3618: 3614: 3611: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3582: 3579: 3578: 3574: 3565: 3561: 3558: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3521: 3517: 3510: 3505: 3496: 3492: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3482: 3478: 3468: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3452: 3444: 3439: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3414: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3404: 3400: 3390: 3387: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3358: 3356: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3336: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3326: 3322: 3320: 3312: 3307: 3298: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3278: 3274: 3272: 3270: 3262: 3257: 3251:, p. 531 3250: 3245: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3211: 3208: 3205: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3184: 3182:, p. 526 3181: 3178: 3177: 3173: 3163: 3160: 3158:, p. 527 3157: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3136: 3134:, p. 526 3133: 3130: 3127: 3124: 3123: 3119: 3112: 3107: 3097: 3094: 3092:, p. 113 3091: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3070: 3067: 3064: 3061: 3058: 3055: 3052: 3051: 3047: 3041: 3037: 3032: 3026:, p. 111 3025: 3020: 3010: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2994: 2990: 2980: 2977: 2974: 2971: 2969:, p. 526 2968: 2965: 2962: 2959: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2935: 2934: 2930: 2921:, p. 428 2920: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2888: 2884: 2883:Anderson 2021 2881: 2880: 2876: 2867: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2835:, p. 875 2834: 2829: 2822: 2817: 2808:, p. 875 2807: 2804: 2801: 2798: 2797: 2793: 2784:, p. 875 2783: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2773: 2769: 2759: 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2736: 2732: 2729: 2727:, p. 463 2726: 2723: 2720: 2717: 2716: 2712: 2702: 2699: 2696: 2693: 2692: 2688: 2682: 2678: 2677:Williams 1997 2673: 2667: 2663: 2658: 2648: 2645: 2642: 2639: 2636: 2635:Crimmins 1998 2633: 2632: 2628: 2621: 2616: 2609: 2604: 2602: 2592: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2573: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2559: 2555: 2550: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2532: 2528: 2527:Jacobson 2014 2525: 2523:, p. 875 2522: 2519: 2518: 2514: 2507: 2502: 2492: 2489: 2487:, p. 735 2486: 2483: 2480: 2479:Crimmins 1998 2477: 2474: 2471: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2455:Crimmins 1998 2453: 2450: 2447: 2445: 2442: 2441: 2437: 2433: 2419: 2413: 2406: 2400: 2391: 2382: 2375: 2371: 2365: 2358: 2352: 2345: 2339: 2332: 2326: 2319: 2313: 2306: 2302: 2297: 2290: 2286: 2282: 2278: 2272: 2265: 2259: 2255: 2239: 2236: 2235: 2229: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2187: 2185: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2148: 2146: 2142: 2130: 2125: 2119: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2059: 2051: 2046: 2032: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1980: 1960: 1937: 1931: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1910: 1906: 1900: 1885: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1871: 1870:George Lakoff 1867: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1851: 1847: 1843: 1839: 1835: 1834:Alfred Tarski 1830: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1815:Gottlob Frege 1812: 1808: 1804: 1802: 1796: 1792: 1784: 1782: 1776: 1772: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1755:(1679–1754), 1754: 1750: 1746: 1741: 1740: 1735: 1734:Pierre Nicole 1731: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1720:Thomas Hobbes 1716: 1714: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1658:Peter Abelard 