Life extension - Knowledge

1281:. A 2009 review of longevity research noted: "Extrapolation from worms to mammals is risky at best, and it cannot be assumed that interventions will result in comparable life extension factors. Longevity gains from dietary restriction, or from mutations studied previously, yield smaller benefits to Drosophila than to nematodes, and smaller still to mammals. This is not unexpected, since mammals have evolved to live many times the worm's lifespan, and humans live nearly twice as long as the next longest-lived primate. From an evolutionary perspective, mammals and their ancestors have already undergone several hundred million years of natural selection favoring traits that could directly or indirectly favor increased longevity, and may thus have already settled on gene sequences that promote lifespan. Moreover, the very notion of a "life-extension factor" that could apply across taxa presumes a linear response rarely seen in biology." 1618: 1680:. The basic idea is that our bodies are composed of genes that activate throughout our lifetimes, some when we are young and others when we are older. Presumably, these genes are activated by environmental factors, and the changes caused by these genes activating can be lethal. It is a statistical certainty that we possess more lethal genes that activate in later life than in early life. Therefore, to extend life, we should be able to prevent these genes from switching on, and we should be able to do so by "identifying changes in the internal chemical environment of a body that take place during aging... and by simulating the superficial chemical properties of a young body". 9532:

beneficial for brain and cardiovascular function during the aging process and GH administration during adolescence is vasoprotective and increases life-span. ... Studies relating GH and IGF-1 status to longevity provide inconsistent evidence as to whether decreased (somatopause) or high levels (e.g. acromegaly) of these hormones are beneficial or detrimental to longevity. ... It is difficult to reconcile the largely protective effects of GH/IGF-1 deficiency on longevity in animals with the inconsistent or deleterious effects of low levels or declining GH/IGF-1 during human aging.

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age and the majority of the public (63%) viewed medical advances aimed at prolonging life as generally good. 41% of Americans believed that radical life extension (RLE) would be good for society, while 51% said they believed it would be bad for society. One possibility for why 56% of Americans claim they would reject life extension treatments may be due to the cultural perception that living longer would result in a longer period of decrepitude, and that the elderly in our current society are unhealthy.

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interpretations". It proposes a multi-pillar approach, and summarizes findings towards constructing – multi-system-considering and at least age-personalized dynamic – refined longevity diets. Epidemiological-type observational studies included in meta-analyses should according to the study at least be complemented by "(1) basic research focused on lifespan and healthspan, (2) carefully controlled clinical trials, and (3) studies of individuals and populations with record longevity".

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the Netherlands, the Longevity political parties started. They aimed to provide political support to radical life extension research and technologies, and ensure the fastest possible and at the same time soft transition of society to the next step – life without aging and with radical life extension, and to provide access to such technologies to most currently living people.

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computational device. The basic idea is to scan the structure of a particular brain in detail, and then construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original brain. Whether or not an exact copy of one's mind constitutes actual life extension is matter of debate.

1897:", Bostrom envisions death as a monstrous dragon who demands human sacrifices. In the fable, after a lengthy debate between those who believe the dragon is a fact of life and those who believe the dragon can and should be destroyed, the dragon is finally killed. Bostrom argues that political inaction allowed many preventable human deaths to occur. 1716:, is controversial. Opponents' objections generally are based on interpretations of religious teachings or ethical considerations. Proponents of stem cell research point out that cells are routinely formed and destroyed in a variety of contexts. Use of stem cells taken from the umbilical cord or parts of the adult body may not provoke controversy. 2208:(ROS), which are mitigated by antioxidants, "have been found to be physiologically vital for signal transduction, gene regulation, and redox regulation, among others, implying that their complete elimination would be harmful". In particular, one way of multiple they can be detrimental is by inhibiting adaptation to exercise such as 1065:" (end of the century) period, denoted as an "end of an epoch" and characterized by the rise of scientific optimism and therapeutic activism, entailing the pursuit of life extension (or life-extensionism). Among the foremost researchers of life extension at this period were the Nobel Prize winning biologist 1776:

Though many scientists state that life extension and radical life extension are possible, there are still no international or national programs focused on radical life extension. There are political forces working both for and against life extension. By 2012, in Russia, the United States, Israel, and

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poll in the United States found that 38% of Americans would want life extension treatments, and 56% would reject it. However, it also found that 68% believed most people would want it and that only 4% consider an "ideal lifespan" to be more than 120 years. The median "ideal lifespan" was 91 years of

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studies such as those Irina Conboy has done on mice, but Conboy says young blood does not reverse aging (even in mice) and that those who offer those treatments have misunderstood her research. Neuroscientist Tony Wyss-Coray, who also studied blood exchanges on mice as recently as 2014, said people

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Conspiracy theorists claim that some clinics currently offer injection of blood products from young donors. The alleged benefits of the treatment, none of which have been demonstrated in a proper study, include a longer life, darker hair, better memory, better sleep, curing heart diseases, diabetes

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CRISPR/Cas9 edits genes by precisely cutting DNA and then harnessing natural DNA repair processes to modify the gene in the desired manner. The system has two components: the Cas9 enzyme and a guide RNA. A large array of genetic modifications have been found to increase lifespan in model organisms

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and changes to standard healthcare could support the adoption of the field's conclusions – a review suggests that the longevity diet would be a "valuable complement to standard healthcare and that, taken as a preventative measure, it could aid in avoiding morbidity, sustaining health into advanced

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Research by Sobh and Martin (2011) suggests that people buy anti-aging products to obtain a hoped-for self (e.g., keeping a youthful skin) or to avoid a feared-self (e.g., looking old). The research shows that when consumers pursue a hoped-for self, it is expectations of success that most strongly

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In animal models, alterations in GH/IGF-1 signaling with reductions in these somatotrophs appear to increase life span. ... Administration of IGF-1Eb (mechanogrowth factor) stimulates proliferation of myoblasts and induces muscle hypertrophy. Increases in GH and IGF-1 during adolescence are

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The discussion whether aging should be viewed as a disease or not has important implications. One view is, this would stimulate pharmaceutical companies to develop life extension therapies and in the United States of America, it would also increase the regulation of the anti-aging market by the

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and the inability to restore nerve connections. As of 2006, the implantation of bio-engineered bladders grown from patients' own cells has proven to be a viable treatment for bladder disease. Proponents of body part replacement and cloning contend that the required biotechnologies are likely to

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Research geared towards life extension strategies in various organisms is currently under way at a number of academic and private institutions. Since 2009, investigators have found ways to increase the lifespan of nematode worms and yeast by 10-fold; the record in nematodes was achieved through

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Unknown to most, Steve is both an undeniable champion of life expansion as well as one of the most prolific campaigners for life extension. Understanding that the depth of his life's experience is limited by time alone, in his latest album Neon Future he pens lyrics such as 'Life has limitless

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of caloric surplus). There is also research into stimulating/activating/fueling endogenous antioxidant generation, in particular e.g. of neutraceutical glycine and pharmaceutical NAC. Antioxidants can change the oxidation status of different e.g. tissues, targets or sites each with potentially

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as a promising candidate for further research within the field. Their study suggests that high levels of iron in the blood likely reduce, and genes involved in metabolising iron likely increase healthy years of life in humans. The same month other scientists report that yeast cells of the same

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One hypothetical future strategy that, as some suggest, "eliminates" the complications related to a physical body, involves the copying or transferring (e.g. by progressively replacing neurons with transistors) of a conscious mind from a biological brain to a non-biological computer system or

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says: "I don't see aging as a disease, but as a collection of quite predictable diseases caused by the deterioration of the body." The two main arguments used are that aging is both inevitable and universal while diseases are not. However, not everyone agrees. Harry R. Moody, director of

1872:"simply to covet a prolonged life span for ourselves is both a sign and a cause of our failure to open ourselves to procreation and to any higher purpose ... desire to prolong youthfulness is not only a childish desire to eat one's life and keep it; it is also an expression of a childish and 1362:

While agents such as these have some limited laboratory evidence of efficacy in animals, there are no studies to date in humans for drugs that may promote life extension, mainly because research investment remains at a low level, and regulatory standards are high. Aging is not recognized as a

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A review has pointed out that the approach of "'epidemiological' comparison of how a low versus a high consumption of an isolated macronutrient and its association with health and mortality may not only fail to identify protective or detrimental nutrition patterns but may lead to misleading

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Reviews sometimes include structured tables that provide systematic overviews of intervention/drug candidates with a review calling for integrating "current knowledge with multi-omics, health records, and drug safety data to predict drugs that can improve health in late life" and listing

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John Harris, former editor-in-chief of the Journal of Medical Ethics, argues that as long as life is worth living, according to the person himself, we have a powerful moral imperative to save the life and thus to develop and offer life extension therapies to those who want them.

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Healthy lifestyle practices and healthy diet have been suggested as "first-line function-preserving strategies, with pharmacological agents, including existing and new pharmaceuticals and novel 'nutraceutical' compounds, serving as potential complementary approaches".

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drive their motivation to use the product. The research also shows why doing badly when trying to avoid a feared self is more motivating than doing well. When product use is seen to fail it is more motivating than success when consumers seek to avoid a feared-self.

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Cryonics, which began in the Sixties, is the freezing – usually in liquid nitrogen – of human beings who have been legally declared dead. The aim of this process is to keep such individuals in a state of refrigerated limbo so that it may become possible in the

1130:, the principals of the organization, were jailed for four hours and were released on $ 850,000 bond each. After 11 years of legal battles, Kent and Faloon convinced the US Attorney's Office to dismiss all criminal indictments brought against them by the FDA. 2044:

and improve health in humans. A goal of this research is to discover or develop agents to delay, prevent, alleviate, or reverse age-related diseases. Removal of senescent cells with senolytics has been proposed as a method of enhancing immunity during aging.

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supplements might extend human life. Reviews, however, have found that use of vitamin A (as β-carotene) and vitamin E supplements possibly can increase mortality. Other reviews have found no relationship between vitamin E and other vitamins with mortality.

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Two clinics in California, run by Jesse Karmazin and David C. Wright, offer $ 8,000 injections of plasma extracted from the blood of young people. Karmazin has not published in any peer-reviewed journal and his current study does not use a control group.

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It has been suggested that in terms of healthy diets, Mediterranean-style diets could be promoted by countries for ensuring healthy-by-default choices ("to ensure the healthiest choice is the easiest choice") and with highly effective measures including

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The basic idea is to take a particular brain, scan its structure in detail, and construct a software model of it that is so faithful to the original that, when run on appropriate hardware, it will behave in essentially the same way as the original

6878:"GlyNAC Supplementation Improves Glutathione Deficiency, Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Inflammation, Aging Hallmarks, Metabolic Defects, Muscle Strength, Cognitive Decline, and Body Composition: Implications for Healthy Aging" 3913: 2261:

patterns is associated with a reduction in total and cause-specific mortality, extending health- and lifespan. Research is identifying the key beneficial components of the Mediterranean diet. Studies suggest dietary changes are a factor of

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founded Human Longevity Inc., a company dedicated to scientific research to end aging through genomics and cell therapy. They received funding with the goal of compiling a comprehensive human genotype, microbiome, and phenotype database.

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The sale of purported anti-aging products such as supplements and hormone replacement is a lucrative global industry. For example, the industry that promotes the use of hormones as a treatment for consumers to slow or reverse the

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A review suggests that "targeting the aging process per se may be a far more effective approach to prevent or delay aging-associated pathologies than treatments specifically targeted to particular clinical conditions".

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are not dogs because they do not bark. Because of the universality of aging he calls it a "special sort of disease". Robert M. Perlman, coined the terms "aging syndrome" and "disease complex" in 1954 to describe aging.

1297:(CR) diet, which has been shown to extend lifespan in some animals. Based on that research, there have been attempts to develop drugs that will have the same effect on the aging process as a CR diet, which are known as 820:) will eventually enable humans to have indefinite lifespans through complete rejuvenation to a healthy youthful condition (agerasia). The ethical ramifications, if life extension becomes a possibility, are debated by 9575:

Fossati C, Papalia R, Torre G, Vadalà G, Borrione P, Grazioli E, et al. (July 2020). "Frailty of the elderly in orthopaedic surgery and body composition changes: the musculoskeletal crosstalk through irisin".

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preventable condition by governments, indicating there is no clear pathway to approval of anti-aging medications. Further, anti-aging drug candidates are under constant review by regulatory authorities like the US

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Another proposed life extension technology aims to combine existing and predicted future biochemical and genetic techniques. SENS proposes that rejuvenation may be obtained by removing aging damage via the use of

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Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (February 2007). "Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis".

1963:, assistant director of the Institute of Healthy Ageing, argues that aging should be viewed as a disease. In response to the universality of aging, David Gems notes that it is as misleading as arguing that 1102:, also hoped that science would make substantial progress with life extension, according to Hughes, and proposed such experiments as "to replace the blood of the old with the blood of the young". Biologist 893:

mouse, commonly used as a model in research on aging, is about three years. Genetic differences between humans and mice that may account for these different aging rates include differences in efficiency of

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argues that, given that the worldwide population growth rate is slowing down and is projected to eventually stabilize and begin falling, superlongevity would be unlikely to contribute to overpopulation.

10577: 3917: 2071:. Senomorphic effects may be one major effect mechanism of a range of prolongevity drug candidates. Such candidates are however typically not studied for just one mechanism, but multiple. There are 2721:

Low ambient temperature as a physical factor affecting free radical levels was identified as a treatment producing exceptional lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster and other living beings.

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to resuscitate them, cure them of the condition that killed them, and then restore them to functioning life in an era when medical science has triumphed over the activities of the Grim Reaper.

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variety... But today, because of ageing, it does not have limitless scope.' Set up by the Steve Aoki Charitable Fund, the profits from the Dan Bilzerian party went to life extension research.

979:, and administration of pharmaceuticals. Another technique uses evolutionary pressures such as breeding from only older members or altering levels of extrinsic mortality. Some animals such as 1562:

find these ideas "worthy of discussion", others contend that the alleged benefits are too speculative given the current state of technology, referring to it as "fantasy rather than science".

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Ingram DK, Chefer S, Matochik J, Moscrip TD, Weed J, Roth GS, et al. (April 2001). "Aging and caloric restriction in nonhuman primates: behavioral and in vivo brain imaging studies".

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Hidalgo-Mora JJ, García-Vigara A, Sánchez-Sánchez ML, García-Pérez MÁ, Tarín J, Cano A (February 2020). "The Mediterranean diet: A historical perspective on food for health".

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offering those treatments are "basically abusing people's trust" and that young blood treatments are "the scientific equivalent of fake news". The treatment appeared in HBO's

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Martel J, Ojcius DM, Wu CY, Peng HH, Voisin L, Perfettini JL, et al. (November 2020). "Emerging use of senolytics and senomorphics against aging and chronic diseases".

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Current studies suggest that 2.5 to 5 hours/week of moderate or vigorous physical activity will confer maximal benefits; >10 hours/week may reduce these health benefits.

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such as yeast, nematode worms, fruit flies, and mice. As of 2013, the longest extension of life caused by a single gene manipulation was roughly 50% in mice and 10-fold in

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in 2015 was 2.9 years, substantially more than, for example, 0.3 years from all forms of direct violence, albeit a significant fraction of the LLE (a measure similar to

2538:(GH) decreases with age, the evidence for use of growth hormone as an anti-aging therapy is mixed and based mostly on animal studies. There are mixed reports that GH or 1654:

genetic material and within the same environment age in two distinct ways, describe a biomolecular mechanism that can determine which process dominates during aging and

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Garay RP (July 2021). "Investigational drugs and nutrients for human longevity. Recent clinical trials registered in ClinicalTrials.gov and clinicaltrialsregister.eu".

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Martel J, Chang SH, Wu CY, Peng HH, Hwang TL, Ko YF, et al. (March 2021). "Recent advances in the field of caloric restriction mimetics and anti-aging molecules".

1205:, a California-based scientific research organization which conducts research into aging and funds other anti-aging research projects at various universities. In 2013, 13201: 11987: 11962: 5943: 2656: 2133:. Often studies are structured based on or thematize specific prolongevity targets, listing both nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals (together or separately) such as 1893:

has argued that any technological advances in life extension must be equitably distributed and not restricted to a privileged few. In an extended metaphor entitled "

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process in the US market generated about $ 50 billion of revenue a year in 2009. The use of such hormone products has not been proven to be effective or safe.

2644: 2491:"to assess the ageing process and the efficacy of interventions to bypass the need for large-scale longitudinal studies". Such biomarkers may also include in vivo 2410:

of blood from young animals have shown some pro-longevity potential in animal studies (e.g. via transfer of blood or plasma, and of plasma proteins). Moreover,

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The extension of life has been a desire of humanity and a mainstay motif in the history of scientific pursuits and ideas throughout history, from the Sumerian

592: 13080: 11992: 10568: 10452:"Molecular mechanisms of exceptional lifespan increase of Drosophila melanogaster with different genotypes after combinations of pro-longevity interventions" 2145: 1443:). Hibbs suggested that certain repair machines might one day be reduced in size to the point that it would, in theory, be possible to (as Feynman put it) " 12899: 11852: 5694: 3443: 2300: 12032: 11862: 11857: 9346:

Santoro A, Martucci M, Conte M, Capri M, Franceschi C, Salvioli S (December 2020). "Inflammaging, hormesis and the rationale for anti-aging strategies".

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Delhove J, Osenk I, Prichard I, Donnelley M (January 2020). "Public Acceptability of Gene Therapy and Gene Editing for Human Use: A Systematic Review".

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Goya RG, Bolognani F, Hereñú CB, Rimoldi OJ (8 January 2001). "Neuroendocrinology of aging: the potential of gene therapy as an interventive strategy".

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describes an approach to life-extension that involves "fooling genes" into thinking the body is young. Dawkins attributes inspiration for this idea to

1061:. However, the beginning of the modern period in this endeavor can be traced to the end of the 19th – beginning of the 20th century, to the so-called " 10505: 6448:

Hu, Qinchao; Peng, Jianmin; Jiang, Laibo; Li, Wuguo; Su, Qiao; Zhang, Jiayu; Li, Huan; Song, Ming; Cheng, Bin; Xia, Juan; Wu, Tong (28 October 2020).

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and Bruce Carnes have strongly criticized the anti-aging industry in response to what they see as unscrupulous profiteering from the sale of unproven

12080: 12070: 11957: 1213:, a new company based in San Francisco that will harness new technologies to increase scientific understanding of the biology of aging. It is led by 10678: 9700:"The Association Between Regular Physical Exercise, Sleep Patterns, Fasting, and Autophagy for Healthy Longevity and Well-Being: A Narrative Review" 11977: 10592: 2464:: early-stage research indicates mitochondrial interventions such as mitochondrial transplantation may have potential to be efficacious (See also: 1942:

Religious people are no more likely to oppose life extension than the unaffiliated, though some variation exists between religious denominations.

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Verdaguer E, Junyent F, Folch J, Beas-Zarate C, Auladell C, Pallàs M, Camins A (March 2012). "Aging biology: a new frontier for drug discovery".

1514: 866:. Specifically, aging is characterized as and thought to be caused by "genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of 12012: 10401:"Implementation of longevity-promoting supplements and medications in public health practice: achievements, challenges and future perspectives" 10293:

Click the sources tab under the chart for info on the countries, healthcare expenditures, and data sources. See the later version of the chart

6413: 2440:-type interventions For instance, effects of interventions or e.g. dosages may vary per age and/or genome. A review suggests that the field of 1595:

as proteins, interfere with the expression of proteins, or correct genetic mutations, has been proposed as a future strategy to prevent aging.

