Cyborg - Knowledge

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offload part of a cognitive process may be considered the mechanical component of a cyborg system. Examples of this human and technology cyborg system can be very low tech and simplistic, such as using a calculator to perform basic mathematical operations or pen and paper to make notes, or as high tech as using a personal computer or phone. According to Clark, these interactions between a person and a form of technology integrate that technology into the cognitive process in a way that is analogous to the way that a technology that would fit the traditional concept of cyborg augmentation becomes integrated with its biological host. Because all humans in some way use technology to augment their cognitive processes, Clark comes to the conclusion that we are "natural-born cyborgs." Professor

1466: 290: 2490:'s first use of the term, would likely argue that most cyborg artists do not qualify to be considered cyborgs. Scholars considering a more flexible description of cyborgs may argue it incorporates more than cybernetics. Others may speak of defining subcategories, or specialized cyborg types, that qualify different levels of cyborg at which technology influences an individual. This may range from technological instruments being external, temporary, and removable to being fully integrated and permanent. Nonetheless, cyborg artists are artists. Being so, it can be expected for them to incorporate the cyborg idea rather than a strict, technical representation of the term, seeing how their work will sometimes revolve around other purposes outside of cyborgism. 1259:, also blinded in adulthood, became the first in a series of 16 paying patients to receive Dobelle's second-generation implant, marking one of the earliest commercial uses of BCIs. The second-generation device used a more sophisticated implant enabling better mapping of phosphenes into coherent vision. Phosphenes are spread out across the visual field in what researchers call the starry-night effect. Immediately after his implant, Naumann was able to use his imperfectly restored vision to drive slowly around the parking area of the research institute. 2528:. One major issue of space exploration is the biological need for oxygen. If this necessity was taken out of the equation, space exploration would be revolutionized. A theory proposed by Manfred E. Clynes and Nathan S. Kline is aimed at tackling this problem. The two scientists theorized that the use of an inverse fuel cell that is "capable of reducing CO2 to its components with the removal of the carbon and re-circulation of the oxygen ..." could make breathing unnecessary. Another prominent issue is 2304: 2411:

skin-cutting robot with a steel metal knife, a facial prosthesis which blocks the wearer’s gaze with a mechanical arm, and two robotic spines that function as additional limbs without a body. The prostheses have been created to act as performers with their own agency, that is, to interact with their human partners without being controlled externally. The machines are embedded with biomimetic neural networks, information processing algorithms inspired by the biological

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image into a pattern of electrical stimulation. A chip located in the user's eye would then electrically stimulate the retina with this pattern by exciting certain nerve endings which transmit the image to the optic centers of the brain, and the image would then appear to the user. If technological advances proceed as planned, this technology may be used by thousands of blind people and restore vision to most of them.

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the inside of his body and has performed with a third hand and a virtual arm. Between 1976 and 1988 he completed 25 body suspension performances with hooks into the skin. For 'Third Ear', he surgically constructed an extra ear within his arm that was internet-enabled, making it a publicly accessible acoustical organ for people in other places. He is presently performing as his

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advanced, there should be no reason to fear what we have created, and cyborgs should be embraced because they are part of human identities. However, Haraway has also expressed concern over the contradictions of scientific objectivity and the ethics of technological evolution, and has argued that "There are political consequences to scientific accounts of the world."

2524:, a renowned physicist, stated "Life on Earth is at the ever-increasing risk of being wiped out by a disaster such as sudden global warming, nuclear war ... I think the human race has no future if it doesn't go into space." The difficulties associated with space travel could mean it might be centuries before humans ever become a multi-planet species. There are many 2545:. With this technique, it would "reduce astronauts' metabolic functions with existing medical procedures." So far experiments have only resulted in patients being in torpor state for one week. Advancements to allow for longer states of deep sleep would lower the cost of the trip to Mars as a result of reduced astronaut resource consumption. 2600:

prognoses from the comfort of their own home from the data collected through their implanted telemetric devices. However, this online network presents large security concerns because it has been proven by several U.S. universities that hackers could get onto these networks and shut down peoples' electronic prosthetics.

1872:. Opponents of the concept describe what they believe to be biases which propel the development and acceptance of such technologies; namely, a bias towards functionality and efficiency that may compel assent to a view of human people which de-emphasizes as defining characteristics actual manifestations of humanity and 5345:

Bozkurt A., Paul A., Pulla S., Ramkumar R., Blossey B., Ewer J., Gilmour R, Lal A. (2007) Microprobe Microsystem Platform Inserted During Early Metamorphosis to Actuate Insect Flight Muscle. 20th IEEE International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS 2007), Kobe, JAPAN, January 2007,

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as a response to the growing number of letters and emails received from people around the world interested in becoming cyborgs. The foundation's main aims are to extend human senses and abilities by creating and applying cybernetic extensions to the body, to promote the use of cybernetics in cultural

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While the work to perfect this technology is still being done, there have already been major advances in the use of electronic stimulation of the retina to allow the eye to sense patterns of light. A specialized camera is worn by the subject, such as on the frames of their glasses, which converts the

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approved of these implantations. If these devices are to be proliferated within society, then the question that begs to be answered is what regulatory agency will oversee the operations, monitoring, and security of these devices? According to this case study of Three Square Market, it seems that the

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devices, such devices will be greatly proliferated, and will have connections to commercial, medical, and governmental networks. For example, in the medical sector, patients will be able to log in to their home computer, and thus visit virtual doctor's offices, medical databases, and receive medical

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Stelarc is a performance artist who has visually probed and acoustically amplified his body. He uses medical instruments, prosthetics, robotics, virtual reality systems, the Internet and biotechnology to explore alternate, intimate and involuntary interfaces with the body. He has made three films of

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In medicine, there are two important and different types of cyborgs: the restorative and the enhanced. Restorative technologies "restore lost function, organs, and limbs." The key aspect of restorative cyborgization is the repair of broken or missing processes to revert to a healthy or average level

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The concept of the cyborg is often associated with science fiction. However, many artists have incorporated and reappropriated the idea of cybernetic organisms into their work, using disparate aesthetics and often realising actual cyborg constructs; their works range from performances, to paintings

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became the first cyborg 'Olympics'; celebrated in Zurich, Switzerland, it was the first worldwide and official celebration of cyborg sports. In this event, 16 teams of people with disabilities used technological developments to turn themselves into cyborg athletes. There were 6 different events and

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The use of neural implants has recently been attempted, with success, on cockroaches. Surgically applied electrodes were put on the insect, which was remotely controlled by a human. The results, although sometimes different, basically showed that the cockroach could be controlled by the impulses it

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approaches have been used to create a few different iterations of bacterial cyborg cells. These different types of mechanically enhanced bacteria are created with so called bionic manufacturing principles that combine natural cells with abiotic materials. In 2005, researchers from the Department of

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is defined as a part-biological, part-mechanical system that results in the augmentation of the biological component and the creation of a more complex whole. Clark argues that this broadened definition is necessary to an understanding of human cognition. He suggests that any tool which is used to

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exposure. Yearly, the average human on earth is exposed to approximately 0.30 rem of radiation, while an astronaut aboard the International Space Station for 90 days is exposed to 9 rem. To tackle the issue, Clynes and Kline theorized a cyborg containing a sensor that would detect radiation levels

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This was already a remarkable improvement, as it allowed disabled people to compete and showed the several technological enhancements that are already making a difference; however, it showed that there is still a long way to go. For instance, the exoskeleton race still required its participants to

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On the contrary, the enhanced cyborg "follows a principle, and it is the principle of optimal performance: maximising output (the information or modifications obtained) and minimising input (the energy expended in the process)". Thus, the enhanced cyborg intends to exceed normal processes or even

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In addition, it is quite plausible for anxiety expression to manifest. Individuals may experience pre-implantation feelings of fear and nervousness. To this end, individuals may also embody feelings of uneasiness, particularly in a socialized setting, due to their post-operative, technologically

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rejects the notion of rigid boundaries between humanity and technology, arguing that, as humans depend on more technology over time, humanity and technology have become too interwoven to draw lines between them. She believes that since we have allowed and created machines and technology to be so

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from a perspective involving imagination. Some work to make an abstract idea of technological and human-bodily union apparent to reality in an art form using varying mediums, from sculptures and drawings to digital renderings. Artists who seek to make cyborg-based fantasies a reality often call

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used the term "cyborgs" to refer to the next generation of beings who will become the "understanders of the future" and "lead the cosmos to self-knowledge". While acknowledging the organic component in Clynes' and Kline's definition, he proposed that these cyborgs "will have designed and built

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Although the effects of spaceflight on our bodies are an important issue, the advancement of propulsion technology is just as important. With our current technology, it would take us about 260 days to get to Mars. A study backed by NASA proposes an interesting way to tackle this issue through

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Wafaa Bilal is an Iraqi-American performance artist who had a small 10-megapixel digital camera surgically implanted into the back of his head, part of a project entitled 3rd I. For one year, beginning 15 December 2010, an image was captured once per minute 24 hours a day and streamed live to

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The emerging trend of implanting microchips inside the body (mainly the hands), to make financial operations like a contactless payment, or basic tasks like opening a door, has been erroneously marketed as more recent examples of cybernetic enhancement. The latter has not yet seen significant

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prostheses, each embodying an uncanny configuration of the machinic with the organic. The prostheses – designed together with a team of artists and scientists – are useless prostheses, paradoxical objects designed for the body, but not to enhance it, rather to subtract functions from it: a

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formulated a scientific view of the human-machine hybrids he called "hypercells". They can expand their biological cell body with artificial artifacts and thus expand their performance body. The theory of hypercells or "Homo Proteus", as Hass called the human-machine hybrid to distinguish

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As medical technology becomes more advanced, some techniques and innovations are adopted by the body modification community. While not yet cyborgs in the strict definition of Manfred Clynes and Nathan Kline, technological developments like implantable silicon silk electronics,

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Thereafter, Hamilton would first use the term "cyborg" explicitly in the 1962 short story, "After a Judgment Day", to describe the "mechanical analogs" called "Charlies," explaining that "yborgs, they had been called from the first one in the 1960s...cybernetic organisms."

1229:, the sensation of seeing light. The system included cameras mounted on glasses to send signals to the implant. Initially, the implant allowed Jerry to see shades of grey in a limited field of vision at a low frame-rate. This also required him to be hooked up to a two-ton 1559:

in this project. In 2022, remote controlled cyborg cockroaches functional if moving (or moved) to sunlight for recharging were presented. They could be used e.g. for purposes of inspecting hazardous areas or quickly finding humans underneath hard-to-access rubbles

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Nonetheless, one of the main goals of this event and such simple activities is to show how technological enhancements and advanced prosthetics can make a difference in people's lives. The next Cybathlon that was expected to occur in 2020, was cancelled due to the

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in which the electrodes are arranged in an s-shape design to allow them to expand and bend without breaking. Although the device is only currently used as a research tool to study changes in heart rate, in the future the membrane may serve as a safeguard against

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begins to raise the question of enhancement, and of the future possibilities for cyborgs which surpass the original functionality of the biological model. The ethics and desirability of "enhancement prosthetics" have been debated; their proponents include the

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also theorizes that people, metaphorically or literally, have been cyborgs since the late twentieth century. If one considers the mind and body as one, much of humanity is aided with technology in almost every way, which hybridizes humans with technology.

1626:. A follow-up article described the elucidation of the mechanism of semiconductor-to-bacterium electron transfer that allows the transformation of carbon dioxide and sunlight into acetic acid. Scientists of the Department of Biomedical Engineering at the 1607:

published a series of articles in 2016 describing the development of cyborg bacteria capable to harvest sunlight more efficiently than plants. In the first study, the researchers induced the self-photosensitization of a nonphotosynthetic bacterium,

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bug to be considered a success, it must fly 100 metres (330 ft) from a starting point, guided via computer into a controlled landing within 5 metres (16 ft) of a specific end point. Once landed, the cybernetic bug must remain in place.

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microchips (which are about the size of a grain of rice) in the hands of its employees that allow employees to access offices, computers, and even vending machines. More than 50 of the firm's 85 employees were chipped. It was confirmed that the

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and a Rose osmotic pump "which would automatically inject protective pharmaceuticals in appropriate doses." Experiments injecting these protective pharmaceuticals into monkeys have shown positive results in increasing radiation resistance.

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to link his nervous system into the internet to investigate enhancement possibilities. With this in place, Warwick successfully carried out a series of experiments including extending his nervous system over the internet to control a

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Di Giacomo, Raffaele; Maresca, Bruno; Porta, Amalia; Sabatino, Paolo; Carapella, Giovanni; Neitzert, Heinz-Christoph (2013). "Candida albicans/MWCNTS: A Stable Conductive Bio-Nanocomposite and Its Temperature-Sensing Properties".

2433:. The site also displays Bilal's location via GPS. Bilal says that the reason why he put the camera in the back of the head was to make an "allegorical statement about the things we don't see and leave behind." As a professor at 5356:

Bozkurt, Alper; Paul, Ayesa; Pulla, Siva; Ramkumar, Abhishek; Blossey, Bernd; Ewer, John; Gilmour, Robert; Lal, Amit (2007). "Microprobe microsystem platform inserted during early metamorphosis to actuate insect flight muscle".

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and QR codes are bridging the disconnect between technology and the body. Hypothetical technologies such as digital tattoo interfaces would blend body modification aesthetics with interactivity and functionality, bringing a

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A cyborg is essentially a man-machine system in which the control mechanisms of the human portion are modified externally by drugs or regulatory devices so that the being can live in an environment different from the normal

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the power to control the devices that aid them through neural signals sent from the brain implants directly to computers or the devices. It is possible that this technology will also eventually be used with healthy people.

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with electrical stimuli. Unlike traditional pacemakers that are similar from patient to patient, the elastic heart glove is made custom by using high-resolution imaging technology. The first prototype was created to fit a

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Although prostheses in general supplement lost or damaged body parts with the integration of a mechanical artifice, bionic implants in medicine allow model organs or body parts to mimic the original function more closely.

776:. When augmented with these technologies and connected in communication with people in other times and places, a person becomes capable of more than they were before. An example is a computer, which gains power by using 2978:

2006 (1984). A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century. In The International Handbook of Virtual Learning Environments. J. Weis et al., eds.Dordrecht: Springer, pp.

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and other simple activities such as walking over stepping stones and climbing up and down stairs. Despite the simplicity of these activities, 8 of the 16 teams that participated in the event drop off before the start.

