47:
1542:
1865:
1898:
991:
574:. Since then, Nepali is only taught in the home and has become a spoken language in Bhutan. Thus, some Nepali speakers from southern Bhutan cannot read or write in Nepali. Currently, Nepali is the first language for most southern Bhutanese and most people use it in their home. Also, Nepali is most commonly used in school outside of the classes.
354:
The government traditionally attempted to limit immigration and restrict residence and employment of Nepali to the southern region. Liberalization measures in the 1970s and 1980s encouraged intermarriage and provided increasing opportunities for public service. The government allowed more internal
346:, Raja Ugen Dorji and (son) Raja Sonam Togbay Dorji started in the reigns of the second and third kings. Immigrants from Nepal and India continued to enter Bhutan with an increase from the 1960s when Bhutan's first modern five-year plan began, many arriving as construction workers.
439:"The army took all the people from their houses... As we left Bhutan, we were forced to sign the document. They snapped our photos. The man told me to smile, to show my teeth. He wanted to show that I was leaving my country willingly, happily, that I was not forced to leave"
279:, began to be used by the Bhutanese state in the second half of the twentieth century to refer to the population of Nepali origin in the south of the country. By the 1990s, over 100,000 Lhotshampa had been forcibly displaced and removed from Bhutan.
323:
The first small groups of Nepali emigrated primarily from eastern Nepal under
British auspices in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The beginning of Nepali immigration largely coincided with Bhutan's political development: in 1885,
370:
from recommended to mandatory. All citizens including the
Lhotshampa were required to observe the dress code in public during business hours. This decree was resented by the Lhotshampa who complained about being forced to wear the clothing of the
1065:
Bhutan is home to three major ethnic groups: the ruling
Ngalongs live in the west, speak Dzongkha, and practice Buddhism; the eastern Sarchops speak Tsangla and practice Buddhism; and the southern Lhotshampas speak Nepali, and are primarily
569:
that have a large
Lhotshampa community where most people speak Nepali. In southern Bhutan, Nepali used to be taught in the school and was spoken and written in these areas. However, this changed during the 1980s when there was
358:
In the 1980s and 1990s, the most divisive issue in Bhutan in the 1980s and early 1990s was the accommodation of the Nepali Hindu minority. In 1988, the government census recategorized people with Nepali heritage as
530:
342:
In 1910, the government of Bhutan signed a treaty with the
British in India, granting them control over Bhutan's foreign relations. The actual immigrants registered and settled through the agent from
303:
431:, whose members are mostly Lhotshampa, began a campaign of violence against the Bhutanese government. In the wake of this unrest, thousands fled Bhutan. Bill Frelick of
275:
People of Nepali origin started to settle in uninhabited areas of southern Bhutan in the 19th century. The term "Lhotshampa", which means "southern borderlanders" in
435:
reported that state security forces forcibly removed ethnic
Lhotshampa from their homes and coerced them into renouncing their citizenship. A refugee accounted that:
873:
443:
Many of them have either entered Nepal's seven refugee camps (on 20 January 2010, 85,544 refugees resided in the camps) or are working in India. According to
366:
In 1989, the
Bhutanese government enacted reforms that directly impacted the Lhotshampa. First, it elevated the status of the national dress code of the
282:
After being displaced as a result of the state-run ethnic cleansing and living in refugee camps in eastern parts of Nepal, starting in 2007 most of the
1451:
1143:
401:, accused by the government of being illegal aliens. Between 1988 and 1993, thousands of others left alleging ethnic and political repression.
2177:
1050:""We Don't Want to Be Refugees Again": HRW Briefing Paper for the Fourteenth Ministerial Joint Committee of Bhutan and Nepal: II. Background"
577:
Nepali in Bhutan is different in the rural areas and
Thimphu. Also, some Nepali words are used differently in Bhutan than Nepali in Nepal.