1245:. University researchers have made a number of breakthroughs in extending the lives of mice and insects by reversing certain aspects of aging. 4838: 4323:

Dhahbi JM, Mote PL, Fahy GM, Spindler SR (November 2005). "Identification of potential caloric restriction mimetics by microarray profiling".

13208: 12919: 11937: 11879: 11874: 5565: 4742: 2585:(patterns of sleep, drug-administration and feeding), type of leisure activities, not smoking, altruistic emotions and behaviors, subjective 1127: 8037:

Vasto S, Barera A, Rizzo C, Di Carlo M, Caruso C, Panotopoulos G (2014). "Mediterranean diet and longevity: an example of nutraceuticals?".

1723:. Some proponents of therapeutic cloning predict the production of whole bodies, lacking consciousness, for eventual brain transplantation. 12782: 12704: 12017: 12002: 11967: 11910: 11905: 11847: 2578: 941:

play an increasing role in mortality. Extension of life expectancy and lifespan can often be achieved by access to improved medical care,

12075: 12065: 12007: 11915: 8324:"Alcohol use and burden for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016" 6221:

Mehlman MJ, Binstock RH, Juengst ET, Ponsaran RS, Whitehouse PJ (June 2004). "Anti-aging medicine: can consumers be better protected?".

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of prolongevity drug candidates under research as well as of potential gene/protein targets include GenAge, DrugAge and Geroprotectors.

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Newmark PA, Sánchez Alvarado A (March 2002). "Not your father's planarian: a classic model enters the era of functional genomics".

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that have also been studied in this context. Other common supplements with less clear biological pathways to target aging include

13009: 11357: 7340:"Dual Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Muscle Function: Can Antioxidant Dietary Supplements Counteract Age-Related Sarcopenia?" 5455: 1449: 1179: 749: 5566:"Feedback Information and Consumer Motivation. The Moderating Role of Positive and Negative Reference Values in Self-Regulation" 2075:

of prolongevity drug candidates under research as well as of potential gene/protein targets. These are enhanced by longitudinal

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Aside from private initiatives, aging research is being conducted in university laboratories, and includes universities such as

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However, critics argue that the uploaded mind would simply be a clone and not a true continuation of a person's consciousness.

6450:"Metformin as a senostatic drug enhances the anticancer efficacy of CDK4/6 inhibitor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma" 3978: 3914:"Human Longevity Inc. (HLI) Launched to Promote Healthy Aging Using Advances in... – SAN DIEGO, March 4, 2014 /PRNewswire/ --" 2275: 44: 5786: 5411: 5373: 4957: 4811: 4786: 3713: 1242: 1183: 12326: 12115: 11842: 11382: 10282: 2263: 1467:

Replacement of biological (susceptible to diseases) organs with mechanical ones could extend life. This is the goal of the

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keeping alcohol consumption of any type at a minimum – conventional Mediterranean diets include alcohol consumption (i.e.

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Holmes GE, Bernstein C, Bernstein H (September 1992). "Oxidative and other DNA damages as the basis of aging: a review".

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Many prolongevity drugs are synthetic alternatives or potential complements to existing nutraceuticals, such as various

86: 12188: 12110: 11427: 11033: 7253:"Meta-analysis: low-dose intake of vitamin E combined with other vitamins or minerals may decrease all-cause mortality" 5922: 3760: 3743: 3628: 3592: 3178: 2067:– modulate properties of senescent cells without eliminating them, suppressing phenotypes of senescence, including the 1070: 742: 91: 5676: 2655:

could extend lifespans of populations and humanity overall. For instance, a 2020 study indicates that the global mean

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Yener Ilce B, Cagin U, Yilmazer A (March 2018). "Cellular reprogramming: A new way to understand aging mechanisms".

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Neither vitamin E intake alone nor combined with other agents is associated with a reduction in all-cause mortality.

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and increased NAD+ levels), psychological characteristics/personality (possibly highly indirectly), sleep duration,

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Some tech innovators and Silicon Valley entrepreneurs have invested heavily into anti-aging research. This includes

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The controversies over cloning are similar, except general public opinion in most countries stands in opposition to

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research could one day provide a way to generate cells, body parts, or even entire bodies (generally referred to as

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fully replacing refined grains – some guidelines of Mediterranean diets do not clarify or include the principle of

1976:(FDA). Anti-aging now falls under the regulations for cosmetic medicine which are less tight than those for drugs. 1846: 728: 711: 621: 345: 314: 6091:

Gems D (2011). "Aging: To Treat, or Not to Treat? The possibility of treating aging is not just an idle fantasy".

4720: 13166: 12934: 11240: 10704: 7563:"Mechanisms of Mitochondrial ROS Production in Assisted Reproduction: The Known, the Unknown, and the Intriguing" 2652: 2144:) such as via protocols of intermittent administration and have called for research that helps determine optimal 1253:

Theoretically, extension of maximum lifespan in humans could be achieved by reducing the rate of aging damage by

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and by environmental factors. Widely recognized methods of extending maximum lifespan in model organisms such as

20: 10948: 7194:"Antioxidant supplements for prevention of mortality in healthy participants and patients with various diseases" 3462: 2938: 2414:– signalling biomolecules released during/after exercise – have also shown promising results. Exerkines include 2125:. In some cases pharmaceutical administration is combined with that of neutraceuticals – such as in the case of 1201:, which gives financial grants to anti-aging research projects. In 2009, de Grey and several others founded the 13268: 13130: 12268: 11256: 11115: 9432:

Cardoso AL, Fernandes A, Aguilar-Pimentel JA, de Angelis MH, Guedes JR, Brito MA, et al. (November 2018).

7491:"Dietary Glycine Is Rate-Limiting for Glutathione Synthesis and May Have Broad Potential for Health Protection" 3170: 2813: 2465: 1894: 1073:(1817-1894) -- the president of the French Biological Society and one of the founders of modern endocrinology. 286: 10356:

Murphy KJ, Parletta N (May 2018). "Implementing a Mediterranean-Style Diet Outside the Mediterranean Region".

12914: 12742: 12670: 12636: 12193: 5542: 4982: 4413:"A low dose of dietary resveratrol partially mimics caloric restriction and retards aging parameters in mice" 3664: 2802: 2542:

modulates the aging process in humans and about whether the direction of its effect is positive or negative.

2353: 2087:(drug) screening methods, computational biomarker-discovery methods and computational biodata-interpretation/ 1834: 1642: 1106:(1873–1944) was inspired by a belief in indefinite human lifespan that he developed after experimenting with 1069:(1845-1916) -- the author of the cell theory of immunity and vice director of Institut Pasteur in Paris, and 705: 9434:"Towards frailty biomarkers: Candidates from genes and pathways regulated in aging and age-related diseases" 8852:

Khorraminejad-Shirazi M, Dorvash M, Estedlal A, Hoveidaei AH, Mazloomrezaei M, Mosaddeghi P (October 2019).

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could give rise to life extension through the repair of many processes thought to be responsible for aging.

925:, which are frequently linked to infectious diseases or nutrition problems. Later in life, vulnerability to 13029: 12954: 12909: 12120: 11072: 10729:

Boehme M, Guzzetta KE, Bastiaanssen TF, Van De Wouw M, Moloney GM, Gual-Grau A, et al. (August 2021).

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Shaposhnikov MV, Guvatova ZG, Zemskaya NV, Koval LA, Schegoleva EV, Gorbunova AA, et al. (June 2022).

9802:"Personality and longevity: knowns, unknowns, and implications for public health and personalized medicine" 5824: 4857: 3880: 2664: 2528: 2172: 1973: 1630: 1364: 417: 71: 9859:

Kern ML, Friedman HS (September 2008). "Do conscientious individuals live longer? A quantitative review".

8074:"Why has Japan become the world's most long-lived country: insights from a food and nutrition perspective" 473: 13180: 13125: 12690: 11447: 11367: 7972: 3730: 3165:

Halliwell B, Gutteridge JMC (2007). Free Radicals in Biology and Medicine. Oxford University Press, USA,

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Researchers are also exploring ways to mitigate side-effects from such substances (possibly most notably

2118: 1950:

Most mainstream medical organizations and practitioners do not consider aging to be a disease. Biologist

1868:

problems would make life extension unethical. He states his opposition to life extension with the words:

1298: 2527:. Some of these have been criticized for possible dangers and a lack of proven effect. For example, the 2141: 2004: 1265:

of deteriorated cells and tissues, reversal of harmful epigenetic changes, or the enhancement of enzyme

1148:, who insists that death is "the enemy of us all, to be fought with medicine, science, and technology"; 482: 12894: 12787: 12641: 12577: 11701: 11402: 11377: 5125:"Human Ageing Genomic Resources: integrated databases and tools for the biology and genetics of ageing" 4893: 3608: 2833: 2749: 2166: 1951: 1077: 1042: 655: 154: 114: 8776:

Rzigalinski BA, Meehan K, Davis RM, Xu Y, Miles WC, Cohen CA (December 2006). "Radical nanomedicine".

331: 13232: 13159: 13019: 12904: 12624: 12584: 11770: 11743: 11657: 11432: 11175: 11088: 7968: 6716:

Partridge L, Deelen J, Slagboom PE (September 2018). "Facing up to the global challenges of ageing".

5269: 2905: 2340: 2080: 792:" (those who wish to achieve longer lives themselves), postulate that future breakthroughs in tissue 527: 219: 212: 10309:"Loss of life expectancy from air pollution compared to other risk factors: a worldwide perspective" 10223:"Physiological geroscience: targeting function to increase healthspan and achieve optimal longevity" 4337: 3898: 3493: 3032: 2545: 2184:

supplementation of various dosages is investigated in trials and there also is research into GlyNAC

1156:, who proposes that the "transhumanist must safeguard one's own existence above all else"; futurist 636: 13187: 13100: 13085: 12959: 12319: 11553: 11546: 11452: 10619:"This start-up is offering $ 8,000 blood transfusions from teens to people who want to fight aging" 10086:

Gottlieb BH, Gillespie AA (2008). "Volunteerism, health, and civic engagement among older adults".

1588: 1391:

repair machines, including ones operating within cells and utilizing as yet hypothetical molecular

1202: 6664:

Zhavoronkov A, Mamoshina P, Vanhaelen Q, Scheibye-Knudsen M, Moskalev A, Aliper A (January 2019).

5944:"Living to 120 and Beyond: Americans' Views on Aging, Medical Advances and Radical Life Extension" 5596: 3225: 2793:

Some scientists believe that the dead may one day be "resurrected" through simulation technology.

2380: 1913:

counters the overpopulation critique by pointing out that the therapy could postpone or eliminate

1744:

are limited to around 50 cell divisions, reasons that aging is an unavoidable consequence of

1367:, which stated in 2023 that "no medication has been proven to slow or reverse the aging process." 1088:(1561–1626) as an advocate of using science and reason to extend human life, noting Bacon's novel 13253: 12989: 12737: 12589: 12562: 12490: 11610: 11584: 11525: 11170: 11065: 9189:

Tomita K, Kuwahara Y, Igarashi K, Roudkenar MH, Roushandeh AM, Kurimasa A, Sato T (August 2021).

6552:

Robbins PD, Jurk D, Khosla S, Kirkland JL, LeBrasseur NK, Miller JD, et al. (January 2021).

5713: 5403: 5365: 4768: 3612: 2910: 2730: 2246: 2205: 1489:(usually at −196 °C or −320.8 °F or 77.1 K) of a human corpse, with the hope that 1415: 687: 8371: 5243: 3959: 3068:

Warner H, Anderson J, Austad S, Bergamini E, Bredesen D, Butler R, et al. (November 2005).

1444: 1160:, who considers aging to be a problem that desperately needs to be solved; and recording artist 889:, who according to records was born in 1875 and died in 1997, whereas the maximum lifespan of a 13273: 13215: 13044: 12777: 12599: 12594: 12567: 12451: 12244: 12162: 12145: 12140: 11684: 11215: 5778: 4332: 3940: 3488: 3027: 2823: 2419: 2357: 2200:

Complications of antioxidant supplementation (especially continuous high dosages far above the

1756: 1646: 938: 487: 428: 10679:"A startup that charges $ 8,000 for young blood transfusions swears they're worth every penny" 8438:

Ventriglio A, Sancassiani F, Contu MP, Latorre M, Di Slavatore M, Fornaro M, Bhugra D (2020).

7389:

Badran A, Nasser SA, Mesmar J, El-Yazbi AF, Bitto A, Fardoun MM, et al. (November 2020).

660: 164: 13173: 13135: 12525: 12434: 12429: 12306: 12291: 12213: 11667: 11567: 11560: 11437: 11321: 9546:"The metabolic, neuroprotective cardioprotective and antitumor effects of the Klotho protein" 8914:

Chow LS, Gerszten RE, Taylor JM, Pedersen BK, van Praag H, Trappe S, et al. (May 2022).

5123:

Tacutu R, Craig T, Budovsky A, Wuttke D, Lehmann G, Taranukha D, et al. (January 2013).

4949: 2918: 2690: 2437: 2422:

were shown to be secreted concomitantly with exerkines and are also investigated. (See also:

2280:

Approaches to develop optimal diets for health- and lifespan (or "longevity diets") include:

2088: 1650: 1198: 1137:

published "The Immortal Cell: One Scientist's Quest to Solve the Mystery of Human Aging," by

1134: 801: 576: 512: 81: 76: 9698:

Min S, Masanovic B, Bu T, Matic RM, Vasiljevic I, Vukotic M, et al. (2 December 2021).

9605:"Social Support and Longevity: Meta-Analysis-Based Evidence and Psychobiological Mechanisms" 6666:"Artificial intelligence for aging and longevity research: Recent advances and perspectives" 12797: 12572: 12535: 12515: 11713: 11662: 9991: 9093: 8299: 8282: 6725: 6569: 6367: 6023: 5307: 5188: 4941:

Ending Aging: The Rejuvenation Breakthroughs that Could Reverse Human Aging in Our Lifetime

4618:"Alpha-lipoic acid as a dietary supplement: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential" 4424: 4279: 3353: 2679: 2671: 1906: 1865: 1720: 1713: 1701: 1697: 1655: 1537: 1262: 1145: 1081: 793: 602: 587: 566: 493: 336: 309: 7391:"Reactive Oxygen Species: Modulators of Phenotypic Switch of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells" 6411:

Chambers ES, Akbar AN (2020). "Can blocking inflammation enhance immunity during aging?".

5229: 4266:

Harrison DE, Strong R, Sharp ZD, Nelson JF, Astle CM, Flurkey K, et al. (July 2009).

3645: 8: 13263: 13034: 12629: 12604: 12373: 12234: 12152: 11778: 11755: 11725: 11412: 11326: 11160: 11140: 11120: 11110: 10953: 7851:"Mediterranean diet and its components in relation to all-cause mortality: meta-analysis" 4067:

Johnson AA, Akman K, Calimport SR, Wuttke D, Stolzing A, de Magalhães JP (October 2012).

2943: 2698: 2639: 2504: 2445: 2427: 2393: 2072: 2041: 1959:, notes that what is normal and what is disease strongly depend on a historical context. 1689: 1397: 1294: 1278: 1274: 1018: 972: 871: 817: 672: 224: 9995: 9097: 7457: 6729: 6371: 6135:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

6027: 5311: 5192: 4428: 4283: 3357: 2321:

consumption instead of refined grains. Whole grains are included in Mediterranean diets.

1080:

claims that science has been tied to a cultural narrative of conquering death since the

548: 13115: 13075: 13060: 13014: 12979: 12949: 12732: 12713: 12646: 12466: 12456: 12444: 12368: 11783: 11603: 11482: 10888: 10863: 10839: 10810: 10476: 10451: 10427: 10400: 10381: 10333: 10308: 10260: 10247: 10222: 10198: 10173: 10154: 10111: 10068: 10025: 10012: 9979: 9920: 9896:"Effect of feeding regimens on circadian rhythms: implications for aging and longevity" 9895: 9841: 9828: 9801: 9777: 9750: 9726: 9699: 9672: 9655: 9631: 9604: 9517: 9492: 9473: 9414: 9402: 9371: 9328: 9315: 9290: 9266: 9241: 9217: 9190: 9171: 9114: 9081: 9050: 9023: 8999: 8972: 8953: 8940: 8915: 8893: 8880: 8853: 8829: 8812: 8753: 8728: 8704: 8678:"Stem cells and anti-aging genes: double-edged sword-do the same job of life extension" 8677: 8650: 8623: 8604: 8556: 8531: 8512: 8464: 8439: 8415: 8390: 8348: 8323: 8258: 8231: 8207: 8180: 8156: 8131: 8098: 8073: 8019: 7933: 7890: 7826: 7799: 7775: 7750: 7726: 7701: 7677: 7650: 7589: 7562: 7507: 7490: 7466: 7441: 7417: 7390: 7366: 7339: 7320: 7228: 7193: 7138: 7090: 7065: 7041: 7016: 6992: 6967: 6948: 6850: 6825: 6806: 6759: 6695: 6632: 6607: 6578: 6553: 6526: 6501: 6474: 6449: 6388: 6355: 6331: 6306: 6282: 6257: 6203: 6191: 6155: 6130: 6108: 5987: 5962: 5878: 5853: 5508: 5483: 5328: 5295: 5209: 5176: 5149: 5124: 5056: 4642: 4617: 4593: 4568: 4549: 4498: 4471: 4447: 4412: 4393: 4368:

Kaeberlein M (February 2010). "Resveratrol and rapamycin: are they anti-aging drugs?".

4346: 4300: 4267: 4243: 4218: 4194: 4169: 4145: 4120: 4093: 4068: 4044: 4019: 3828: 3558: 3533: 3514: 3424: 3322: 3279: 3143: 3118: 3094: 3070:"Science fact and the SENS agenda. What can we reasonably expect from ageing research?" 3069: 2993: 2590: 2441: 2388: 2258: 2234: 2209: 2095: 2084: 1798: 1529: 1440: 1344: 1254: 1238: 1214: 645: 207: 202: 11052: 10535:"This anti-aging startup says US$ 8,000 worth of young blood can help you live longer" 8440:"Mediterranean Diet and its Benefits on Health and Mental Health: A Literature Review" 8339: 8050: 6917:

McIntyre RL, Liu YJ, Hu M, Morris BJ, Willcox BJ, Donlon TA, et al. (June 2022).

5074:

Rattan SI, Singh R (January 2009). "Progress & prospects: gene therapy in aging".

3502: 2674:

and doctor visits has been suggested as a lifestyle-societal intervention. (See also:

1118:

Regulatory and legal struggles between the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the

13152: 13004: 12999: 12873: 12838: 12813: 12727: 12473: 12461: 12439: 12422: 11808: 11720: 11422: 11362: 11261: 11205: 11135: 10976: 10893: 10844: 10791: 10760: 10752: 10731:"Microbiota from young mice counteracts selective age-associated behavioral deficits" 10481: 10432: 10373: 10338: 10287: 10252: 10203: 10146: 10129:

Diener E, Oishi S, Tay L (April 2018). "Advances in subjective well-being research".

10103: 10060: 10029: 10017: 9960: 9925: 9876: 9833: 9782: 9731: 9677: 9636: 9585: 9557: 9522: 9465: 9406: 9375: 9363: 9332: 9320: 9271: 9222: 9163: 9119: 9055: 9004: 8957: 8945: 8897: 8885: 8834: 8793: 8758: 8709: 8655: 8596: 8561: 8516: 8504: 8469: 8420: 8353: 8304: 8263: 8212: 8161: 8103: 8054: 8023: 8011: 7937: 7925: 7882: 7831: 7780: 7731: 7682: 7631: 7621: 7594: 7543: 7512: 7471: 7422: 7371: 7338:

Damiano S, Muscariello E, La Rosa G, Di Maro M, Mondola P, Santillo M (August 2019).