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1635: 1634:Peter Abelard 1630: 1626: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1615:ancient China 1612: 1608: 1607: 1602: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1588:ancient India 1581: 1577: 1573: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1549: 1539: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1502: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1479: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1463: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1408: 1407:mental states 1403: 1394: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1377: 1375: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1361: 1356: 1355: 1350: 1349: 1344: 1340: 1338: 1334: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1315: 1306: 1298: 1295: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1277: 1271: 1269: 1263: 1261: 1255: 1253: 1247: 1243: 1237: 1235: 1231: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1210: 1206: 1203: 1194: 1191: 1187: 1185: 1180: 1175: 1173: 1169: 1168: 1163: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1131: 1128: 1124: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1065: 1059: 1049: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1017: 1013: 1009: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 976: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 950: 945: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 909: 894: 892: 887: 883: 878: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 854: 852: 848: 844: 840: 835: 830: 828: 824: 820: 816: 812: 808: 803: 801: 797: 793: 789: 784: 782: 778: 777: 772: 768: 764: 760: 756: 752: 748: 744: 740: 736: 732: 728: 724: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 672: 667: 664: 663:semantic role 654: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 620: 616: 613:) and world ( 612: 607: 598: 594: 591: 587: 583: 574: 572: 568: 564: 558: 554: 551: 547: 543: 539: 534: 525: 523: 519: 514: 511: 507: 503: 499: 498: 493: 489: 485: 481: 473: 472:Gottlob Frege 468: 459: 457: 451: 449: 444: 439: 434: 430: 426: 422: 413: 409: 407: 403: 399: 395: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 360: 358: 354: 352: 346: 342: 338: 334: 332: 326: 324: 318: 313: 311: 308:examines the 307: 306:Metasemantics 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 279: 275: 270: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 247: 243: 239: 235: 230: 228: 223: 221: 217: 213: 209: 205: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 158: 156: 152: 147: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 124:mental states 121: 116: 114: 110: 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 72: 68: 67:grammatically 64: 60: 56: 53: 49: 41: 37: 33: 19: 12870:Type shifter 12845:Quantization 12795:Continuation 12662:Veridicality 12542:Exhaustivity 12507:Cumulativity 12426:Indexicality 12406:Definiteness 12401:Conditionals 12328:Logical form 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6340:Murphy 2009 6298:Harris 2017 6279:, pp. 6262:Harris 2017 6035:Martin 1953 5925:Leaman 2015 5808:Fraser 2020 5771:, pp. 5769:Fraser 2023 5741:, pp. 5711:, pp. 5666:, pp. 5649:Durand 2018 5564:, pp. 5484:Speaks 2021 5469:Speaks 2021 5457:Speaks 2021 5405:, pp. 5370:Lepore 2009 5354:, pp. 5331:Kearns 2011 5304:Kearns 2011 5283:Speaks 2021 5257:Speaks 2021 5210:Lepore 2009 5186:Lepore 2009 5156:Speaks 2021 5111:, pp. 5103:Speaks 2021 5074:Speaks 2021 5067:, pp. 5065:Pearce 2022 5041:, pp. 5039:Pearce 2022 5001:Speaks 2021 4971:, pp. 4963:Speaks 2021 4918:Speaks 2021 4891:Speaks 2021 4879:Speaks 2021 4863:, pp. 4827:, pp. 4797:, pp. 4777:Speaks 2021 4717:Speaks 2021 4698:, pp. 4656:, pp. 4654:Farese 2018 4590:, pp. 4563:, pp. 4545:, pp. 4507:Riemer 2010 4483:Gawron 2011 4464:, pp. 4438:Taylor 2009 