611:
593:
514:
653:
575:
665:
629:
551:
1099:
1026:
641:
532:
563:
82:
480:
57:
31:
206:
424:(20–25 in), 124–150 cm (49–59 in) across the wings, and weighs 452–1,100 g (0.996–2.425 lb), with the nominate race averaging slightly smaller than the other two subspecies. Males, at an average weight of 824 g (1.817 lb), are slightly larger than females, at an average of 708 g (1.561 lb). Among standard measurements, the
240:
south to West Africa. However, it has increased dramatically in North
America, especially along the east coast. Formerly just a winter visitor to North America, it has increased and occurs in large numbers some winters and birds are now recorded year-round. However, there is serious concern about
423:
distribution around the
Northern Hemisphere. Differences between adjacent forms in this ring are fairly small, but by the time the circuit is completed, the end members, herring gull and lesser black-backed gull, are clearly different species. The lesser black-backed gull measures 51–64 cm
440:. The lesser is a much smaller bird, with slimmer build, yellow rather than pinkish legs, and smaller white "mirrors" at the wing tips. The adults have black or dark grey wings (depending on race) and back. The bill is yellow with a red spot at which the young peck, inducing feeding (see
1045:
475:
This species breeds colonially on coasts and lakes, making a lined nest on the ground or a cliff. Normally, three eggs are laid. In some cities, the species nests within the urban environment, often in association with herring gulls.
444:). The head is greyer in winter, unlike great black-backed gulls. Annual moult for adults begins between May and August and is not complete on some birds until November. Partial prebreeding moult occurs between January and April.
447:
Young birds have scaly black-brown upperparts and a neat wing pattern. They take four years to reach maturity. Identification from juvenile herring gulls is most readily done by the more solidly dark (unbarred) tertial feathers.
241:
decline in many parts of its range. The species is on the UK Amber List because the UK is home to 40 per cent of the
European population and more than half of these are found at fewer than ten breeding sites.
419:. The taxonomy of the herring gull / lesser black-backed gull complex is very complicated; different authorities recognise between two and eight species. This group has a
610:
810:
Systema naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Tomus I. Editio decima, reformata
592:
513:
499:
gulls, and they eat fish, insects, crustaceans, worms, starfish, molluscs, seeds, berries, small mammals, eggs, small birds, chicks, scraps, offal, and carrion.
1868:
652:
1933:
2052:
574:
746:"Predicting Source Populations of Vagrants Using Breeding Population Data: A Case Study of the Lesser Black-Backed Gull (Larus fuscus)"
831:
640:
1819:
1881:
664:
1959:
960:
940:
915:
839:
1886:
531:
2082:
825:
1842:
890:
2077:
2011:
1798:
628:
550:
1938:
1811:
1780:
1126:
1015:
254:
196:
1847:
2067:
1920:
1741:
1671:
1032:
863:
719:
780:
2016:
1700:
1834:
2087:
2072:
2062:
1037:
1912:
81:
2003:
1338:
1224:
1073:
855:
562:
437:
1990:
451:
Their call is a "laughing" cry like that of the herring gull, but with a markedly deeper pitch.
1873:
1718:
1662:
1624:
1607:
1530:
1899:
324:
1985:
1271:
1266:
464:
416:
176:
1977:
463:
in the 1980s. The species has not yet bred in the United States, although hybrid pairs with
1723:
1682:
1535:
1234:
441:
425:
1006:
8:
1589:
1469:
1464:
1119:
696:
378:
46:
1474:
1429:
1383:
1348:
1276:
1244:
1199:
1098:
1025:
996:
879:
76:
972:
1972:
1754:
1687:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1434:
1343:
1306:
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1209:
1194:
1184:
956:
936:
911:
886:
835:
433:
373:
1746:
1759:
1571:
1439:
1259:
1214:
1139:
1051:
757:
714:
484:
1946:
1785:
1733:
1418:
1404:
1328:
1219:
1189:
1063:
249:
The lesser black-backed gull was one of the many species originally described by
133:
1925:
1090:
459:
Lesser black-backed gulls have expanded their range westwards, first colonising
2057:
1806:
1793:
1510:
1112:
233:
229:
2029:
808:
2046:
1894:
1378:
1291:
1249:
1001:
804:
762:
745:
705:
398:
391:, known as Heuglin's gull, this was previously considered a separate species.