1853:
1478:
455:
Traditionally, the
Lhotshampa have been involved mostly in sedentary agriculture, although some have cleared forest cover and conducted
1831:
1078:
363:. Local Lhotshampa leaders responded with antigovernmental protests demanding citizenship and damaged government institutions.
1182:
918:
423:
In 1990, violent ethnic unrest and anti-government protests in southern Bhutan pressed for greater democracy and respect for
2049:
965:
2008:
1815:
1413:
1230:
1218:
261:
1846:
1471:
2109:
1810:
1587:
2182:
2003:
2151:
2089:
1839:
1820:
1464:
388:
881:
310:
is significantly lower than that in the United States and other countries where they have resettled.
1580:
1326:
1007:
412:
stated that an increase in the country's Nepali population would lead the country to become "another
1861:
375:
majority. Second, the government removed Nepali as a language of instruction in schools in favor of
1778:
558:
542:
428:
935:
2156:
2044:
1598:
1405:
849:
757:
260:
descent. The
Lhotshampa were estimated to comprise around 35% of the Bhutan's population by the
1944:
1783:
1684:
1574:
1487:
1375:
844:
55:
1222:
1210:
1024:
379:, the national language. This alienated the Lhotshampa, many of whom knew no Dzongkha at all.
1960:
1793:
1788:
1049:
839:
444:
405:
245:
2146:
2013:
1932:
1758:
1750:
1349:
503:, most of them abstain from beef, notably those belonging to the orthodox classes who are
8:
2099:
2018:
1982:
1869:
1773:
1763:
1735:
1632:
1144:"Bhutan's shame: why the world must continue to remember the expulsion of ethnic Nepalis"
2130:
2125:
2079:
2074:
2069:
1798:
1564:
1559:
1551:
1513:
1304:
943:
910:
808:
784:
571:
432:
392:
360:
283:
265:
182:
63:
51:
331:
consolidated power after a period of civil unrest and cultivated closer ties with the
46:
2104:
2094:
2034:
1803:
1508:
1495:
1409:
1226:
1178:
1082:
914:
739:
1282:
1260:
499:(these latter groups are mainly found in eastern Bhutan). Whether they are Hindu or
2084:
2039:
1939:
1927:
1884:
1117:
512:
500:
253:
1436:
1121:
1530:
1525:
1446:
1172:
904:
814:
775:
554:
538:
524:
424:
328:
269:
229:
133:
128:
1105:
1998:
1768:
1519:
790:
745:
733:
727:
721:
460:
367:
332:
299:
237:
1441:
2171:
1975:
1970:
1746:
1719:
1705:
1646:
1639:
1606:
1569:
1503:
995:
939:
534:
468:
372:
287:
212:
203:
90:
1903:
1691:
1660:
1613:
1168:
820:
802:
769:
763:
537:). The people of Lhotshampa are located in the Southern part of Bhutan, in
488:
409:
208:
199:
110:
105:
355:
migration by Nepali seeking better education and business opportunities.
1726:
1712:
1001:
826:
796:
751:
325:
195:
447:
estimates in 2008, about 35% of the population of Bhutan is Lhotshampa.
1653:
562:
546:
504:
484:
417:
397:
Since the late 1980s, over 100,000 Lhotshampa have been forced out of
1668:
1081:. Bhutanese Refugees: The Story of a Forgotten People. Archived from
566:
467:. However, this is an oversimplification as many groups that include
343:
295:
1456:
1431:
476:
376:
276:
166:
161:
156:
138:
1452:
New wave from Bhutan settles in - Burlington (Vermont) Free Press
994:
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
508:
496:
492:
257:
191:
100:
1677:
1541:
480:
472:
413:
398:
291:
1402:
Countries at the Crossroads: A Survey of Democratic Governance
1079:"Background and History: Settlement of the Southern Bhutanese"
1864:
1698:
877:
529:
464:
336:
307:
187:
95:
59:
31:
1106:"Bhutanese or Nepali? The Politics of Ethnonym Ambiguity"
533:
Political Map of Bhutan showing most districts (missing
463:
agriculture. The Lhotshampa are generally classified as
1000:
Worden, Robert L. (1991). Savada, Andrea Matles (ed.).
