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east of mile marker 187." Giving a latitude and longitude coordinate to a work crew is not meaningful unless the coordinate is plotted on a map. Often work crews work in remote areas without wireless connectivity which makes on-line digital maps not practical, and the relatively higher effort of providing offline maps or printed maps is not as economical as simply stating locations as offsets, or ranges of offsets, along a linear feature.
125:. Each feature is located by either a point (e.g. a signpost) or a line (e.g. a no-passing zone). If a segment of the linear element or route is changed, only those locations on the changed segment need to be updated. Linear referencing is suitable for management of data related to linear features like
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Nonetheless, travel along a road is a linear experience, and at the very least, linear referencing will continue to have a conversational role. Linear referencing systems are recognized by the US Federal government as a valuable tool for specifying right of way data, and are now actually required for
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references such as "5 km south of Ayers Rock." Linear referencing has traditionally been the expression of choice in engineering applications such as road and pipeline maintenance. One can more realistically dispatch a worker to a bridge 12.7 km along a road from a reference point, rather than
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A system for identifying the location of pipeline features and characteristics is by measuring distance from the start of the pipeline. An example linear reference address is: Engineering
Station 1145 + 86 on pipeline Alpha = 114,586 feet from the start of the pipeline. With
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Another major drawback of linear referencing is that a modification in the alignment of a road (e.g. constructing a bypass around a town) changes the measurements that reference all downstream points. The system requires an extensive network of reference stations, and constant maintenance. In an
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Linear referencing systems can also be made to be both very precise and very accurate at a much lower cost than is needed to collect latitude and longitude coordinates with high accuracy, especially when the goal is sub-meter accuracy. This is highly dependent upon the width of the linear feature,
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Consequently, a major limitation of linear referencing is that specifying points that are not on a linear feature is troublesome and error-prone, though not entirely impossible. Consider for example a ski lodge located 100 meters to the right of the road, traveling north. The linear referencing
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Linear referencing can be used to define points along a linear feature with just a small amount of information such as the name of a road and the distance and bearing from a landmark along the road. This information can be communicated concisely via plaintext. For example: "State route 4, 20 feet
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The ARNOLD requirement sets the stage for systems that utilize both LRS and coordinates. Both systems are useful in different contexts, and while using latitude and longitude is becoming very popular due to the availability of practical and affordable devices for capturing and displaying global
216:"On August 7, 2012, FHWA announced that the HPMS is expanding the requirement for State Departments of Transportation (DOTs) to submit their LRS to include all public roads. This requirement will be referred to as the All Road Network of Linear Referenced Data (ARNOLD)".
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system can be extended by specifying a lateral offset, but the absolute location (i.e. coordinates) of the lodge cannot be determined unless coordinates are specified for the road; that process is prone to error particularly on curved roads.
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era of mobile maps and GPS, this maintenance overhead for linear referencing systems challenges its long-term viability. (But see below for US Federal
Highway Administration requirement that all State DOTs use LRS.)
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a reroute, cumulative stationing might not be the same as engineering stationing, because of the addition of the extra pipeline. Linear referencing systems compute the differences to resolve this dilemma.
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Often, roads are created by engineers using CAD tools that have no geospatial reference at all, and LRS is the preferred method of defining data for linear features.
598:, Santa Barbara, California: Vehicle Intelligence and Transportation Analysis Laboratory, National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, archived from
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to a pair of coordinates or a landmark. The road serves as the reference frame, just as the earth serves as the reference frame for latitude and longitude.
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The US Federal
Highway Administration is pushing states to move closer to standardization of LRS data with the ARNOLD requirement. To wit:
117:, in which the locations of physical features along a linear element are described in terms of measurements from a fixed point, such as a
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486:"GEOMAP GIS 2012: Solution for linear referencing and dynamic segmentation over Autodesk, ESRI or MapInfo products"
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its centerline, and the visibility of the landmarks and markers that are used to define linear reference offsets.
652:
383:"White Paper: An Automated Approach to Managing Components of a Linear Reference System Network and Event Data"
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coordinate data, the use of LRS has widely been adopted for planning, engineering, and maintenance.
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Linear referencing is one of a family of methods of expressing location. Coordinates such as
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the States. Therefore, it is not likely to see LRS usage decline any time soon.
365:"An LRS Model Supporting Event Location Stability and Temporal Data Management"
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Linear
Referencing and Alternate Expressions of Location for Transportation
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339:"All Road Network of Linear Referenced Data (ARNOLD) Reference Manual"
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Linear referencing is supported for example by several
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513:"Introducing the Linear Reference System in GRASS"
639:
421:Benefits "Smallworld Global Transmission Office"
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460:"ArcGIS 9.3: An overview of linear referencing"
620:A Comprehensive Process for Linear Referencing
626:, URISA Journal 19 (2), 41-50, archived from
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668:Length, distance, or range measuring devices
543:
510:
208:ARNOLD: US Federal Requirements for Highways
617:Curtin, K; Arifin, R; Nicoara, G (2007),
589:Noronha, Val; Church, Richard L. (2002),
161:are another member of the family, as are
66:Learn how and when to remove this message
77:
29:This article includes a list of general
520:International Journal of Geoinformatics
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284:references) in construction surveying
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35:it lacks sufficient corresponding
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488:. Geomap Services. Archived from
344:. Federal Highway Administration
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648:Geographic data and information
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82:A station number written on a
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243:GE Global Transmission Office
231:Geographic Information System
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299:Geographic coordinate system
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511:Radim Blazek (March 2005).
273:
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133:, oil and gas transmission
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99:linear referencing system
280:Chainage (also known as
95:linear reference system
50:more precise citations.
653:Construction surveying
546:"PostGIS 1.5.2 Manual"
401:Cite journal requires
218:
159:latitude and longitude
87:
86:at a construction site
572:"LRS Plugin for QGIS"
544:PostGIS team (2010).
233:software, including:
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458:(24 February 2009).
552:on 24 December 2012
225:Supported platforms
107:spatial referencing
658:Coordinate systems
304:Length measurement
105:), is a method of
91:Linear referencing
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139:data transmission
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394:cite journal
381:Intergraph.
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363:Intergraph.
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346:. Retrieved
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203:Applications
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137:, power and
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496:11 November
348:15 November
289:Exit number
186:Limitations
141:lines, and
111:engineering
48:introducing
642:Categories
530:2007-05-01
438:|url=
325:References
253:GEOMAP GIS
238:Intergraph
149:Motivation
84:silt fence
31:references
319:Zero mile
309:Milestone
294:Geocoding
258:GRASS GIS
135:pipelines
119:milestone
429:cite web
314:Road map
274:See also
170:Benefits
163:landmark
131:railways
121:along a
56:May 2016
609:8 March
556:8 March
466:8 March
440:value (
282:station
263:PostGIS
44:improve
663:Curves
462:. Esri
436:Check
248:ArcGIS
143:rivers
33:, but
631:(PDF)
624:(PDF)
603:(PDF)
596:(PDF)
516:(PDF)
386:(PDF)
368:(PDF)
342:(PDF)
127:roads
611:2011
558:2011
498:2011
468:2011
456:Esri
442:help
407:help
350:2016
268:QGIS
123:road
113:and
526:(3)
109:in
103:LRS
97:or
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