52:
193:
110:
231:, but no phonetic factor has been found to condition the split. Cheng and Wang list 12 pairs of words that were homophonous in Middle Chinese but have different modern pronunciations. Similar examples were found on other Chinese varieties and other language families. Wang accounted for such irregularities by positing a form of lexical diffusion:
27:
view that a sound change results from phonetically-conditioned articulatory drift acting uniformly on all applicable words, which implies that sound changes are regular, with exceptions attributed to analogy and dialect borrowing.
95:
sound change is merely a change in the speaker's manner of producing phonemes and accordingly affects a phoneme at every occurrence, regardless of the nature of any particular linguistic form in which the phoneme happens to
239:
In his view, a sound change would be regular if the change had completed its progress through the lexicon, but irregularity would be seen if the change were still incomplete or if it were interrupted by another change.
100:
He summarized the mechanism as "phonemes change". Despite the unequivocal form in which these slogans are often quoted, the
Neogrammarians admitted two exceptions to regular sound change: analogy and dialect borrowing.
243:
Other linguists responded that the explanation of the irregularities should be sought in dialect mixture. Indeed, Wang and Lien discovered that the
Teochew phenomenon was the result of borrowing from the local
235:
we hold that words change their pronunciations by discrete, perceptible increments (i.e. phonetically abrupt), but severally at a time (i.e. lexically gradual) rather than always in a homogeneous block.
248:
tradition. They present a revised model that distinguishes between the initial "actuation" of a sound change by language contact or internal factors, and its "implementation" by lexical diffusion.
260:
Regular sound change occurs when the phonetic realization of a phoneme varies gradually and continuously. The process affects all words containing the phoneme uniformly. Examples include
245:
1171:
Walker, Douglas C. (1979), "The lexicon in phonological change: W.S.Y. Wang, Mouton, The Hague, 1977 Monographs on
Linguistic Analysis 5. 278 pp. 112 DM",
87:
described regularity as a consequence of the operation of sound change as an imperceptible articulatory drift conditioned by the phonetic environment.
1046:
Wang, William S-Y.; Cheng, Chin-Chuan (1977), "Implementation of phonological change: the Shuāng-Fēng
Chinese case", in Wang, William S-Y. (ed.),
911:
1213:
302:
argues that under a proper definition of analogy as optimization, lexical diffusion is a non-proportional type of analogy similar to
137:
Rarely-used words lag behind; very frequently used ones rush ahead. Exceptions to the sound laws are thus formed on both sides.
1120:
1101:
1074:
1055:
928:
882:
860:
841:
806:
784:
761:
735:
141:
Dialectologists studying the
Romance languages found many apparent exceptions to uniformity, as reflected in their slogan,
23:
is an abrupt change that spreads gradually across the words in a language to which it is applicable. It contrasts with the
919:
Phillips, Betty S. (2015), "Lexical
Diffusion in Historical Phonology", in Honeybone, Patrick; Salmons, Joseph (eds.),
213:
713:
1203:
1065:
Wang, William S-Y.; Lien, Chinfa (1993), "Bidirectional diffusion in sound change", in Jones, Charles (ed.),
227:
words in the third tone class (the "departing" tone) with voiced initials have two reflexes in the modern
170:
166:
775:(1977), "Tone change in Chao-zhou Chinese: a study in lexical diffusion", in Wang, William S-Y. (ed.),
165:
defining this feature in
England is examined closely, it emerges that individual words are moving from
1208:
851:——— (1996), "The phonological basis of sound change", in Goldsmith, John A. (ed.),
71:
in the late 19th century in the slogan "sound laws suffer no exceptions" and forms the basis of the
745:
284:
177:
80:
220:
to a computerized form of this data. However, the
Chinese data revealed pervasive irregularities.
35:
in the late 19th century but were reformulated and renamed by
William Wang and coworkers studying
970:
303:
277:
60:
55:
Schematic diagram of a uniform sound change, a gradual change that applies equally to all words
196:
Schematic diagram of lexical diffusion, in which an abrupt change spreads through the lexicon
938:
256:
Labov found evidence for both processes, but argued that they operate at different levels:
209:
36:
184:, are inherently discontinuous and hence incompatible with gradual, imperceptible change.
8:
295:). It is abrupt and applies to words selected by lexical, grammatical or social criteria.
1159:
1151:
1050:, Monographs on Linguistic Analysis, vol. 5, Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 148–158,
1034:
1005:
997:
954:
701:
217:
173:
over time, and individual speakers fluctuate in their pronunciation of the same words.
88:
72:
893:
779:, Monographs on Linguistic Analysis, vol. 5, Mouton De Gruyter, pp. 86–100,
149:
but also originated with
Schuchardt. An example is the shortening of English 'u' (the
146:
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1116:
1097:
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1051:
924:
905:
878:
856:
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201:
130:
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43:
found evidence for both processes but argued that they operate at different levels.