906:
Protracted Displacement in Asia: No Place to Call Home
572:
racial conflict between Nepali in Bhutan and Bhutanese
1893:
585:
1432:Bhutanese Refugees – A story of a forgotten people
553:Lhotshampas speak Nepali as their first language.
1305:"Country profile – Bhutan: a land frozen in time"
999:
286:were resettled to various countries, such as the
2169:
1376:"Bhutan's ethnic cleansing | Human Rights Watch"
1285:. U.S. Department of State Archive. October 2008
1174:Bhutan: The Early History of a Himalayan Kingdom
1104:Nelson, Andrew; Stam, Kathryn (11 August 2021).
1847:
1472:
1399:
1209:Worden, Robert L.; Savada, Andrea M. (1991).
264:as of 2008. The Lhotshampa are predominantly
1400:Repucci, Sarah; Walker, Christopher (2005).
1208:
1442:The Bhutanese Refugees – Human Rights Watch
1393:
1217:(3rd ed.). Federal Research Division,
1854:
1840:
1479:
1465:
1110:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
1103:
957:
306:. As of 2021, the number of Lhotshampa in
45:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
1194:
1071:
580:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
896:
528:
1373:
933:
902:
2170:
1191:
963:
1835:
1486:
1460:
1347:
1319:
1297:
1246:
1141:
874:"Population of Lhotshampas in Bhutan"
866:
715:
2178:Bhutanese people of Nepalese descent
1177:. Aris & Phillips. p. 344.
1167:
1161:
1142:Rimal, Prasansha (3 February 2022).
1019:
1017:
318:
82:Regions with significant populations
16:Bhutanese people of Nepalese descent
1447:UNHCR briefing – Bhutanese Refugees
1211:"Chapter 6: Bhutan - Ethnic Groups"
964:Mishra, Vidhyapati (28 June 2013).
927:
760:, Bhutanese poet in Nepali language
736:, human and women's rights activist
13:
1307:. BBC News online. 9 February 1998
14:
2194:
1425:
1374:Frelick, Bill (1 February 2008).
1219:United States Library of Congress
1215:Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies
1014:
934:Frelick, Bill (1 February 2008).
1896:
1863:
1540:
989:
586:Nepali words in Bhutan and Nepal
349:
1367:
1341:
1275:
1135:
596:Nepali in Bhutan (Lhotshamkha)
507:. Their main festivals include
1097:
1042:
983:
1:
1329:. BBC News online. 5 May 2010
1263:. BBC News online. 5 May 2010
1122:10.1080/00856401.2021.1951460
860:
408:, Bhutanese foreign minister
404:In a 1992 interview with the
252:) people are a heterogeneous
382:
7:
1350:"The dragon bites its tail"
936:"Bhutan's Ethnic Cleansing"
833:
518:
10:
2199:
1821:Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan
522:
450:
389:Ethnic cleansing in Bhutan
386:
313:
2139:
2118:
2062:
2027:
1991:
1953:
1920:
1913:
1891:
1877:
1745:
1597:
1581:Dual system of government
1550:
1537:
1494:
1348:Franz, T. (1 July 1992).
1283:"Background Note: Bhutan"
1010:. Bhutan - Ethnic Groups.
1008:Federal Research Division
966:"Bhutan Is No Shangri-La"
241:
233:
181:
176:
152:
147:
124:
119:
86:
81:
76:
71:
44:
32:
29:
1779:Gross National Happiness
1406:Rowman & Littlefield
1327:"Bhutan country profile"
1029:U.S. Department of State
903:Adelman, Howard (2008).