7324: 7312: 7274: 7233: 7174: 7142: 7130: 7095: 7046: 6997: 6952: 6940: 6899: 6855: 6810: 6798: 6751: 6687: 6637: 6583: 6531: 6479: 6430: 6393: 6336: 6287: 6238: 6195: 6160: 6112: 6041: 5992: 5883: 5792: 5782: 5513: 5407: 5369: 5333: 5214: 5177:"Multivariate genomic scan implicates novel loci and haem metabolism in human ageing" 5154: 5091: 5048: 4963: 4953: 4792: 4782: 4698: 4647: 4598: 4553: 4541: 4503: 4452: 4385: 4350: 4305: 4248: 4199: 4150: 4098: 4049: 3862: 3739: 3709: 3624: 3620: 3588: 3563: 3506: 3416: 3381: 3376: 3341: 3314: 3271: 3207: 3203: 3174: 3166: 3148: 3099: 3047: 2985: 2838: 2569: 2524: 2500: 2376:: "Increasing the number and quality of stem cells and activate regenerative signals" 2344: 2285: 1571: 1518: 1258: 1054: 1014: 976: 903: 859: 776:, either modestly through improvements in medicine or dramatically by increasing the 555: 533: 502: 326: 229: 159: 36: 10385: 10294: 10115: 10072: 9845: 9477: 9418: 8608: 8530:

Beyret E, Martinez Redondo P, Platero Luengo A, Izpisua Belmonte JC (January 2018).

8529: 8007: 7993: 7908:

Ekmekcioglu C (2020). "Nutrition and longevity - From mechanisms to uncertainties".

7894: 7531: 6763: 6699: 6207: 5060: 4397: 3428: 3326: 3283: 2899: 1985: 1050: 13194: 12843: 12833: 12772: 12614: 12530: 12358: 12336: 12203: 12183: 12100: 11696: 11392: 11281: 10883: 10875: 10834: 10826: 10742: 10471: 10463: 10422: 10412: 10365: 10328: 10320: 10264: 10242: 10234: 10193: 10185: 10158: 10138: 10095: 10052: 10007: 9999: 9952: 9915: 9907: 9868: 9823: 9813: 9772: 9762: 9721: 9711: 9667: 9626: 9616: 9512: 9504: 9455: 9445: 9398: 9355: 9310: 9302: 9261: 9253: 9212: 9202: 9175: 9153: 9109: 9101: 9045: 9035: 8994: 8984: 8935: 8927: 8875: 8865: 8824: 8785: 8748: 8740: 8699: 8689: 8645: 8635: 8588: 8551: 8543: 8496: 8459: 8451: 8410: 8402: 8343: 8335: 8294: 8253: 8243: 8202: 8192: 8151: 8143: 8093: 8085: 8046: 8003: 7917: 7872: 7862: 7821: 7811: 7770: 7762: 7721: 7713: 7672: 7662: 7584: 7574: 7502: 7461: 7453: 7412: 7402: 7361: 7351: 7304: 7264: 7223: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7166: 7122: 7085: 7077: 7036: 7028: 6987: 6979: 6930: 6889: 6845: 6837: 6790: 6741: 6733: 6677: 6627: 6619: 6573: 6565: 6521: 6513: 6469: 6461: 6422: 6383: 6375: 6326: 6318: 6277: 6269: 6230: 6187: 6150: 6142: 6100: 6031: 5982: 5974: 5873: 5865: 5588: 5580: 5503: 5495: 5393: 5355: 5323: 5315: 5204: 5196: 5144: 5136: 5083: 5040: 4764: 4688: 4678: 4637: 4629: 4588: 4580: 4533: 4493: 4483: 4442: 4432: 4377: 4342: 4295: 4287: 4238: 4230: 4189: 4181: 4140: 4132: 4088: 4080: 4039: 4031: 3553: 3545: 3518: 3498: 3408: 3371: 3361: 3306: 3263: 3199: 3138: 3130: 3089: 3081: 3037: 2977: 2863: 2848: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2582: 2488: 2397: 2292: 2217:

different implications, especially for different concentrations. A review suggests

2130: 1790: 1752: 1749: 1737: 1668: 1634: 1486: 1402: 1210: 1066: 960: 946: 918: 777: 462: 405: 259: 246: 8547: 7921: 7308: 6778: 6258:"Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy" 4815: 4411:

Barger JL, Kayo T, Vann JM, Arias EB, Wang J, Hacker TA, et al. (June 2008).

4170:"Cellular senescence in aging and age-related disease: from mechanisms to therapy" 4121:"Extreme-longevity mutations orchestrate silencing of multiple signaling pathways" 3702: 3479:

Martínez DE (May 1998). "Mortality patterns suggest lack of senescence in hydra".

3240: 2997: 1490: 1062: 13258: 12964: 12939: 12757: 12483: 12385: 12346: 11827: 11708: 11647: 11532: 11457: 11407: 11352: 11336: 10238: 8406: 7849:

Eleftheriou D, Benetou V, Trichopoulou A, La Vecchia C, Bamia C (November 2018).

7800:"Impact of Mediterranean Diet on Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases and Longevity" 5389: 5351: 5294:

Li Y, Jiang Y, Paxman J, O'Laughlin R, Klepin S, Zhu Y, et al. (July 2020).

4633: 4584: 4437: 4136: 4015: 3267: 1818: 1673: 1626: 1621:"Healthspan, parental lifespan, and longevity are highly genetically correlated." 1592: 1468: 1424: 1380: 1164:, who has been called "one of the most prolific campaigners for life extension". 1138: 954: 930: 922: 863: 813: 773: 699: 628: 467: 362: 251: 10056: 8455: 6322: 5270:"Researchers discover 2 paths of aging and new insights on promoting healthspan" 1141:. West emphasised the potential role of embryonic stem cells in life extension. 16:

Concept of extending human lifespan by improvements in medicine or biotechnology

13120: 13095: 13065: 13039: 12984: 12828: 12792: 12747: 12619: 12390: 12353: 12341: 12314: 12239: 11798: 11679: 11306: 11296: 11291: 11266: 11190: 11180: 10998: 10747: 10730: 10467: 10307:

Lelieveld J, Pozzer A, Pöschl U, Fnais M, Haines A, Münzel T (September 2020).

10189: 10003: 9956: 9872: 9508: 9291:"Mitochondria in the signaling pathways that control longevity and health span" 9242:"Mitochondria in the signaling pathways that control longevity and health span" 9158: 9141: 8931: 8813:"The nanomedicine revolution: part 2: current and future clinical applications" 8640: 8147: 6517: 6465: 6426: 5537: 5200: 4935: 4268:"Rapamycin fed late in life extends lifespan in genetically heterogeneous mice" 4035: 3346:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

3134: 3042: 3020:

The Journals of Gerontology. Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences

3015: 2781: 2614: 2535: 2478: 2037: 2033: 1910: 1641:, lifespan, and longevity – of which half have not been reported previously at 1580: 1575: 1559: 1388: 1384: 1289:

There are numerous chemicals intended to slow the aging process under study in

1226: 1222: 1190: 1157: 1107: 886: 855: 717: 241: 10506:"Questionable "Young Blood" Transfusions Offered in U.S. as Anti-Aging Remedy" 10417: 10369: 10142: 9716: 9621: 9450: 9433: 9359: 9306: 9257: 9105: 8989: 8694: 8132:"Nutrition, longevity and disease: From molecular mechanisms to interventions" 8089: 7867: 7850: 7126: 7081: 7032: 6935: 6918: 6794: 6737: 6682: 6665: 6623: 6499: 6234: 5584: 4020:"Aging, rejuvenation, and epigenetic reprogramming: resetting the aging clock" 3682: 3549: 3310: 3297:

Rauser CL, Mueller LD, Rose MR (February 2006). "The evolution of late life".

2981: 13247: 13090: 13070: 12994: 12651: 12417: 12363: 12198: 12157: 12105: 11276: 10916: 10756: 9767: 9584:(4 Suppl. 3): 327–335. Congress of the Italian Orthopaedic Research Society. 8870: 8851: 8789: 8308: 6663: 6502:"Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities" 5774: 5460: 5399: 5361: 5296:"A programmable fate decision landscape underlies single-cell aging in yeast" 4967: 4945: 4774: 4234: 4069:"The role of DNA methylation in aging, rejuvenation, and age-related disease" 3761:"The Morality of Artificial Intelligence and the Three Laws of Transhumanism" 3085: 2685: 2660: 2492: 2407: 2000: 1884: 1842: 1794: 1677: 1545: 1541: 1410: 1324: 1218: 1153: 1149: 1103: 1099: 1085: 1046: 1038: 980: 879: 851: 781: 520: 412: 277: 272: 125: 11057: 11007: 10830: 10809:

Ayala FR, Bauman C, Cogliati S, Leñini C, Bartolini M, Grau R (March 2017).

10779: 9943:

Froy O (August 2011). "Circadian rhythms, aging, and life span in mammals".

9545: 7766: 7667: 7613: 6919:"Pharmaceutical and nutraceutical activation of FOXO3 for healthy longevity" 6826:"Slowing ageing by design: the rise of NAD and sirtuin-activating compounds" 6379: 5869: 5796: 5319: 4796: 4683: 4667:"Coenzyme Q10 supplementation: Efficacy, safety, and formulation challenges" 4666: 3704:

The Immortal Cell: One Scientist's Quest to Solve the Mystery of Human Aging

2939:"AMA report questions science behind using hormones as anti-aging treatment" 2577:/isolation, social life and support, exercise/physical activity (partly via 1186:

recognizes neither anti-aging medicine nor the A4M's professional standing.

12969: 12889: 12863: 12858: 12848: 12823: 12555: 12407: 12378: 11803: 11793: 11788: 11498: 11316: 11301: 11271: 11195: 11185: 11145: 10994: 10924:. Technical Report #2008-3. Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University 10912: 10897: 10879: 10848: 10795: 10764: 10485: 10436: 10377: 10342: 10256: 10207: 10150: 10107: 10064: 10021: 9977: 9964: 9929: 9880: 9837: 9786: 9735: 9681: 9640: 9589: 9561: 9526: 9469: 9410: 9367: 9324: 9275: 9226: 9167: 9123: 9080:

Campisi J, Kapahi P, Lithgow GJ, Melov S, Newman JC, Verdin E (July 2019).

9059: 9040: 9008: 8949: 8889: 8838: 8797: 8762: 8713: 8659: 8600: 8565: 8508: 8473: 8424: 8357: 8267: 8248: 8216: 8165: 8107: 8058: 8015: 7929: 7886: 7835: 7784: 7735: 7686: 7635: 7598: 7547: 7516: 7475: 7426: 7375: 7316: 7278: 7237: 7178: 7170: 7134: 7099: 7050: 7001: 6944: 6903: 6859: 6802: 6755: 6691: 6641: 6587: 6535: 6483: 6434: 6397: 6340: 6291: 6242: 6199: 6164: 6146: 6045: 5996: 5887: 5829: 5517: 5337: 5218: 5158: 5095: 5052: 4939: 4898: 4862: 4778: 4702: 4651: 4602: 4545: 4507: 4456: 4389: 4381: 4354: 4309: 4252: 4203: 4154: 4102: 4053: 3997:"Australian and US scientists reverse ageing in mice, humans could be next" 3567: 3534:"Aging and longevity in the simplest animals and the quest for immortality" 3420: 3385: 3366: 3318: 3275: 3152: 3103: 3051: 2989: 2675: 2218: 2213: 2162: 2076: 1935: 1890: 1873: 1584: 1436: 1428: 1420: 1376: 1356: 1290: 1230: 1095: 1090: 942: 907: 867: 821: 809: 723: 682: 650: 538: 444: 304: 149: 139: 108: 10650:"This anti-aging start-up is charging thousands of dollars for teen blood" 10324: 9911: 9818: 9431: 9207: 7651:"Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: Impact on human health" 7579: 6554:"Senolytic Drugs: Reducing Senescent Cell Viability to Extend Health Span" 6500:

Di Micco R, Krizhanovsky V, Baker D, d'Adda di Fagagna F (February 2021).

5978: 5140: 4488: 4084: 3510: 3211: 1921:

the yearly population growth rate. Moreover, the philosopher and futurist

12944: 12767: 12550: 12545: 12478: 12132: 11691: 11674: 11331: 11311: 11150: 11105: 10099: 9978:

Acosta-Rodríguez VA, Rijo-Ferreira F, Green CB, Takahashi JS (May 2021).

8500: 7717: 7407: 7356: 6894: 6877: 5499: 4472:"A review of pterostilbene antioxidant activity and disease modification" 4119:

Shmookler Reis RJ, Bharill P, Tazearslan C, Ayyadevara S (October 2009).

4118: 3899:"Google announces Calico, a new company focused on health and well-being" 3342:"Experimental evolution of aging, growth, and reproduction in fruitflies" 2968:

Holliday R (April 2009). "The extreme arrogance of anti-aging medicine".

2843: 2828: 2818: 2736: 2618: 2593:) are investigated as potential (modulatable) factors of life extension. 2318: 2176: 2052: 1989: 1917:, allowing women to space out their pregnancies over more years and thus 1887: 1802: 1501:

within the mainstream scientific community and has been characterized as

1348: 1320: 1194: 899: 885:

The longest documented human lifespan is 122 years 164 days, the case of

785: 357: 319: 12260: 10174:"Role of heat shock proteins in aging and chronic inflammatory diseases" 10043:

Post SG (2005). "Altuism, happiness, and health: it's good to be good".

9653: 9460: 9082:"From discoveries in ageing research to therapeutics for healthy ageing" 8971:

Nederveen JP, Warnier G, Di Carlo A, Nilsson MI, Tarnopolsky MA (2020).

7848: 7269: 7252: 7218: 7192:

Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C (March 2012).

6841: 6104: 5899: 5897: 5695:"Sam Altman invested $ 180 million into a company trying to delay death" 5087: 4990: 4894:"Dying is the last thing anyone wants to do – so keep cool and carry on" 4291: 3117:

López-Otín C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, Serrano M, Kroemer G (June 2013).

12818: 12510: 12412: 11652: 11539: 11372: 11200: 10705:"Gut bacteria from young mice reverse signs of brain aging in old mice" 9140:

López-Otín C, Galluzzi L, Freije JM, Madeo F, Kroemer G (August 2016).

8197: 7877: 7816: 7066:"Fasting and rapamycin: diabetes versus benevolent glucose intolerance" 6983: 6307:"Clinical strategies and animal models for developing senolytic agents" 5592: 4693: 3960:"Harvard researchers find protein that could reverse the aging process" 2858: 2853: 2769: 2743: 2622: 2586: 2574: 2520: 2423: 2367: 2107: 2060: 2024: 1960: 1822: 1810: 1786: 1741: 1736:

Some critics dispute the portrayal of aging as a disease. For example,

1709: 1638: 1552: 1498: 1340: 1316: 1277:

and the extension in yeast by a combination of genetic engineering and

1266: 1161: 1094:, wherein scientists worked toward delaying aging and prolonging life. 1030: 895: 841: 560: 374: 352: 8744: 7702:"Life History Trade-offs within the Context of Mitochondrial Hormesis" 6746: 5044: 4537: 3801:"Steve Aoki, Dan Bilzerian, a giraffe and the search for eternal life" 2249:

that any dietary restriction practice contributes to human longevity.

2047:

A related concept is "senostatic", which means to suppress senescence.

12868: 12682: 12540: 12229: 12208: 11626: 11286: 11155: 10728: 10278: 9497:

Best Practice & Research. Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism

8973:"Extracellular Vesicles and Exosomes: Insights From Exercise Science" 8592: 6606:

Dönertaş HM, Fuentealba M, Partridge L, Thornton JM (February 2019).

5894: 5766: 3787:

To Dvorsky, aging is a problem that's desperately in need of solving.

2702: 2484: 2181: 2099: 2064: 2019: 2011: 1914: 1857: 1693: 1525: 1392: 1352: 1332: 1328: 1306: 1302: 1123: 1058: 1034: 996: 984: 911: 875: 805: 797: 789: 784:. Several researchers in the area, along with "life extensionists", " 667: 507: 437: 384: 379: 120: 10283:"Link between health spending and life expectancy: US is an outlier" 9024:"Friends and foes: Extracellular vesicles in aging and rejuvenation" 8391:"The Mediterranean diet, its components, and cardiovascular disease" 6273: 6036: 6011: 5963:"The scientific quest for lasting youth: prospects for curing aging" 5613: 5244:"Blood iron levels could be key to slowing ageing, gene study shows" 5109: 4185: 1864:

from 2001 to 2005) has questioned whether potential exacerbation of

13105: 12974: 12853: 12331: 11225: 11125: 7797: 7700:

Hood WR, Zhang Y, Mowry AV, Hyatt HW, Kavazis AN (September 2018).

6605: 3582: 3412: 2772:

are being investigated as means for life and healthspan extension.

2411: 2222: 2103: 2056: 1922: 1838: 1611: 1549: 1533: 1502: 1480: 1423:

could completely remedy the effects of aging by 2030. According to

1406: 1026: 968: 950: 926: 890: 694: 396: 391: 264: 64: 4664: 2296: 1508: 874:, stem cell exhaustion, and altered intercellular communication." 11642: 11387: 10449: 9749:

Hofer SJ, Davinelli S, Bergmann M, Scapagnini G, Madeo F (2021).

8532:"Elixir of Life: Thwarting Aging With Regenerative Reprogramming" 8437: 8236:

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health

4616:

Shay KP, Moreau RF, Smith EJ, Smith AR, Hagen TM (October 2009).

2455: 2415: 2225:

response to ROS, whereby low oxidative damage can be beneficial.

2126: 2122: 1964: 1745: 1336: 1312: 1022: 988: 963:

is determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its

367: 191: 144: 9748: 7798:

Dominguez LJ, Di Bella G, Veronese N, Barbagallo M (June 2021).

7488: 7337: 7191: 7155: 4216: 3253: 3116: 11634: 11130: 10864:"Gerobiotics: probiotics targeting fundamental aging processes" 9751:"Caloric Restriction Mimetics in Nutrition and Clinical Trials" 9654:

O'Keefe EL, Torres-Acosta N, O'Keefe JH, Lavie CJ (July 2020).

9188: 8970: 7017:"Cellular senescence: at the nexus between ageing and diabetes" 4877: 2706: 2643:

Life expectancy vs healthcare spending of rich OECD countries.

2557: 1826: 1814: 1806: 1604: 1494: 1462: 1293:. One type of research is related to the observed effects of a 1206: 992: 934: 8181:"Dietary Protein and Amino Acids in Vegetarian Diets-A Review" 6256:

Childs BG, Durik M, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM (December 2015).

6220: 5923:"Peter Singer on Should We Live to 1,000? – Project Syndicate" 5811:

Enhancing Evolution: The ethical case for making better people

4743:"Medication Health Fraud for Specific Diseases and Conditions" 4168:

Childs BG, Durik M, Baker DJ, van Deursen JM (December 2015).

2560:

are being investigated for potential pro-longevity therapies.

2384:: early-stage research of in vivo pro-longevity nanotechnology 12178: 11397: 9139: 8486: 7015:

Palmer AK, Gustafson B, Kirkland JL, Smith U (October 2019).

5224: 3979:"UCLA biologists delay the aging process by 'remote control'" 3339: 3067: 2539: 2134: 847: 829: 11595: 8854:"Aging: A cell source limiting factor in tissue engineering" 7014: 4665:

Arenas-Jal M, Suñé-Negre JM, García-Montoya E (March 2020).