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Doctor in Biological Anthropology working on the hybrid body, this blog gathers thoughts, pieces of art and events on the cultural and biological changes regarding the human body, the so-called hybrid body or cyborg

2181:, were demonstrated by the same researchers. The initial success of the techniques has resulted in increased research and the creation of a program called Hybrid-Insect-MEMS (HI-MEMS). Its goal, according to DARPA's 5520:

The intimate control of insects with embedded microsystems will enable insect cyborgs, which could carry one or more sensors, such as a microphone or a gas sensor, to relay back information gathered from the target

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into the skeleton of the remainder of the amputated limb. The same company has developed e-OPRA, a will-powered upper limb prosthesis system that is being evaluated in a clinical trial to allow sensory input to the

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FDA is assuming a role in regulating and monitoring these devices. It has been argued that a new regulatory framework needs to be developed so that the law keeps up with developments in implantable technologies.

1443:, screens, and a network of sensors that can be implanted into the body, woven into the skin or worn as clothes. It has been suggested that this platform can potentially replace the smartphone in the future. 2200:, have pioneered the design of a "remote-controlled beetle", funded by the DARPA HI-MEMS Program. This was followed later that year by the demonstration of wireless control of a "lift-assisted" moth-cyborg. 1602:

with gold nanoparticles, being the first to use a microorganism to make an electronic device and presumably the first cyborg bacteria or cellborg circuit. Researchers from the Department of Chemistry at the

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in 2017, which is an association that empowers individuals with non-human identities and supports them in their decisions to develop unique senses and new organs. Neil Harbisson is a global advocate for the

670:(1965) featured an introduction which spoke of a "new frontier" that was "not merely space, but more profoundly the relationship between 'inner space' to 'outer space' – a bridge...between mind and matter." 2117:. Do-it-yourself artificial pancreas technologies also exist, though these are not verified or approved by any regulatory agency. Upcoming next-generation artificial pancreas technologies include automatic 5293:

Paul A., Bozkurt A., Ewer J., Blossey B., Lal A. (2006) Surgically Implanted Micro-Platforms in Manduca-Sexta, 2006 Solid State Sensor and Actuator Workshop, Hilton Head Island, June 2006, pp 209–211.

1173:, as it would be prior to amputation. A similar system is being developed by the Swedish orthopedic company Integrum, the OPRA Implant System, which is surgically anchored and integrated by means of 1905:. The transmission of sound would start with a surgery to redirect the nerve that controls the voice and sound production to a muscle in the neck, where a nearby sensor would be able to pick up its 1987:, or BCI, provides a direct path of communication from the brain to an external device, effectively creating a cyborg. Research into invasive BCIs, which use electrodes implanted directly into the 3441: 2415:

of mammals. Developed by Donnarumma in collaboration with the Neurorobotics Research Laboratory (DE), these neural networks endow the machines with artificial cognitive and sensorimotor skills.

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Their concept was the outcome of thinking about the need for an intimate relationship between human and machine as the new frontier of space exploration was beginning to develop. A designer of

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According to some definitions of the term, the physical attachments that humans have with even the most basic technologies have already made them cyborgs. In a typical example, a human with an

5482: 2406:. In his work the body becomes a morphing language to speak critically of ritual, power and technology. For his "7 Configurations" cycle, between 2014 and 2019, he engineered and created six 3349:." Materials Research Society. Talk number SS4.04: "Cyborgs Structured with Carbon Nanotubes and Plant and/or Fungal Cells: Artificial Tissue Engineering for Mechanical and Electronic Uses." 2166:

implant to remotely control the movement of sharks. The shark's unique senses would then be exploited to provide data feedback in relation to enemy ship movement or underwater explosives.

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Contreras-Llano, Luis E.; Liu, Yu-Han; Henson, Tanner; Meyer, Conary C.; Baghdasaryan, Ofelya; Khan, Shahid; Lin, Chi-Long; Wang, Aijun; Hu, Che-Ming J.; Tan, Cheemeng (11 January 2023).

598:, the term cyborg applies to a living organism that has restored function or enhanced abilities due to the integration of some artificial component or technology that relies on feedback. 1287:. Finally, with electrodes also implanted into his wife's nervous system, they conducted the first direct electronic communication experiment between the nervous systems of two humans. 1310:, Harbisson explained that he started to feel like a cyborg when he noticed that the software and his brain had united and given him an extra sense. Harbisson is a co-founder of the 3701: 1333:

on his grandfather's farm as a child. Many years later, in 2005, he decided to have his ever-deteriorating and now technically blind eye surgically removed, whereafter he wore an

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Bozkurt A, Lal A, Gilmour R. (2009) Radio Control of Insects for Biobotic Domestication. 4th International Conference of the IEEE Neural Engineering (NER'09), Antalya, Turkey.

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Tim Hawkinson promotes the idea that bodies and machines are coming together as one, where human features are combined with technology to create the Cyborg. Hawkinson's piece

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In the late 2010s, scientists created cyborg jellyfish using a microelectronic prosthetic that propels the animal to swim almost three times faster while using just twice the

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Kakei, Yujiro; Katayama, Shumpei; Lee, Shinyoung; Takakuwa, Masahito; Furusawa, Kazuya; Umezu, Shinjiro; Sato, Hirotaka; Fukuda, Kenjiro; Someya, Takao (5 September 2022).

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Kornienko, Nikolay; Sakimoto, Kelsey K.; Herlihy, David M.; Nguyen, Son C.; Alivisatos, A. Paul; Harris, Charles. B.; Schwartzberg, Adam; Yang, Peidong (18 October 2016).

5758: 4331: 2066:, deep brain stimulation may put the patient at a higher risk. However, there have been more improvements in recent years with deep brain stimulation than any available 1926:

in 2012 reported research on "cyborg tissues" (engineered human tissues with embedded three-dimensional mesh of nanoscale wires), with possible medical implications.

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Carvalko, J.R. (30 September 2013). "Law and policy in an era of cyborg-assisted-life: The implications of interfacing in-the-body technologies to the outer world".

2475:, or may consider their artwork "cyborg". How an artist or their work may be considered cyborg will vary depending upon the interpreter's flexibility with the term. 1075:'s spring conference on 3 April 2013. The cyborg obtained was inexpensive, light and had unique mechanical properties. It could also be shaped in the desired forms. 885:

systems we have already constructed", and used the term "cyborg" "to emphasize that the new intelligent beings will have arisen, like us, from Darwinian evolution."

3680: 5859: 211: 5147: 2237:. The camera wirelessly streamed video to a smartphone via Bluetooth for up to 6 hours and the user could remotely steer the camera to achieve a bug's-eye view. 1252:") near the injured part of Ray's brain so that Ray would be able to have some movement back in his body. The surgery went successfully, but in 2002, Ray died. 1890:), is that the retinal implant and electrical stimulation would act as a substitute for the missing ganglion cells (cells which connect the eye to the brain). 946:. He later featured the talking, living brain of an old scientist, Simon Wright, floating in a transparent case, and in all the adventures of his famous hero, 3898: 919: 6393: 6259: 5823: 3826: 2185:, is to develop "tightly coupled machine-insect interfaces by placing micro-mechanical systems inside the insects during the early stages of metamorphosis." 1326: 1315: 1064: 4144: 1477:

released what they refer to as the "world's first commercially available cyborg" called the RoboRoach. The project started as a senior design project for a

5917: 3405: 1115:'s network and its stabilization. This novel material can be used in a wide range of electronic applications, from heating to sensing. For instance, using 3516:

Warwick, K, Gasson, M, Hutt, B, Goodhew, I, Kyberd, P, Schulzrinne, H and Wu, X: "Thought Communication and Control: A First Step using Radiotelegraphy",

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In 2012, Spanish film director Rafel Duran Torrent, created a short film about the Cyborg Foundation. In 2013, the film won the Grand Jury Prize at the

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Sending humans to space is a dangerous task in which the implementation of various cyborg technologies could be used in the future for risk mitigation.

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2013 IEEE International Symposium on Technology and Society (ISTAS): Social Implications of Wearable Computing and Augmediated Reality in Everyday Life

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because of injury or illness. The use of sensors in the artificial C-Leg aids in walking significantly by attempting to replicate the user's natural

818:, suggested an idea of an alternative cyborg called 'Lobster', which is made not by using internal implants, but by using an external shell (e.g. a 6678: 3109:

Chu, Zi; Gianvecchio, Steven; Wang, Haining; Jajodia, Sushil (2012). "Detecting Automation of Twitter Accounts: Are You a Human, Bot, or Cyborg?".

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reported a mechanically steerable wireless camera attached to beetles. Miniature cameras weighing 248 mg were attached to live beetles of the

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received through the electrodes. DARPA is now funding this research because of its obvious beneficial applications to the military and other areas

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that could successfully replace pacemakers. The device uses a "spider-web like network of sensors and electrodes" to monitor and maintain a normal

1279:, also receiving feedback from the fingertips to control the hand's grip. This was a form of extended sensory input. Subsequently, he investigated 4428: 3498: 2512:

augmented bodies, and mutual unfamiliarity with the mechanical insertion. Anxieties may be linked to notions of otherness or a cyborged identity.

718:, that combine mechanical modification with any kind of feedback response are also cyborg enhancements. Some theorists cite such modifications as 8954: 6008: 3844: 1068: 2173:

invented a new surgical procedure to implant artificial structures into insects during their metamorphic development. The first insect cyborgs,

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wrote of Deirdre, a dancer, whose body was burned completely and whose brain was placed in a faceless but beautiful and supple mechanical body.

222: 2377: 2126: 1930: 1256: 1233:, but shrinking electronics and faster computers made his artificial eye more portable and now enable him to perform simple tasks unassisted. 764:

The term is also used to address human-technology mixtures in the abstract. This includes not only commonly-used pieces of technology such as

6025: 5691: 3625: 3028: 4218: 808:, libraries, and other infrastructure that people hardly notice, but which are critical parts of the cybernetics that humans work within. 768:, computers, the Internet, and so on, but also artifacts that may not popularly be considered technology; for example, pen and paper, and 9150: 5119:

Thurston, Bonnie. "Was blind, but now I see." 11. Christian Century Foundation, 2007. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 March 2010.

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instrumentation and electronic data-processing systems, Clynes was the chief research scientist in the Dynamic Simulation Laboratory at

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Vo Doan, Tat Thang; Tan, Melvin Y.W.; Bui, Xuan Hien; Sato, Hirotaka (3 November 2017). "An Ultralightweight and Living Legged Robot".

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Military organizations' research has recently focused on the use of cyborg animals for the purposes of a supposed tactical advantage.

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using pressure and temperature sensors in the prosthesis' finger tips. Prostheses like the C-Leg, the e-OPRA Implant System, and the

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of a voice simulator. That simulator would then vibrate producing a multi-tonal sound that could be shaped into words by the mouth.

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Under Mann's guidance, Spence, at age 36, created a prototype in the form of the miniature camera which could be fitted inside his

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for some time before he later, after having played for some time with the idea of installing a camera instead, contacted professor

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became the world's first international organization dedicated to help humans become cyborgs. The foundation was created by cyborg

2437:, this project raised privacy issues, and so Bilal was asked to ensure that his camera did not take photographs in NYU buildings. 1860:, with its belief that new technologies can assist the human race in developing beyond its present, normative limitations such as 3742: 3161: 2525: 1186:, are considered by some to be the first real steps towards the next generation of real-world cyborg applications. Additionally, 1183: 7230: 6135: 5977: 1882:

are another form of cyborgization in medicine. The theory behind retinal stimulation to restore vision for those suffering from

1194:, which provide people with a sense that they would not otherwise have had, can additionally be thought of as creating cyborgs. 9298: 9238: 6359: 2129: 695: 4339: 1217:. Dobelle's first prototype was implanted into "Jerry", a man blinded in adulthood, in 1978. A single-array BCI containing 68 9584: 9496: 9266: 9155: 9111: 8678: 8577: 8572: 8160: 7920: 7048: 6234: 3722: 3692: 3675: 3656: 3607: 3599: 3579: 3183: 2940: 2903: 2887: 2154:

has announced its interest in developing "cyborg insects" to transmit data from sensors implanted into the insect during the

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Ornes, Stephen. "THE PENTAGON'S BEETLE BORGS." Discover 30.5 (2009): 14. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 1 March 2010.

4219:"The Abstract :: North Carolina State University :: Researchers Develop Technique to Remotely Control Cockroaches" 1379:. The eye is not connected to his brain and has not restored his sense of vision. Additionally, Spence has also installed a 1248:". Ray wanted his old life back so he agreed to Kennedy's experiment. Kennedy embedded an implant he designed (and named a " 9593: 9531: 9286: 8914: 8749: 7841: 3870: 1465: 289: 4505: 4478: 164: 156: 9165: 8804: 8688: 6844: 6463: 6341: 3517: 3362: 1634:

in Taiwan, developed a different approach to create cyborg cells by assembling a synthetic hydrogel inside the bacterial

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microchip encased in glass that does not interact with the human body (it is the same technology used in the microchips

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Carvalko, Joseph (2012). The Techno-human Shell-A Jump in the Evolutionary Gap. Sunbury Press. ISBN 978-1-62006-165-7.

2196:(IEEE) MEMS conference in Italy, researchers demonstrated the first "wireless" flying-beetle cyborg. Engineers at the 1358:

magazine as one of the best inventions of 2009. The bionic eye records everything he sees and contains a 1.5 mm,

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as a specific aggregate of cells and nanotubes that formed a viscous material. Likewise, dried cells still acted as a

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Bozkurt, A.; Gilmour, R.F.; Sinha, A.; Stern, D.; Lal, A. (2009). "Insect–Machine Interface Based Neurocybernetics".

2430: 1725: 867:, takes up where Charles Darwin's theory of evolution left off and deals with the course of evolution beyond humans. 258: 240: 182: 127: 70: 4170: 3427: 3049: 1707: 1561: 109: 9313: 9048: 8366: 5790: 5129: 4595: 3830: 3790: 3229: 1366:, a wireless video transmitter, which allows him to transmit what he is seeing in real-time to a computer, and a 3- 474: 5831: 2563:

suggest that interactions between humans and technology result in the creation of a cyborg system. In this model,

2162:(MEMS) and could conceivably survey an environment or detect explosives and gas. Similarly, DARPA is developing a 9810: 9511: 9394: 9248: 9192: 8939: 8784: 8327: 8260: 8250: 7127: 6945: 5914: 1627: 1516: 5423: 5225: 3413: 2448:

have developed and used software that can build entire musical scores from a few basic mathematical parameters.