356:
314:
310:
250:
237:
192:
66:
61:
1647:
1423:
1373:
1281:
1254:
1239:
1179:
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296:
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1907:
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1444:
1413:
1364:
1353:
1319:
1204:
1058:
479:
330:
1710:
436:
is 5.2 to 6.9 cm (2.0 to 2.7 in). A confusable species is the
2024:
1951:
1824:
1553:
1333:
1067:
285:
30:
1521:
1393:
1388:
1286:
1229:
460:
366:
302:
93:
1860:
1618:
1772:
1641:
1602:
813:(in Latin). Vol. 1. Holmiae : (Laurentii Salvii). p. 136.
620:
205:
113:
1695:
1157:
602:
584:
542:
388:
362:
338:
334:
306:
143:
1964:
1094:
1085:
523:
384:
346:
342:
272:
appears to have referred to a gull or other large seabird, and
103:
1767:
1170:
1148:
265:
153:
1135:
688:
674:
429:
225:
123:
1287:
Vega gull (or East
Siberian gull / Mongolian gull)
997:
Lesser black-backed gull pages on www.gull-research.org
694:
432:
is 4.2 to 5.8 cm (1.7 to 2.3 in), and the
878:
720:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T22694373A155594163.en
415:The lesser black-backed gull is smaller than the
2044:
646:Flying in a lake near the city hall in Reykjavik
1161:(† indicates a species confirmed to be extinct)
781:"Lesser Black Backed Gull Facts | Larus Fuscus"
1120:
1064:Audio recordings of Lesser black-backed gull
965:
877:Olsen, Klaus Malling; Larsson, Hans (2004).
876:
827:The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names
428:is 38 to 45 cm (15 to 18 in), the
1134:
899:
797:
1339:Great black-headed gull (or Pallas's gull)
1127:
1113:
1097:
1024:
955:RSPB Handbook of British Birds (2014). UK
204:
55:
29:
881:Gulls: Of North America, Europe, and Asia
761:
718:
905:
870:
803:
743:
478:
930:
823:
260:, and it still bears its original name
2045:
1440:Grey-headed gull (or grey-hooded gull)
1046:Lesser black-backed gull photo gallery
1002:Lesser black-backed gulls in Amsterdam
1848:lesser-black-backed-gull-larus-fuscus
1623:
1622:
1108:
830:. London: Christopher Helm. pp.
1812:1f304153-ec66-4bee-87be-5ad09a67be3f
775:
773:
739:
737:
2053:IUCN Red List least concern species
973:"The Urban Gull – a new phenomenon"
706:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
317:, western Europe - mantle dark grey
13:
931:Dunning, John B. Jr., ed. (1992).
924:
848:
817:
750:Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution
14:
2099:
990:
933:CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses
908:Seabirds: An Identification Guide
770:
734:
1033:"Lesser black-backed gull media"
663:
651:
639:
627:
609:
591:
573:
561:
549:
530:
512:
80:
1081:Field Guide: Birds of the World
1007:BirdLife species factsheet for
949:
695:BirdLife International (2019).
454:
885:. Princeton University Press.
410:
361:: northern Norway, Sweden and
264:. The scientific name is from
1:
910:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.
744:Zawadzki, Lucinda C. (2021).
681:
495:They are omnivores like most
279:
1048:at VIREO (Drexel University)
7:
2083:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
470:
244:
10:
2104:
864:Cornell Lab of Ornithology
856:"Lesser black-backed gull"
505:
490:
467:have been recorded twice.
1631:
1598:
1580:
1562:
1544:
1519:
1501:
1483:
1402:
1362:
1317:
1168:
1147:
1052:Interactive range map of
824:Jobling, James A (2010).
713:: e.T22694373A155594163.
203:
182:
175:
77:Scientific classification
75:
53:
44:
37:
28:
24:Lesser black-backed gull
23:
1835:lesser-black-backed-gull
1302:Lesser black-backed gull
1230:Kelp gull (or Cape gull)
1091:Lesser black-backed gull
1038:Internet Bird Collection
906:Harrison, Peter (1991).
763:10.3389/fevo.2021.637452
556:Mother gull and her baby
232:coasts of Europe. It is
216:lesser black-backed gull
2078:Birds described in 1758
1225:Great black-backed gull
438:great black-backed gull
1608:Hybridisation in gulls
1531:Black-legged kittiwake
537:Gull hatching eggs in
487:
465:American herring gulls
276:meant black or brown.