4219:"Caloric restriction and aging: studies in mice and monkeys" 4217:

Anderson RM, Shanmuganayagam D, Weindruch R (January 2009).

9388: 8817:

P & T: A Peer-Reviewed Journal for Formulary Management

6255: 5293: 4569:"Lipid metabolism and lipid signals in aging and longevity" 4167: 4066: 3881:"How Google's Calico aims to fight aging and 'solve death'" 3340:

Stearns SC, Ackermann M, Doebeli M, Kaiser M (March 2000).

2483:

There is a need and research into the development of aging

2276:

Sustainable consumption § Sustainable food consumption

1956: 1633:

on 1.75 m people with known lifespans overall, identify 10

1431:

who originally suggested to him (circa 1959) the idea of a

1122:

included seizure of merchandise and court action. In 1991,

964: 870:, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, 10306: 9656:"Training for Longevity: The Reverse J-Curve for Exercise" 8913: 8321: 7388: 6776: 6060:

Geriatric Bioscience: The link between aging & disease

5030: 3617:

Leadership in Science and Technology: A Reference Handbook

1658:

a novel aging route with substantially extended lifespan.

917:

The average life expectancy in a population is lowered by

10808: 10593:"Ambrosia: the startup harvesting the blood of the young" 9574: 9345: 9079: 8389:

Widmer RJ, Flammer AJ, Lerman LO, Lerman A (March 2015).

8388: 6608:"Identifying Potential Ageing-Modulating Drugs In Silico" 6551: 5122: 4265: 2444:

and geroscience will have to interact closely (see also:

999:

do not die of old age and exhibit potential immortality.

9980:"Importance of circadian timing for aging and longevity" 9799: 8775: 8036: 7749:

Lee MB, Hill CM, Bitto A, Kaeberlein M (November 2021).

7611: 6404: 5948:

Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project

5771:

Toward a more natural science: biology and human affairs

5267: 5174: 3189: 2531:

has been critical of some anti-aging hormone therapies.

9578:

Journal of Biological Regulators and Homeostatic Agents

8578: 6715: 6298: 6249: 6131:"Tragedy and delight: the ethics of decelerated ageing" 5241: 5175:

Timmers PR, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Deelen J (July 2020).

3584:

A History of Life-Extensionism in the Twentieth Century

3398: 3013: 2332:

Further advanced biosciences-based approaches include:

1705:

appear earlier than other life-extension technologies.

1447:". The idea was incorporated into Feynman's 1959 essay 835: 10815:

and the search for a long and healthy human longevity"

8581:

Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews. Developmental Biology

7748: 7648: 5636:"A Single-Issue Political Party for Longevity Science" 5230:

Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

4622:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

4322: 4125:

Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects

2551: 1427:, it was his former graduate student and collaborator 13081:

Existential risk from artificial general intelligence

9543: 8729:"Stem cell paracrine actions and tissue regeneration" 6777:

Partridge L, Fuentealba M, Kennedy BK (August 2020).

4671:

Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety

3441: 2885:

Can We Live Forever? A Sociological and Moral Inquiry

2284:

modifying the Mediterranean diet as the baseline via

2040:

to determine if they can selectively induce death of

12900:

All-Party Parliamentary Group for Future Generations

9800:

Chapman BP, Roberts B, Duberstein P (10 July 2011).

8727:

Baraniak, Priya R; McDevitt, Todd C (January 2010).

8621: 7614:"Nutritional Antioxidants: It Is Time to Categorise" 6659: 6657: 6655: 6653: 6651: 6072:

Moody HR (2002). "Who's afraid of life extension?".

4615: 3911: 3779:"Futurist: 'I will reap benefits of life extension'" 2366:: early-stage research about rejuvenating/repairing 1994: 1683: 1217:, and its research team includes scientists such as 10862:Tsai YC, Cheng LH, Liu YW, Jeng OJ, Lee YK (2021). 10220: 9697: 9135: 9133: 8444:

Clinical Practice and Epidemiology in Mental Health

8232:"A Review Study of a Green Diet and Healthy Ageing" 7699: 6916: 4410: 3241:"What Causes Aging? Damage-Based Theories of Aging" 3014:Olshansky SJ, Hayflick L, Carnes BA (August 2002). 3009: 3007: 1905:Controversy about life extension is due to fear of 10567: 9288: 9239: 7489:McCarty MF, O'Keefe JH, DiNicolantonio JJ (2018). 7251:Jiang S, Pan Z, Li H, Li F, Song Y, Qiu Y (2014). 6711: 6709: 6178:Perlman RM (February 1954). "The aging syndrome". 4523: 3701: 3531: 3238: 2898: 2897: 2742:and Alzheimer's disease. The approach is based on 1909:and possible effects on society. Biogerontologist 10398: 10085: 9289:Akbari M, Kirkwood TB, Bohr VA (September 2019). 9240:Akbari M, Kirkwood TB, Bohr VA (September 2019). 7649:Lobo, V; Patil, A; Phatak, A; Chandra, N (2010). 7112: 6823: 6779:"The quest to slow ageing through drug discovery" 6648: 6601: 6599: 6597: 6495: 6493: 4469: 3296: 780:beyond its generally-settled biological limit of 13245: 10861: 9130: 9075: 9073: 9071: 9069: 8726: 8322:Griswold, Max G.; et al. (September 2018). 6968:"Senolytic drugs: from discovery to translation" 6965: 6547: 6545: 6304: 5456:"Bio-engineered bladders successful in patients" 4745:. US Food and Drug Administration. 9 August 2023 3004: 2724: 2312:data suggesting negative long-term brain impacts 12401:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 11507:Lifespan: Why We Age – and Why We Don't Have To 11211:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 10910: 10777: 10569:"Teenagers' blood being sold for £6,200 a shot" 10221:Seals DR, Justice JN, LaRocca TJ (April 2016). 8230:Fong BY, Chiu WK, Chan WF, Lam TY (July 2021). 8229: 8178: 7751:"Antiaging diets: Separating fact from fiction" 7257:Journal of Nutritional Science and Vitaminology 6871: 6869: 6706: 6062:. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Maryland. 5938: 5936: 5170: 5168: 2301:meat reduction is (or can be) typically healthy 2257:Research suggests that increasing adherence to 1515:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 1509:Strategies for engineered negligible senescence 1144:Other modern life extensionists include writer 816:replacement (such as with artificial organs or 12920:Centre for Enabling EA Learning & Research 10355: 10128: 9544:Baranowska B, Kochanowski J (September 2020). 8671: 8669: 8125: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8117: 7910:Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition 6594: 6490: 6414:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4566: 4519: 4517: 2709:that are "simple, palatable, and affordable". 1876:wish incompatible with devotion to posterity." 910:maintenance, and recycling mechanisms such as 13209:Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies 12698: 12276: 11611: 11087: 11073: 9066: 8916:"Exerkines in health, resilience and disease" 8909: 8907: 8622:Topart C, Werner E, Arimondo PB (July 2020). 8129: 7612:Bast, A.; Haenen GRMM; Lamprecht, M. (2015). 6542: 6447: 6410: 3532:Petralia RS, Mattson MP, Yao PJ (July 2014). 2343:for pro-longevity and protective genes – see 2051:Senolytics eliminate senescent cells whereas 2005:MTOR inhibitors § Rapamycin and rapalogs 750: 12783:Psychological barriers to effective altruism 10778:Sharma D, Kober MM, Bowe WP (January 2016). 10045:International Journal of Behavioral Medicine 9858: 8280: 7250: 7063: 6866: 6558:Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 5960: 5933: 5165: 4922:A Consumer's Guide to "Alternative" Medicine 2436:: future studies may tailor and investigate 2156: 2098:candidates studied most extensively include 882:is believed to contribute to aging as well. 11018: 10643: 10641: 10639: 10528: 10526: 9021: 8666: 8114: 7907: 7395:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 7344:International Journal of Molecular Sciences 7198:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 6824:Bonkowski MS, Sinclair DA (November 2016). 6356:"Senolytic therapies for healthy longevity" 6353: 5482:Lo, Bernard; Parham, Lindsay (1 May 2009). 5073: 4514: 4114: 4112: 3849: 3646:"Is there any truth to anti-aging schemes?" 12753:Distributional cost-effectiveness analysis 12705: 12691: 12665: 12283: 12269: 11618: 11604: 11080: 11066: 10977:"Are You Living in a Computer Simulation?" 10672: 10670: 9893: 9391:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 8904: 6180:Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 5822: 5563: 4934: 4367: 4013: 3941:"Young blood makes old mice more youthful" 3063: 3061: 2963: 2961: 2716: 2295:foods alongside additional restriction of 1900: 757: 743: 712:Collapse of the therapy-enhancement divide 12290: 11166:Index of topics related to life extension 10887: 10868:Bioscience of Microbiota, Food and Health 10838: 10746: 10561: 10559: 10557: 10555: 10475: 10426: 10416: 10332: 10246: 10197: 10011: 9919: 9827: 9817: 9776: 9766: 9725: 9715: 9671: 9630: 9620: 9516: 9459: 9449: 9314: 9265: 9216: 9206: 9157: 9113: 9049: 9039: 8998: 8988: 8939: 8879: 8869: 8828: 8752: 8703: 8693: 8649: 8639: 8624:"Wandering along the epigenetic timeline" 8555: 8463: 8414: 8347: 8298: 8257: 8247: 8206: 8196: 8155: 8097: 7876: 7866: 7825: 7815: 7774: 7725: 7676: 7666: 7588: 7578: 7529: 7506: 7465: 7416: 7406: 7365: 7355: 7268: 7227: 7217: 7089: 7040: 6991: 6966:Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T (November 2020). 6934: 6893: 6849: 6745: 6681: 6631: 6577: 6525: 6473: 6387: 6330: 6281: 6154: 6035: 5986: 5877: 5813:. Princeton University Press, New Jersey. 5507: 5327: 5268:University of California (16 July 2020). 5208: 5148: 4735: 4692: 4682: 4641: 4592: 4497: 4487: 4476:Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity 4446: 4436: 4336: 4299: 4242: 4193: 4144: 4092: 4043: 3821: 3728: 3557: 3492: 3375: 3365: 3142: 3093: 3041: 3031: 2760: 1731: 12930:Centre for the Study of Existential Risk 10946: 10636: 10523: 8675: 8179:Mariotti F, Gardner CD (November 2019). 7963: 7961: 7959: 7957: 7955: 7953: 7951: 7949: 7947: 7439: 6124: 6122: 5714:"The Man Who Thinks He Can Live Forever" 5677:"Silicon Valley's Quest to Live Forever" 5658:"Veritas Forum Q&A with Peter Thiel" 5481: 5242:University of Edinburgh (16 July 2020). 4763: 4109: 3878: 3580: 3478: 3442:Bavestrello G, Sommer C, Sarà M (1992). 2967: 2807:Index of life extension-related articles 2638: 2610: 2606: 2314:even at low/moderate consumption levels. 2151: 1637:which appear to intrinsically influence 1616: 850:, an organism accumulates damage to its 543: 13010:Machine Intelligence Research Institute 11031: 11021:"What Happens When We All Live to 100?" 11005: 10974: 10949:"Will Your Uploaded Mind Still Be You?" 10667: 10565: 10499: 10497: 10495: 9490: 8810: 8071: 7297:Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs 6305:Kirkland JL, Tchkonia T (August 2015). 6177: 5905:"Superlongevity Without Overpopulation" 5851: 5388: 5350: 5011: 4809: 4714: 4712: 4567:Mutlu AS, Duffy J, Wang MC (May 2021). 3976: 3662: 3643: 3611:(20 October 2011). "Transhumanism". In 3058: 2958: 1762: 1419:that he believes that advanced medical 1255:periodic replacement of damaged tissues 1180:American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine 13246: 12712: 12521:Differential technological development 10702: 10647: 10590: 10552: 10532: 10503: 8300:10.1146/annurev-resource-111820-032340 8281:Parlasca MC, Qaim M (5 October 2022). 8078:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 7969:"What Do We Know About Healthy Aging?" 7560: 7442:"The redox stress hypothesis of aging" 6875: 6830:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 6612:Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism 6570:10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-050120-105018 6506:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology 6009: 5712:ALTER, CHARLOTTE (20 September 2023). 5674: 5484:"Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research" 5453: 5228:Text and images are available under a 4980: 4919: 4812:"There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" 3938: 3758: 3607: 2936: 2882: 2600: 2228: 2094:Besides rapamycin and senolytics, the 1979: 1726: 1544:proteins, targeted ablation of cells, 1167: 878:damage to cellular contents caused by 772:is the concept of extending the human 12686: 12264: 11599: 11061: 10676: 10399:Vaiserman A, Lushchak O (July 2017). 10277: 10171: 8372:"Facts about moderate drinking | CDC" 8283:"Meat Consumption and Sustainability" 7944: 7294: 6119: 6071: 5738: 5711: 5530: 4855: 4836: 4718: 3912:Human Longevity Inc. (4 March 2014). 2932: 2930: 2928: 1945: 1688:Some life extensionists suggest that 1184:American Board of Medical Specialties 12327:Aldehyde-stabilized cryopreservation 10616: 10492: 10042: 9942: 9602: 9022:Lananna BV, Imai SI (October 2021). 8130:Longo VD, Anderson RM (April 2022). 7532:"Antioxidants and protein oxidation" 6128: 6090: 6012:"Age research: a new angle on 'old'" 5765: 4709: 3977:Wolpert, Stuart (8 September 2014). 3957: 3699: 2919:participating institution membership 2563: 2514: 2032:, "destroying") is among a class of 1771: 1450:There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom 1098:(1627–1691), founding member of the 836:Average life expectancy and lifespan 12925:Center for High Impact Philanthropy 12610:Future-oriented technology analysis 10993: 8287:Annual Review of Resource Economics 7706:Integrative and Comparative Biology 7458:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.10.445 7446:Free Radical Biology & Medicine 5825:"The ideas interview: Nick Bostrom" 4891: 3798: 3016:"Position statement on human aging" 2667:) is considered to be unavoidable. 2472: 2404:Endogenous circulating biomolecules 2392:: of tissues and organs (see also: 2327: 1284: 953:, and avoidance of hazards such as 13: 11008:"We will be able to live to 1,000" 10986: 10780:"Anti-Aging Effects of Probiotics" 10580:from the original on 14 June 2022. 9894:Froy O, Miskin R (December 2010). 9493:"Growth hormone in the aging male" 9403:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2001.tb05661.x 7620:. CRC Press/Taylor & Francis. 7440:Sohal RS, Orr WC (February 2012). 6192:10.1111/j.1532-5415.1954.tb00884.x 5614:"Scientists' Open Letter on Aging" 5533:"Umbilical stem cell breakthrough" 5427:Saletan, William (18 April 2008). 4983:"Is Defeating Aging Only A Dream?" 4719:Nania, Rachel (15 November 2023). 4347:10.1152/physiolgenomics.00069.2005 2925: 2337:Genetic and epigenetic alterations 2310:), which is under research due to 1986:Ageing § Prevention and delay 1565: 14: 13285: 11046: 10405:Journal of Translational Medicine 8051:10.2174/1570161111666131219111818 3663:Schudel, Matt (6 December 1992). 2775: 2589:, mood and stress (including via 1995:Senolytics and prolongevity drugs 1780: 1684:Cloning and body part replacement 1370: 12763:Equal consideration of interests 12664: 11761:Biodemography of human longevity 11224: 10999:"The Fable of the Dragon Tyrant" 10968: 10947:Graziano M (13 September 2019). 10940: 10918:Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap 10904: 10855: 10802: 10771: 10722: 10696: 10610: 10584: 10443: 10392: 10349: 10300: 10271: 10214: 10165: 10122: 10079: 10036: 9971: 9936: 9887: 9852: 9793: 9742: 9691: 9647: 9596: 9568: 9537: 9484: 9425: 9382: 9339: 9282: 9233: 9182: 9142:"Metabolic Control of Longevity" 9015: 8964: 8845: 8804: 8769: 8720: 8682:Stem Cell Research & Therapy 8615: 8572: 8523: 8480: 8431: 8395:The American Journal of Medicine 8382: 8364: 8315: 8274: 8223: 8172: 8065: 8030: 7987: 7901: 7855:The British Journal of Nutrition 7842: 7791: 7742: 7693: 7642: 7605: 7554: 7523: 7482: 7433: 7382: 7331: 7288: 7244: 7185: 7149: 7106: 7057: 7008: 6959: 6910: 6817: 6770: 6441: 6347: 5961:de Magalhães JP (October 2014). 5854:"The fable of the dragon tyrant" 5223: 4924:. Prometheus Books. p. 173. 4470:McCormack D, McFadden D (2013). 3939:Landau, Elizabeth (5 May 2014). 3729:Stolyarov G (25 November 2013). 3665:"Is it a crime to live forever?" 3256:Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery 2766:Fecal microbiota transplantation 2195: 2010:This section is an excerpt from 1929: 1862:President's Council on Bioethics 1661: 971:, fruit flies, and mice include 43: 13167:Famine, Affluence, and Morality 12935:Development Media International 11241:Timeline of senescence research 10784:Journal of Drugs in Dermatology 10358:Current Atherosclerosis Reports 8676:Ullah M, Sun Z (January 2018). 8008:10.1016/j.maturitas.2019.12.002 7618:Antioxidants in Sport Nutrition 7064:Blagosklonny MV (August 2019). 6214: 6171: 6084: 6065: 6052: 6003: 5954: 5915: 5845: 5816: 5803: 5759: 5732: 5705: 5687: 5668: 5650: 5628: 5606: 5557: 5524: 5475: 5447: 5420: 5382: 5344: 5287: 5261: 5235: 5135:(Database issue): D1027–D1033. 5116: 5102: 5067: 5024: 5005: 4974: 4928: 4913: 4885: 4849: 4839:"This Man Is Not a Cyborg. Yet" 4830: 4803: 4757: 4658: 4609: 4560: 4463: 4404: 4361: 4316: 4259: 4210: 4161: 4060: 4007: 3989: 3970: 3951: 3932: 3905: 3891: 3872: 3843: 3815: 3792: 3771: 3752: 3738:. Rational Argumentator Press. 3722: 3693: 3675: 3656: 3637: 3601: 3574: 3525: 3472: 3435: 3392: 3333: 3290: 3247: 3232: 3218: 2360:and rejuvenate or replace cells 2269: 2252: 2148:(including timing) in general. 1852: 1645:and most being associated with 1174:Timeline of senescence research 1113: 1009:Timeline of senescence research 729:Therapy-enhancement distinction 21:Life extension (disambiguation) 13131:Risk of astronomical suffering 11019:Easterbrook G (October 2014). 10811:"Microbial flora, probiotics, 7530:Griffiths HR (November 2000). 7210:10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2 6783:Nature Reviews. Drug Discovery 5743:. Betterhumans. Archived from 5638:. Fightaging.org. 27 July 2012 3824:"Anti-Aging Potion Or Poison?" 3461:(2–3): 137–140. Archived from 3444:"Bi-directional conversion in 3183: 3159: 3110: 2891: 2876: 2814:Advanced glycation end product 2645:US average of $ 10,447 in 2018 2466:mitochondrial theory of ageing 1895:The Fable of the Dragon-Tyrant 1598: 1435:use for Feynman's theoretical 656:Treating executive dysfunction 1: 12915:Centre for Effective Altruism 12743:Disability-adjusted life year 12637:Technology in science fiction 11625: 11053:Life extension on Wikiversity 11006:de Grey A (3 December 2004). 10975:Bostrom N (19 January 2010). 8920:Nature Reviews. 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The 1041:, Johann Cohausen and 939:cardiovascular disease 846:During the process of 593:Religious response to 544:Against life extension 528:Frankenstein's monster 429:Man-Computer Symbiosis 423:Deep brain stimulation 287:"Nobelist sperm banks" 252:Polygenic (risk) score 186:germline interventions 13269:Anti-aging substances 13174:The Life You Can Save 13136:Wild animal suffering 12526:Disruptive innovation 12435:Regenerative medicine 12430:Personalized medicine 12292:Emerging technologies 12049:regions by continents 11668:negligible senescence 11663:degenerative diseases 11568:Rejuvenation Research 11561:Neurobiology of Aging 11438:Methuselah Foundation 10510:MIT Technology Review 9984:Nature Communications 9912:10.18632/aging.100116 9208:10.3390/genes12091348 8733:Regenerative Medicine 7655:Pharmacognosy Reviews 7580:10.3390/antiox9100933 7536:Free Radical Research 5979:10.1089/rej.2014.1580 5967:Rejuvenation Research 5741:"Killing Immortality" 5699:MIT Technology Review 5181:Nature Communications 4223:Toxicologic Pathology 4085:10.1089/rej.2012.1324 4073:Rejuvenation Research 3587:. 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In 2014, biologist 1199:Methuselah Foundation 1019:Smith medical papyrus 1007:Further information: 802:regenerative medicine 662:Evolutionary humanism 577:That Hideous Strength 513:Stem cell controversy 299:Somatic interventions 12798:Venture philanthropy 12573:Technological change 12516:Collingridge dilemma 11894:regions of countries 11714:LGBT life expectancy 10100:10.3138/cja.27.4.399 8628:Clinical Epigenetics 8536:Circulation Research 8501:10.1089/hum.2019.197 8450:(Suppl-1): 156–164. 8334:(10152): 1015–1035. 7408:10.3390/ijms21228764 7357:10.3390/ijms20153815 5500:10.1210/er.2008-0031 5014:"The Invincible Man" 4993:on 11 September 2012 3901:. 18 September 2013. 2505:Biological databases 2073:biological databases 1860:(chairman of the US 1763:Consumer motivations 1721:reproductive cloning 1714:embryonic stem cells 1698:reproductive cloning 1656:genetically engineer 1538:allotopic expression 1082:Age of Enlightenment 818:xenotransplantations 603:Wisdom of repugnance 567:The Abolition of Man 494:Our Posthuman Future 392:Xanthine derivatives 337:Fetal tissue implant 310:Somatic gene therapy 19:For other uses, see 13035:Sentience Institute 12630:Technology scouting 12605:Accelerating change 12374:Genetic engineering 12235:Longevity insurance 12153:Digital immortality 11779:calorie restriction 11766:Indefinite lifespan 11756:Anti-aging movement 11726:Biomarkers of aging 11413:Immortalist Society 11161:Indefinite lifespan 11141:Free-radical theory 11121:Calorie restriction 11111:Anti-aging movement 10954:Wall Street Journal 10325:10.1093/cvr/cvaa025 9996:2021NatCo..12.2862A 9819:10.4061/2011/759170 9098:2019Natur.571..183C 7495:The Ochsner Journal 7270:10.3177/jnsv.60.194 6842:10.1038/nrm.2016.93 6730:2018Natur.561...45P 6372:2019Sci...364..636V 6105:10.1511/2011.91.278 6058:Hamerman D. 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Levinson 646:Augmented learning 13241: 13240: 13153:Doing Good Better 13025:Open Philanthropy 13005:Mercy for Animals 13000:The Humane League 12874:Eliezer Yudkowsky 12839:William MacAskill 12814:Sam Bankman-Fried 12728:Aid effectiveness 12680: 12679: 12499: 12498: 12462:Synthetic biology 12440:Stem-cell therapy 12423:engineered uterus 12337:Artificial organs 12258: 12257: 12089: 12088: 11809:stem-cell therapy 11721:Maximum life span 11593: 11592: 11423:Insilico Medicine 11262:Eric R. Braverman 11206:Stem-cell therapy 11040:. pp. 74–81. 11027:. pp. 60–72. 10813:Bacillus subtilis 10319:(11): 1910–1917. 10288:Our World in Data 9861:Health Psychology 9660:Missouri Medicine 9092:(7764): 183–192. 9028:FASEB BioAdvances 8745:10.2217/rme.09.74 7916:(18): 3063–3082. 7861:(10): 1081–1097. 7027:(10): 1835–1841. 6888:(12): 3606–3616. 6366:(6441): 636–637. 6268:(12): 1424–1435. 6223:The Gerontologist 6141:(1561): 108–112. 6022:(7170): 603–605. 5927:Project Syndicate 5809:Harris J. (2007) 5788:978-0-02-918340-3 5488:Endocrine Reviews 5413:978-0-19-929115-1 5375:978-0-19-929115-1 5306:(6501): 325–329. 5045:10.1159/000052792 4987:Technology Review 4959:978-0-312-36706-0 4920:Butler K (1992). 4788:978-0-670-03384-3 4628:(10): 1149–1160. 4579:(10): 1394–1407. 4538:10.1002/med.21702 4278:(7253): 392–395. 4180:(12): 1424–1435. 4131:(10): 1075–1083. 3715:978-0-385-50928-2 3621:SAGE Publications 3192:Mutation Research 3080:(11): 1006–1008. 2917:(Subscription or 2839:Human enhancement 2699:dietary education 2583:circadian rhythms 2570:Lifestyle disease 2564:Lifestyle factors 2525:hormone therapies 2515:Hormone treatment 2345:genetics of aging 2286:nutrition science 2247:clinical evidence 2214:dedicated periods 1831:Retro Biosciences 1772:Political parties 1750:biogerontologists 1708:The use of human 1572:Genetics of aging 1560:biogerontologists 1546:immunotherapeutic 1519:Genetics of aging 1146:Gennady Stolyarov 1055:Benjamin Franklin 1017:and the Egyptian 1015:Epic of Gilgamesh 977:gene manipulation 904:energy metabolism 767: 766: 556:Nikolas Kompridis 534:He Jiankui affair 327:Stem-cell therapy 230:Epigenome editing 160:Moral enhancement 37:Human enhancement 13281: 13195:Practical Ethics 12844:Dustin Moskovitz 12834:Holden Karnofsky 12773:Marginal utility 12707: 12700: 12693: 12684: 12683: 12668: 12667: 12615:Horizon scanning 12531:Ephemeralization 12359:Brain transplant 12303: 12302: 12285: 12278: 12271: 12262: 12261: 12101:Longevity claims 11833: 11832: 11697:supercentenarian 11620: 11613: 11606: 11597: 11596: 11491:Fantastic Voyage 11282:Leonard Hayflick 11228: 11082: 11075: 11068: 11059: 11058: 11041: 11028: 11015: 11002: 10981: 10980: 10972: 10966: 10965: 10963: 10961: 10944: 10938: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10923: 10908: 10902: 10901: 10891: 10859: 10853: 10852: 10842: 10806: 10800: 10799: 10775: 10769: 10768: 10750: 10726: 10720: 10719: 10717: 10715: 10700: 10694: 10693: 10691: 10689: 10674: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10645: 10634: 10633: 10631: 10629: 10614: 10608: 10607: 10605: 10603: 10588: 10582: 10581: 10571: 10563: 10550: 10549: 10547: 10545: 10530: 10521: 10520: 10518: 10516: 10501: 10490: 10489: 10479: 10447: 10441: 10440: 10430: 10420: 10396: 10390: 10389: 10353: 10347: 10346: 10336: 10304: 10298: 10292: 10275: 10269: 10268: 10250: 10233:(8): 2001–2024. 