9694: 9567: 9206: 9101: 9058: 9053: 8919: 8255: 5708: 5503: 5396: 3204: 2612: 2182: 2159: 1692: 743: 94: 5197: 9659: 9384: 9359: 9293: 9180: 9142: 9068: 8834: 8447: 8388: 8344: 8282: 8218: 7836: 6490: 4978: 2063: 6994: 6716:. 2004. "Telematic Tubs against Terror: Bathing in the Immersive Interactive Media of the Post-Cyborg Age." 9795: 9603: 9445: 9281: 8592: 8112: 7097: 3727: 2691: 2617: 2444:

replacing pen and paper, and drum machines becoming nearly as popular as human drummers. Composers such as

1984: 1540: 1329:, a Toronto-based filmmaker, who titles himself a real-life "Eyeborg", severely damaged his right eye in a 1302:

beyond the human visual spectrum through vibrations in his skull. His antenna was included within his 2004

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Taylor, Kate; "Cyborg The artist as cyborg"; theglobeandmail.com; 18 February 2011; Web; 5 March 2012. |

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Eventually researchers plan to develop HI-MEMS for dragonflies, bees, rats, and pigeons. For the HI-MEMS

753:

As cyborgs currently are on the rise, some theorists argue there is a need to develop new definitions of

7325: 4245: 2586: 9613: 8613: 8557: 8287: 8242: 8150: 7546: 7107: 6759: 5095: 3469:

Vision Quest: A Half Century of Artificial-Sight Research Has Succeeded. And Now This Blind Man Can See

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Warwick, K.; Gasson, M.; Hutt, B.; Goodhew, I.; Kyberd, P.; Andrews, B.; Teddy, P.; Shad, A. (2003).

2666: 2458:

project generates abstract art by combining the work of many computers and people over the internet.

815: 6841:

From Reconstruction to the Augmentation of the Human Body in Restorative Medicine and in Cybernetics

6101: 5252: 1991:

of the brain, has focused on restoring damaged eyesight in the blind and providing functionality to

1962:'s heart, operating the organ in an oxygen and nutrient-rich solution. The stretchable material and 9800: 9738: 9574: 9541: 9536: 9409: 9364: 9175: 9096: 9063: 8844: 8703: 8683: 8668: 8653: 8643: 8628: 8371: 8334: 8292: 8211: 7475: 7167: 6789:

Mitchell, Kaye. 2006. "Bodies That Matter: Science Fiction, Technoculture, and the Gendered Body."

2218: 2054:

where the cause of the disease is present. The region of the brain is then stimulated by bursts of

902: 6977: 6964: 6834:

The Enlightenment Cyborg: A History of Communications and Control in the Human Machine, 1660–1830.

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that states a Knowledge editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.

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Iyer, Vikram; Najafi, Ali; James, Johannes; Fuller, Sawyer; Gollakota, Shyamnath (15 July 2020).

5211: 4049:"Integration of body-mounted ultrasoft organic solar cell on cyborg insects with intact mobility" 3622: 2081:, colloquially also known as the "artificial pancreas", are a substitute for the lack of natural 1771: 1703: 1430: 990: 882: 643: 105: 56: 31: 17: 3023: 1571:

energy of their unmodified peers. The prosthetics can be removed without harming the jellyfish.

1236:

In 1997, Philip Kennedy, a scientist and physician, created the world's first human cyborg from

924: 9815: 9785: 9714: 9414: 9354: 9323: 9091: 8974: 8964: 8774: 8658: 8562: 8427: 8322: 7981: 7506: 7465: 7355: 7210: 7157: 7082: 5507: 5400: 5036:

Haddad, Michel; et al. (2004). "Improved Early Survival with the Total Artificial Heart".

4995: 4222: 3178:. Bryan Appleyard. UK USA Canada Ireland Australia India New Zealand South Africa: Allen Lane. 2929:

Jahankhani, Hamid; Kendzierskyj, Stefan; Chelvachandran, Nishan; Ibarra, Jaime (6 April 2020).

2706: 2701: 2650: 2608: 2019: 2015: 2007: 1759: 1610: 1481: 1478: 1421:

is an application of human-electronic interaction currently in development by researchers from

1249: 1179: 1126: 846: 707: 314: 8934: 8582: 4429:"Resistance is futile: PETA attempts to halt the sale of remote-controlled cyborg cockroaches" 3646: 1111:(the outermost part of fungal and plant cells) may play a major active role in establishing a 1103:" appearance. A rather specific physical interaction between MWCNTs and cells was observed by 622:

due to the integration of some artificial component or technology that relies on some sort of

9579: 9501: 9127: 8969: 8493: 8354: 8092: 7946: 7556: 7455: 7260: 6924: 6875: 6732: 6713: 6377: 6198:"Artificial intelligence in science fiction as a model of the posthuman situation of mankind" 5282:

Surgically Implanted Micro-platforms and Microsystems in Arthropods and Methods Based Thereon

4684:"Self-Assembly of Nanoparticles on Live Bacterium: An Avenue to Fabricate Electronic Devices" 3025:

A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century

2930: 2879:

Philosophical Issues of Human Cyborgization and the Necessity of Prolegomena on Cyborg Ethics

2877: 2805:(September 1960), by Manfred E. Clynes and American scientist and researcher Nathan S. Kline. 2349: 2118: 1887: 1806:

of function. There is no enhancement to the original faculties and processes that were lost.

1456: 1363: 1338: 1027: 822:). Unlike human cyborgs, who appear human externally but are synthetic internally (e.g., the 417: 354: 329: 8864: 6650:

A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology and Socialist-Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century

2646:(Barcelona), was the overall winner of the Cre@tic Awards, organized by Tecnocampus Mataró. 1527:, but the RoboRoach was the first kit available to the general public and was funded by the 9775: 9709: 9664: 9516: 9429: 9333: 9318: 9276: 9040: 8809: 8789: 8275: 8265: 8042: 7966: 7731: 7691: 7541: 7335: 7034: 6415: 4842: 4777: 4543: 4297: 3982: 3371: 3346: 3074:

Wejbrandt, A (2014). "Defining aging in cyborgs: A bio-techno-social definition of aging".

2269: 2114: 2098: 1883: 1645: 1370: 1158: 769: 691: 467: 427: 5602: 2761: 2611:, called Three Square Market partnered with a Swedish firm Biohacks Technology to implant 2356:. More recently, this type of artistic practice has been expanded upon by artists such as 2014:

used for therapeutic purposes. This process has aided in treating patients diagnosed with

1886:

and vision loss due to aging (conditions in which people have an abnormally low number of

8: 9704: 9608: 8779: 8405: 8191: 8133: 7996: 7696: 7536: 7480: 7420: 7380: 7182: 7162: 7122: 5933: 3706: 2434: 2265: 2102: 1865: 1767: 1488:

product on 25 February 2011. The RoboRoach was officially released into production via a

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franchise), Lobster looks inhuman externally but contains a human internally (such as in

819: 639: 370: 334: 6577:

Mechanical Bodies, Computational Minds: Artificial Intelligence from Automata to Cyborgs

4930: 4897: 4846: 4781: 4766:"Self-photosensitization of nonphotosynthetic bacteria for solar-to-chemical production" 4621: 4547: 4301: 3986: 3375: 2106: 734:

as examples of fitting humans with technology to enhance their biological capabilities.

9588: 9258: 9223: 9215: 8889: 8839: 8814: 8726: 8506: 8270: 8102: 8077: 8067: 8032: 7976: 7956: 7903: 7876: 7814: 7726: 7660: 7561: 7385: 7360: 7300: 7225: 7152: 7102: 6822: 6683: 6649: 6622: 6588: 6363: 6240: 6063: 5638: 5583: 5370: 5328: 4943: 4873: 4830: 4811: 4740:"Cyborg bacteria outperform plants when turning sunlight into useful compounds (video)" 4721: 4572: 4531: 4122:"Engineering seniors' work on prototypes extends beyond traditional classroom projects" 3387: 3268: 3126: 3006: 2858: 2696: 2601: 2385: 2353: 2170: 1996: 1963: 1864:

and disease, as well as other, more general inabilities, such as limitations on speed,

1775: 1556: 1245: 1230: 1214: 1092: 1057: 998: 777: 699: 674: 635: 422: 6806: 6561:

Crittenden, Chris. 2002. "Self-Deselection: Technopsychotic Annihilation via Cyborg."

4309: 3765: 3739: 1099:" composed of highly packed cells. The effect of cell drying was manifested by their " 784:—either a bot-assisted human or a human-assisted-bot—used to target social media with 9805: 9744: 9649: 9598: 9399: 9374: 8949: 8824: 8459: 8415: 8410: 8179: 8143: 8072: 8001: 7888: 7674: 7576: 7551: 7499: 7410: 7305: 7265: 6826: 6768: 6744: 6736: 6635: 6508: 6498: 6304: 6230: 6143: 6067: 6055: 5985: 5642: 5630: 5622: 5587: 5575: 5567: 5320: 5053: 5049: 4947: 4935: 4917: 4878: 4860: 4815: 4803: 4795: 4713: 4705: 4664: 4577: 4559: 4479:"How cyborg cockroaches could be used to save people trapped under earthquake rubble" 4386: 4378: 4313: 4080: 4000: 3718: 3688: 3652: 3603: 3595: 3575: 3553: 3237: 3208: 3179: 3091: 2936: 2883: 2862: 2850: 2736: 2726: 2630: 2500: 2312: 2213: 2097:

that can be remote controlled, forming a control loop that automatically adjusts the

2067: 2031: 2023: 1946: 1906: 1869: 1848: 1588: 1580: 1504:

to momentarily control the movements of a walking cockroach (left and right) using a

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Furthermore, many cyborgs with multifunctional radio frequency identification (RFID)

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Scholars that rely upon a strict, technical description of a cyborg, often going by

9770: 9506: 9404: 9233: 8899: 8420: 8128: 8006: 7991: 7866: 7858: 7777: 7736: 7721: 7669: 7571: 7450: 7400: 7345: 7280: 7270: 7200: 7177: 6857: 6814: 6438: 6345: 6294: 6222: 6047: 5614: 5557: 5362: 5332: 5312: 5045: 4925: 4909: 4868: 4850: 4785: 4695: 4656: 4567: 4551: 4370: 4305: 4145:"Working RoboRoach Prototype Unveiled to Students of Grand Valley State University" 4070: 4060: 3990: 3667: 3543: 3379: 3118: 3083: 2998: 2840: 2771: 2746: 2681: 2607:

These sorts of technologies are already present in the U.S. workforce as a firm in

2554: 2403: 2357: 2316: 2250: 2227: 2055: 1922: 1910: 1902: 1852: 1844: 1653: 1640: 1501: 1434: 1303: 1174: 1117: 1096: 731: 715: 631: 494: 5889: 5359:

2007 IEEE 20th International Conference on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS)

5281: 3455: 3317:"Cyborg:Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer" 3130: 2845: 2828: 2454:

is a generative artist whose work is explicitly described as a "cyborg mind". His

1129:, cyborg tissue materials with temperature sensing properties have been reported. 9699: 9546: 9521: 9476: 8799: 8464: 8432: 8400: 8234: 8037: 8022: 7925: 7915: 7907: 7772: 7645: 7623: 7613: 7440: 7430: 7330: 7315: 7295: 7290: 7275: 7255: 7215: 7205: 7132: 6998: 6981: 6754: 6729:

Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the Wearable Computer

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Chu, Bryant; Burnett, William; Chung, Jong Won; Bao, Zhenan (21 September 2017).

3808: 3746: 3684: 3629: 3503: 3087: 3032: 2766: 2582: 2521: 2487: 2441: 2086: 2047: 2039: 2035: 1879: 1840: 1820: 1668:

systems positioned between classical synthetic materials and cell-based systems.

1631: 1615: 1598: 1399: 1353: 1241: 1210: 1112: 1045: 1032: 977:

For the exogenously extended organizational complex functioning as an integrated

966: 935: 906: 898: 615: 595: 587: 460: 339: 5618: 5562: 5545: 5366: 5073:"Becoming More Than Human: Technology and the Post-Human Condition Introduction" 3548: 3531: 3406:"Otto Bock HealthCare : a global leader in healthcare products – Otto Bock" 1823:

wrote a memoir of his experience with cochlear implants, or bionic ears, titled

1699: 781: 218: 101: 9689: 9674: 9669: 9491: 9486: 9243: 8995: 8929: 8904: 8874: 8849: 8769: 8754: 8155: 7971: 7961: 7883: 7826: 7767: 7706: 7701: 7686: 7618: 7435: 7395: 7390: 7365: 7340: 7310: 7245: 7240: 7235: 7220: 7172: 7117: 7077: 6852: 6543: 6458: 6454: 6442: 6226: 4648: 4065: 4048: 3383: 2671:

Cyborgs are a recurring feature of science fiction literature and other media.

2634: 2483: 2479: 2455: 2412: 2365: 2337: 1967: 1901:. This experimental device would do away with previously used robotic-sounding 1861: 1828: 1623: 1584: 1407: 1359: 1295: 1291: 1271: 1263: 1198: 1142: 1084: 1076: 970: 962: 947: 877: 833: 823: 811: 789: 583: 579: 575: 6850:

Nishime, LeiLani. 2005. "The Mulatto Cyborg: Imagining a Multiracial Future."

6818: 6495:

The Ultimate Encyclopedia of Science Fiction: The Definitive Illustrated Guide

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https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/arts/the-artist-as-cyborg/article1913032/

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The concept of a man-machine mixture was widespread in science fiction before

9764: 9719: 9679: 9389: 9000: 8990: 8894: 8381: 8107: 8062: 7746: 7741: 7716: 7711: 7460: 7445: 7425: 7415: 7370: 7350: 7320: 7192: 7112: 6959: 6895: 6779: 6657: 6645: 6539: 6486: 6327: 6308: 6059: 5626: 5571: 5179: 4921: 4864: 4799: 4709: 4668: 4563: 4382: 4084: 3732: 3697: 3302: 3036: 2975: 2854: 2756: 2741: 2686: 2569: 2505: 2345: 2324:

and installations. Some of the pioneering artists who created such works are

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and their acquired tolerance makes them well placed to become a new class of

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Sakimoto, Kelsey K.; Wong, Andrew Barnabas; Yang, Peidong (1 January 2016).