855:
781:Mon Bhattrai, footballer
483:groups that include the
262:U.S. Department of State
1003:Bhutan: A Country Study
850:Ethnic groups in Bhutan
758:Dilliram Sharma Acharya
62:. The man is holding a
1575:Christianity in Bhutan
1437:The Bhutanese refugees
880:. 2004. Archived from
845:Demographics of Bhutan
724:, Bhutanese politician
581:Vocabulary differences
550:
441:
840:Immigration in Bhutan
532:
445:U.S. State Department
437:
429:Bhutan Peoples' Party
177:Related ethnic groups
2050:United Arab Emirates
1774:Elections and voting
1588:Freedom of religion
829:, women's cricketer
52:Lhotshampa refugees
26:
2183:Indo-Aryan peoples
1565:Hinduism in Bhutan
1560:Buddhism in Bhutan
1514:Dzong architecture
1380:Human Rights Watch
1261:"Timeline: Bhutan"
1085:on 10 October 2010
1054:Human Rights Watch
970:The New York Times
944:Human Rights Watch
911:Ashgate Publishing
884:on 16 October 2012
809:Man Bahadur Gurung
785:Dhan Bahadur Biswa
716:Notable Lhotsampas
551:
433:Human Rights Watch
406:Calcutta Statesman
393:Bhutanese refugees
361:illegal immigrants
304:European countries
284:Bhutanese refugees
64:Bhutanese passport
24:
2165:
2164:
2058:
2057:
1870:Nepalese diaspora
1829:
1828:
1811:Religious freedom
1488:Bhutanese society
1184:978-0-85668-199-8
920:978-0-7546-7238-8
740:Hiranyamayee Lama
713:
712:
427:. That year, the
319:Early immigration
218:
217:
2190:
1918:
1917:
1906:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1868:
1867:
1856:
1849:
1842:
1833:
1832:
1807:
1729:
1722:
1715:
1708:
1701:
1694:
1687:
1680:
1663:
1656:
1649:
1642:
1635:
1621:
1616:
1545:
1544:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1458:
1457:
1420:
1419:
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1386:
1371:
1365:
1364:
1362:
1360:
1354:Himal Southasian
1345:
1339:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1323:
1317:
1316:
1314:
1312:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1279:
1273:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1257:
1244:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1206:
1189:
1188:
1165:
1159:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1062:
1060:
1046:
1040:
1039:
1037:
1035:
1025:"Bhutan (10/08)"
1021:
1012:
1011:
993:
992:
987:
981:
980:
978:
976:
961:
955:
954:
952:
950:
931:
925:
924:
900:
894:
893:
891:
889:
870:
599:Nepali in Nepal
590:
589:
501:Tibetan Buddhist
254:Bhutanese people
243:
235:
72:Total population
49:
39:
35:
34:
27:
23:
2198:
2197:
2193:
2192:
2191:
2189:
2188:
2187:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2161:
2135:
2114:
2054:
2023:
1987:
1949:
1909:
1902:
1897:
1895:
1889:
1873:
1862:
1860:
1830:
1825:
1801:
1741:
1725:
1718:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1683:
1676:
1659:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1619:
1611:
1593:
1546:
1539:
1535:
1490:
1485:
1428:
1423:
1416:
1398:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1346:
1342:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1310:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1298:
1288:
1286:
1281:
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1258:
1247:
1237:
1235:
1233:
1207:
1192:
1185:
1166:
1162:
1152:
1150:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1102:
1098:
1088:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1058:
1056:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:
1015:
990:
988:
984:
974:
972:
962:
958:
948:
946:
932:
928:
921:
901:
897:
887:
885:
872:
871:
867:
863:
858:
836:
815:Puspalal Sharma
776:Hemlal Bhattrai
718:
588:
583:
527:
525:Nepali language
521:
453:
425:minority rights
395:
387:Main articles:
385:
352:
329:Ugyen Wangchuck
321:
316:
270:Nepali language
207:
202:
186:
171:
160:
143:
115:
67:
40:
37:
36:
22:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2196:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2163:
2162:
2160:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2122:
2120:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2112:
2110:United Kingdom
2107:
2102:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2077:
2072:
2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2053:
2052:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2031:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1985:
1980:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1963:
1957:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1948:
1947:
1942:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1924:
1922:
1915:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1892:
1890:
1888:
1887:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1874:
1859:
1858:
1851:
1844:
1836:
1827:
1826:
1824:
1823:
1818:
1813:
1808:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1769:Driglam namzha
1766:
1761:
1755:
1753:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1731:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1695:
1688:
1681:
1673:Tribal groups
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1666:
1665:
1664:
1657:
1650:
1643:
1636:
1624:
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1528:
1523:
1520:Driglam namzha
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1500:
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1426:External links
1424:
1422:
1421:
1414:
1408:. p. 92.