10218: 10212: 10211: 10201: 10184:(5): 2515–2532. 10169: 10163: 10162: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10083: 10077: 10076: 10040: 10034: 10033: 10015: 9975: 9969: 9968: 9940: 9934: 9933: 9923: 9891: 9885: 9884: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9831: 9821: 9797: 9791: 9790: 9780: 9770: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9729: 9719: 9695: 9689: 9688: 9675: 9651: 9645: 9644: 9634: 9624: 9600: 9594: 9593: 9572: 9566: 9565: 9541: 9535: 9534: 9520: 9488: 9482: 9481: 9463: 9453: 9429: 9423: 9422: 9386: 9380: 9379: 9343: 9337: 9336: 9318: 9286: 9280: 9279: 9269: 9237: 9231: 9230: 9220: 9210: 9186: 9180: 9179: 9161: 9137: 9128: 9127: 9117: 9077: 9064: 9063: 9053: 9043: 9019: 9013: 9012: 9002: 8992: 8968: 8962: 8961: 8943: 8911: 8902: 8901: 8883: 8873: 8849: 8843: 8842: 8832: 8808: 8802: 8801: 8773: 8767: 8766: 8756: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8707: 8697: 8673: 8664: 8663: 8653: 8643: 8619: 8613: 8612: 8593:10.1002/wdev.308 8576: 8570: 8569: 8559: 8527: 8521: 8520: 8484: 8478: 8477: 8467: 8435: 8429: 8428: 8418: 8386: 8380: 8379: 8378:. 19 April 2022. 8368: 8362: 8361: 8351: 8319: 8313: 8312: 8302: 8278: 8272: 8271: 8261: 8251: 8227: 8221: 8220: 8210: 8200: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8159: 8142:(9): 1455–1470. 8127: 8112: 8111: 8101: 8069: 8063: 8062: 8034: 8028: 8027: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7982: 7980: 7965: 7942: 7941: 7905: 7899: 7898: 7880: 7870: 7846: 7840: 7839: 7829: 7819: 7795: 7789: 7788: 7778: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7729: 7697: 7691: 7690: 7680: 7670: 7646: 7640: 7639: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7592: 7582: 7558: 7552: 7551: 7527: 7521: 7520: 7510: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7437: 7431: 7430: 7420: 7410: 7386: 7380: 7379: 7369: 7359: 7335: 7329: 7328: 7292: 7286: 7285: 7272: 7248: 7242: 7241: 7231: 7221: 7189: 7183: 7182: 7153: 7147: 7146: 7110: 7104: 7103: 7093: 7061: 7055: 7054: 7044: 7012: 7006: 7005: 6995: 6963: 6957: 6956: 6938: 6914: 6908: 6907: 6897: 6873: 6864: 6863: 6853: 6821: 6815: 6814: 6774: 6768: 6767: 6749: 6713: 6704: 6703: 6685: 6661: 6646: 6645: 6635: 6603: 6592: 6591: 6581: 6549: 6540: 6539: 6529: 6497: 6488: 6487: 6477: 6445: 6439: 6438: 6421:(5): 1323–1331. 6408: 6402: 6401: 6391: 6351: 6345: 6344: 6334: 6302: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6253: 6247: 6246: 6218: 6212: 6211: 6175: 6169: 6168: 6158: 6126: 6117: 6116: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6069: 6063: 6056: 6050: 6049: 6039: 6007: 6001: 6000: 5990: 5958: 5952: 5951: 5950:. 6 August 2013. 5940: 5931: 5930: 5919: 5913: 5912: 5901: 5892: 5891: 5881: 5849: 5843: 5842: 5840: 5838: 5820: 5814: 5807: 5801: 5800: 5763: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5736: 5730: 5729: 5727: 5725: 5709: 5703: 5702: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5672: 5666: 5665: 5654: 5648: 5647: 5645: 5643: 5632: 5626: 5625: 5623: 5621: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5595:. Archived from 5570: 5561: 5555: 5554: 5552: 5550: 5541:. Archived from 5528: 5522: 5521: 5511: 5479: 5473: 5472: 5470: 5468: 5451: 5445: 5444: 5442: 5440: 5424: 5418: 5417: 5395:The Selfish Gene 5386: 5380: 5379: 5357:The Selfish Gene 5348: 5342: 5341: 5331: 5291: 5285: 5284: 5282: 5280: 5265: 5259: 5258: 5256: 5254: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5222: 5212: 5172: 5163: 5162: 5152: 5120: 5114: 5113: 5106: 5100: 5099: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5009: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4998: 4989:. Archived from 4978: 4972: 4971: 4938:, Rae M (2007). 4932: 4926: 4925: 4917: 4911: 4910: 4908: 4906: 4889: 4883: 4882: 4872: 4870: 4853: 4847: 4846: 4834: 4828: 4827: 4825: 4823: 4814:. Archived from 4807: 4801: 4800: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4739: 4733: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4716: 4707: 4706: 4696: 4686: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4645: 4613: 4607: 4606: 4596: 4564: 4558: 4557: 4532:(6): 2114–2131. 4521: 4512: 4511: 4501: 4491: 4467: 4461: 4460: 4450: 4440: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4365: 4359: 4358: 4340: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4303: 4263: 4257: 4256: 4246: 4214: 4208: 4207: 4197: 4165: 4159: 4158: 4148: 4116: 4107: 4106: 4096: 4064: 4058: 4057: 4047: 4018:(January 2012). 4011: 4005: 4004: 3993: 3987: 3986: 3974: 3968: 3967: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3936: 3930: 3929: 3927: 3925: 3916:. Archived from 3909: 3903: 3902: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3876: 3870: 3869: 3867: 3861:. Archived from 3856: 3847: 3841: 3840: 3838: 3836: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3796: 3790: 3789: 3775: 3769: 3768: 3756: 3750: 3749: 3737: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3707: 3700:West MD (2003). 3697: 3691: 3690: 3683:"William Faloon" 3679: 3673: 3672: 3660: 3654: 3653: 3641: 3635: 3634: 3605: 3599: 3598: 3578: 3572: 3571: 3561: 3529: 3523: 3522: 3496: 3476: 3470: 3469: 3468:on 26 June 2015. 3467: 3452: 3439: 3433: 3432: 3396: 3390: 3389: 3379: 3369: 3352:(7): 3309–3313. 3337: 3331: 3330: 3294: 3288: 3287: 3251: 3245: 3244: 3236: 3230: 3229: 3222: 3216: 3215: 3198:(3–6): 305–315. 3187: 3181: 3163: 3157: 3156: 3146: 3129:(6): 1194–1217. 3114: 3108: 3107: 3097: 3065: 3056: 3055: 3045: 3035: 3026:(8): B292–B297. 3011: 3002: 3001: 2965: 2956: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2934: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2902: 2895: 2889: 2888: 2880: 2864:Supercentenarian 2849:Maximum lifespan 2753:fiction series. 2635:Medical research 2631:Health education 2627:Health economics 2555: 2489:epigenetic clock 2473:Within the field 2398:artificial organ 2328:Other approaches 2191: 2096:drug-repurposing 2022:(from the words 1738:Leonard Hayflick 1669:The Selfish Gene 1485:Cryonics is the 1403:Raymond Kurzweil 1285:Anti-aging drugs 1259:molecular repair 1067:Elie Metchnikoff 961:Maximum lifespan 929:and age-related 782:around 125 years 778:maximum lifespan 759: 752: 745: 582: 572: 499: 488:Francis Fukuyama 463:Appeal to nature 434: 320:in sports doping 260:Prenatal testing 256: 247:Oocyte selection 185: 47: 28: 27: 13289: 13288: 13284: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13279: 13278: 13244: 13243: 13242: 13237: 13221: 13140: 13106:Land use reform 13049: 12965:Founders Pledge 12940:Evidence Action 12878: 12802: 12758:Earning to give 12716: 12711: 12681: 12676: 12656: 12495: 12484:Oncolytic virus 12386:Head transplant 12294: 12289: 12259: 12254: 12218: 12172:Longevity genes 12167: 12127: 12085: 12044: 11889: 11828:life expectancy 11826: 11820: 11730: 11709:Life expectancy 11648:Longevity myths 11629: 11624: 11594: 11589: 11573: 11513: 11462: 11458:Sierra Sciences 11408:Human Longevity 11353:2045 Initiative 11341: 11337:Michael D. West 11245: 11229: 11220: 11094: 11086: 11049: 11044: 10989: 10987:Further reading 10984: 10973: 10969: 10959: 10957: 10945: 10941: 10927: 10925: 10921: 10909: 10905: 10860: 10856: 10807: 10803: 10776: 10772: 10727: 10723: 10713: 10711: 10701: 10697: 10687: 10685: 10675: 10668: 10658: 10656: 10646: 10637: 10627: 10625: 10615: 10611: 10601: 10599: 10589: 10585: 10574:The Independent 10564: 10553: 10543: 10541: 10531: 10524: 10514: 10512: 10502: 10493: 10448: 10444: 10397: 10393: 10354: 10350: 10305: 10301: 10281:(26 May 2017). 10276: 10272: 10219: 10215: 10170: 10166: 10127: 10123: 10084: 10080: 10041: 10037: 9976: 9972: 9941: 9937: 9892: 9888: 9857: 9853: 9798: 9794: 9747: 9743: 9696: 9692: 9652: 9648: 9603:Vila J (2021). 9601: 9597: 9573: 9569: 9542: 9538: 9489: 9485: 9430: 9426: 9387: 9383: 9344: 9340: 9287: 9283: 9238: 9234: 9187: 9183: 9138: 9131: 9078: 9067: 9034:(10): 787–801. 9020: 9016: 8969: 8965: 8912: 8905: 8864:(10): 787–802. 8850: 8846: 8809: 8805: 8774: 8770: 8725: 8721: 8674: 8667: 8620: 8616: 8577: 8573: 8528: 8524: 8485: 8481: 8436: 8432: 8387: 8383: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8320: 8316: 8279: 8275: 8228: 8224: 8177: 8173: 8128: 8115: 8070: 8066: 8035: 8031: 7992: 7988: 7978: 7976: 7967: 7966: 7945: 7906: 7902: 7847: 7843: 7796: 7792: 7747: 7743: 7698: 7694: 7647: 7643: 7628: 7610: 7606: 7559: 7555: 7528: 7524: 7487: 7483: 7438: 7434: 7387: 7383: 7336: 7332: 7293: 7289: 7249: 7245: 7204:(3): CD007176. 7190: 7186: 7154: 7150: 7111: 7107: 7062: 7058: 7013: 7009: 6964: 6960: 6915: 6911: 6874: 6867: 6836:(11): 679–690. 6822: 6818: 6775: 6771: 6724:(7721): 45–56. 6714: 6707: 6662: 6649: 6604: 6595: 6550: 6543: 6498: 6491: 6446: 6442: 6409: 6405: 6352: 6348: 6303: 6299: 6274:10.1038/nm.4000 6262:Nature Medicine 6254: 6250: 6219: 6215: 6176: 6172: 6127: 6120: 6089: 6085: 6070: 6066: 6057: 6053: 6037:10.1038/450603a 6008: 6004: 5959: 5955: 5942: 5941: 5934: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5903: 5902: 5895: 5850: 5846: 5836: 5834: 5821: 5817: 5808: 5804: 5789: 5781:. p. 316. 5764: 5760: 5750: 5748: 5737: 5733: 5723: 5721: 5710: 5706: 5701:. 8 March 2023. 5693: 5692: 5688: 5673: 5669: 5664:. 25 June 2015. 5656: 5655: 5651: 5641: 5639: 5634: 5633: 5629: 5619: 5617: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5599: 5568: 5562: 5558: 5548: 5546: 5545:on 20 July 2009 5529: 5525: 5480: 5476: 5466: 5464: 5452: 5448: 5438: 5436: 5425: 5421: 5414: 5387: 5383: 5376: 5349: 5345: 5292: 5288: 5278: 5276: 5266: 5262: 5252: 5250: 5240: 5236: 5173: 5166: 5121: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5103: 5072: 5068: 5029: 5025: 5018:Washington Post 5010: 5006: 4996: 4994: 4979: 4975: 4960: 4933: 4929: 4918: 4914: 4904: 4902: 4890: 4886: 4868: 4866: 4854: 4850: 4835: 4831: 4821: 4819: 4808: 4804: 4789: 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4741: 4740: 4736: 4726: 4724: 4717: 4710: 4663: 4659: 4614: 4610: 4565: 4561: 4522: 4515: 4468: 4464: 4409: 4405: 4366: 4362: 4338:10.1.1.327.4892 4321: 4317: 4264: 4260: 4215: 4211: 4186:10.1038/nm.4000 4174:Nature Medicine 4166: 4162: 4117: 4110: 4065: 4061: 4012: 4008: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3975: 3971: 3956: 3952: 3937: 3933: 3923: 3921: 3910: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3877: 3873: 3865: 3859:Sens Foundation 3854: 3848: 3844: 3834: 3832: 3820: 3816: 3797: 3793: 3777: 3776: 3772: 3765:Huffington Post 3757: 3753: 3746: 3735: 3727: 3723: 3716: 3698: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3661: 3657: 3650:Popular Science 3642: 3638: 3631: 3623:. p. 587. 3606: 3602: 3595: 3579: 3575: 3530: 3526: 3494:10.1.1.500.9508 3477: 3473: 3465: 3455:Scientia Marina 3450: 3440: 3436: 3397: 3393: 3338: 3334: 3295: 3291: 3252: 3248: 3237: 3233: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3188: 3184: 3164: 3160: 3115: 3111: 3066: 3059: 3033:10.1.1.541.3004 3012: 3005: 2966: 2959: 2949: 2947: 2935: 2926: 2916: 2896: 2892: 2881: 2877: 2873: 2868: 2809: 2801:Main articles: 2799: 2784: 2778: 2763: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2719: 2637: 2603: 2572: 2566: 2517: 2481: 2475: 2330: 2278: 2272: 2255: 2243: 2237: 2231: 2204:) include that 2198: 2169: 2159: 2154: 2049: 2048: 2042:senescent cells 2034:small molecules 2015: 2007: 1997: 1992: 1982: 1948: 1932: 1903: 1855: 1841:and NewLimit), 1835:Brian Armstrong 1819:Peter Diamandis 1813:(co-founder of 1783: 1774: 1765: 1734: 1729: 1712:, particularly 1686: 1674:Richard Dawkins 1664: 1651:haem metabolism 1649:– and identify 1631:biological data 1607: 1601: 1591:and are either 1578: 1570:Main articles: 1568: 1566:Genetic editing 1521: 1513:Main articles: 1511: 1483: 1477: 1469:2045 Initiative 1465: 1459: 1425:Richard Feynman 1381:K. Eric Drexler 1373: 1301:drugs, such as 1287: 1251: 1176: 1170: 1139:Michael D. West 1116: 1110:, says Hughes. 1029:practitioners, 1011: 1005: 931:chronic disease 923:child mortality 844: 838: 763: 734: 733: 700:Natura naturans 617: 609: 608: 580: 570: 497: 475:Brave New World 468:Bioconservatism 458: 450: 449: 432: 363:Methamphetamine 332:Embryonic cells 300: 292: 291: 254: 187: 179: 172: 171: 126:Transhumanistic 55: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 13287: 13277: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13254:Life extension 13239: 13238: 13236: 13235: 13229: 13227: 13223: 13222: 13220: 13219: 13212: 13205: 13198: 13191: 13184: 13177: 13170: 13163: 13156: 13148: 13146: 13142: 13141: 13139: 13138: 13133: 13128: 13123: 13121:Mass deworming 13118: 13113: 13111:Life extension 13108: 13103: 13098: 13096:Global poverty 13093: 13088: 13083: 13078: 13073: 13068: 13066:Climate change 13063: 13057: 13055: 13051: 13050: 13048: 13047: 13042: 13040:Unlimit Health 13037: 13032: 13027: 13022: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12987: 12985:Good Food Fund 12982: 12977: 12972: 12967: 12962: 12957: 12952: 12947: 12942: 12937: 12932: 12927: 12922: 12917: 12912: 12907: 12902: 12897: 12892: 12886: 12884: 12880: 12879: 12877: 12876: 12871: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12851: 12846: 12841: 12836: 12831: 12829:Hilary Greaves 12826: 12821: 12816: 12810: 12808: 12804: 12803: 12801: 12800: 12795: 12793:Utilitarianism 12790: 12785: 12780: 12775: 12770: 12765: 12760: 12755: 12750: 12748:Disease burden 12745: 12740: 12735: 12730: 12724: 12722: 12718: 12717: 12710: 12709: 12702: 12695: 12687: 12678: 12677: 12675: 12674: 12661: 12658: 12657: 12655: 12654: 12649: 12644: 12639: 12634: 12633: 12632: 12627: 12622: 12617: 12612: 12607: 12597: 12592: 12587: 12582: 12581: 12580: 12570: 12565: 12560: 12559: 12558: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12533: 12528: 12523: 12518: 12513: 12507: 12505: 12501: 12500: 12497: 12496: 12494: 12493: 12488: 12487: 12486: 12476: 12471: 12470: 12469: 12459: 12454: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12442: 12432: 12427: 12426: 12425: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12404: 12403: 12396:Life extension 12393: 12391:Isolated brain 12388: 12383: 12382: 12381: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12356: 12354:Biofabrication 12351: 12350: 12349: 12344: 12342:Organ printing 12334: 12329: 12324: 12323: 12322: 12315:3D bioprinting 12311: 12309: 12300: 12296: 12295: 12288: 12287: 12280: 12273: 12265: 12256: 12255: 12253: 12252: 12247: 12242: 12240:Longevity risk 12237: 12232: 12226: 12224: 12220: 12219: 12217: 12216: 12211: 12206: 12201: 12196: 12191: 12186: 12181: 12175: 12173: 12169: 12168: 12166: 12165: 12160: 12155: 12150: 12149: 12148: 12137: 12135: 12129: 12128: 12126: 12125: 12124: 12123: 12118: 12113: 12103: 12097: 12095: 12091: 12090: 12087: 12086: 12084: 12083: 12078: 12073: 12068: 12063: 12058: 12052: 12050: 12046: 12045: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12040: 12035: 12025: 12020: 12015: 12010: 12005: 12000: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11975: 11970: 11965: 11960: 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11934: 11933: 11923: 11918: 11913: 11908: 11903: 11897: 11895: 11891: 11890: 11888: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11866: 11865: 11860: 11850: 11845: 11839: 11837: 11830: 11822: 11821: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11799:organ printing 11796: 11791: 11786: 11781: 11773: 11768: 11763: 11758: 11753: 11752: 11751: 11740: 11738: 11736:Life extension 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11723: 11718: 11717: 11716: 11706: 11705: 11704: 11699: 11689: 11688: 11687: 11682: 11680:biogerontology 11672: 11671: 11670: 11665: 11660: 11650: 11645: 11639: 11637: 11631: 11630: 11623: 11622: 11615: 11608: 11600: 11591: 11590: 11588: 11587: 11585:Life extension 11581: 11579: 11575: 11574: 11572: 11571: 11564: 11557: 11550: 11547:Biogerontology 11543: 11536: 11529: 11521: 11519: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11503: 11495: 11487: 11479: 11475:Life Extension 11470: 11468: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11455: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11410: 11405: 11400: 11395: 11390: 11385: 11383:Buck Institute 11380: 11375: 11370: 11365: 11360: 11355: 11349: 11347: 11343: 11342: 11340: 11339: 11334: 11329: 11324: 11319: 11314: 11309: 11307:Ilya Mechnikov 11304: 11299: 11297:Dimu Kotsovsky 11294: 11292:Cynthia Kenyon 11289: 11284: 11279: 11274: 11269: 11267:Aubrey de Grey 11264: 11259: 11253: 11251: 11247: 11246: 11244: 11243: 11237: 11235: 11231: 11230: 11223: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11213: 11208: 11203: 11198: 11193: 11191:Organ printing 11188: 11183: 11181:Mind uploading 11178: 11173: 11168: 11163: 11158: 11153: 11148: 11143: 11138: 11133: 11128: 11123: 11118: 11113: 11108: 11102: 11100: 11096: 11095: 11092:life extension 11085: 11084: 11077: 11070: 11062: 11056: 11055: 11048: 11047:External links 11045: 11043: 11042: 11029: 11016: 11003: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10982: 10967: 10939: 10903: 10854: 10825:(4): 133–136. 10819:Microbial Cell 10801: 10770: 10741:(8): 666–676. 10721: 10695: 10666: 10635: 10609: 10583: 10551: 10522: 10491: 10442: 10391: 10348: 10299: 10270: 10213: 10164: 10137:(4): 253–260. 10121: 10094:(4): 399–406. 10078: 10035: 9970: 9951:(4): 225–235. 9935: 9886: 9867:(5): 505–512. 9851: 9792: 9741: 9690: 9666:(4): 355–361. 9646: 9595: 9567: 9536: 9503:(4): 541–555. 9483: 9424: 9397:(1): 316–326. 9381: 9338: 9281: 9232: 9181: 9152:(4): 802–821. 9129: 9065: 9014: 8963: 8926:(5): 273–289. 8903: 8844: 8823:(10): 582–91. 8803: 8784:(4): 399–412. 8768: 8739:(1): 121–143. 8719: 8665: 8614: 8571: 8542:(1): 128–141. 8522: 8495:(1–2): 20–46. 8479: 8430: 8401:(3): 229–238. 8381: 8363: 8314: 8273: 8222: 8171: 8113: 8084:(6): 921–928. 8064: 8045:(5): 735–738. 8029: 7986: 7943: 7900: 7841: 7790: 7741: 7712:(3): 567–577. 7692: 7661:(8): 118–126. 7641: 7626: 7604: 7553: 7522: 7481: 7452:(3): 539–555. 7432: 7381: 7330: 7303:(7): 749–758. 7287: 7263:(3): 194–205. 7243: 7184: 7165:(8): 842–857. 7148: 7105: 7056: 7007: 6978:(5): 518–536. 6958: 6909: 6865: 6816: 6789:(8): 513–532. 6769: 6705: 6647: 6618:(2): 118–131. 6593: 6564:(1): 779–803. 6541: 6489: 6440: 6403: 6346: 6297: 6248: 6229:(3): 304–310. 6213: 6186:(2): 123–129. 6170: 6118: 6083: 6064: 6051: 6002: 5973:(5): 458–467. 5953: 5932: 5914: 5893: 5864:(5): 273–277. 5844: 5815: 5802: 5787: 5758: 5747:on 7 June 2004 5731: 5704: 5686: 5681:The New Yorker 5667: 5649: 5627: 5605: 5579:(6): 963–986. 5556: 5538:The Australian 5523: 5494:(3): 204–213. 5474: 5446: 5419: 5412: 5406:. p. 42. 5381: 5374: 5343: 5286: 5260: 5234: 5164: 5115: 5110:"Gene Editing" 5101: 5066: 5039:(3): 168–173. 5023: 5004: 4973: 4958: 4927: 4912: 4884: 4848: 4829: 4802: 4787: 4756: 4734: 4708: 4677:(2): 574–594. 4657: 4608: 4559: 4513: 4462: 4403: 4360: 4331:(3): 343–350. 4315: 4258: 4209: 4160: 4108: 4079:(5): 483–494. 4059: 4030:(1–2): 46–57. 4006: 3988: 3969: 3950: 3931: 3904: 3890: 3871: 3842: 3814: 3791: 3785:. 7 May 2015. 3770: 3751: 3745:978-0615932040 3744: 3732:Death is Wrong 3721: 3714: 3692: 3674: 3655: 3636: 3630:978-1452266527 3629: 3600: 3594:978-1500818579 3593: 3573: 3524: 3487:(3): 217–225. 3471: 3434: 3413:10.1038/nrg759 3407:(3): 210–219. 3391: 3332: 3289: 3262:(3): 217–229. 3246: 3231: 3217: 3182: 3179:978-0198568698 3158: 3109: 3057: 3003: 2976:(2): 223–228. 