3871:"Cyborgs at work: Why these employees are getting implanted with microchips" 2105:. Examples of commercial systems that implement such a control loop are the 1209:(acquired) blindness. One of the first scientists to come up with a working 1030:. Some of the ideas in the book were incorporated into the documentary film 9481: 9271: 9228: 8959: 8879: 8819: 8794: 8731: 7871: 7846: 7831: 7804: 7794: 7655: 7566: 7470: 7375: 7250: 7092: 7056: 6867: 6703: 6529: 5634: 5579: 5324: 5148:"3D-printed 'electronic glove' could help keep your heart beating for ever" 5057: 4939: 4913: 4882: 4807: 4717: 4700: 4683: 4581: 4555: 4390: 4374: 4317: 4004: 3557: 3095: 2721: 2451: 2440:

Machines are becoming more ubiquitous in the artistic process itself, with

2145: 2122: 2094: 2011: 1800: 1661: 1536: 1532: 1440: 1276: 1137: 894: 864: 719: 412: 6378:""Les noves tecnologies seran part del nostre cos i extensió del cervell"" 5672:"At the World's First Cybathlon, Proud Cyborg Athletes Raced for the Gold" 4532:"Low-power microelectronics embedded in live jellyfish enhance propulsion" 3523: 2928: 2576: 2260:

its competitors used and controlled advanced technologies such as powered

9418: 9010: 8909: 8884: 8869: 8376: 7893: 7819: 7809: 7799: 7762: 7679: 7640: 7591: 7405: 7285: 7147: 7087: 7058: 6890:

The Prosthetic Impulse: From a Posthuman Present to a Biocultural Future.

6861: 5729: 4660: 3442:"Integrum AB: Integrum provides an update on the clinical development..." 3145: 3122: 2904:"Augmented humans will feature apps for the brain and embeddable devices" 2716: 2389: 2361: 2325: 1999:. This technology could enable people who are missing a limb or are in a 1988: 1942: 1898: 1831:

became one of the first people to operate a fully robotic limb through a

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injected into a hand are known to exist. With the chips they are able to

1053: 978: 955: 793: 785: 739: 723: 611: 557: 553: 324: 62: 5168:

2008; 29(10): 50–57. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 8 March 2010.

4075: 3271:. In John Clute; David Langford; Peter Nicholls; Graham Sleight (eds.). 2125:

and improve efficiency. One example of such a bi-hormonal system is the

1644:

cells rendering them incapable of dividing and making them resistant to

1306:

photograph which has been said to confirm his cyborg status. In 2012 at

9424: 9379: 9369: 9005: 8759: 8518: 6551: 6450: 6299: 6282: 3633: 3264: 2638: 2560: 2538: 2369: 2308: 2261: 2204: 2043: 2000: 1954: 1873: 1649: 1568: 1509: 1493: 1395: 1391: 1280: 1226: 1206: 1150: 1100: 1049: 986: 727: 627: 618:; it applies to an organism that has restored function or, especially, 448: 391: 309: 6283:"BDSM, body modification, transhumanism, and the limits of liberalism" 5948:"I Heart Chaos – Nintendo 3DS augmented reality tattoo is awesome,..." 3845:"Cyborgs at work: Swedish employees getting implanted with microchips" 3010: 2932:

Cyber Defence in the Age of AI, Smart Societies and Augmented Humanity

2642:

events and to defend cyborg rights. In 2010, the foundation, based in

1876:, in favor of definition in terms of upgrades, versions, and utility. 1847:

was developed. The continued technological development of bionic and (

9185: 9073: 8854: 8533: 8528: 8501: 8471: 8454: 8057: 7951: 7650: 7137: 6665: 6038:

Ihde, Don (1 September 2008). "Aging: I don't want to be a cyborg!".

5072: 3158:

Hans Hass: Hypercell Organisms. A new perspective of man in evolution

2751: 2662: 2653:'s Focus Forward Filmmakers Competition and was awarded US$ 100,000. 2596: 2529: 2445: 2256: 2246: 2110: 1992: 1897:

A similar process has been created to aid people who have lost their

1635: 1515:

Other groups have developed cyborg insects, including researchers at

1505: 1307: 1218: 1166: 1162: 1108: 910: 859: 750:), thus not actually fitting the definition of a cybernetic implant. 386: 6009:"The Illustrated Man: How LED Tattoos Could Make Your Skin a Screen" 5716: 5546:"Wireless steerable vision for live insects and insect-scale robots" 3995: 3970: 3347:

Symposium SS: Bioelectronics—Materials, Interfaces, and Applications

2643: 1710:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 1262:

In contrast to replacement technologies, in 2002, under the heading

112:. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. 9455: 8597: 8523: 8339: 8097: 8047: 7522: 6840: 6764: 5747:

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frobt.2021.662249/full

3875: 3766:"Neil Harbisson – Cyborg – Artist – Activist ⋆ premium-speakers.ae" 3002: 2027: 1950: 1657: 1489: 1485: 1334: 914: 872: 797: 773: 711: 655: 623: 591: 566: 8203: 4020:"Researchers think a full 'bodyNET' is the platform of the future" 3899:"Sapochetti: Cyber-implants going from science fiction to reality" 2604:

refers to the collection of data produced by implantable devices.

1843:

beyond that of previous prosthetics. By 2004, a fully functioning

1596:

created a super sensitive humidity sensor by coating the bacteria

9654: 9349: 8513: 8027: 7608: 6986: 4898:"Engineering Cyborg Bacteria Through Intracellular Hydrogelation" 2990: 2711: 2341: 2329: 2233: 2082: 2059: 850:

prominently features cyborgs called Omar, Russian for 'lobster'.

840: 607: 304: 7021: 7006:(an article on human augmentation and cyborgs by Thierry Hoquet) 6991: 6694:

Klugman, Craig. 2001. "From Cyborg Fiction to Medical Reality."

6260:"US: Wisconsin company offers optional microchips for employees" 5656: 4094:"Robo-bug: A rechargeable, remote-controllable cyborg cockroach" 3488:

29.10 (2008): 50. Science Reference Center. Web. 4 November 2012

1021:

Cyborg: Digital Destiny and Human Possibility in the Age of the

8393: 8082: 7633: 6786:. Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-19-504994-7. Retrieved 28 October 2008. 5239: 3324: 3320: 2822: 2820: 2731: 2542: 2178: 2163: 1959: 1836: 765: 754: 651: 5284:", US Patent Application # US20100025527, Filed on 12/11/2007. 4828: 4506:"Scientists create cyborg jellyfish with swimming superpowers" 4288:

Maharbiz, Michel M.; Sato, Hirotaka (2010). "Cyborg Beetles".

4197:"The RoboRoach: Control a living insect from your smartphone!" 3809:"Eye Spy: Filmmaker Plans to Install Camera in His Eye Socket" 3532:"The Application of Implant Technology for Cybernetic Systems" 3358: 1244:

who suffered a stroke. Ray's body, as doctors called it, was "

942:

with a mixture of organic and machine parts in his 1928 novel

901:

described a man with extensive prostheses in the short story "

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to produce new materials for mechanical and electrical uses.

6642:. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32894-2. 6323:"Nace una fundación dedicada a convertir humanos en ciborgs" 5485:

Automan. IEEE Spectrum, 17 February 2009. Web. 1 March 2010.

4332:"Cyborg Beetles: Hope for Future Search-and-rescue Missions" 3236:(in French). Université de Saint-Étienne. pp. 109–118. 2817: 2591:

Given the technical scope of current and future implantable

742:

and in actual function is little more than a pre-programmed

509: 8087: 7491: 7009: 6974: 6398: 4622:"'Cyborg' bacteria deliver green fuel source from sunlight" 3499:"BMI: the research that holds the key to hope for millions" 2155: 1548: 1367: 1170: 503: 212:

personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay

5732:. Tfaoi.com (25 September 2005). Retrieved 29 August 2011. 5483:"Moth Pupa + MEMS Chip = Remote Controlled Cyborg Insect." 4246:"Remote-Controlled Roaches to the Rescue? [Video]" 4037: 714:

mechanism to keep that person alive. Implants, especially

698:

would be considered a cyborg, since these devices measure

5877:

Cyborg Bodies. The End of the Progressive Body: Editorial

4454:"Riken researchers develop rechargeable cyborg cockroach" 3948:"This hacking trend is 'dangerous' in more ways than one" 3108: 1410:, buy products, such as drinks, with a wave of the hand. 1384: 1345:, an expert in wearable computing and cyborg technology. 512: 6934:(2nd ed.), Vol. 4. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 188. 6807:

Of Shit and the Soul: Tropes of Cybernetic Disembodiment

6394:"La Fundació Cyborg s'endú el primer premi dels Cre@tic" 6360:"Una fundación se dedica a convertir humanos en ciborgs" 5601:

Aloimonos, Yiannis; Fermüller, Cornelia (15 July 2020).

5355: 5302: 5212:"t:slim X2 Insulin Pump w/ Dexcom G6 CGM – Get Started!" 5180:"Alzheimer's: Deep brain stimulation 'reverses' disease" 4046: 3529: 2989:

Penley, Constance; Ross, Andrew; Haraway, Donna (1990).

6883:

Projecting the Shadow: The Cyborg Hero in American Film

6673:

Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature.

6534:

Technologies of the Gendered Body: Reading Cyborg Women

5271:. LiveScience (7 March 2006). Retrieved 29 August 2011. 3520:

Proceedings on Communications, 151(3), pp.185–189, 2004

2577:

Future scope and regulation of implantable technologies

2407: 6708:

The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology

5791:

Wafaa Bilal, NYU Artist, Gets Camera Implanted In Head

5460:. YouTube (28 October 2009). Retrieved 29 August 2011. 3201:

Inventing Iron Man: The Possibility of a Human Machine

2399:

presented how society is now dependent on technology.

2158:

stage. The insect's motion would be controlled from a

1995:

people, most notably those with severe cases, such as

1825:

Rebuilt: How Becoming Part Computer Made Me More Human

1006:" where Clynes and Kline first presented their paper: 996:

The term first appears in print 5 months earlier when

780:

to connect with other computers. Another example is a

5543: 4194: 2421: 1978: 1966:

of the apparatus were first constructed by Professor

1810:

gain new functions that were not originally present.

1004:

Psychophysiological Aspects of Space Flight Symposium

500: 27:

Being with both organic and biomechatronic body parts

6975:

Borgfest Cyborg Festival and Human Augmentation Expo

6914:

The Science Fiction Handbook for Readers and Writers

6881:

Rushing, Janice Hocker, and Thomas S. Frentz. 1995.

5857:

Cybernetics in Art and the Myth of the Cyborg Artist

5458:

Cyborg beetles to be the US military's latest weapon

3827:"Eyeborg: Man Replaces False Eye with Bionic Camera" 3618: 3616: 3111:

IEEE Transactions on Dependable and Secure Computing

3048:

Chong, Benjamin Wittes and Jane (5 September 2014).

1298:

implanted in his head that allows him to extend his

973:

who could survive in extraterrestrial environments:

506: 6872:

As Man Becomes Machine: the Evolution of the Cyborg

6413:"Cyborg Foundation" wins $ 100K Focus Forward prize 6166:"NASA Eyes Crew Deep Sleep Option for Mars Mission" 5975: 5786: 5784: 3791:"This filmmaker replaced his eyeball with a camera" 3677:

Daily Planet. The Ultimate Book of Everyday Science

2829:"Cyborg-Computer Interaction: Designing New Senses" 981:

system unconsciously, we propose the term 'Cyborg'.