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1116:(4): 772–789.
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791:Dinesh Chhetri
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773:
767:
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755:
749:
746:Loknath Sharma
743:
737:
734:Mangala Sharma
731:
728:Indra Adhikari
725:
722:Tek Nath Rizal
717:
714:
711:
710:
707:
704:
700:
699:
698:parkhi/Parkha
696:
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689:
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676:Tarkari/sabji
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523:Main article:
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461:slash and burn
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368:Driglam namzha
351:
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320:
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300:United Kingdom
268:and speak the
250:lho-mtshams-pa
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21:Ethnic group
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2090:Netherlands
2009:Philippines
1945:South Korea
1794:LGBT rights
1789:Immigration
1221:. pp.
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827:Anju Gurung
797:Hari Gurung
752:Jai Bir Rai
687:Motor/Gadi
665:Phal/phyak
621:Phor/Maila
505:vegetarians
326:Druk Gyalpo
242:ལྷོ་མཚམས་པ་
196:Khas people
183:Indo-Aryans
38:ལྷོ་མཚམས་པ་
2172:Categories
1961:Bangladesh
1759:Censorship
1627:Lhotshampa
1612:including
1289:15 January
1148:The Record
861:References
670:Vegetable
567:dzongkhags
563:Geylegphug
547:Geylegphug
418:Darjeeling
222:Lhotshampa
172:(Minority)
159:(majority)
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2147:Australia
2014:Singapore
1992:Southeast
1933:Hong Kong
1764:Democracy
1736:Languages
1333:1 October
1311:1 October
1267:1 October
1238:2 October
1127:1 January
1089:3 October
949:3 October
610:Dai/Daju
383:Expulsion
344:Kalimpong
296:Australia
226:Lhotsampa
120:Languages
2100:Portugal
2019:Thailand
2004:Malaysia
1983:Pakistan
1804:in Nepal
1799:Refugees
1751:politics
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1552:Religion
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888:23 March
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681:Vehicle
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471:and the
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277:Dzongkha
167:Kiratism
162:Buddhism
157:Hinduism
148:Religion
139:Dzongkha
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2075:Germany
2070:Austria
1509:Cuisine
1496:Culture
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1359:12 June
1153:12 June
1059:12 June
703:Window
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559:Chirang
543:Chirang
509:Dashain
497:Mundhum
493:animist
481:Kiranti
451:Culture
373:Ngalong
333:British
314:History
238:Tibetan
192:Chhetri
101:Thimphu
77:242,000
2126:Canada
2105:Russia
2095:Poland
2063:Europe
2035:Kuwait
1976:Gorkha
1966:Bhutan
1878:Africa
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1678:Brokpa
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615:Dirty
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539:Samchi
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469:Tamang
465:Hindus
457:tsheri
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399:Bhutan
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230:Nepali
134:Newari
129:Nepali
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2040:Qatar
1999:Burma
1971:India
1954:South
1940:Japan
1928:China
1885:Libya
1872:(NRN)
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1699:Layap
1692:Monpa
1661:Limbu
1614:Kheng
1531:Women
1526:Music
878:UNHCR
856:Notes
692:Wait
684:Gadi
662:Phag
648:Shop
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