2970:Biogerontology 2957: 2924: 2890: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2810: 2798: 2795: 2782:Mind uploading 2780:Main article: 2777: 2776:Mind uploading 2774: 2762: 2759: 2750:Silicon Valley 2726: 2723: 2718: 2715: 2615:Clinical trial 2602: 2599: 2565: 2562: 2548:and exerkines 2536:growth hormone 2516: 2513: 2479:Biogerontology 2474: 2471: 2470: 2469: 2459: 2449: 2431: 2408:Blood proteins 2401: 2385: 2377: 2371: 2361: 2347: 2329: 2326: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2322: 2315: 2304: 2271: 2268: 2254: 2251: 2233:Main article: 2230: 2227: 2197: 2194: 2175:suggests that 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2129:combined with 2077:cohort studies 2038:basic research 2016: 2008: 1996: 1993: 1981: 1978: 1952:David Sinclair 1947: 1944: 1934:A Spring 2013 1931: 1928: 1911:Aubrey De Grey 1907:overpopulation 1902: 1899: 1866:overpopulation 1854: 1851: 1829:, invested in 1782: 1781:Silicon Valley 1779: 1773: 1770: 1764: 1761: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1685: 1682: 1663: 1660: 1603:Main article: 1600: 1597: 1581:Genome editing 1576:Genome editing 1567: 1564: 1510: 1507: 1479:Main article: 1476: 1473: 1461:Main article: 1458: 1455: 1385:nanotechnology 1372: 1371:Nanotechnology 1369: 1286: 1283: 1250: 1247: 1227:Cynthia Kenyon 1223:David Botstein 1191:Aubrey de Grey 1169: 1166: 1158:George Dvorsky 1115: 1112: 1051:René Descartes 1004: 1001: 987:, and certain 887:Jeanne Calment 852:macromolecules 840:Main article: 837: 834: 770:Life extension 765: 764: 762: 761: 754: 747: 739: 736: 735: 732: 731: 726: 721: 718:Promethean gap 714: 709: 702: 697: 692: 691: 690: 685: 680: 678:Life extension 675: 665: 658: 653: 648: 643: 642: 641: 634: 618: 615: 614: 611: 610: 607: 606: 599: 590: 585: 584: 583: 573: 558: 553: 552: 551: 541: 536: 531: 524: 517: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 485: 480: 470: 465: 459: 456: 455: 452: 451: 448: 447: 442: 441: 440: 435: 425: 420: 402: 401: 400: 399: 389: 388: 387: 382: 372: 371: 370: 365: 360: 342: 341: 340: 339: 334: 324: 323: 322: 317: 307: 301: 298: 297: 294: 293: 290: 289: 283: 282: 281: 280: 275: 270: 262: 257: 249: 244: 242:Embryo quality 234: 233: 232: 227: 217: 216: 215: 213:Pre-conception 210: 205: 197: 188: 178: 177: 174: 173: 170: 169: 168: 167: 162: 157: 152: 147: 142: 131: 130: 129: 128: 123: 118: 111: 109:Posthumanistic 106: 103:Metahumanistic 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 56: 53: 52: 49: 48: 40: 39: 33: 32: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13286: 13275: 13274:Transhumanism 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13234: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13224: 13218: 13217: 13213: 13211: 13210: 13206: 13204: 13203: 13202:The Precipice 13199: 13197: 13196: 13192: 13190: 13189: 13185: 13183: 13182: 13178: 13176: 13175: 13171: 13169: 13168: 13164: 13162: 13161: 13157: 13155: 13154: 13150: 13149: 13147: 13143: 13137: 13134: 13132: 13129: 13127: 13124: 13122: 13119: 13117: 13114: 13112: 13109: 13107: 13104: 13102: 13099: 13097: 13094: 13092: 13091:Global health 13089: 13087: 13084: 13082: 13079: 13077: 13074: 13072: 13071:Cultured meat 13069: 13067: 13064: 13062: 13059: 13058: 13056: 13052: 13046: 13043: 13041: 13038: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13026: 13023: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13006: 13003: 13001: 12998: 12996: 12995:Good Ventures 12993: 12991: 12988: 12986: 12983: 12981: 12978: 12976: 12973: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12961: 12958: 12956: 12953: 12951: 12948: 12946: 12943: 12941: 12938: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12926: 12923: 12921: 12918: 12916: 12913: 12911: 12910:Animal Ethics 12908: 12906: 12903: 12901: 12898: 12896: 12893: 12891: 12888: 12887: 12885: 12883:Organizations 12881: 12875: 12872: 12870: 12867: 12865: 12862: 12860: 12857: 12855: 12852: 12850: 12847: 12845: 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12832: 12830: 12827: 12825: 12822: 12820: 12817: 12815: 12812: 12811: 12809: 12805: 12799: 12796: 12794: 12791: 12789: 12786: 12784: 12781: 12779: 12776: 12774: 12771: 12769: 12766: 12764: 12761: 12759: 12756: 12754: 12751: 12749: 12746: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12729: 12726: 12725: 12723: 12719: 12715: 12708: 12703: 12701: 12696: 12694: 12689: 12688: 12685: 12673: 12672: 12663: 12662: 12659: 12653: 12652:Transhumanism 12650: 12648: 12645: 12643: 12640: 12638: 12635: 12631: 12628: 12626: 12623: 12621: 12618: 12616: 12613: 12611: 12608: 12606: 12603: 12602: 12601: 12598: 12596: 12593: 12591: 12588: 12586: 12583: 12579: 12576: 12575: 12574: 12571: 12569: 12566: 12564: 12561: 12557: 12554: 12552: 12549: 12547: 12544: 12542: 12539: 12538: 12537: 12534: 12532: 12529: 12527: 12524: 12522: 12519: 12517: 12514: 12512: 12509: 12508: 12506: 12502: 12492: 12489: 12485: 12482: 12481: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12463: 12460: 12458: 12455: 12453: 12450: 12446: 12443: 12441: 12438: 12437: 12436: 12433: 12431: 12428: 12424: 12421: 12420: 12419: 12418:Organ culture 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12402: 12399: 12398: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12389: 12387: 12384: 12380: 12377: 12376: 12375: 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12364:De-extinction 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12340: 12339: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12321: 12318: 12317: 12316: 12313: 12312: 12310: 12308: 12304: 12301: 12297: 12293: 12286: 12281: 12279: 12274: 12272: 12267: 12266: 12263: 12251: 12248: 12246: 12243: 12241: 12238: 12236: 12233: 12231: 12228: 12227: 12225: 12221: 12215: 12212: 12210: 12207: 12205: 12202: 12200: 12197: 12195: 12192: 12190: 12187: 12185: 12182: 12180: 12177: 12176: 12174: 12170: 12164: 12161: 12159: 12158:Eternal youth 12156: 12154: 12151: 12147: 12144: 12143: 12142: 12139: 12138: 12136: 12134: 12130: 12122: 12119: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12106:Oldest people 12104: 12102: 12099: 12098: 12096: 12092: 12082: 12081:South America 12079: 12077: 12074: 12072: 12071:North America 12069: 12067: 12064: 12062: 12059: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12051: 12047: 12039: 12036: 12034: 12031: 12030: 12029: 12026: 12024: 12021: 12019: 12016: 12014: 12011: 12009: 12006: 12004: 12001: 11999: 11996: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11932: 11929: 11928: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11917: 11914: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11904: 11902: 11899: 11898: 11896: 11892: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11864: 11863:South America 11861: 11859: 11858:North America 11856: 11855: 11854: 11851: 11849: 11846: 11844: 11841: 11840: 11838: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11823: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11790: 11787: 11785: 11782: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11772: 11769: 11767: 11764: 11762: 11759: 11757: 11754: 11750: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11744:Topic outline 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11724: 11722: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11710: 11707: 11703: 11700: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11693: 11690: 11686: 11683: 11681: 11678: 11677: 11676: 11673: 11669: 11666: 11664: 11661: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11654: 11651: 11649: 11646: 11644: 11641: 11640: 11638: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11621: 11616: 11614: 11609: 11607: 11602: 11601: 11598: 11586: 11583: 11582: 11580: 11576: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11563: 11562: 11558: 11556: 11555: 11551: 11549: 11548: 11544: 11542: 11541: 11537: 11535: 11534: 11530: 11528: 11527: 11523: 11522: 11520: 11516: 11509: 11508: 11504: 11501: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11492: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11480: 11477: 11476: 11472: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11456: 11454: 11451: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11411: 11409: 11406: 11404: 11401: 11399: 11396: 11394: 11391: 11389: 11386: 11384: 11381: 11379: 11376: 11374: 11371: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11359: 11356: 11354: 11351: 11350: 11348: 11346:Organizations 11344: 11338: 11335: 11333: 11330: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11313: 11310: 11308: 11305: 11303: 11300: 11298: 11295: 11293: 11290: 11288: 11285: 11283: 11280: 11278: 11277:Denham Harman 11275: 11273: 11270: 11268: 11265: 11263: 11260: 11258: 11255: 11254: 11252: 11248: 11242: 11239: 11238: 11236: 11232: 11227: 11217: 11214: 11212: 11209: 11207: 11204: 11202: 11199: 11197: 11194: 11192: 11189: 11187: 11184: 11182: 11179: 11177: 11174: 11172: 11169: 11167: 11164: 11162: 11159: 11157: 11154: 11152: 11149: 11147: 11144: 11142: 11139: 11137: 11134: 11132: 11129: 11127: 11124: 11122: 11119: 11117: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11106:Anti-oxidants 11104: 11103: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11090: 11083: 11078: 11076: 11071: 11069: 11064: 11063: 11060: 11054: 11051: 11050: 11039: 11035: 11030: 11026: 11022: 11017: 11013: 11009: 11004: 11000: 10996: 10992: 10991: 10978: 10971: 10956: 10955: 10950: 10943: 10936: 10920: 10919: 10914: 10907: 10899: 10895: 10890: 10885: 10881: 10877: 10873: 10869: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10846: 10841: 10836: 10832: 10828: 10824: 10820: 10816: 10814: 10805: 10797: 10793: 10789: 10785: 10781: 10774: 10766: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10749: 10744: 10740: 10736: 10732: 10725: 10710: 10706: 10699: 10684: 10680: 10673: 10671: 10655: 10651: 10644: 10642: 10640: 10624: 10620: 10613: 10598: 10594: 10587: 10579: 10575: 10570: 10562: 10560: 10558: 10556: 10540: 10539:National Post 10536: 10529: 10527: 10511: 10507: 10500: 10498: 10496: 10487: 10483: 10478: 10473: 10469: 10465: 10461: 10457: 10453: 10446: 10438: 10434: 10429: 10424: 10419: 10414: 10410: 10406: 10402: 10395: 10387: 10383: 10379: 10375: 10371: 10367: 10363: 10359: 10352: 10344: 10340: 10335: 10330: 10326: 10322: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10303: 10296: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10280: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10258: 10254: 10249: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10228: 10224: 10217: 10209: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10168: 10160: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10140: 10136: 10132: 10125: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10105: 10101: 10097: 10093: 10089: 10082: 10074: 10070: 10066: 10062: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10039: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10014: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9997: 9993: 9989: 9985: 9981: 9974: 9966: 9962: 9958: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9939: 9931: 9927: 9922: 9917: 9913: 9909: 9905: 9901: 9897: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9874: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9855: 9847: 9843: 9839: 9835: 9830: 9825: 9820: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9760: 9756: 9752: 9745: 9737: 9733: 9728: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9709: 9705: 9701: 9694: 9687: 9683: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9665: 9661: 9657: 9650: 9642: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9614: 9610: 9606: 9599: 9591: 9587: 9583: 9579: 9571: 9563: 9559: 9555: 9551: 9547: 9540: 9533: 9528: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9510: 9506: 9502: 9498: 9494: 9487: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9457: 9452: 9447: 9443: 9439: 9435: 9428: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9408: 9404: 9400: 9396: 9392: 9385: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9365: 9361: 9357: 9353: 9349: 9342: 9334: 9330: 9326: 9322: 9317: 9312: 9308: 9304: 9300: 9296: 9292: 9285: 9277: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9259: 9255: 9251: 9247: 9243: 9236: 9228: 9224: 9219: 9214: 9209: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9185: 9177: 9173: 9169: 9165: 9160: 9155: 9151: 9147: 9143: 9136: 9134: 9125: 9121: 9116: 9111: 9107: 9103: 9099: 9095: 9091: 9087: 9083: 9076: 9074: 9072: 9070: 9061: 9057: 9052: 9047: 9042: 9037: 9033: 9029: 9025: 9018: 9010: 9006: 9001: 8996: 8991: 8986: 8982: 8978: 8974: 8967: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8933: 8929: 8925: 8921: 8917: 8910: 8908: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8863: 8859: 8855: 8848: 8840: 8836: 8831: 8826: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8807: 8799: 8795: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8779: 8772: 8764: 8760: 8755: 8750: 8746: 8742: 8738: 8734: 8730: 8723: 8715: 8711: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8687: 8683: 8679: 8672: 8670: 8661: 8657: 8652: 8647: 8642: 8637: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8618: 8610: 8606: 8602: 8598: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8575: 8567: 8563: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8537: 8533: 8526: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8483: 8475: 8471: 8466: 8461: 8457: 8453: 8449: 8445: 8441: 8434: 8426: 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7627:9781466567573 7623: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7591: 7586: 7581: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7533: 7526: 7518: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7459: 7455: 7451: 7447: 7443: 7436: 7428: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7404: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7385: 7377: 7373: 7368: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7350:(15): E3815. 7349: 7345: 7341: 7334: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7291: 7284: 7280: 7276: 7271: 7266: 7262: 7258: 7254: 7247: 7239: 7235: 7230: 7225: 7220: 7215: 7211: 7207: 7203: 7199: 7195: 7188: 7180: 7176: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7152: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7128: 7124: 7120: 7116: 7109: 7101: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7083: 7079: 7075: 7071: 7067: 7060: 7052: 7048: 7043: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7018: 7011: 7003: 6999: 6994: 6989: 6985: 6981: 6977: 6973: 6969: 6962: 6954: 6950: 6946: 6942: 6937: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6920: 6913: 6905: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6887: 6883: 6879: 6872: 6870: 6861: 6857: 6852: 6847: 6843: 6839: 6835: 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6055: 6047: 6043: 6038: 6033: 6029: 6025: 6021: 6017: 6013: 6006: 5998: 5994: 5989: 5984: 5980: 5976: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5957: 5949: 5945: 5939: 5937: 5928: 5924: 5918: 5910: 5906: 5900: 5898: 5889: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5871: 5867: 5863: 5859: 5855: 5848: 5832: 5831: 5826: 5819: 5812: 5806: 5798: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5775:New York City 5772: 5768: 5762: 5746: 5742: 5735: 5719: 5715: 5708: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5682: 5678: 5671: 5663: 5659: 5653: 5637: 5631: 5616:. Imminst.org 5615: 5609: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5582: 5578: 5574: 5567: 5560: 5544: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5501: 5497: 5493: 5489: 5485: 5478: 5463: 5462: 5461:New Scientist 5457: 5450: 5434: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5409: 5405: 5401: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5385: 5377: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5358: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5330: 5325: 5321: 5317: 5313: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5290: 5275: 5271: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5220: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5171: 5169: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5119: 5111: 5105: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5019: 5015: 5008: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4977: 4969: 4965: 4961: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4946:New York City 4943: 4942: 4937: 4931: 4923: 4916: 4901: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4881: 4879: 4865: 4864: 4859: 4852: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4817: 4813: 4806: 4798: 4794: 4790: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4775:New York City 4772: 4771: 4766: 4760: 4744: 4738: 4722: 4715: 4713: 4704: 4700: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4644: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4612: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4535: 4531: 4527: 4520: 4518: 4509: 4505: 4500: 4495: 4490: 4485: 4481: 4477: 4473: 4466: 4458: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4422: 4418: 4414: 4407: 4399: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4371: 4364: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4326: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4293: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4277: 4273: 4269: 4262: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4236: 4232: 4228: 4224: 4220: 4213: 4205: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4164: 4156: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4115: 4113: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4063: 4055: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3992: 3984: 3983:UCLA Newsroom 3980: 3973: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3946: 3942: 3935: 3919: 3915: 3908: 3900: 3894: 3886: 3882: 3875: 3864: 3860: 3853: 3846: 3831: 3830: 3825: 3818: 3811: 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3784: 3780: 3774: 3766: 3762: 3755: 3747: 3741: 3734: 3733: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3708:. Doubleday. 3706: 3705: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3666: 3659: 3651: 3647: 3640: 3632: 3626: 3622: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3604: 3596: 3590: 3586: 3585: 3577: 3569: 3565: 3560: 3555: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3528: 3520: 3516: 3512: 3508: 3504: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3475: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3449: 3447: 3438: 3430: 3426: 3422: 3418: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3395: 3387: 3383: 3378: 3373: 3368: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3336: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3293: 3285: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3250: 3242: 3235: 3227: 3226:"Mouse Facts" 3221: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3180: 3176: 3172: 3168: 3162: 3154: 3150: 3145: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3101: 3096: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3049: 3044: 3039: 3034: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3008: 2999: 2995: 2991: 2987: 2983: 2979: 2975: 2971: 2964: 2962: 2946: 2945: 2940: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2920: 2912: 2908: 2907: 2901: 2894: 2886: 2879: 2875: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2811: 2808: 2804: 2794: 2791: 2788: 2783: 2773: 2771: 2767: 2758: 2754: 2752: 2751: 2745: 2738: 2732: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2708: 2704: 2700: 2694: 2692: 2687: 2686:Health policy 2683: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2668: 2666: 2662: 2661:air pollution 2658: 2654: 2646: 2641: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2594: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2571: 2561: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2543: 2541: 2537: 2532: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2512: 2508: 2506: 2502: 2496: 2494: 2493:brain imaging 2490: 2486: 2480: 2467: 2463: 2460: 2457: 2453: 2450: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2402: 2399: 2395: 2391: 2390: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2372: 2369: 2365: 2362: 2359: 2355: 2354:reprogramming 2351: 2348: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2333: 2320: 2316: 2313: 2309: 2305: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2289: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2260: 2250: 2248: 2242: 2236: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2215: 2212:(e.g. during 2211: 2207: 2203: 2196:Complications 2193: 2189: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2168: 2164: 2149: 2147: 2143: 2138: 2137:-activators. 