913:, a science fiction hero who was perhaps the first 497: 6575:Franchi, Stefano, and Güven Güzeldere, eds. 2005. 6437: 5600: 5477: 5475: 4530:Xu, Nicole W.; Dabiri, John O. (31 January 2020). 3968: 3728:"La veo en blanco y negro pero la oigo en colores" 1484:student in 2010, and was launched as an available 757:. For instance, a bio-techno-social definition of 654:, including humans, they might conceivably be any 5866:"; inc.ongruo.us; 29 December 2010; 9 March 2012. 4360: 3613: 3594:, Routledge (New York, 2008), p. 130 (Hardcover: 2988: 2194:Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 2121:infusion in addition to insulin, to help prevent 9762: 6212: 6210: 6031: 5781: 4763: 4682:Berry, Vikas; Saraf, Ravi F. (21 October 2005). 3663:"Colour-blind artist learns to paint by hearing" 3050:"Our Cyborg Future: Law and Policy Implications" 2991:"Cyborgs at Large: Interview with Donna Haraway" 1738: 1270:, had an array of 100 electrodes fired into his 1132: 1039: 748:injected into animals for ease of identification 6690:Bio Materials: an approach to Artificial Organs 6479: 6412: 6097: 6095: 5472: 4975:The Postmodern Condition: A Report on Knowledge 4835:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 2276:stand up from a chair and sit down, navigate a 1660:provides these cyborg cells with an artificial 6888:Smith, Marquard, and Joanne Morra, eds. 2005. 6019: 5926: 5776:Man Has Camera Screwed Into Head – Bing Videos 5253:The military seeks to develop 'insect cyborgs' 5226:"DIY closed loop system (artificial pancreas)" 3925:"Bitcoin Cyborg keeps currency under his skin" 3715:Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age. 3687:, Penguin (Canada, 2010). p.1 & p.232-235 2587:Medical device § Regulation and oversight 1618:nanoparticles, enabling the photosynthesis of 1496:conference; and via the crowdsourcing website 1453:Brain implant § Research and applications 1352:; an invention that would come to be named by 8219: 7507: 7042: 6609:Cyborg Citizen: Politics in the Posthuman Age 6568:Flanagan, Mary, and Austin Booth, eds. 2002. 6207: 4596:"Engineers Made Themselves Some Cyborg Cells" 4403: 3572:Eculture: Cultural Content in the Digital Age 3176:Novacene: the coming age of hyperintelligence 2402:Marco Donnarumma is a performance artist and 2315:performing with her seismic sense implant at 1778:. Please discuss this issue on the article's 1469:Remote-controlled rechargeable cyborg insects 661: 601: 468: 7057:Subfields of and cyberneticians involved in 6916:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 77. 6800:Me++: The Cyborg Self and the Networked City 6784:International Encyclopedia of Communications 6092: 6082:"Cyborg Astronauts Needed to Colonize Space" 5017:Murray, Chuck (2005). "Re-wiring the Body". 4426: 4287: 4164: 4162: 3802: 3800: 2966:. New York: Harper and Row Publishers. p. 7. 650:". While cyborgs are commonly thought of as 646:. A related, possibly broader, term is the " 642:. Cyborg technologies may enable or support 6620:The Uncanny: Experiments in Cyborg Culture. 6431: 6280: 5940: 5305:IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 1949:, these scientists developed an electronic 1525:Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 853: 582:body parts. The term was coined in 1960 by 71:Learn how and when to remove these messages 8226: 8212: 7514: 7500: 7049: 7035: 7004:For a public service of human augmentation 6257: 6000: 5851: 5849: 5669: 5259:(13 March 2006). Retrieved 29 August 2011. 4681: 3227: 3221: 2794: 2792: 1931:University of Illinois at Urbana–Champaign 1656:. The intracellular infusion of synthetic 475: 461: 6298: 5698:. Stanford.edu. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 5561: 5177: 4929: 4872: 4854: 4789: 4699: 4571: 4168: 4159: 4074: 4064: 3994: 3797: 3547: 3073: 2844: 1937:had developed a device that could keep a 1726:Learn how and when to remove this message 1671: 1574: 1425:. The technology is based on stretchable 961:In 1960, the term "cyborg" was coined by 259:Learn how and when to remove this message 241:Learn how and when to remove this message 183:Learn how and when to remove this message 128:Learn how and when to remove this message 6930:Simpson, J.A., and E.S.C. Weiner. 1989. 6216: 6040:Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences 5890:"What is a Cyborg – Cyborg Anthropology" 4529: 3806: 3173: 2526:effects of spaceflight on the human body 2302: 2089:. Currently available systems combine a 2085:production by the body, most notably in 1500:in 2013, the kit allows students to use 1464: 1213:to restore sight was private researcher 1136: 1095:, the material resembled an artificial " 1091:for the MWCNT network. When observed by 6885:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 6570:Reload: Rethinking Women + Cyberculture 6485: 6195: 5969: 5846: 4990: 4688:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 4243: 3945: 2826: 2789: 2548: 2493: 1387:light in one version of the prototype. 1285:remotely detect the distance to objects 685: 14: 9763: 8970:Writers and Illustrators of the Future 6006: 5934:"Implantable Silicon-Silk Electronics" 5745:. Frontiers in Robotics and AI, 2021. 5421: 5415: 5164:Baker, Sherry. "RISE OF THE CYBORGS." 5070: 5035: 5016: 4646: 4406:"TEDGlobal welcomes robot cockroaches" 4195:Backyard Brains, Inc. (10 June 2013). 4142: 4119: 3484:Baker, Sherry. "Rise of the Cyborgs", 2508:way of life into present day reality. 2050:or electrodes, are implanted into the 696:implantable cardioverter-defibrillator 8207: 7921:Simultaneous localization and mapping 7495: 7030: 6836:Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 6136:"How long would a trip to Mars take?" 5778:. Bing.com. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 5759:"7 Configurations: The AI prostheses" 5689:Extended-Body: Interview with Stelarc 5670:Strickland, Eliza (12 October 2016). 5424:"The race to create 'insect cyborgs'" 5240:"Beta Bionics – Introducing the iLet" 5178:Gallagher, James (28 November 2011). 5077:Journal of Evolution & Technology 4017: 3263: 3047: 2875: 2618:American Food and Drug Administration 2461: 2177:with integrated electronics in their 1343:Massachusetts Institute of Technology 6037: 6007:Sorrel, Charlie (20 November 2009). 5976:Noemi Tasarra-Twigg (25 July 2011). 5879:"; medienkunstnetz.de; 9 March 2012. 5381: 5130:"Merging the biological, electronic" 4420: 4120:Huston, Caitlin (11 February 2010). 3651:, Routledge (New York, 2008). p.130 3574:. Springer (New York, 2009). p. 319 3198: 3192: 3102: 2624: 1742: 1675: 1460: 194: 139: 77: 36: 8233: 6845:Queensland University of Technology 6464:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 6258:Eastabrook, Diane (2 August 2017). 5280:Lal A, Ewer J, Paul A, Bozkurt A, " 4018:Kaser, Rachel (20 September 2017). 3807:Ganapati, Priya (4 December 2008). 3363:IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 3273:The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction 3257: 2876:Ivana, Greguric (22 October 2021). 2141: 1913:which would control the timing and 1909:. The signals would then move to a 1529:National Institute of Mental Health 1056:cells have been used in artificial 969:to refer to their conception of an 24: 6558:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 6522: 6186:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5198:"MiniMed 670G Insulin Pump System" 5093: 4503: 4171:"Science! Democracy! Roboroaches!" 4091:Research institute press release: 2827:Ramoğlu, Muhammet (1 April 2019). 2198:University of California, Berkeley 2135: 2079:Automated insulin delivery systems 1979:Neural enhancement and restoration 1935:Washington University in St. Louis 1605:University of California, Berkeley 1551:have expressed concerns about the 1125:that often lives inside the human 606:"Cyborg" is not the same thing as 155:tone or style may not reflect the 25: 9832: 6939: 6630:Cyborg: Evolution of the Superman 4310:10.1038/scientificamerican1210-94 4143:Brains, Backyard (3 March 2011). 3717:Springer (New York, 2009). p.319 2964:Cyborg: Evolution of the Superman 2431:Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art 2211:In 2020, an article published in 2058:to disrupt the oncoming surge of 1446: 1433:). According to their article in 668:Cyborg: Evolution of the Superman 538:cybernetically augmented organism 52:This article has multiple issues. 9743: 9734: 9733: 8318:Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic 8185: 8174: 8173: 7590: 6921:The Science Fiction Encyclopedia 6919:Nicholls, Peter, gen. ed. 1979. 6536:. Durham: Duke University Press. 6405: 6386: 6370: 6352: 6334: 6315: 6274: 6251: 6189: 6176: 6158: 6128: 6110: 6074: 5907: 5882: 5869: 5816: 5800: 5769: 5751: 5735: 5723: 5701: 5682: 5663: 5649: 5594: 5537: 5526: 5494: 5488: 5463: 5387: 5050:10.1111/j.1525-1594.2004.47335.x 4647:Peplow, Mark (17 October 2005). 4427:Hamilton, A. (1 November 2013). 3851:. Associated Press. 4 April 2017 3648:The medicalization of cyberspace 3592:The Medicalization of Cyberspace 2101:dosage depending on the current 1762:to read and navigate comfortably 1747: 1680: 1439:, the technology is composed of 738:traction outside niche areas in 534:cybernetically enhanced organism 493: 288: 199: 165:guide to writing better articles 144: 82: 41: 8186: 7128:Cybernetics in the Soviet Union 6902:, University of Illinois Press. 5451: 5442: 5422:Anthes, E. (17 February 2013). 5349: 5339: 5296: 5287: 5274: 5262: 5246: 5232: 5218: 5204: 5190: 5171: 5158: 5140: 5122: 5113: 5087: 5064: 5029: 5010: 4984: 4967: 4954: 4889: 4822: 4757: 4732: 4675: 4640: 4614: 4588: 4523: 4497: 4471: 4446: 4397: 4354: 4324: 4281: 4263: 4237: 4211: 4188: 4136: 4113: 4011: 3962: 3946:Zaleski, Andrew (28 May 2016). 3939: 3917: 3891: 3863: 3837: 3819: 3783: 3758: 3702:"Eyes opened to sound of socks" 3639: 3584: 3564: 3510: 3491: 3478: 3462: 3448: 3434: 3420: 3398: 3352: 3339: 3309: 3287: 3167: 3152: 3137: 3067: 3041: 3017: 2466:Artists have explored the term 2073: 2012:neurological surgical procedure 1628:University of California, Davis 1594:University of Nebraska, Lincoln 1517:North Carolina State University 1044:Cyborg tissues structured with 950:. In 1944, in the short story " 796:technologies include highways, 60:or discuss these issues on the 9695:Science and technology studies 6654:The Transgender Studies Reader 6600:Gray, Chris Hables. ed. 1995. 5504:Microsystems Technology Office 5497:"Hybrid Insect MEMS (HI-MEMS)" 5397:Microsystems Technology Office 5390:"Hybrid Insect MEMS (HI-MEMS)" 4404:Wakefield, J. (10 June 2013). 3234:Clergés et cultures populaires 3232:. In Le Juez, Brigitte (ed.). 3205:Johns Hopkins University Press 2982: 2969: 2956: 2922: 2896: 2869: 2808: 2183:Microsystems Technology Office 1929:In 2014, researchers from the 1839:graft, enabling him a complex 1813: 13: 1: 6932:The Oxford English Dictionary 6632:. New York: Harper & Row. 5978:"QR Code Tattoo for the Geek" 5741:Gomez Cubero, Carlos, et al. 4979:University of Minnesota Press 4649:"Cyborg cells sense humidity" 2846:10.1080/14606925.2019.1594986 2783: 2656: 2160:microelectromechanical system 1739:In medicine and biotechnology 1133:Actual cyborgization attempts 1081:multi-walled carbon nanotubes 1040:Cyborg tissues in engineering 934:). Nearly two decades later, 7521: 6965:Resources in other libraries 6923:(1st ed.). Garden City, NY: 6839:Nicogossian, Judith. 2011. " 6638:, and Ira Livingston. 1995. 6618:Grenville, Bruce, ed. 2002. 6597:. New York. ISBN 3631578083. 6563:Ethics & the Environment 5807:Generative Music – Brian Eno 5269:Military Plans Cyborg Sharks 3088:10.1016/j.jaging.2014.09.003 2240: 1592:Chemical Engineering at the 1541:animal welfare organizations 1362:video camera, a small round 1205:have been used to treat non- 692:artificial cardiac pacemaker 7: 9239:Space stations and habitats 7931:Vision-guided robot systems 6802:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 6579:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 6572:. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 6028:, Jim Mielke, United States 5813:. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 5797:. Retrieved 29 August 2011. 5619:10.1126/scirobotics.abd0496 5563:10.1126/scirobotics.abb0839 5367:10.1109/MEMSYS.2007.4432976 5096:"Who Wants to Be a Cyborg?" 4964:. New York: Routledge, 1995 3927:. Metro US. 1 December 2014 3549:10.1001/archneur.60.10.1369 3228:Vuillermet, Maryse (2004). 3174:Lovelock, James E. (2019). 2674: 2515: 2299:Artificial intelligence art 1770:content into sub-articles, 1706:the claims made and adding 1290:Since 2004, British artist 1225:and succeeded in producing 1221:was implanted onto Jerry's 1063:Such work was presented by 108:the claims made and adding 10: 9837: 8151:Technological unemployment 7108:Computational neuroscience 6613:Routledge & Kegan Paul 6227:10.1109/ISTAS.2013.6613121 6196:Kotásek, Miroslav (2015). 4169:Upbin, B. (12 June 2013). 4066:10.1038/s41528-022-00207-2 3645:*Miah, Andy / Rich, Emma. 3384:10.1109/TNANO.2013.2239308 2777:Wirehead (science fiction) 2660: 2580: 2552: 2296: 2244: 2139: 2091:continuous glucose monitor 1798: 1535:to promote an interest in 1531:as a device to serve as a 1450: 1413: 1402:, operate devices such as 1073:Materials Research Society 888: 662:Placement and distinctions 602:Description and definition 350:Intelligence amplification 29: 9728: 9685:Museum of Science Fiction 9642: 9630:Christian science fiction 9622: 9594:Self-replicating machines 9555: 9469: 9438: 9342: 9257: 9214: 9205: 9141: 9120: 9084: 9039: 9032: 8983: 8740: 8719: 8712: 8606: 8553: 8546: 8492: 8313: 8306: 8241: 8169: 8139:Workplace robotics safety 8121: 8015: 7939: 7902: 7857: 7755: 7599: 7588: 7529: 7191: 7065: 6960:Resources in your library 6892:Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 6819:10.1177/1357034x030093005 6798:Mitchell, William. 2003. 6582:Glaser, Horst Albert and 6342:"The Sound of the Cyborg" 6281:Ramanauskas, Ben (2020). 