39:Larus fuscus graellsii
1986:Paleobiology Database
1272:American herring gull
1267:European herring gull
482:
417:European herring gull
236:, wintering from the
2068:Birds of Scandinavia
1807:Fauna Europaea (new)
1536:Red-legged kittiwake
1235:Glaucous-winged gull
442:fixed action pattern
349:- mantle sooty black
284:The five recognized
1590:Swallow-tailed gull
1465:Slender-billed gull
671:Larus fuscus fuscus
634:First cycle plumage
228:that breeds on the
47:Conservation status
1349:Mediterranean gull
1277:Yellow-legged gull
1245:Yellow-footed gull
1059:IUCN Red List maps
488:
369:- mantle jet black
2040:
2039:
1973:Open Tree of Life
1625:Taxon identifiers
1616:
1615:
1603:Gull eggs as food
1460:Black-headed gull
1455:Brown-headed gull
1450:Black-billed gull
1435:Brown-hooded gull
1297:Slaty-backed gull
1210:Short-billed gull
1195:Black-tailed gull
961:978-1-4729-0647-2
942:978-0-8493-4258-5
917:978-0-395-60291-1
841:978-1-4081-2501-4
520:L. f. intermedius
483:Eggs, collection
402:
387:to north-central
382:
360:
328:
321:L. f. intermedius
300:
212:
211:
70:
2095:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
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1928:
1926:NBNSYS0000000037
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1902:
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1889:
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1703:
1701:49025D8B171EFAD7
1691:
1690:
1678:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1652:
1651:
1650:
1620:
1619:
1470:Bonaparte's gull
1215:Ring-billed gull
1129:
1122:
1115:
1106:
1105:
1101:
1042:
1028:
1023:
984:
983:
981:
979:
969:
963:
953:
947:
946:
928:
922:
921:
903:
897:
896:
884:
874:
868:
867:
852:
846:
845:
821:
815:
814:
801:
795:
794:
792:
791:
777:
768:
767:
765:
741:
732:
731:
729:
727:
722:
692:
667:
655:
643:
631:
613:
595:
577:
565:
553:
534:
516:
485:Museum Wiesbaden
397:
395:L. f. barabensis
377:
355:
323:
295:
255:10th edition of
208:
188:
85:
84:
64:
59:
58:
33:
21:
20:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2093:
2092:
2088:Holarctic birds
2073:Birds of Africa
2063:Birds of Europe
2043:
2042:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1947:Observation.org
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1859:
1854:
1846:
1841:
1833:
1831:
1823:
1818:
1810:
1805:
1797:
1792:
1784:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1758:
1753:
1745:
1740:
1732:
1730:
1722:
1717:
1709:
1707:
1699:
1694:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1670:
1661:
1660:
1655:
1646:
1645:
1640:
1627:
1617:
1612:
1594:
1576:
1558:
1540:
1515:
1497:
1479:
1475:Saunders's gull
1430:Hartlaub's gull
1419:Red-billed gull
1405:Chroicocephalus
1398:
1384:Franklin's gull
1358:
1329:White-eyed gull
1313:
1220:California gull
1200:Heermann's gull
1164:
1143:
1133:
1031:
1014:
993:
988:
987:
977:
975:
971:
970:
966:
954:
950:
943:
929:
925:
918:
904:
900:
893:
875:
871:
860:All About Birds
854:
853:
849:
842:
822:
818:
802:
798:
789:
787:
785:www.rspb.org.uk
779:
778:
771:
742:
735:
725:
723:
693:
689:
684:
677:
668:
659:
656:
647:
644:
635:
632:
623:
617:L. f. graellsii
614:
605:
599:L. f. graellsii
596:
587:
581:L. f. graellsii
578:
569:
566:
557:
554:
545:
535:
526:
517:
508:
502:
493:
473:
457:
413:
293:L. f. graellsii
282:
257:Systema Naturae
247:
199:
190:
184:
171:
134:Charadriiformes
79:
71:
60:
56:
49:
17:
16:Species of bird
12:
11:
5:
2101:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2038:
2037:
2035:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1865:
1852:
1839:
1829:
1816:
1803:
1794:Fauna Europaea
1790:
1777:
1764:
1751:
1738:
1728:
1715:
1705:
1692:
1679:
1668:
1653:
1637:
1635:
1629:
1628:
1614:
1613:
1611:
1610:
1605:
1599:
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1578:
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1574:
1568:
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1513:
1507:
1505:
1499:
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1495:
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1478:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
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1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1421:
1416:
1410:
1408:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1381:
1376:
1370:
1368:
1360:
1359:
1357:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1344:Audouin's gull
1341:
1336:
1331:
1325:
1323:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1309:
1307:Heuglin's gull
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1274:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1202:
1197:
1192:
1187:
1185:Belcher's gull
1182:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1165:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1132:
1131:
1124:
1117:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1088:
1071:
1061:
1049:
1043:
1029:
1016:"Larus fuscus"
1012:
1004:
999:
992:
991:External links
989:
986:
985:
964:
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923:
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892:978-0691119977
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374:L. f. heuglini
370:
350:
318:
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246:
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168:L. fuscus
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1604:
1601:
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1591:
1588:
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1579:
1573:
1572:Sabine's gull
1570:
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1379:Laughing gull
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2030:Larus-fuscus
1688:Larus_fuscus
1663:Larus fuscus
1633:Larus fuscus
1632:
1581:
1563:
1545:
1520:
1503:Rhodostethia
1502:
1485:Hydrocoloeus
1484:
1424:Huahine gull
1403:
1374:Dolphin gull
1363:
1318:
1301:
1282:Caspian gull
1255:Iceland gull
1240:Western gull
1190:Olrog's gull
1180:Pacific gull
1169:
1156:
1079:
1075:Larus fuscus
1074:
1054:Larus fuscus
1053:
1036:
1019:
1009:Larus fuscus
1008:
978:15 September
976:. Retrieved
967:
951:
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819:
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805:Linnaeus, C.