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2115: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2101: 2097: 2092: 2090: 2086: 2085:computational 2082: 2078: 2074: 2070: 2066: 2062: 2058: 2054: 2046: 2043: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2026: 2021: 2013: 2006: 2002: 2001:Geroprotector 1991: 1987: 1977: 1975: 1969: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1953: 1943: 1940: 1937: 1930:Opinion polls 1927: 1924: 1920: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1898: 1896: 1892: 1889: 1886: 1885:Transhumanist 1882: 1877: 1875: 1869: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1850: 1848: 1844: 1843:Bryan Johnson 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795:Larry Ellison 1792: 1788: 1778: 1769: 1760: 1758: 1754: 1753:Jay Olshansky 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1724: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1706: 1703: 1699: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1678:Peter Medawar 1675: 1671: 1670: 1662:Fooling genes 1659: 1657: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1619: 1615: 1613: 1606: 1596: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1542:mitochondrial 1539: 1535: 1531: 1527: 1520: 1516: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491:resuscitation 1488: 1482: 1472: 1470: 1464: 1454: 1453: 1451: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1411:transhumanist 1408: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1387:, postulated 1386: 1382: 1378: 1368: 1366: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1339:, as well as 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1325:pterostilbene 1322: 1318: 1314: 1310: 1308: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1291:animal models 1282: 1280: 1276: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1240: 1235: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1219:Hal V. Barron 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1178:In 1991, the 1175: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154:Zoltan Istvan 1151: 1150:transhumanist 1147: 1142: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1111: 1109: 1105: 1104:Alexis Carrel 1101: 1100:Royal Society 1097: 1093: 1092: 1087: 1086:Francis Bacon 1083: 1079: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1063:fin-de-siècle 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1047:Francis Bacon 1044: 1040: 1039:Luigi Cornaro 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1010: 1000: 998: 994: 990: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 915: 913: 909: 905: 901: 897: 892: 888: 883: 881: 880:free radicals 877: 873: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 843: 833: 831: 825: 823: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 760: 755: 753: 748: 746: 741: 740: 738: 737: 730: 727: 725: 722: 720: 719: 715: 713: 710: 708: 707: 703: 701: 698: 696: 693: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 670: 669: 666: 664: 663: 659: 657: 654: 652: 649: 647: 644: 640: 639: 635: 633: 631: 627: 626: 625: 624: 620: 619: 613: 612: 604: 600: 598: 596: 591: 589: 588:"Playing God" 586: 579: 578: 574: 569: 568: 564: 563: 562: 559: 557: 554: 550: 547: 546: 545: 542: 540: 537: 535: 532: 529: 525: 522: 521:Designer baby 518: 514: 511: 509: 506: 504: 501: 496: 495: 491: 490: 489: 486: 484: 481: 478: 476: 471: 469: 466: 464: 461: 460: 454: 453: 446: 443: 439: 436: 430: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 415: 414: 413:Brain implant 411: 410: 409: 408: 407: 398: 395: 394: 393: 390: 386: 383: 381: 378: 377: 376: 373: 369: 366: 364: 361: 359: 356: 355: 354: 351: 350: 349: 348: 347: 338: 335: 333: 330: 329: 328: 325: 321: 318: 316: 313: 312: 311: 308: 306: 303: 302: 296: 295: 288: 285: 284: 279: 278:Sperm sorting 276: 274: 273:Sex selection 271: 269: 267: 263: 261: 258: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 239: 238: 235: 231: 228: 226: 223: 222: 221: 218: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 200: 198: 196: 194: 190: 189: 183: 176: 175: 166: 163: 161: 158: 156: 153: 151: 148: 146: 143: 141: 138: 137: 136: 133: 132: 127: 124: 122: 119: 116: 112: 110: 107: 104: 100: 98: 95: 93: 90: 88: 85: 83: 80: 78: 75: 73: 72:"Beneficient" 70: 68: 67: 63: 62: 61: 58: 57: 51: 50: 46: 42: 41: 38: 35: 34: 30: 29: 26: 22: 13214: 13207: 13200: 13193: 13186: 13179: 13172: 13165: 13158: 13151: 13110: 12970:GiveDirectly 12890:80,000 Hours 12864:Peter Singer 12859:Derek Parfit 12849:Yew-Kwang Ng 12824:Nick Bostrom 12669: 12556:Robot ethics 12408:Nanomedicine 12395: 12379:Gene therapy 12146:Regeneration 11998:South Africa 11804:rejuvenation 11794:nanomedicine 11789:gene therapy 11765: 11735: 11566: 11559: 11552: 11545: 11538: 11531: 11524: 11505: 11499:Ending Aging 11497: 11489: 11481: 11473: 11317:Durk Pearson 11302:Ray Kurzweil 11272:Laura Deming 11257:Bill Andrews 11196:Rejuvenation 11186:Nanomedicine 11146:Gene therapy 11091: 11038:The Atlantic 11037: 11025:The Atlantic 11024: 11011: 10970: 10958:. Retrieved 10952: 10942: 10933: 10926:. Retrieved 10917: 10911:Sandberg A, 10906: 10871: 10867: 10857: 10822: 10818: 10812: 10804: 10787: 10783: 10773: 10738: 10735:Nature Aging 10734: 10724: 10714:21 September 10712:. Retrieved 10708: 10698: 10686:. Retrieved 10682: 10657:. Retrieved 10653: 10626:. Retrieved 10622: 10612: 10600:. Retrieved 10597:The Guardian 10596: 10586: 10573: 10542:. Retrieved 10538: 10513:. Retrieved 10509: 10459: 10455: 10445: 10408: 10404: 10394: 10361: 10357: 10351: 10316: 10312: 10302: 10286: 10273: 10230: 10226: 10216: 10181: 10177: 10167: 10134: 10130: 10124: 10091: 10087: 10081: 10051:(2): 66–77. 10048: 10044: 10038: 9987: 9983: 9973: 9948: 9944: 9938: 9903: 9899: 9889: 9864: 9860: 9854: 9809: 9805: 9795: 9758: 9754: 9744: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9685: 9663: 9659: 9649: 9612: 9608: 9598: 9581: 9577: 9570: 9556:(2): 69–75. 9553: 9549: 9539: 9530: 9500: 9496: 9486: 9461:10807/130553 9441: 9437: 9427: 9394: 9390: 9384: 9351: 9347: 9341: 9298: 9294: 9284: 9249: 9245: 9235: 9198: 9194: 9184: 9149: 9145: 9089: 9085: 9031: 9027: 9017: 8980: 8976: 8966: 8923: 8919: 8861: 8857: 8847: 8820: 8816: 8806: 8781: 8778:Nanomedicine 8777: 8771: 8736: 8732: 8722: 8685: 8681: 8631: 8627: 8617: 8584: 8580: 8574: 8539: 8535: 8525: 8492: 8488: 8482: 8447: 8443: 8433: 8398: 8394: 8384: 8375: 8366: 8331: 8327: 8317: 8293:(1): 17–41. 8290: 8286: 8276: 8242:(15): 8024. 8239: 8235: 8225: 8191:(11): 2661. 8188: 8184: 8174: 8139: 8135: 8081: 8077: 8067: 8042: 8038: 8032: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7977:. 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Retrieved 4674: 4670: 4660: 4625: 4621: 4611: 4576: 4572: 4562: 4529: 4525: 4479: 4475: 4465: 4423:(6): e2264. 4420: 4416: 4406: 4376:(2): 96–99. 4373: 4369: 4363: 4328: 4324: 4318: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4229:(1): 47–51. 4226: 4222: 4212: 4177: 4173: 4163: 4128: 4124: 4076: 4072: 4062: 4027: 4023: 4009: 4000: 3991: 3982: 3972: 3963: 3953: 3944: 3934: 3922:. Retrieved 3918:the original 3907: 3893: 3884: 3874: 3863:the original 3858: 3845: 3833:. Retrieved 3827: 3817: 3808: 3804: 3794: 3786: 3782: 3773: 3764: 3754: 3731: 3724: 3703: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3668: 3658: 3649: 3639: 3616: 3613:Bainbridge W 3603: 3583: 3576: 3541: 3537: 3527: 3484: 3480: 3474: 3463:the original 3458: 3454: 3445: 3437: 3404: 3400: 3394: 3349: 3345: 3335: 3305:(1): 14–32. 3302: 3298: 3292: 3259: 3255: 3249: 3234: 3220: 3195: 3191: 3185: 3161: 3126: 3122: 3112: 3077: 3074:EMBO Reports 3073: 3023: 3019: 2973: 2969: 2948:. Retrieved 2942: 2904: 2893: 2884: 2878: 2792: 2789: 2785: 2764: 2755: 2748: 2740: 2720: 2711: 2695: 2684: 2676:medical test 2669: 2650: 2595: 2573: 2544: 2533: 2518: 2509: 2497: 2487:such as the 2482: 2461: 2451: 2433: 2403: 2387: 2381:Nanomedicine 2379: 2373: 2363: 2349: 2336: 2331: 2279: 2270:Optimal diet 2256: 2253:Healthy diet 2244: 2219:mitochondria 2199: 2170: 2163:Inflammaging 2139: 2116: 2093: 2053:senomorphics 2050: 2029: 2023: 2017: 1970: 1949: 1941: 1936:Pew Research 1933: 1918: 1904: 1891:Nick Bostrom 1883: 1879: 1874:narcissistic 1871: 1856: 1853:Commentators 1845:(Founder of 1837:(founder of 1797:(founder of 1789:(founder of 1784: 1775: 1766: 1735: 1718: 1707: 1687: 1667: 1665: 1635:genomic loci 1624: 1608: 1585:nucleic acid 1579: 1557: 1522: 1484: 1466: 1448: 1437:nanomachines 1432: 1429:Albert Hibbs 1421:nanorobotics 1414: 1396: 1377:nanomedicine 1374: 1361: 1357:coenzyme Q10 1311: 1288: 1271: 1263:rejuvenation 1252: 1236: 1231:Craig Venter 1188: 1177: 1152:philosopher 1143: 1132: 1117: 1114:Contemporary 1096:Robert Boyle 1091:New Atlantis 1089: 1078:James Hughes 1076:Sociologist 1075: 1057:and Nicolas 1012: 959: 943:vaccinations 916: 908:proteostasis 884: 868:proteostasis 845: 826: 822:bioethicists 810:gene therapy 794:rejuvenation 786:immortalists 769: 768: 724:Technophobia 716: 704: 683:Rejuvenation 677: 661: 651:Deep ecology 637: 629: 622: 594: 575: 565: 539:Hwang affair 492: 474: 445:Neurohacking 406:Neurological 404: 403: 344: 343: 305:Body hacking 265: 192: 181: 140:Biohappiness 134: 121:Preventative 82:Compensatory 77:Emancipatory 65: 59: 25: 13054:Focus areas 12945:Faunalytics 12807:Key figures 12768:Longtermism 12620:Moore's law 12551:Neuroethics 12546:Cyberethics 12479:Virotherapy 12413:Nanosensors 12133:Immortality 11692:Centenarian 11675:Gerontology 11332:Roy Walford 11312:Liz Parrish 11151:Gerontology 10874:(1): 1–11. 10790:(1): 9–12. 10654:Vanity Fair 10178:GeroScience 9990:(1): 2862. 9906:(1): 7–27. 9444:: 214–277. 9201:(9): 1348. 8376:www.cdc.gov 7878:2434/612956 7810:(6): 2028. 7573:(10): 933. 6460:(10): 925. 6074:Generations 5593:10576/52103 5187:(1): 3570. 5033:Gerontology 4997:15 February 4905:21 February 4749:7 September 4727:7 September 4694:2445/181270 3669:SunSentinel 3448:(Hydrozoa)" 2844:Immortality 2829:Centenarian 2819:Aging brain 2737:blood libel 2659:(LLE) from 2619:Metascience 2319:whole-grain 2297:meat intake 2293:plant-based 2177:antioxidant 2114:enhancers. 1990:Brain aging 1888:philosopher 1803:Peter Thiel 1742:fibroblasts 1599:CRISPR/Cas9 1583:, in which 1558:While some 1349:lipoic acid 1321:resveratrol 1317:polyphenols 1315:activating 1197:formed the 1195:David Gobel 1128:Bill Faloon 1084:. He cites 900:antioxidant 358:Amphetamine 199:Counseling 115:Prometheist 97:Libertarian 92:"Directive" 66:Adaptionist 13264:Population 13248:Categories 13145:Literature 12819:Liv Boeree 12511:Automation 12307:Biomedical 12116:by country 12013:Tajikistan 11978:Kazakhstan 11836:by country 11653:Senescence 11578:Categories 11540:Aging Cell 11373:Altos Labs 11327:Sandy Shaw 11201:Senescence 11116:Biohacking 11089:Outline of 10688:5 November 10659:5 November 10628:5 November 10602:5 November 10544:5 November 10515:5 November 10462:(1): 566. 10411:(1): 160. 9945:Physiology 9812:: 759170. 9761:: 717343. 9710:: 803421. 9615:: 717164. 9354:: 101142. 9301:: 100940. 9252:: 100940. 8983:: 604274. 7121:: 101240. 7076:(8): 607. 6929:: 101621. 6747:1887/75460 6080:(4): 33–7. 5779:Free Press 5467:26 January 5082:(1): 3–9. 4869:1 December 4765:Kurzweil R 4482:: 575482. 4014:Rando TA, 3964:gizmag.com 3171:019856869X 2921:required.) 2900:"agerasia" 2871:References 2859:Slow aging 2854:Senescence 2770:probiotics 2744:parabiosis 2703:checklists 2623:Telehealth 2605:See also: 2587:well-being 2575:Loneliness 2568:See also: 2521:anti-aging 2485:biomarkers 2477:See also: 2454:: such as 2424:body fluid 2368:epigenetic 2352:: in vivo 2274:See also: 2239:See also: 2161:See also: 2108:spermidine 2061:Everolimus 2025:senescence 1999:See also: 1984:See also: 1961:David Gems 1919:decreasing 1823:Sam Altman 1811:Larry Page 1787:Jeff Bezos 1710:stem cells 1639:healthspan 1553:hydrolases 1526:stem cells 1499:skepticism 1353:senolytics 1341:oleic acid 1331:, such as 1329:flavonoids 1319:, such as 1269:activity. 1267:telomerase 1209:announced 1172:See also: 1162:Steve Aoki 1035:hygienists 1031:alchemists 902:defenses, 896:DNA repair 842:Senescence 798:stem cells 790:longevists 561:C.S. Lewis 483:Chesterton 457:Opposition 375:Nootropics 353:Stimulants 165:Prostheses 87:Democratic 12869:Cari Tuna 12541:Bioethics 12474:Tricorder 12230:Blue zone 11988:Palestine 11906:Australia 11901:Argentina 11627:Longevity 11322:Mark Roth 11287:Saul Kent 11156:Glycation 10995:Bostrum N 10913:Boström N 10757:2662-8465 10709:New Atlas 10364:(6): 28. 10030:234770669 9376:221136388 9333:199544098 8958:247524287 8898:207894219 8634:(1): 97. 8517:208645665 8309:1941-1340 8185:Nutrients 8024:209510802 8002:: 65–69. 7996:Maturitas 7938:204815279 7804:Nutrients 7325:235334397 7143:229351578 6953:248089515 6811:218912510 6676:: 49–66. 6317:: 19–25. 6113:123698910 5642:7 October 5620:7 October 5392:(2006) . 5390:Dawkins R 5354:(2006) . 5352:Dawkins R 5279:17 August 5253:18 August 4968:132583222 4936:de Grey A 4554:220047655 4370:BioEssays 4333:CiteSeerX 3924:12 August 3544:: 66–82. 3489:CiteSeerX 3028:CiteSeerX 2680:biomarker 2672:screening 2412:exerkines 2370:machinery 2182:Vitamin D 2100:metformin 2091:methods. 2065:Rapamycin 2020:senolytic 2012:Senolytic 1915:menopause 1858:Leon Kass 1702:rejection 1694:stem cell 1593:expressed 1550:lysosomal 1393:computers 1333:quercetin 1307:metformin 1303:rapamycin 1189:In 2003, 1135:Doubleday 1133:In 2003, 1124:Saul Kent 1059:Condorcet 997:jellyfish 969:nematodes 927:accidents 912:autophagy 876:Oxidation 806:molecular 668:Longevity 508:Leon Kass 438:Neuralink 385:Piracetam 380:Modafinil 266:Selective 193:Selective 60:Rationale 12975:GiveWell 12854:Toby Ord 12721:Concepts 12332:Ampakine 12111:verified 12033:shortest 11853:Americas 11825:Lists of 11775:Methods 11518:Journals 11136:Exercise 11126:Cryonics 11012:BBC News 10915:(2008). 10898:33520563 10849:28435840 10796:26741377 10765:37117767 10578:Archived 10486:35681084 10437:28728596 10386:21658334 10378:29728772 10343:32123898 10257:25639909 10208:34241808 10151:30936533 10116:24698644 10108:19416800 10073:12544814 10065:15901215 10022:34001884 9965:21841071 9930:20228939 9881:18823176 9846:16615606 9838:21766032 9787:34552954 9736:34925198 9682:32848273 9641:34589025 9590:33261297 9562:33185993 9527:24054930 9478:51865989 9470:30071357 9419:35478202 9411:11795523 9368:32814129 9325:31415807 9276:31415807 9227:34573330 9168:27518560 9124:31292558 9060:34632314 9009:33597890 8950:35304603 8890:31692986 8839:23115468 8798:17716143 8763:20017699 8714:29321045 8688:(1): 3. 8660:32616071 8609:46743444 8601:29350802 8566:29301845 8509:31802714 8474:33029192 8425:25447615 8358:30146330 8268:34360317 8217:31690027 8166:35487190 8108:32661353 8059:24350926 8016:31883665 7930:31631676 7895:53226475 7887:30401007 7836:34204683 7785:34793210 7736:30011013 7687:22228951 7636:26065087 7599:33003362 7548:11191275 7517:29559876 7476:22080087 7427:33233489 7376:31387214 7317:34081543 7279:25078376 7238:22419320 7179:17327526 7135:33347992 7100:31406105 7051:31451866 7002:32686219 6945:35421606 6904:34587244 6860:27552971 6803:32467649 6764:52161707 6756:30185958 6700:53755842 6692:30472217 6642:30581056 6588:32997601 6536:33328614 6484:33116117 6435:32386656 6398:31097655 6341:25446976 6292:26646499 6243:15197284 6208:45894370 6200:13129024 6165:21115537 6046:18046373 5997:25132068 5888:15863685 5833:. London 5797:11677465 5769:(1985). 5724:31 March 5518:19366754 5400:New York 5362:New York 5338:32675375 5274:Phys.org 5248:Phys.org 5219:32678081 5159:23193293 5096:19005494 5061:10069927 5053:11340324 4822:22 March 4797:57201348 4767:(2005). 4703:33325173 4652:19664690 4603:33891896 4546:32578904 4508:23691264 4457:18523577 4417:PLOS ONE 4398:16882387 4390:20091754 4355:16189280 4310:19587680 4253:19075044 4204:26646499 4155:19465083 4103:23098078 4054:22265401 4016:Chang HY 4001:ABC News 3807:. VICE. 3609:Hughes J 3568:24910306 3429:28379017 3421:11972158 3386:10716732 3327:29623681 3319:16085467 3284:24617426 3276:22468953 3153:23746838 3104:16264422 3052:12145354 2990:18726707 2797:See also 2670:Regular 2452:Peptides 2416:myokines 2264:national 2223:hormetic 2104:acarbose 2057:Apigenin 1923:Max More 1839:Coinbase 1825:(CEO of 1805:(former 1625:In July 1612:nematode 1534:telomere 1503:quackery 1481:Cryonics 1475:Cryonics 1407:futurist 1249:Research 1037:such as 1027:Ayurveda 951:exercise 933:such as 891:wildtype 808:repair, 774:lifespan 695:Natalism 477:Argument 397:Caffeine 346:Chemical 268:abortion 208:Genomic 203:Genetic 182:De facto 150:Eugenics 135:Paradigm 54:Advocacy 12223:Related 12094:Records 12076:Oceania 12038:longest 11948:Germany 11943:Finland 11911:Belgium 11880:Oceania 11643:Old age 11388:BioViva 10928:7 March 10889:7817508 10840:5376353 10477:9184560 10428:5520340 10334:7449554 10279:Roser M 10265:9776021 10248:4933122 10199:8599533 10159:4726262 10013:8129076 9992:Bibcode 9921:2837202 9829:3134197 9778:8450594 9727:8674197 9673:7431070 9632:8473615 9518:3940699 9316:7479635 9267:7479635 9218:8467098 9176:2316555 9115:7205183 9094:Bibcode 9051:8493967 9000:7882633 8941:9554896 8881:6828594 8830:3474440 8754:2833273 8705:5763529 8651:7330981 8557:5823281 8465:7536728 8416:4339461 8349:6148333 8259:8345706 8208:6893534 8157:9089818 8099:8189904 7827:8231595 7776:8841109 7755:Science 7727:6145418 7678:3249911 7590:7599503 7508:5855430 7467:3267846 7418:7699590 7367:6696113 7229:8407395 7091:6690951 7042:6731336 6993:7405395 6851:5107309 6726:Bibcode 6633:6362144 6579:7790861 6527:8344376 6475:7595194 6389:6816502 6368:Bibcode 6360:Science 6332:4412760 6283:4748967 6156:3001315 6024:Bibcode 5988:4203147 5879:1734155 5837:17 July 5751:17 July 5662:YouTube 5549:17 July 5509:2726839 5435:. Slate 5329:7437498 5308:Bibcode 5300:Science 5210:7366647 5189:Bibcode 5150:3531213 4643:2756298 4594:8173711 4499:3649683 4448:2386967 4425:Bibcode 4301:2786175 4280:Bibcode 4244:3734859 4195:4748967 4146:2885961 4094:3482848 4045:3336960 3835:17 July 3615:(ed.). 3559:4133289 3519:2009972 3511:9615920 3354:Bibcode 3212:1383772 3144:3836174 3095:1371037 2950:17 July 2707:recipes 2701:, food 2308:of wine 2221:have a 2127:glycine 2123:SRT2104 1965:Basenji 1833:), and 1746:entropy 1614:worms. 1457:Cyborgs 1433:medical 1337:fisetin 1313:Sirtuin 1239:Harvard 1023:Taoists 1003:History 989:sponges 955:smoking 945:, good 860:tissues 788:", or " 616:Related 368:Ritalin 195:Cloning 145:Cyborgs 13259:Ageing 13226:Events 12536:Ethics 12504:Topics 12299:Fields 12204:Klotho 12121:living 12066:Europe 12056:Africa 12018:Turkey 12008:Sweden 11993:Russia 11983:Mexico 11963:Israel 11953:Greece 11938:France 11931:Cities 11921:Canada 11916:Brazil 11875:Europe 11848:Africa 11635:Ageing 11510:(2019) 11502:(2007) 11494:(2004) 11486:(1998) 11478:(1982) 11393:Calico 11250:People 11234:Events 11131:Cyborg 11099:Issues 10960:19 May 10935:brain. 10896: 10886: 10847: 10837: 10794: 10763: 10755: 10683:Quartz 10484: 10474: 10435: 10425: 10384: 10376: 10341: 10331: 10263: 10255: 10245: 10206: 10196: 10157: 10149: 10114: 10106: 10071: 10063: 10028: 10020: 10010: 9963: 9928: 9918: 9879: 9844: 9836: 9826: 9785: 9775: 9734: 9724: 9680: 9670: 9639: 9629: 9588: 9560: 9525: 9515: 9476: 9468: 9417: 9409: 9374: 9366: 9331: 9323: 9313: 9274: 9264: 9225: 9215: 9174: 9166: 9122: 9112: 9086:Nature 9058: 9048: 9007: 8997: 8956: 8948: 8938: 8896: 8888: 8878: 8837: 8827: 8796: 8761: 8751: 8712: 8702: 8658: 8648: 8607: 8599: 8564: 8554: 8515: 8507: 8472: 8462: 8423: 8413: 8356: 8346: 8328:Lancet 8307: 8266: 8256: 8215: 8205: 8164: 8154: 8106: 8096: 8057: 8022: 8014: 7979:1 June 7936: 7928: 7893: 7885: 7834: 7824: 7783: 7773: 7734: 7724: 7685: 7675: 7634: 7624: 7597: 7587: 7546: 7515: 7505: 7474: 7464: 7425: 7415: 7374: 7364: 7323: 7315: 7277: 7236: 7226: 7177: 7141: 7133: 7098: 7088: 7049: 7039: 7000: 6990: 6951: 6943: 6902: 6858: 6848: 6809: 6801: 6762: 6754: 6718:Nature 6698: 6690: 6640: 6630: 6586: 6576: 6534: 6524: 6482: 6472: 6433: 6396: 6386: 6339: 6329: 6290: 6280: 6241: 6206: 6198: 6163: 6153: 6111: 6044: 6016:Nature 5995: 5985: 5886: 5876: 5795: 5785: 5767:Kass L 5720:. Time 5516: 5506: 5439:8 June 5410: 5372: 5336: 5326: 5217: 5207: 5157: 5147: 5094: 5059: 5051: 4966: 4956: 4878:future 4795: 4785: 4723:. AARP 4701: 4650: 4640: 4601: 4591: 4552: 4544: 4506: 4496: 4455: 4445: 4396: 4388: 4353: 4335: 4308: 4298: 4272:Nature 4251: 4241: 4202: 4192: 4153: 4143: 4101: 4091: 4052: 4042: 3742: 3712: 3627: 3591: 3566: 3556: 3517: 3509: 3491: 3427: 3419: 3384: 3374: 3325: 3317: 3282: 3274: 3210: 3177: 3169: 3151: 3141: 3102: 3092: 3050: 3030: 2998:764136 2996: 2988: 2633:, and 2558:irisin 2546:Klotho 2534:While 2456:MOTS-c 2036:under 2030:-lytic 1988:, and 1847:Kernel 1827:OpenAI 1815:Google 1809:CEO), 1807:PayPal 1799:Oracle 1791:Amazon 1605:CRISPR 1495:future 1463:Cyborg 1355:, and 1327:, and 1225:, and 1211:Calico 1207:Google 995:, and 993:corals 935:cancer 919:infant 864:organs 862:, and 581:(1945) 571:(1943) 498:(2002) 433:(1960) 12209:SIRT1 12179:FOXO3 12003:Spain 11973:Japan 11968:Italy 11958:India 11926:China 11843:World 11749:index 11533:Aging 11467:Books 11398:ERIBA 10922:(PDF) 10382:S2CID 10261:S2CID 10155:S2CID 10112:S2CID 10069:S2CID 10026:S2CID 9900:Aging 9842:S2CID 9474:S2CID 9415:S2CID 9372:S2CID 9329:S2CID 9195:Genes 9172:S2CID 8954:S2CID 8894:S2CID 8605:S2CID 8587:(2). 8513:S2CID 8020:S2CID 7934:S2CID 7891:S2CID 7321:S2CID 7139:S2CID 6949:S2CID 6807:S2CID 6760:S2CID 6696:S2CID 6204:S2CID 6109:S2CID 5600:(PDF) 5569:(PDF) 5433:Slate 5057:S2CID 4550:S2CID 4394:S2CID 3866:(PDF) 3855:(PDF) 3736:(PDF) 3515:S2CID 3466:(PDF) 3451:(PDF) 3425:S2CID 3377:16235 3323:S2CID 3280:S2CID 2994:S2CID 2915: 2556:like 2552:above 2550:(see 2540:IGF-1 2188:above 2186:(see 2135:FOXO3 1439:(see 1108:cells 981:hydra 965:genes 856:cells 848:aging 830:aging 814:organ 632:wombs 12671:List 12347:Womb 12189:CETP 12184:APOE 12061:Asia 11870:Asia 11814:SENS 11428:LEAF 11363:AgeX 10962:2020 10930:2013 10894:PMID 10845:PMID 10792:PMID 10761:PMID 10753:ISSN 10716:2021 10690:2017 10661:2017 10630:2017 10623:CNBC 10604:2017 10546:2017 10517:2017 10482:PMID 10433:PMID 10374:PMID 10339:PMID 10295:here 10253:PMID 10204:PMID 10147:PMID 10104:PMID 10061:PMID 10018:PMID 9961:PMID 9926:PMID 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