6052:10.1007/s11097-008-9096-0 5317:10.1109/TBME.2009.2015460 4744:American Chemical Society 3683:26 September 2010 at the 2667:List of fictional cyborgs 2482:'s cybernetic theory and 2442:computerized drawing pads 2292: 1314:(2004) and cofounded the 816:Shaper/Mechanist universe 7281:Charles Geoffrey Vickers 7168:Second-order cybernetics 6912:Elrick, George S. 1978. 6548:. New York: Arbor House. 6026:Digital Tattoo Interface 4973:Lyotard, Jean François: 4960:Gray, Chris Hables, ed. 4098:RIKEN via techxplore.com 4053:npj Flexible Electronics 3740:"Cyborgs and Stem Cells" 3076:Journal of Aging Studies 3031:14 February 2012 at the 2692:Brain–computer interface 2219:University of Washington 2169:In 2006, researchers at 1985:brain–computer interface 1920:An article published in 1145:with his antenna implant 903:The Man That Was Used Up 854:Evolutionary perspective 320:Brain–computer interface 9563:Artificial intelligence 9461:Simulated consciousness 7987:Human–robot interaction 7143:Engineering cybernetics 7073:Artificial intelligence 6792:Science Fiction Studies 6697:Literature and Medicine 6497:. Carlton. p. 41. 6418:14 January 2016 at the 6340:Rottenschlage, Andreas 4856:10.1073/pnas.1610554113 4791:10.1126/science.aad3317 3295:"Entry from OED Online" 3143:Sterling, Bruce. 1985. 2113:and the t:slim x2 from 2038:. After the patient is 1266:, a British scientist, 1161:, is used to replace a 1019:In 2001, a book titled 991:Rockland State Hospital 883:artificial intelligence 710:, using this synthetic 644:collective intelligence 32:Cyborg (disambiguation) 9811:Science fiction themes 9715:Technology and society 8583:Science Fiction Museum 7466:Walter Bradford Cannon 7356:Ludwig von Bertalanffy 7211:Alfred Radcliffe-Brown 7158:Management cybernetics 7083:Biomedical cybernetics 7078:Biological cybernetics 6997:23 August 2018 at the 6805:Muri, Allison. 2003. " 6778:Mertz, David. 2008. " 6652:." Pp. 103–18 in 6604:. New York: Routledge. 5920:5 January 2012 at the 5894:cyborganthropology.com 4914:10.1002/advs.202204175 4701:10.1002/anie.200501711 4556:10.1126/sciadv.aaz3194 4375:10.1089/soro.2017.0038 3971:"Bring on the bodyNET" 3829:. 2010. Archived from 3628:12 August 2012 at the 3590:Andy Miah, Emma Rich: 3428:"OPRA™ Implant System" 3230:"Les Mystères de Lyon" 3199:Zehr, E. Paul (2011). 3162:English Version online 2707:Biomedical engineering 2702:Biohybrid microswimmer 2651:Sundance Film Festival 2609:River Falls, Wisconsin 2320: 2217:by researchers at the 2008:Deep brain stimulation 1888:retinal ganglion cells 1858:transhumanist movement 1672:Practical applications 1611:Moorella thermoacetica 1575:Bacterial cyborg cells 1482:biomedical engineering 1479:University of Michigan 1470: 1461:§ In the military 1250:neurotrophic electrode 1180:central nervous system 1146: 1127:gastrointestinal tract 1107:, suggesting that the 1013: 983: 847:Deus Ex: Invisible War 574:—is a being with both 315:Biomedical engineering 221:by rewriting it in an 9314:Organ transplantation 8573:Libraries and museums 8494:Cyberpunk derivatives 8448:Utopian and dystopian 8093:Starship Technologies 7426:Anthony Stafford Beer 7261:Ernst von Glasersfeld 7017:First Cyborg Olympics 6980:2 August 2019 at the 5719:on 10 September 2010. 5694:9 August 2011 at the 4408:. BBC News Technology 3536:Archives of Neurology 2306: 2270:motorized wheelchairs 2142:§ Animal cyborgs 1646:environmental factors 1473:The US-based company 1468: 1457:Remote control animal 1364:printed circuit board 1140: 1071:, and others, at the 1008: 975: 932:The Nyctalope on Mars 930:(later translated as 844:). The computer game 702:in the body, perform 418:Morphological freedom 355:Whole brain emulation 330:Distributed cognition 9665:Fictional technology 9660:Fictional astronauts 9517:Frankenstein complex 8043:Energid Technologies 7456:Valentin Braitenberg 7336:Jay Wright Forrester 7010:www.corpshybride.net 6862:10.1353/cj.2005.0011 6675:New York: Routledge. 6628:Halacy, D. S. 1965. 6595:The Artificial Human 6556:Natural-Born Cyborgs 6184:Natural-Born Cyborgs 6088:. 16 September 2010. 5862:20 July 2012 at the 5743:The Robot is Present 5361:. pp. 405–408. 5071:Marsen, Sky (2008). 4661:10.1038/news051017-3 4244:Greenemeier, Larry. 3745:15 July 2011 at the 3267:(12 February 2016). 3123:10.1109/TDSC.2012.75 2962:D. S. Halacy. 1965. 2549:In cognitive science 2494:In body modification 2287:coronavirus pandemic 2266:robotic exoskeletons 2115:Tandem Diabetes Care 1941:endlessly. By using 1884:retinitis pigmentosa 1406:or, with some using 1300:perception of colors 1159:Otto Bock HealthCare 1157:system developed by 1121:cells, a species of 971:enhanced human being 897:. As early as 1843, 881:themselves from the 761:has been suggested. 686:Biosocial definition 546:techno-organic being 428:Techno-progressivism 30:For other uses, see 9796:Implants (medicine) 9705:Speculative fiction 9299:Genetic engineering 8134:Powered exoskeleton 7481:William Grey Walter 7421:Sergei P. Kurdyumov 7381:N. Katherine Hayles 7163:Medical cybernetics 7123:Conversation theory 6987:Cyborg Anthropology 6874:. Garden City, NY: 6602:The Cyborg Handbook 6182:Clark, Andy. 2004. 5824:"This Art Is Yours" 5763:marcodonnarumma.org 5510:on 10 February 2011 5403:on 10 February 2011 5100:Scientific American 4962:The Cyborg Handbook 4847:2016PNAS..11311750K 4841:(42): 11750–11755. 4782:2016Sci...351...74S 4548:2020SciA....6.3194X 4485:. 22 September 2022 4302:2010SciAm.303f..94M 4290:Scientific American 4271:"Research Projects" 4250:Scientific American 3987:2017Natur.549..328C 3770:premium-speakers.ae 3713:Alfredo M. Ronchi: 3707:The Daily Telegraph 3671:, 24 February 2008. 3623:"I listen to color" 3570:Alfredo M. Ronchi: 3376:2013ITNan..12..111D 2935:. Springer Nature. 2839:(sup1): 1215–1225. 2103:blood glucose level 2064:invasive procedures 2052:region of the brain 2020:Alzheimer's disease 2016:Parkinson's disease 1512:as the controller. 1423:Stanford University 1316:Transpecies Society 1242:Vietnam War veteran 1105:electron microscopy 1065:Raffaele Di Giacomo 820:powered exoskeleton 640:wearable technology 638:or, in some cases, 530:cyber-organic being 522:cybernetic organism 371:Cyborg anthropology 335:Genetic engineering 276:Part of a series on 9532:Message from space 9497:Ancient astronauts 9385:Parallel universes 9360:Extrasolar planets 9267:Biological warfare 8389:Parallel universes 8271:Scientific romance 8103:Universal Robotics 8078:Intuitive Surgical 8068:Harvest Automation 8033:Barrett Technology 7815:Robotic spacecraft 7661:Audio-Animatronics 7461:William Ross Ashby 7386:Natalia Bekhtereva 7361:Maleyka Abbaszadeh 7301:Heinz von Foerster 7226:Buckminster Fuller 7153:Information theory 7103:Catastrophe theory 6811:Body & Society 6760:Ghost in the Shell 6636:Halberstam, Judith 6623:Arsenal Pulp Press 6402:, 20 November 2010 6364:El Comercio (Peru) 6300:10.1111/ecaf.12394 6146:on 20 January 2016 6106:The New York Times 5875:Volkart, Yvonne; " 5828:thisartisyours.com 5811:In Motion Magazine 5603:"A bug's-eye view" 4342:on 6 December 2017 4225:on 13 January 2014 4199:. Kickstarter, Inc 3793:. 23 January 2016. 3710:, 12 January 2005. 3305:on 24 August 2010. 3269:"La Hire, Jean de" 2833:The Design Journal 2697:Biological machine 2602:Cyborg data mining 2559:Theorists such as 2462:Artists as cyborgs 2354:Patricia Piccinini 2321: 2171:Cornell University 1997:locked-in syndrome 1907:electrical signals 1691:possibly contains 1557:welfare of animals 1471: 1255:In 2002, Canadian 1153:applications, the 1147: 1093:optical microscopy 1058:tissue engineering 999:The New York Times 778:Internet protocols 732:intraocular lenses 708:electrical stimuli 706:, and can deliver 700:voltage potentials 675:A Cyborg Manifesto 620:enhanced abilities 542:technorganic being 423:Singularitarianism 223:encyclopedic style 210:is written like a 93:possibly contains 9758: 9757: 9650:Alternate history 9638: 9637: 9599:Simulated reality 9329:Sex and sexuality 9282:Extraterrestrials 9201: 9200: 9028: 9027: 9024: 9023: 8765:Campbell Memorial 8542: 8541: 8411:Planetary romance 8201: 8200: 8144:Robotic tech vest 8073:Honeybee Robotics 7889:Electric unicycle 7842:remotely-operated 7489: 7488: 7411:Ranulph Glanville 7326:Jakob von Uexküll 7306:Humberto Maturana 7266:Francis Heylighen 6946:Library resources 6907:Reference entries 6723:Mann, Steve, and 6439:Stableford, Brian 6428:, 22 January 2013 6383:, 3 January 2011. 6236:978-1-4799-0929-2 6102:Cyborgs and Space 5988:on 10 August 2012 5136:. 26 August 2012. 5038:Artificial Organs 5000:Technology Review 4694:(41): 6668–6673. 4602:. 11 January 2023 4600:Popular Mechanics 4147:. Backyard Brains 3981:(7672): 328–330. 3753:, 18 January 2005 3723:978-3-540-75273-8 3693:978-0-14-317786-9 3661:Brooks, Richard. 3657:978-0-415-37622-8 3608:978-0-415-39364-5 3600:978-0-415-37622-8 3580:978-3-540-75273-8 3497:Macintyre, James 3444:30 November 2022. 3416:on 30 March 2008. 3327:on 5 October 2013 3185:978-0-241-39936-1 2942:978-3-030-35746-7 2889:978-1-7998-9233-5 2799:Cyborgs and Space 2737:Nanobiotechnology 2727:Human enhancement 2631:Cyborg Foundation 2625:Cyborg Foundation 2501:augmented reality 2484:Manfred E. Clynes 2313:Cyborg Foundation 2311:, founder of the 2032:chronic headaches 2024:Tourette syndrome 1947:computer modeling 1868:, endurance, and 1797: 1796: 1736: 1735: 1728: 1693:original research 1641:Escherichia. coli 1589:materials science 1581:synthetic biology 1579:A combination of 1562:at disaster sites 1398:, open or unlock 1331:shooting accident 1321:rights of cyborgs 1312:Cyborg Foundation 1192:magnetic implants 1188:cochlear implants 1026:was published by 1023:Wearable computer 1002:reported on the " 963:Manfred E. Clynes 920:Le Mystère des XV 870:In his 2019 book 806:electrical plants 802:electrical wiring 716:cochlear implants 704:signal processing 632:artificial organs 590:. In contrast to 520:) (also known as 485: 484: 408:Cognitive liberty 345:Human enhancement 269: 268: 261: 251: 250: 243: 193: 192: 185: 159:used on Knowledge 157:encyclopedic tone 138: 137: 130: 95:original research 75: 16:(Redirected from 9828: 9821:1960s neologisms 9791:Cyberpunk themes 9747: 9737: 9736: 9575:Astroengineering 9507:Evil corporation 9234:Matrioshka brain 9212: 9211: 9151:List of TV shows 9037: 9036: 8717: 8716: 8551: 8550: 8421:Sword and planet 8311: 8310: 8228: 8221: 8214: 8205: 8204: 8189: 8188: 8177: 8176: 8161:Fictional robots 8129:Critique of work 7778:Unmanned vehicle 7594: 7516: 7509: 7502: 7493: 7492: 7476:Warren McCulloch 7451:Valentin Turchin 7401:Pyotr Grigorenko 7346:John N. Warfield 7271:Francisco Varela 7231:Charles François 7201:Alexander Lerner 7178:Sociocybernetics 7098:Neurocybernetics 7051: 7044: 7037: 7028: 7027: 6868:Rorvik, David M. 6843:" (PhD thesis). 6755:Shirow, Masamune 6687: 6640:Posthuman Bodies 6592: 6517: 6516: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6474: 6472: 6435: 6429: 6409: 6403: 6390: 6384: 6374: 6368: 6356: 6350: 6346:The Red Bulletin 6338: 6332: 6319: 6313: 6312: 6302: 6287:Economic Affairs 6278: 6272: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6255: 6249: 6248: 6214: 6205: 6204: 6202: 6193: 6187: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6162: 6156: 6155: 6153: 6151: 6142:. Archived from 6132: 6126: 6125: 6124:. 16 April 2017. 6114: 6108: 6099: 6090: 6089: 6078: 6072: 6071: 6035: 6029: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6004: 5998: 5997: 5995: 5993: 5984:. Archived from 5973: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5962: 5957:on 26 April 2012 5953:. Archived from 5944: 5938: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5911: 5905: 5904: 5902: 5900: 5886: 5880: 5873: 5867: 5853: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5839: 5830:. 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Archived from 5385: 5379: 5378: 5353: 5347: 5343: 5337: 5336: 5311:(6): 1727–1733. 5300: 5294: 5291: 5285: 5278: 5272: 5266: 5260: 5257:Washington Times 5250: 5244: 5243: 5242:. 22 March 2020. 5236: 5230: 5229: 5228:. 22 March 2020. 5222: 5216: 5215: 5214:. 22 March 2020. 5208: 5202: 5201: 5200:. 22 March 2020. 5194: 5188: 5187: 5175: 5169: 5162: 5156: 5155: 5144: 5138: 5137: 5126: 5120: 5117: 5111: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5091: 5085: 5084: 5068: 5062: 5061: 5033: 5027: 5026: 5014: 5008: 5007: 4992:Chorost, Michael 4988: 4982: 4971: 4965: 4958: 4952: 4951: 4933: 4902:Advanced Science 4893: 4887: 4886: 4876: 4858: 4826: 4820: 4819: 4793: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4736: 4730: 4729: 4703: 4679: 4673: 4672: 4644: 4638: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4628:. 22 August 2017 4618: 4612: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4592: 4586: 4585: 4575: 4536:Science Advances 4527: 4521: 4520: 4518: 4516: 4504:Kooser, Amanda. 4501: 4495: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4475: 4469: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4424: 4418: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4401: 4395: 4394: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4338:. Archived from 4328: 4322: 4321: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4267: 4261: 4260: 4258: 4256: 4241: 4235: 4234: 4232: 4230: 4221:. Archived from 4215: 4209: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4192: 4186: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4166: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4140: 4134: 4133: 4131: 4129: 4124:. Michigan Daily 4117: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4104: 4088: 4078: 4068: 4044: 4035: 4034: 4032: 4030: 4015: 4009: 4008: 3998: 3966: 3960: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3943: 3937: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3895: 3889: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3841: 3835: 3834: 3833:on 15 June 2010. 3823: 3817: 3816: 3804: 3795: 3794: 3787: 3781: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3762: 3756: 3668:The Sunday Times 3643: 3637: 3620: 3611: 3588: 3582: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3551: 3527: 3521: 3514: 3508: 3495: 3489: 3482: 3476: 3475:, September 2002 3466: 3460: 3459: 3452: 3446: 3445: 3438: 3432: 3431: 3424: 3418: 3417: 3412:. Archived from 3402: 3396: 3395: 3356: 3350: 3343: 3337: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3323:. Archived from 3313: 3307: 3306: 3301:. 