4426:Taylor 2009 4411:Taylor 2009 4383:Taylor 2009 4368:Taylor 2009 4352:, pp. 4350:Taylor 2013 4344:Taylor 2009 4317:Taylor 2009 4291:Taylor 2009 4259:, pp. 4251:Taylor 2009 4197:, pp. 4179:, pp. 4164:, pp. 4146:, pp. 4137:, pp. 4128:, pp. 3969:, pp. 3924:, p. 5 3907:Riemer 2010 3888:, pp. 3852:, pp. 3831:, pp. 3829:Taylor 2017 3792:, pp. 3735:, pp. 3687:, pp. 3678:, pp. 3676:Taylor 2017 3642:, pp. 3634:Riemer 2010 3615:, pp. 3613:Partee 1997 3592:, § Summary 3583:, pp. 3562:, pp. 3551:Meulen 2008 3532:, pp. 3428:Heffer 2014 3389:Riemer 2010 3382:, pp. 3373:, pp. 3365:Palmer 1976 3344:Kearns 2011 3311:Löbner 2013 3293:Krifka 2001 3228:Riemer 2010 3210:Riemer 2010 3066:Löbner 2013 3054:Riemer 2010 3038:, pp. 3009:Löbner 2013 2997:Riemer 2010 2973:Löbner 2013 2915:, p. 2 2913:Riemer 2010 2894:, pp. 2848:Malpas 2014 2778:, p. 1 2758:Riemer 2010 2754:, p. 5 2701:Riemer 2016 2647:Riemer 2010 2643:, p. 5 2622:, p. 2 2620:Riemer 2010 2491:Riemer 2010 2451:, p. 4 2156:type errors 2152:compilation 1827:green is or 1709:Roger Bacon 1705:necessarily 1606:Vākyapadīya 1522:conventions 1499:observation 1467:Saul Kripke 1448:behaviorist 1354:Santa Claus 1309:Referential 1121:type theory 1078:truth value 1068:mathematics 1042:Parse trees 1016:Parse trees 938:semasiology 849:expression 841:expression 790:. The word 488:connotation 438:proposition 378:information 374:interpreted 298:methodology 204:linguistics 199:prescribing 175:expressions 128:behaviorist 101:mathematics 12955:Categories 12935:Pragmatics 12587:Mirativity 12353:Speech act 12308:Entailment 12303:Denotation 12242:Discussion 12237:Task Force 12187:Pragmatics 11978:Speech act 11908:Categories 11822:Symbiosism 11777:Nominalism 11689:Watzlawick 11569:Bloomfield 11489:Chrysippus 11384:2024-02-15 11351:9 February 11327:2024-02-04 11281:2024-02-10 11248:2024-02-15 11196:2024-02-23 11167:2024-02-15 11140:2024-02-19 11111:2024-02-15 11084:2024-02-09 11057:2024-02-15 11025:2024-02-15 10996:2024-02-04 10966:7 February 10921:2024-02-18 10902:Revisited" 10900:Tattilismo 10888:2024-02-24 10805:2024-02-19 10778:2024-02-19 10751:2024-02-15 10679:2024-02-04 10631:2024-02-24 10604:2024-02-18 10556:2024-02-04 10529:2024-02-09 10502:2024-02-15 10473:2024-02-04 10444:2024-02-23 10415:2024-02-15 10388:2024-02-15 10340:2024-02-15 10313:2024-02-18 10284:2024-02-18 10257:2024-02-24 10190:2024-02-19 10163:2024-02-23 10136:2024-02-09 10084:2024-02-09 10057:2024-02-23 10011:2024-02-15 9984:2024-02-04 9955:2024-02-09 9928:2024-02-19 9899:2024-02-18 9872:2024-02-15 9843:2024-02-24 9770:2024-02-09 9733:2024-02-15 9706:2024-02-23 9577:2024-02-04 9548:2024-02-23 9521:2024-02-04 9492:2024-02-23 9446:2024-02-15 9419:2024-02-24 9390:2024-02-09 9342:2024-02-25 9277:2024-02-23 9250:2024-02-04 9221:2024-02-19 9194:2024-02-24 9117:2024-02-04 9044:2024-02-04 9015:2024-02-19 8967:2024-02-24 8940:2024-02-18 8831:2024-02-23 8794:2024-02-19 8765:2024-02-19 8738:2024-02-23 8690:2024-02-04 8661:2024-02-19 8613:2024-02-19 8542:2024-02-18 8515:2024-02-15 8481:2024-02-15 8454:2024-02-15 8427:2024-02-09 8400:2024-02-19 8339:2024-02-19 8312:2024-02-23 8285:2024-02-04 8258:2024-02-04 8231:2024-02-18 8204:2024-02-15 8177:2024-02-15 8150:2024-02-15 8116:2024-02-15 8089:2024-02-04 8030:2024-02-09 7978:2024-02-09 7951:2024-02-18 7898:2024-02-04 7869:2024-02-23 7811:2024-02-24 7784:2024-02-19 7757:2024-02-23 7730:2024-02-18 7695:2024-02-23 7668:2024-02-10 7639:2024-02-23 7612:2024-02-23 7560:2024-02-15 7523:2024-02-15 7496:2024-02-18 7469:2024-02-15 7442:2024-02-24 7410:2024-02-23 7378:2024-02-18 7346:2024-02-09 7314:2024-02-15 7287:2024-02-04 7258:2024-02-15 7206:2024-02-23 7179:2024-02-23 7131:2024-02-18 7093:Morphology 7083:2024-02-23 7056:2024-02-23 7027:2024-02-04 6968:31 January 6943:31 January 6861:, p. 6852:, p. 6810:, p. 6808:Cohen 2009 6801:, p. 6744:, p. 6723:, p. 6714:, p. 