799:
788:. Retrieved
784:
753:
749:
724:. Retrieved
710:
704:
699:Larus fuscus
698:
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670:
658:ID composite
616:
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494:
474:
458:
455:Distribution
450:
446:
421:ring species
414:
405:central Asia
394:
372:
353:L. f. fuscus
352:
345:and western
341:, southwest
320:
292:
283:
273:
269:
262:Larus fuscus
261:
256:
253:in his 1758
248:
221:Larus fuscus
220:
219:
215:
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186:Larus fuscus
185:
183:
167:
166:
154:
38:
18:
1999:SeaLifeBase
1908:NatureServe
1856:iNaturalist
1657:Wikispecies
1511:Ross's gull
1493:Little gull
1445:Andean gull
1414:Silver gull
1365:Leucophaeus
1354:Relict gull
1320:Ichthyaetus
1205:Common gull
1093:media from
726:12 November
522:in flight,
411:Description
383:: northern
331:Netherlands
2047:Categories
2025:Xeno-canto
1554:Ivory gull
1334:Sooty gull
1142:: Laridae)
1068:Xeno-canto
790:2024-03-08
682:References
619:juvenile,
426:wing chord
286:subspecies
280:Subspecies
1546:Pagophila
1394:Grey gull
1389:Lava gull
461:Greenland
367:White Sea
303:Greenland
234:migratory
162:Species:
100:Kingdom:
94:Eukaryota
1913:2.102581
1900:22694373
1874:10189961
1724:22694373
1719:BirdLife
1708:BioLib:
1642:Wikidata
1582:Creagrus
807:(1758).
621:Portugal
568:Close up
471:Breeding
399:Johansen
357:Linnaeus
325:Schiøler
245:Taxonomy
230:Atlantic
193:Linnaeus
140:Family:
114:Chordata
110:Phylum:
104:Animalia
90:Domain:
67:IUCN 3.1
1825:2481174
1747:bob5910
1696:Avibase
1158:Species
1020:Avibase
834:, 219.
603:Morocco
585:Morocco
583:adult,
543:Finland
539:Pälkäne
506:Gallery
491:Feeding
389:Siberia
365:to the
363:Finland
339:Denmark
335:Germany
307:Iceland
150:Genus:
144:Laridae
130:Order:
120:Class:
65: (
2017:137142
1991:380413
1978:887701
1965:137142
1887:176821
1832:GNAB:
1781:EURING
1773:lbbgul
1734:lbbgul
1676:lbbagu
1648:Q27160
1140:family
1095:ARKive
1086:Flickr
959:
939:
914:
889:
838:
524:Sweden
434:tarsus
401:, 1960
385:Russia
381:, 1876
359:, 1758
347:Norway
343:Sweden
327:, 1922
299:, 1857
274:fuscus
2058:Larus
2012:WoRMS
2004:75061
1869:IRMNG
1799:96936
1768:eBird
1760:3SBQ9
1731:BOW:
1522:Rissa
1171:Larus
1149:Genus
1136:Gulls
497:Larus
297:Brehm
288:are:
270:Larus
266:Latin
155:Larus
1960:OBIS
1939:8915
1934:NCBI
1895:IUCN
1882:ITIS
1861:4381
1820:GBIF
1786:5910
1711:8697
1564:Xema
980:2009
957:ISBN
937:ISBN
912:ISBN
887:ISBN
836:ISBN
728:2021
711:2019
675:MHNT
430:bill
379:Bree
226:gull
214:The
197:1758
124:Aves
1952:131
1921:NBN
1843:IBC
1755:CoL
1742:BTO
1683:ADW
1672:ABA
1084:on
1078:in
1066:on
1057:at
832:167
758:doi
715:doi
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673:-
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920:.
895:.
866:.
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766:.
760::
754:9
730:.
717::
701:"
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218:(
69:)
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