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Brown 7276:Frederic Vester 7256:Erich von Holst 7216:Allenna Leonard 7206:Alexey Lyapunov 7187: 7133:Decision theory 7061: 7055: 6999:Wayback Machine 6982:Wayback Machine 6971: 6970: 6969: 6954: 6953: 6949: 6942: 6937: 6725:Hal Niedzviecki 6681: 6586: 6584:Sabine Rossbach 6545:Cyborg; A Novel 6525: 6523:Further reading 6520: 6505: 6484: 6480: 6470: 6468: 6459:Sleight, Graham 6455:Langford, David 6443:Langford, David 6436: 6432: 6425:Chicago Tribune 6420:Wayback Machine 6410: 6406: 6391: 6387: 6375: 6371: 6367:, 1 March 2011. 6357: 6353: 6349:, 1 March 2011. 6339: 6335: 6331:, 1 March 2011. 6320: 6316: 6279: 6275: 6265: 6263: 6256: 6252: 6237: 6221:. p. 206. 6215: 6208: 6200: 6194: 6190: 6181: 6177: 6164: 6163: 6159: 6149: 6147: 6134: 6133: 6129: 6122:solarstorms.org 6116: 6115: 6111: 6100: 6093: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6036: 6032: 6024: 6020: 6005: 6001: 5991: 5989: 5974: 5970: 5960: 5958: 5951:iheartchaos.com 5946: 5945: 5941: 5932: 5931: 5927: 5922:Wayback Machine 5912: 5908: 5898: 5896: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5874: 5870: 5864:Wayback Machine 5854: 5847: 5837: 5835: 5822: 5821: 5817: 5805: 5801: 5795:Huffington Post 5789: 5782: 5774: 5770: 5757: 5756: 5752: 5740: 5736: 5728: 5724: 5707: 5706: 5702: 5696:Wayback Machine 5687: 5683: 5668: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5599: 5595: 5542: 5538: 5531: 5527: 5513: 5511: 5493: 5489: 5480: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5456: 5452: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5420: 5416: 5406: 5404: 5386: 5382: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5340: 5301: 5297: 5292: 5288: 5279: 5275: 5267: 5263: 5251: 5247: 5238: 5237: 5233: 5224: 5223: 5219: 5210: 5209: 5205: 5196: 5195: 5191: 5176: 5172: 5163: 5159: 5154:. 3 March 2014. 5152:The Independent 5146: 5145: 5141: 5134:Harvard Gazette 5128: 5127: 5123: 5118: 5114: 5104: 5102: 5092: 5088: 5069: 5065: 5034: 5030: 5015: 5011: 4996:"The Naked Ear" 4989: 4985: 4977:. Minneapolis: 4972: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4894: 4890: 4827: 4823: 4776:(6268): 74–77. 4762: 4758: 4748: 4746: 4738: 4737: 4733: 4680: 4676: 4645: 4641: 4631: 4629: 4620: 4619: 4615: 4605: 4603: 4594: 4593: 4589: 4542:(5): eaaz3194. 4528: 4524: 4514: 4512: 4502: 4498: 4488: 4486: 4477: 4476: 4472: 4462: 4460: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4425: 4421: 4411: 4409: 4402: 4398: 4359: 4355: 4345: 4343: 4330: 4329: 4325: 4286: 4282: 4269: 4268: 4264: 4254: 4252: 4242: 4238: 4228: 4226: 4217: 4216: 4212: 4202: 4200: 4193: 4189: 4179: 4177: 4167: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4125: 4118: 4114: 4102: 4100: 4092: 4045: 4038: 4028: 4026: 4016: 4012: 3996:10.1038/549328a 3967: 3963: 3953: 3951: 3944: 3940: 3930: 3928: 3923: 3922: 3918: 3908: 3906: 3897: 3896: 3892: 3882: 3880: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3843: 3842: 3838: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3805: 3798: 3789: 3788: 3784: 3774: 3772: 3764: 3763: 3759: 3747:Wayback Machine 3736:, 10 July 2010. 3730:, La Contra de 3685:Wayback Machine 3644: 3640: 3636:, 27 June 2012. 3630:Wayback Machine 3621: 3614: 3589: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3542:(10): 1369–73. 3528: 3524: 3515: 3511: 3504:The Independent 3496: 3492: 3483: 3479: 3467: 3463: 3454: 3453: 3449: 3440: 3439: 3435: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3404: 3403: 3399: 3357: 3353: 3344: 3340: 3330: 3328: 3315: 3314: 3310: 3293: 3292: 3288: 3278: 3276: 3262: 3258: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3226: 3222: 3215: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3172: 3168: 3160:. Hamburg 1994 3157: 3153: 3142: 3138: 3107: 3103: 3072: 3068: 3058: 3056: 3046: 3042: 3033:Wayback Machine 3022: 3018: 2997:(25/26): 8–23. 2987: 2983: 2974: 2970: 2961: 2957: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2927: 2923: 2913: 2911: 2902: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2874: 2870: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2809: 2797: 2790: 2786: 2781: 2767:Wetware (brain) 2677: 2669: 2659: 2627: 2589: 2583:Mobile security 2579: 2557: 2551: 2522:Stephen Hawking 2518: 2496: 2488:Nathan S. Kline 2464: 2420: 2301: 2295: 2264:legs and arms, 2253: 2243: 2192:In 2009 at the 2148: 2138: 2136:In the military 2087:Type 1 Diabetes 2076: 1981: 1821:Michael Chorost 1816: 1803: 1793: 1787: 1784: 1765: 1752: 1748: 1741: 1732: 1721: 1715: 1712: 1697: 1685: 1681: 1674: 1632:Academia Sinica 1616:cadmium sulfide 1599:Bacillus cereus 1577: 1475:Backyard Brains 1463: 1449: 1416: 1215:William Dobelle 1211:brain interface 1135: 1113:carbon nanotube 1085:co-precipitated 1042: 967:Nathan S. Kline 940:space explorers 936:Edmond Hamilton 922: 909:introduced the 907:Jean de La Hire 899:Edgar Allan Poe 891: 856: 688: 666:D. S. Halacy's 664: 648:augmented human 626:, for example: 604: 588:Nathan S. Kline 550:techno-organism 496: 492: 481: 340:Human ecosystem 265: 254: 253: 252: 247: 236: 230: 227: 219:help improve it 216: 204: 200: 189: 178: 172: 169: 162: 153:This article's 149: 145: 134: 123: 117: 114: 99: 87: 83: 46: 42: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9834: 9824: 9823: 9818: 9813: 9808: 9803: 9798: 9793: 9788: 9783: 9781:Biocybernetics 9778: 9773: 9756: 9755: 9752: 9751: 9741: 9730: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9723: 9722: 9717: 9712: 9707: 9702: 9697: 9692: 9690:Rubber science 9687: 9682: 9677: 9672: 9670:Future history 9667: 9662: 9657: 9652: 9646: 9644: 9640: 9639: 9636: 9635: 9633: 9632: 9626: 9624: 9620: 9619: 9617: 9616: 9611: 9606: 9601: 9596: 9591: 9582: 9577: 9572: 9571: 9570: 9559: 9557: 9553: 9552: 9550: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9514: 9509: 9504: 9499: 9494: 9492:Alien language 9489: 9487:Alien invasion 9484: 9479: 9473: 9471: 9467: 9466: 9464: 9463: 9458: 9453: 9451:Mind uploading 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9433: 9432: 9427: 9422: 9412: 9407: 9402: 9397: 9392: 9387: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9367: 9362: 9357: 9352: 9346: 9344: 9340: 9339: 9337: 9336: 9331: 9326: 9321: 9316: 9311: 9309:Nanotechnology 9306: 9301: 9296: 9291: 9290: 9289: 9279: 9274: 9269: 9263: 9261: 9255: 9254: 9252: 9251: 9246: 9244:Stellar engine 9241: 9236: 9231: 9226: 9220: 9218: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9199: 9198: 9196: 9195: 9190: 9189: 9188: 9183: 9173: 9168: 9163: 9158: 9153: 9147: 9145: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9124: 9122: 9118: 9117: 9115: 9114: 9109: 9104: 9099: 9094: 9088: 9086: 9082: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9061: 9056: 9051: 9045: 9043: 9034: 9030: 9029: 9026: 9025: 9022: 9021: 9019: 9018: 9013: 9008: 9003: 8998: 8993: 8987: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8972: 8967: 8962: 8957: 8952: 8947: 8942: 8937: 8932: 8927: 8922: 8917: 8912: 8907: 8902: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8872: 8867: 8862: 8857: 8852: 8847: 8842: 8837: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8802: 8797: 8792: 8787: 8782: 8777: 8772: 8767: 8762: 8757: 8752: 8746: 8744: 8741:Literary, art, 8738: 8737: 8735: 8734: 8729: 8723: 8721: 8714: 8710: 8709: 8707: 8706: 8701: 8696: 8691: 8686: 8681: 8676: 8671: 8666: 8661: 8656: 8651: 8646: 8641: 8636: 8631: 8626: 8621: 8616: 8610: 8608: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8600: 8595: 8590: 8585: 8580: 8575: 8570: 8565: 8560: 8554: 8548: 8544: 8543: 8540: 8539: 8537: 8536: 8531: 8526: 8521: 8516: 8511: 8510: 8509: 8498: 8496: 8490: 8489: 8487: 8486: 8481: 8480: 8479: 8469: 8468: 8467: 8462: 8452: 8451: 8450: 8445: 8440: 8435: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8398: 8397: 8396: 8386: 8385: 8384: 8379: 8374: 8364: 8359: 8358: 8357: 8347: 8342: 8337: 8332: 8331: 8330: 8320: 8314: 8308: 8304: 8303: 8301: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8279: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8263: 8253: 8247: 8245: 8239: 8238: 8231: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8208: 8199: 8198: 8196: 8195: 8183: 8170: 8167: 8166: 8164: 8163: 8158: 8156:Terrainability 8153: 8148: 8147: 8146: 8136: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8116: 8115: 8110: 8105: 8100: 8095: 8090: 8085: 8080: 8075: 8070: 8065: 8060: 8055: 8050: 8045: 8040: 8035: 8030: 8025: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8012: 8010: 8009: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7984: 7979: 7974: 7969: 7964: 7959: 7954: 7949: 7943: 7941: 7937: 7936: 7934: 7933: 7928: 7923: 7918: 7912: 7910: 7900: 7899: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7886: 7881: 7880: 7879: 7869: 7863: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7851: 7850: 7849: 7844: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7823: 7822: 7812: 7807: 7802: 7797: 7792: 7791: 7790: 7785: 7775: 7770: 7768:Cloud robotics 7765: 7759: 7757: 7753: 7752: 7750: 7749: 7744: 7739: 7734: 7729: 7724: 7719: 7714: 7709: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7683: 7682: 7672: 7667: 7666: 7665: 7664: 7663: 7648: 7643: 7638: 7637: 7636: 7631: 7626: 7621: 7611: 7605: 7603: 7597: 7596: 7589: 7587: 7585: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7533: 7531: 7527: 7526: 7519: 7518: 7511: 7504: 7496: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7436:Stuart Umpleby 7433: 7428: 7423: 7418: 7413: 7408: 7403: 7398: 7396:Norbert Wiener 7393: 7391:Niklas Luhmann 7388: 7383: 7378: 7373: 7368: 7366:Manfred Clynes 7363: 7358: 7353: 7348: 7343: 7341:Jennifer Wilby 7338: 7333: 7328: 7323: 7318: 7313: 7311:I. A. Richards 7308: 7303: 7298: 7293: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7253: 7248: 7246:Claude Bernard 7243: 7241:Margaret Boden 7238: 7236:Genevieve Bell 7233: 7228: 7223: 7221:Anthony Wilden 7218: 7213: 7208: 7203: 7197: 7195: 7193:Cyberneticians 7189: 7188: 7186: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7173:Cybersemiotics 7170: 7165: 7160: 7155: 7150: 7145: 7140: 7135: 7130: 7125: 7120: 7118:Control theory 7115: 7110: 7105: 7100: 7095: 7090: 7085: 7080: 7075: 7069: 7067: 7063: 7062: 7054: 7053: 7046: 7039: 7031: 7025: 7024: 7019: 7014: 7007: 7001: 6992:Insect Cyborgs 6989: 6984: 6968: 6967: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6944: 6943: 6941: 6940:External links 6938: 6936: 6935: 6928: 6927:, p. 151. 6917: 6904: 6903: 6896:Warwick, Kevin 6893: 6886: 6879: 6865: 6853:Cinema Journal 6848: 6837: 6830: 6803: 6796: 6787: 6776: 6752: 6721: 6711: 6701: 6692: 6679:Ikada, Yoshito 6676: 6669: 6646:Haraway, Donna 6643: 6633: 6626: 6616: 6605: 6598: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6549: 6540:Caidin, Martin 6537: 6526: 6524: 6521: 6519: 6518: 6503: 6489:, ed. (1996). 6487:Pringle, David 6478: 6467:(4th ed.) 6430: 6404: 6392:Martínez, Ll. 6385: 6376:Calls, Albert 6369: 6351: 6333: 6314: 6273: 6250: 6235: 6206: 6188: 6175: 6172:. 10 May 2017. 6157: 6127: 6109: 6091: 6073: 6046:(3): 397–404. 6030: 6018: 5999: 5968: 5939: 5925: 5906: 5881: 5868: 5855:Tenney, Tom; " 5845: 5834:on 11 May 2013 5815: 5799: 5780: 5768: 5750: 5734: 5722: 5700: 5681: 5662: 5648: 5593: 5536: 5525: 5487: 5481:Guizzo, Eric. 5471: 5462: 5450: 5441: 5414: 5380: 5348: 5338: 5295: 5286: 5273: 5261: 5245: 5231: 5217: 5203: 5189: 5170: 5157: 5139: 5121: 5112: 5094:Horgan, John. 5086: 5063: 5044:(2): 161–165. 5028: 5009: 4983: 4966: 4953: 4908:(9): 2204175. 4888: 4821: 4756: 4731: 4674: 4639: 4613: 4587: 4522: 4496: 4470: 4445: 4419: 4396: 4353: 4336:www.ntu.edu.sg 4323: 4280: 4262: 4236: 4210: 4187: 4158: 4135: 4112: 4110: 4109: 4036: 4010: 3961: 3938: 3916: 3905:. 9 April 2017 3890: 3879:. 3 April 2017 3862: 3836: 3818: 3796: 3782: 3757: 3755: 3754: 3737: 3725: 3711: 3695: 3672: 3638: 3612: 3583: 3563: 3522: 3509: 3490: 3477: 3473:Wired Magazine 3461: 3458:. 24 May 2022. 3447: 3433: 3419: 3410:ottobockus.com 3397: 3370:(2): 111–114. 3351: 3338: 3308: 3286: 3256: 3243:978-2862723242 3242: 3220: 3214:978-1421402260 3213: 3191: 3184: 3166: 3151: 3149:. Arbor House. 3136: 3117:(6): 811–824. 3101: 3066: 3040: 3016: 3003:10.2307/466237 2981: 2968: 2955: 2941: 2921: 2910:. 16 June 2016 2895: 2888: 2882:. IGI Global. 