6684:, p. 6675:, p. 6645:, p. 6594:, p. 6564:, p. 6511:Grimm 2009 6420:, p. 6402:, p. 6366:, p. 6324:, p. 6306:, p. 6270:, p. 6268:Gupta 2011 6234:, Abstract 6172:Allan 2015 5927:, p. 5918:, p. 5897:, p. 5840:, p. 5838:Benin 2012 5801:, p. 5780:, p. 5750:, p. 5733:Staal 1966 5693:, p. 5684:, p. 5589:Allan 2015 5555:, p. 5534:, p. 5441:, p. 5414:, p. 5387:, p. 5363:, p. 5346:Glock 2012 5237:Lyons 1996 5225:Lyons 1996 5180:Lyons 1996 5145:Glock 2012 5129:, p. 5097:Glock 2012 5032:, p. 4978:Davis 2005 4969:Rooij 2012 4944:, p. 4942:Pavel 1986 4906:Davis 2005 4861:Gibbs 1994 4840:Davis 2005 4825:Gibbs 1994 4813:Davis 2005 4795:Gibbs 1994 4789:Davis 2005 4753:Glock 2012 4735:Bagha 2011 4723:Glock 2012 4689:, p. 4671:, p. 4623:, p. 4581:, p. 4536:, p. 4462:Shead 2011 4455:, p. 4325:, p. 4277:, p. 4104:, p. 4095:, p. 4077:, p. 4059:, p. 4050:, p. 4048:Valin 2008 3987:, p. 3949:Bagha 2011 3942:, p. 3915:, p. 3870:, Abstract 3861:, p. 3859:Trips 2009 3702:, p. 3651:, p. 3640:Gamut 1991 3590:Jiang 2016 3524:Saeed 2009 3493:, p. 3467:Saeed 2009 3443:Saeed 2009 3430:, p. 3413:Saeed 2009 3295:, p. 3281:Szabó 2020 3261:Marti 1998 3204:Marti 1998 3138:Saeed 2009 3111:Zalta 2022 3072:Saeed 2009 3024:Tondl 2012 2885:, p. 2864:, p. 2862:Vámos 2019 2752:Saeed 2009 2733:, p. 2719:Saeed 2009 2695:Gross 2016 2679:, p. 2664:, p. 2641:Saeed 2009 2589:, p. 2581:Saeed 2009 2574:, p. 2572:Lewis 2012 2556:, p. 2538:, p. 2529:, p. 2506:Allan 2009 2473:Saeed 2009 2449:Saeed 2009 2245:References 2190:Psychology 2129:JavaScript 1922:predicates 1801:semantique 1781:semantique 1662:universals 1611:Bhartṛhari 1580:Bhartṛhari 1532:inferences 1506:use theory 1436:Paul Grice 1432:intentions 1416:John Locke 1397:Ideational 1294:intentions 1184:embodiment 1167:hypotenuse 1150:hypotenuse 914:vocabulary 739:homophones 679:automobile 492:denotation 382:dictionary 351:semantique 323:semantikos 274:pragmatics 212:philosophy 155:psychology 140:use theory 95:relies on 71:pragmatics 52:linguistic 12961:Semantics 12739:Mereology 12675:Formalism 12557:Givenness 12482:Cataphora 12470:Phenomena 12461:Vagueness 12391:Ambiguity 12343:Reference 12323:Intension 12313:Extension 12219:Semiotics 12207:Semantics 12057:Alciphron 11993:Statement 11928:Intension 11868:Ambiguity 11747:Dramatism 11727:Cratylism 11479:Eubulides 11474:Aristotle 11454:Confucius 11366:. Brill. 10852:0003-0279 10738:. Brill. 10641:Semantics 9998:. Brill. 9287:Semantics 9054:Semantics 8577:Semantics 8560:0068-516X 8438:Semantics 8218:. Brill. 7456:. Brill. 6991:0378-1143 6629:10, 14–15 6346:Noth 1990 5496:Hess 2022 5127:Feng 2010 5109:Feng 2010 4639:Zhao 2023 4617:, Summary 4599:, Summary 3823:Noth 1990 3760:Yule 2010 3509:Yule 2010 3461:Yule 2010 3407:Yule 2010 3371:Noth 1990 3090:Yule 2010 2943:Yule 2010 2919:Hoad 1993 2485:King 2006 2428:Citations 2342:The term 2226:prototype 2176:axiomatic 2168:execution 2160:data type 2137:i = i + 1 2088:⊨ 2060:⊢ 1905:reasoning 1674:Ibn Faris 1565:Aristotle 1552:dialogue 1031:adjective 990:predicate 973:dishonest 969:inanimate 931:vagueness 847:anaphoric 767:ambiguous 723:prototype 643:signifier 522:tautology 406:existence 376:and what 345:semantics 317:semantics 315:The word 302:scripture 290:etymology 246:the rules 244:examines 234:Phonology 208:semiotics 191:sentences 179:morphemes 171:languages 48:Semantics 12888:See also 12778:Concepts 12652:Telicity 12487:Coercion 12441:Negation 12436:Modality 12386:Anaphora 12232:Category 12192:Rhetoric 12017:Cratylus 11988:Sentence 11963:Property 11883:Language 11861:Concepts 11699:Theories 11664:Strawson 11649:Davidson 11639:Hintikka 11634:Anscombe 11579:Vygotsky 11534:Mauthner 11504:Averroes 11494:Zhuangzi 11484:Diodorus 11464:Cratylus 11378:Archived 11345:Archived 11214:Archived 11051:Archived 10960:Archived 10875:. 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