1180:
1143:
1026:
989:
265:
150:
980:
Streeter, Mary L. (1972), "DOC, 1971: A Chinese Dialect Dictionary on Computer",
966:
228:
122:
749:
283:
Lexical diffusion represents a change in the phonemes in a word (substitution,
273:
224:
126:
32:
1197:
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829:
794:
723:
299:
68:
40:
24:
84:
64:
20:
1147:
261:
1001:
958:
993:
292:
76:
51:
1155:
1038:
1017:
Wang, William S-Y. (1969), "Competing Changes as a Cause of Residue",
1115:, Monographs on Linguistic Analysis, vol. 5, Mouton De Gruyter,
269:
181:
816:
Egerod, Søren (1982), "How not to split tones – the Chaozhou case",
192:
1030:
459:
162:
109:
945:. Monographs on Linguistic Analysis, no. 5 by William S-Y Wang",
288:
145:('every word has its own history'). This is commonly ascribed to
483:
327:
875:
Principles of Linguistic Change, Volume 1: Internal Factors
208:, containing transcriptions of 2444 morphemes in 17 modern
339:
730:(3rd ed.), Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press,
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Annual Conference of the Linguistic Society of Belgium
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351:
315:
678:
642:
510:
495:
471:
363:
133:, who wrote in his criticism of the Neogrammarians:
411:
387:
606:
1067:Historical Linguistics: Problems and Perspectives
972:Ueber die Lautgesetze – Gegen die Junggrammatiker
582:
216:, headed by William Wang, attempted to apply the
1195:
744:
465:
67:is regular. The principle was summarized by the
153:), resulting in different vowels in the words
923:, Oxford University Press, pp. 359–373,
896:, in Domenici, Marc; Demolin, Didier (eds.),
121:Uniform sound change was first challenged by
891:
756:(2nd ed.), Cambridge University Press,
636:
937:
921:The Oxford Handbook of Historical Phonology
894:"Regularity and Exceptions in Sound Change"
624:
965:
910:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
700:
429:
405:
381:
1045:
892:Mazaudon, Martine; Lowe, John B. (1993),
799:A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics
770:
600:
576:
552:
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489:
333:
79:of linguistic evolution. Inspired by the
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979:
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453:
441:
369:
345:
191:
108:
50:
31:Similar views were expressed by Romance
1134:Edited by William S-Y. Wang (review)",
877:, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell,
793:
728:Historical Linguistics: An Introduction
321:
187:
1196:
815:
612:
306:, rather than a type of sound change.
1069:, London: Longman, pp. 345–400,
869:
672:
648:
564:
540:
504:
477:
417:
393:
357:
1094:Word Frequency and Lexical Diffusion
1016:
588:
853:The Handbook of Phonological Theory
83:of geology, Neogrammarians such as
13:
1214:Linguistic theories and hypotheses
1132:The lexicon in phonological change
1113:The Lexicon in Phonological Change
1085:
1048:The Lexicon in Phonological Change
943:The Lexicon in Phonological Change
777:The Lexicon in Phonological Change
214:University of California, Berkeley
104:
14:
1225:
46:
1111:Wang, William S-Y., ed. (1977),
1096:, New York: Palgrave MacMillan,
1130:Hashimoto, Mantaro J. (1981), "
855:, Blackwell, pp. 640–670,
947:Journal of Chinese Linguistics
466:Chambers & Trudgill (1998)
1:
309:
251:
1185:10.1016/0024-3841(79)90050-0
982:Computers and the Humanities
176:Some sound changes, such as
91:later summarized this view:
39:in the 1960s and the 1970s.
7:
801:(6th ed.), Blackwell,
10:
1230:
900:, Brussels, pp. 1–25.
637:Mazaudon & Lowe (1993)
75:of reconstruction and the
212:. The DOC project at the
143:chaque mot a son histoire
19:is the hypothesis that a
1092:Phillips, Betty (2006),
834:Explanation in phonology
708:, New York: Henry Holt,
81:Uniformitarian Principle
601:Wang & Cheng (1977)
577:Wang & Cheng (1977)
553:Cheng & Wang (1977)
529:Cheng & Wang (1977)
490:Wang & Cheng (1977)
334:Wang & Cheng (1977)
274:vocalization of liquids
272:and unstressed vowels,
1204:Historical linguistics
661:Wang & Lien (1993)
492:, p. 154, Fig. 4.
336:, p. 149, Fig. 1.
278:manner of articulation
237:
197:
139:
118:
113:The vowel of the word
98:
61:historical linguistics
56:
1148:10.1353/lan.1981.0053
939:Pulleyblank, Edwin G.