2868: 2816: 2807: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2759: 2754: 2749: 2744: 2739: 2734: 2729: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2678: 2676: 2673: 2658: 2655: 2635:Neil Harbisson 2626: 2623: 2578: 2575: 2550: 2547: 2517: 2514: 2495: 2492: 2480:Norbert Wiener 2473:cyborg artists 2463: 2460: 2456:Electric Sheep 2413:nervous system 2374:Manel De Aguas 2366:Neil Harbisson 2338:Shu Lea Cheang 2307:Cyborg artist 2294: 2291: 2242: 2239: 2137: 2134: 2075: 2072: 2068:drug treatment 1980: 1977: 1968:John A. Rogers 1829:Jesse Sullivan 1815: 1812: 1795: 1794: 1774:it, or adding 1755: 1753: 1746: 1740: 1737: 1734: 1733: 1688: 1686: 1679: 1673: 1670: 1624:carbon dioxide 1585:nanotechnology 1576: 1573: 1543:including the 1448: 1447:Animal cyborgs 1445: 1415: 1412: 1408:cryptocurrency 1360:low-resolution 1350:prosthetic eye 1296:cyborg antenna 1292:Neil Harbisson 1272:nervous system 1264:Project Cyborg 1203:brain implants 1199:vision science 1165:that has been 1143:Neil Harbisson 1134: 1131: 1079:combined with 1041: 1038: 948:Captain Future 944:The Comet Doom 890: 887: 878:James Lovelock 855: 852: 812:Bruce Sterling 720:contact lenses 687: 684: 663: 660: 603: 600: 584:Manfred Clynes 580:biomechatronic 526:cyber-organism 483: 482: 480: 479: 472: 465: 457: 454: 453: 452: 451: 443: 442: 438: 437: 436: 435: 430: 425: 420: 415: 410: 402: 401: 397: 396: 395: 394: 389: 381: 380: 376: 375: 374: 373: 365: 364: 360: 359: 358: 357: 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 299: 298: 294: 293: 285: 284: 278: 277: 267: 266: 249: 248: 207: 205: 198: 191: 190: 152: 150: 143: 136: 135: 90: 88: 81: 76: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9833: 9822: 9819: 9817: 9816:Transhumanism 9814: 9812: 9809: 9807: 9804: 9802: 9799: 9797: 9794: 9792: 9789: 9787: 9786:Biotechnology 9784: 9782: 9779: 9777: 9774: 9772: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9750: 9746: 9742: 9740: 9732: 9731: 9727: 9721: 9718: 9716: 9713: 9711: 9708: 9706: 9703: 9701: 9698: 9696: 9693: 9691: 9688: 9686: 9683: 9681: 9680:Magic realism 9678: 9676: 9673: 9671: 9668: 9666: 9663: 9661: 9658: 9656: 9653: 9651: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9641: 9631: 9628: 9627: 9625: 9621: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9607: 9605: 9602: 9600: 9597: 9595: 9592: 9590: 9586: 9583: 9581: 9578: 9576: 9573: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9564: 9561: 9560: 9558: 9556:Technological 9554: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9537:Transhumanism 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9513: 9512:First contact 9510: 9508: 9505: 9503: 9500: 9498: 9495: 9493: 9490: 9488: 9485: 9483: 9480: 9478: 9475: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9462: 9459: 9457: 9454: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9439:Psychological 9437: 9431: 9428: 9426: 9423: 9420: 9416: 9413: 9411: 9410:Teleportation 9408: 9406: 9403: 9401: 9398: 9396: 9393: 9391: 9390:Portable hole 9388: 9386: 9383: 9381: 9378: 9376: 9373: 9371: 9368: 9366: 9363: 9361: 9358: 9356: 9353: 9351: 9348: 9347: 9345: 9341: 9335: 9332: 9330: 9327: 9325: 9322: 9320: 9317: 9315: 9312: 9310: 9307: 9305: 9302: 9300: 9297: 9295: 9292: 9288: 9285: 9284: 9283: 9280: 9278: 9275: 9273: 9270: 9268: 9265: 9264: 9262: 9260: 9256: 9250: 9247: 9245: 9242: 9240: 9237: 9235: 9232: 9230: 9227: 9225: 9222: 9221: 9219: 9217: 9216:Architectural 9213: 9210: 9208: 9204: 9194: 9191: 9187: 9184: 9182: 9179: 9178: 9177: 9174: 9172: 9169: 9167: 9164: 9162: 9159: 9157: 9154: 9152: 9149: 9148: 9146: 9144: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9125: 9123: 9119: 9113: 9112:Short stories 9110: 9108: 9105: 9103: 9100: 9098: 9095: 9093: 9090: 9089: 9087: 9083: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9067: 9066: 9065: 9062: 9060: 9057: 9055: 9052: 9050: 9047: 9046: 9044: 9042: 9038: 9035: 9031: 9017: 9014: 9012: 9009: 9007: 9004: 9002: 8999: 8997: 8994: 8992: 8989: 8988: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8963: 8961: 8958: 8956: 8953: 8951: 8948: 8946: 8943: 8941: 8938: 8936: 8935:Tähtivaeltaja 8933: 8931: 8928: 8926: 8923: 8921: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8861: 8858: 8856: 8853: 8851: 8848: 8846: 8843: 8841: 8838: 8836: 8833: 8831: 8828: 8826: 8823: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8801: 8798: 8796: 8793: 8791: 8788: 8786: 8783: 8781: 8778: 8776: 8773: 8771: 8768: 8766: 8763: 8761: 8758: 8756: 8753: 8751: 8748: 8747: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8730: 8728: 8725: 8724: 8722: 8718: 8715: 8711: 8705: 8702: 8700: 8697: 8695: 8692: 8690: 8687: 8685: 8682: 8680: 8677: 8675: 8672: 8670: 8667: 8665: 8662: 8660: 8657: 8655: 8652: 8650: 8647: 8645: 8642: 8640: 8637: 8635: 8632: 8630: 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8193: 8184: 8182: 8181: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8162: 8159: 8157: 8154: 8152: 8149: 8145: 8142: 8141: 8140: 8137: 8135: 8132: 8130: 8127: 8126: 8124: 8120: 8114: 8111: 8109: 8108:Wolf Robotics 8106: 8104: 8101: 8099: 8096: 8094: 8091: 8089: 8086: 8084: 8081: 8079: 8076: 8074: 8071: 8069: 8066: 8064: 8063:Foster-Miller 8061: 8059: 8056: 8054: 8051: 8049: 8046: 8044: 8041: 8039: 8036: 8034: 8031: 8029: 8026: 8024: 8021: 8020: 8018: 8014: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7988: 7985: 7983: 7982:Developmental 7980: 7978: 7975: 7973: 7970: 7968: 7965: 7963: 7960: 7958: 7955: 7953: 7950: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7929: 7927: 7924: 7922: 7919: 7917: 7914: 7913: 7911: 7909: 7905: 7901: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7878: 7875: 7874: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7860: 7856: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7839: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7818: 7817: 7816: 7813: 7811: 7808: 7806: 7803: 7801: 7798: 7796: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7754: 7748: 7747:Soft robotics 7745: 7743: 7742:BEAM robotics 7740: 7738: 7735: 7733: 7730: 7728: 7725: 7723: 7720: 7718: 7715: 7713: 7710: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7697:Entertainment 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7677: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7662: 7659: 7658: 7657: 7654: 7653: 7652: 7649: 7647: 7644: 7642: 7639: 7635: 7632: 7630: 7627: 7625: 7622: 7620: 7617: 7616: 7615: 7612: 7610: 7607: 7606: 7604: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7534: 7532: 7530:Main articles 7528: 7524: 7517: 7512: 7510: 7505: 7503: 7498: 7497: 7494: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7446:Ulla Mitzdorf 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7422: 7419: 7417: 7416:Robert Trappl 7414: 7412: 7409: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7382: 7379: 7377: 7374: 7372: 7371:Margaret Mead 7369: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7351:Kevin Warwick 7349: 7347: 7344: 7342: 7339: 7337: 7334: 7332: 7329: 7327: 7324: 7322: 7321:Jacque Fresco 7319: 7317: 7314: 7312: 7309: 7307: 7304: 7302: 7299: 7297: 7294: 7292: 7289: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7252: 7249: 7247: 7244: 7242: 7239: 7237: 7234: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7222: 7219: 7217: 7214: 7212: 7209: 7207: 7204: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7194: 7190: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7159: 7156: 7154: 7151: 7149: 7146: 7144: 7141: 7139: 7136: 7134: 7131: 7129: 7126: 7124: 7121: 7119: 7116: 7114: 7113:Connectionism 7111: 7109: 7106: 7104: 7101: 7099: 7096: 7094: 7091: 7089: 7086: 7084: 7081: 7079: 7076: 7074: 7071: 7070: 7068: 7064: 7060: 7052: 7047: 7045: 7040: 7038: 7033: 7032: 7029: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7011: 7008: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6996: 6993: 6990: 6988: 6985: 6983: 6979: 6976: 6973: 6972: 6966: 6963: 6961: 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6444: 6440: 6434: 6427: 6426: 6421: 6417: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6400: 6395: 6389: 6382: 6379: 6373: 6366: 6365: 6361: 6355: 6348: 6347: 6343: 6337: 6330: 6329: 6328:La Vanguardia 6324: 6321:García, F.C. 6318: 6310: 6306: 6301: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6277: 6261: 6254: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6232: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6213: 6211: 6199: 6192: 6185: 6179: 6171: 6167: 6161: 6145: 6141: 6137: 6131: 6123: 6119: 6113: 6107: 6103: 6098: 6096: 6087: 6083: 6077: 6069: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6053: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6022: 6014: 6010: 6003: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5972: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5943: 5935: 5929: 5923: 5919: 5916: 5910: 5895: 5891: 5885: 5878: 5872: 5865: 5861: 5858: 5852: 5850: 5833: 5829: 5825: 5819: 5812: 5808: 5803: 5796: 5792: 5787: 5785: 5777: 5772: 5764: 5760: 5754: 5748: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5730:Tim Hawkinson 5726: 5718: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5685: 5677: 5676:IEEE Spectrum 5673: 5666: 5658: 5652: 5644: 5640: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5589: 5585: 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4650: 4643: 4627: 4623: 4617: 4601: 4597: 4591: 4583: 4579: 4574: 4569: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4526: 4511: 4507: 4500: 4484: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4434: 4430: 4423: 4407: 4400: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4363:Soft Robotics 4357: 4341: 4337: 4333: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4266: 4251: 4247: 4240: 4224: 4220: 4214: 4198: 4191: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4163: 4146: 4139: 4123: 4116: 4099: 4095: 4090: 4089: 4086: 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4043: 4041: 4025: 4021: 4014: 4006: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3965: 3949: 3942: 3926: 3920: 3904: 3903:Boston Herald 3900: 3894: 3878: 3877: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3849:The Telegraph 3846: 3840: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3814: 3810: 3803: 3801: 3792: 3786: 3771: 3767: 3761: 3752: 3748: 3744: 3741: 3738: 3735: 3734: 3733:La Vanguardia 3729: 3726: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3709: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3698:Bryony Gordon 3696: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3682: 3679: 3678: 3674:Ingram, Jay. 3673: 3670: 3669: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3649: 3642: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3624: 3619: 3617: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3559: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3526: 3519: 3513: 3507:, 29 May 2008 3506: 3505: 3500: 3494: 3487: 3481: 3474: 3470: 3465: 3457: 3451: 3443: 3437: 3429: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3401: 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3326: 3322: 3318: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3290: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3260: 3245: 3239: 3235: 3231: 3224: 3216: 3210: 3207:. p. 5. 3206: 3202: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3164: 3163: 3155: 3148: 3147: 3140: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3089: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3070: 3055: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3037:Donna Haraway 3034: 3030: 3027: 3026: 3020: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2965: 2959: 2944: 2938: 2934: 2933: 2925: 2909: 2905: 2899: 2891: 2885: 2881: 2880: 2872: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2852: 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and 2267: 2263: 2258: 2252: 2248: 2238: 2236: 2235: 2230: 2229: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2209: 2206: 2201: 2199: 2195: 2190: 2186: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2147: 2143: 2133: 2131: 2128: 2124: 2120: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2069: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2037: 2033: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1976: 1974: 1973:heart attacks 1969: 1965: 1961: 1956: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1939:heart beating 1936: 1932: 1927: 1925: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1900: 1895: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1877: 1875: 1871: 1867: 1863: 1859: 1854: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1811: 1807: 1802: 1791: 1788:November 2022 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1763: 1761: 1756:This section 1754: 1745: 1744: 1730: 1727: 1719: 1716:November 2007 1709: 1705: 1701: 1695: 1694: 1689:This section 1687: 1678: 1677: 1669: 1667: 1666:drug-delivery 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 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1037: 1035: 1034: 1029: 1025: 1024: 1017: 1012: 1007: 1005: 1001: 1000: 994: 993:in New York. 992: 988: 987:physiological 982: 980: 974: 972: 968: 964: 959: 957: 953: 952:No Woman Born 949: 945: 941: 937: 933: 929: 926: 921: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 886: 884: 879: 875: 874: 868: 866: 861: 851: 849: 848: 843: 842: 837: 836: 831: 830: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 807: 804:, buildings, 803: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 762: 760: 756: 751: 749: 745: 741: 735: 733: 729: 725: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 693: 683: 680: 679:Donna Haraway 676: 671: 669: 659: 657: 653: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 609: 599: 597: 593: 589: 585: 581: 577: 573: 572: 570: 564: 563: 561: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 517: 490: 478: 473: 471: 466: 464: 459: 458: 456: 455: 450: 447: 446: 445: 444: 440: 439: 434: 433:Transhumanism 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 409: 406: 405: 404: 403: 399: 398: 393: 390: 388: 385: 384: 383: 382: 378: 377: 372: 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R. Giger 2223:Tenebrionid 2062:. Like all 2040:unconscious 1989:grey matter 1943:3D printing 1899:vocal cords 1814:Prosthetics 1776:subheadings 1650:antibiotics 1620:acetic acid 1521:UC Berkeley 1498:Kickstarter 1429:materials ( 1396:swipe cards 1149:In current 979:homeostatic 956:C. L. Moore 923: [ 917:cyborg, in 740:Scandinavia 728:smartphones 612:biorobotics 554:portmanteau 325:Cybernetics 297:Cyborgology 118:August 2020 9765:Categories 9604:Spacecraft 9580:Holography 9446:Group mind 9425:Warp drive 9380:Multiverse 9370:Hyperspace 9259:Biological 9143:Television 9107:Publishers 9085:Literature 8984:Multimedia 8900:Prometheus 8835:Grand Prix 8750:Astounding 8614:Australian 8519:Dieselpunk 8484:Underwater 8283:Golden Age 8007:Ubiquitous 7997:Perceptual 7904:Navigation 7859:Locomotion 7837:Underwater 7722:Disability 7670:Industrial 6671:——— 1990. 6662:S. Whittle 6658:S. Stryker 6648:. 2006. " 6607:——— 2001. 6381:La Tribuna 6358:Redacción 6266:5 November 4749:13 January 4632:13 January 4606:13 January 4515:29 January 4489:20 October 4438:8 December 4412:8 December 4346:6 December 4255:6 December 4229:11 January 4103:20 October 4059:(1): 1–9. 4029:26 October 3634:TED Global 3275:. Gollancz 2784:References 2661:See also: 2657:In fiction 2639:Moon Ribas 2597:telemetric 2581:See also: 2561:Andy Clark 2553:See also: 2539:deep sleep 2370:Moon Ribas 2350:Steve Mann 2309:Moon Ribas 2297:See also: 2262:prosthetic 2245:See also: 2205:cybernetic 2140:See also: 2044:anesthesia 2042:, through 2001:wheelchair 1955:heart rate 1874:personhood 1799:See also: 1772:condensing 1700:improve it 1539:. 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