276:, and changes in the
233:
195:
135:
112:
93:
54:
975:, Berlin: Oppenheim.
210:varieties of Chinese
188:Wang's reformulation
59:A key assumption of
37:varieties of Chinese
771:Cheng, Chin-Chuan;
702:Bloomfield, Leonard
675:, pp. 542–543.
567:, pp. 426–428.
543:, pp. 425–426.
468:, pp. 106–113.
348:, pp. 15, 188.
206:Hanyu Fangyin Zihui
994:10.1007/BF02404242
773:Wang, William S-Y.
625:Pulleyblank (1982)
218:comparative method
198:
119:
89:Leonard Bloomfield
73:comparative method
57:
1122:978-3-11-177423-7
1103:978-1-4039-3232-7
1076:978-0-582-06085-2
1057:978-3-11-177423-7
930:978-0-19-923281-9
884:978-0-631-17913-9
862:978-0-631-18062-3
843:978-90-70176-37-2
808:978-1-4051-5296-9
786:978-3-11-177423-7
763:978-0-521-59646-6
737:978-0-7486-4601-2
430:Schuchardt (1885)
406:Bloomfield (1933)
382:Bloomfield (1933)
360:, pp. 21–23.
202:Peking University
131:Romance languages
17:Lexical diffusion
1221:
1209:Sociolinguistics
1188:
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266:diphthongization
246:literary reading
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151:foot-strut split
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442:Phillips (2015)
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370:Kiparsky (1982)
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346:Campbell (2013)
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268:, weakening of
254:
229:Teochew dialect
190:
147:Jules Gilliéron
123:Hugo Schuchardt
107:
105:Dialectologists
49:
33:dialectologists
12:
11:
5:
1227:
1217:
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988:(5): 259–270,
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963:
953:(2): 392–416,
935:
929:
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883:
871:Labov, William
867:
861:
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842:
830:Kiparsky, Paul
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795:Crystal, David
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768:
762:
742:
736:
724:Campbell, Lyle
720:
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697:
690:
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665:
663:, p. 382.
653:
651:, p. 451.
641:
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603:, p. 151.
593:
581:
579:, p. 150.
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545:
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507:, p. 424.
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482:
480:, p. 539.
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458:
456:, p. 188.
446:
444:, p. 361.
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398:
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386:
384:, p. 353.
374:
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324:, p. 145.
322:Crystal (2008)
313:
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280:of consonants.
253:
250:
225:Middle Chinese
204:published the
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127:dialectologist
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69:Neogrammarians
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47:Neogrammarians
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432:, p. 25.
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42:
41:William Labov
38:
34:
29:
26:
25:Neogrammarian
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18:
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754:Dialectology
753:
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693:
692:
680:
673:Labov (1994)
668:
656:
649:Labov (1994)
644:
632:
620:
608:
596:
591:, p. 9.
584:
572:
565:Labov (1994)
560:
548:
541:Labov (1994)
536:
524:
512:
505:Labov (1994)
485:
478:Labov (1994)
473:
461:
449:
437:
425:
418:Labov (1994)
413:
401:
394:Labov (1994)
389:
377:
372:, p. 1.
365:
358:Labov (1994)
353:
341:
329:
317:
298:
262:vowel shifts
255:
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120:
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99:
94:
85:Hermann Paul
65:sound change
58:
30:
21:sound change
16:
15:
1025:(1): 9–25,
694:Works cited
589:Wang (1969)
161:. When the
1198:Categories
824:: 169–173.
310:References
293:epenthesis
285:metathesis
252:Evaluation
178:metathesis
117:in England
77:tree model
1164:142237599
941:(1982), "
836:, Foris,
200:In 1962,
182:haplology
1136:Language
1019:Language
1010:62249218
1002:30199498
969:(1885),
959:23767018
906:citation
873:(1994),
832:(1982),
797:(2008),
752:(1998),
726:(2013),
706:Language
704:(1933),
304:leveling
163:isogloss
63:is that
818:Fangyan
289:elision
1173:Lingua
1162:
1156:414291
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270:glides
96:occur.
1160:S2CID
1152:JSTOR
1035:JSTOR
1006:S2CID
998:JSTOR
955:JSTOR
1117:ISBN
1098:ISBN
1071:ISBN
1052:ISBN
925:ISBN
912:link
879:ISBN
857:ISBN
838:ISBN
803:ISBN
781:ISBN
758:ISBN
732:ISBN
710:ISBN
264:and
157:and
125:, a
1181:doi
1144:doi
1027:doi
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180:or
171:/ʌ/
169:to
167:/ʊ/
159:put
155:cut
129:of
115:sun
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