Lepidoptera - Knowledge

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warm their bodies. They will bask in the sun, spreading out their wings so that they get maximum exposure to the sunlight. In hotter climates butterflies can easily overheat, so they are usually active only during the cooler parts of the day, early morning, late afternoon or early evening. During the heat of the day, they rest in the shade. Some larger thick-bodied moths (e.g. Sphingidae) can generate their own heat to a limited degree by vibrating their wings. The heat generated by the flight muscles warms the thorax while the temperature of the abdomen is unimportant for flight. To avoid overheating, some moths rely on hairy scales, internal air sacs, and other structures to separate the thorax and abdomen and keep the abdomen cooler.

4124: 1237: 2894:, the largest butterflies in Africa and Asia, respectively. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those species. A predator which has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species, as well. Toxic butterflies and larvae tend to develop bright colors and striking patterns as an indicator to predators about their toxicity. This phenomenon is known as 2020:), which are exposed to produce smelly chemicals used in defense. Host plants often have toxic substances in them, and caterpillars are able to sequester these substances and retain them into the adult stage. This helps make them unpalatable to birds and other predators. Such unpalatability is advertised using bright red, orange, black, or white warning colors. The toxic chemicals in plants are often evolved specifically to prevent them from being eaten by insects. Insects, in turn, develop countermeasures or make use of these toxins for their own survival. This "arms race" has led to the coevolution of insects and their host plants. 4210: 3925: 2675: 3142: 4014: 1401: 1389: 1377: 1365: 3255: 1440:) are two separate places for insemination and oviposition, both occurring on the same sterna as the monotrysian type, i.e. 9 and 10. The ditrysian groups have an internal duct that carries sperm, with separate openings for copulation and egg-laying. In most species, the genitalia are flanked by two soft lobes, although they may be specialized and sclerotized in some species for ovipositing in area such as crevices and inside plant tissue. Hormones and the glands that produce them run the development of butterflies and moths as they go through their life cycles, called the 3453: 3290:, which may lay eggs on the caterpillars, which hatch and feed inside its body, resulting in death. Although, in a form of parasitism called idiobiont, the adult paralyzes the host, so as not to kill it but for it to live as long as possible, for the parasitic larvae to benefit the most. In another form of parasitism, koinobiont, the species live off their hosts while inside (endoparasitic). These parasites live inside the host caterpillar throughout its life cycle or may affect it later on as an adult. In other orders, koinobionts include flies, a majority of 146: 2520:, so can orient even in cloudy conditions. The polarized light in the region close to the ultraviolet spectrum is suggested to be particularly important. Most migratory butterflies are those that live in semiarid areas where breeding seasons are short. The life histories of their host plants also influence the strategies of the butterflies. Other theories include the use of landscapes. Lepidoptera may use coastal lines, mountains, and even roads to orient themselves. Above sea, the flight direction is much more accurate if the coast is still visible. 2583: 1498: 3776: 126: 4161: 4189: 2564:. When a moth encounters a much closer artificial light and uses it for navigation, the angle changes noticeably after only a short distance, in addition to being often below the horizon. The moth instinctively attempts to correct by turning toward the light, causing airborne moths to come plummeting downwards, and at close range, which results in a spiral flight path that gets closer and closer to the light source. Other explanations have been suggested, such as the idea that moths may be impaired with a visual distortion called a 1683: 2757: 1045: 1294: 1839: 4035: 3174:(Asparagaceae). Female yucca moths enter the host flowers, collect the pollen into a ball using specialized maxillary palps, then move to the apex of the pistil, where pollen is deposited on the stigma, and lay eggs into the base of the pistil where seeds will develop. The larvae develop in the fruit pod and feed on a portion of the seeds. Thus, both insect and plant benefit, forming a highly mutualistic relationship. Another form of mutualism occurs between some larvae of butterflies and certain species of 2505: 172: 1922: 1206:, respectively. In the more recent genera, the wings of the second segment are much more pronounced, although some more primitive forms have similarly sized wings of both segments. The wings are covered in scales arranged like shingles, which form an extraordinary variety of colors and patterns. The mesothorax has more powerful muscles to propel the moth or butterfly through the air, with the wing of this segment (forewing) having a stronger vein structure. The largest superfamily, the 5237: 1129:, raised spots or clusters of sensory bristles unique to Lepidoptera, occur, though many taxa have lost one or both of these spots. The antennae have a wide variation in form among species and even between different sexes. The antennae of butterflies are usually filiform and shaped like clubs, those of the skippers are hooked, while those of moths have flagellar segments variously enlarged or branched. Some moths have enlarged antennae or ones that are tapered and hooked at the ends. 1110: 3018: 3874: 5223: 1830:. Many lepidopteran species, after mating and laying their eggs, die shortly afterwards, having only lived for a few days after eclosion. Others may still be active for several weeks and then overwinter and become sexually active again when the weather becomes more favorable, or diapause. The sperm of the male that mated most recently with the female is most likely to have fertilized the eggs, but the sperm from a prior mating may still prevail. 1571: 4103: 1037: 5251: 3946: 2486:, which can go as fast as 48.4 kilometres per hour (30.1 mph). Sphingids are some of the fastest flying insects, some are capable of flying at over 50 kilometres per hour (31 mph), having a wingspan of 35–150 millimetres (1.4–5.9 in). In some species, sometimes a gliding component to their flight exists. Flight occurs either as hovering, or as forward or backward motion. In butterfly and moth species, such as 5086: 12017: 11168: 4756: 3986: 1725: 4842:

it may go as high as 30,000 eggs in one day. This can create many problems for agriculture, where many caterpillars can affect acres of vegetation. Some reports estimate that there have been over 80,000 caterpillars of several different taxa feeding on a single oak tree. In some cases, phytophagous larvae can lead to the destruction of entire trees in relatively short periods of time.

1195:, the forelegs are greatly reduced and are not used for walking or perching. The three pairs of legs are covered with scales. Lepidoptera also have olfactory organs on their feet, which aid the butterfly in "tasting" or "smelling" out its food. In the larval form there are 3 pairs of true legs, with up to 11 pairs of abdominal legs (usually eight) and hooklets, called apical crochets. 3608: 2049: 2287: 2717:, for example, use ultraviolet light to communicate, with scales colored in this range on the dorsal wing surface. When they fly, each down stroke of the wing creates a brief flash of ultraviolet light which the males apparently recognize as the flight signature of a potential mate. These flashes from the wings may attract several males that engage in aerial courtship displays. 559:) to sustain growth. In many species, the female may produce from 200 to 600 eggs, while in others, the number may approach 30,000 eggs in one day. The caterpillars hatching from these eggs can cause significant damage to crops within a very short period of time. Many moth and butterfly species are of economic interest by virtue of their role as pollinators, the 2333: 1800:(emergence) earlier than females and peak in numbers before females. Both of the sexes are sexually mature by the time of eclosion. Butterflies and moths normally do not associate with each other, except for migrating species, staying relatively asocial. Mating begins with an adult (female or male) attracting a mate, normally using visual stimuli, especially in 4384:", which constitutes about 60% of lepidopteran species, there was a general increase in size, better flying ability (via changes in wing shape and linkage of the forewings and hindwings), reduction in the adult mandibles, and a change in the arrangement of the crochets (hooks) on the larval prolegs, perhaps to improve the grip on the host plant. Many also have 2396: 2375: 2442: 1652:). Because the Apollos live in small local populations, thus having no contact with each other, coupled with their strong stenotopic nature and weak migration ability, interbreeding between populations of one species practically does not occur; by this, they form over 600 different morphs, with the size of spots on the wings of which varies greatly. 2354: 2774: 2040:, and although they are initially quite flexible and fragile, by the time the pupa breaks free of the larval cuticle, they have adhered tightly to the outer cuticle of the pupa (in obtect pupae). Within hours, the wings form a cuticle so hard and well-joined to the body that pupae can be picked up and handled without damage to the wings. 4457:. There are over 120 families in Lepidoptera, in 45 to 48 superfamilies. Lepidoptera have always been, historically, classified in five suborders, one of which is of primitive moths that never lost the morphological features of their ancestors. The rest of the moths and butterflies make up ninety-eight percent of the other taxa, making 2308: 2245: 2203: 1708:. Apart from color variation, which may differ from slight to completely different color-pattern combinations, secondary sexual characteristics may also be present. Different genotypes maintained by natural selection may also be expressed at the same time. Polymorphic and/or mimetic females occur in the case of some taxa in the 2266: 2224: 2417: 2827:, eats butterflies and moths and exhibits a long bite when preying on them rather than wrapping them in silk first. This is theorized to serve as an immobilization tactic. Caterpillars and pupae fall prey not only to birds, but also to invertebrate predators and small mammals, as well as fungi and bacteria. 1557: 2291: 2290: 2295: 2293: 2289: 524:, to the brightly colored and complex-patterned butterflies. Accordingly, this is the most recognized and popular of insect orders with many people involved in the observation, study, collection, rearing of, and commerce in these insects. A person who collects or studies this order is referred to as a 4604:

Artistic depictions of butterflies have been used in many cultures including as early as 3500 years ago, in Egyptian hieroglyphs. Today, butterflies are widely used in various objects of art and jewelry: mounted in frames, embedded in resin, displayed in bottles, laminated in paper, and in some mixed

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in the mid-Cretaceous, there was a major reproductive change. The Ditrysia, which comprise 98% of the Lepidoptera, have two separate openings for reproduction in the females (as well as a third opening for excretion), one for mating, and one for laying eggs. The two are linked internally by a seminal

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and prevents their body from sinking when they end up on the water's surface. Lepidopteran bodies tend to come apart after death, and decompose quickly, so fossil remains are often extremely fragmentary. Of the fossils known, only an estimated 7% have been described. The location and abundance of the

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being its only superfamily, containing the single family Micropterigidae. Species of Micropterigoidea are practically living fossils, being one of the most primitive lepidopteran groups, still retaining chewing mouthparts (mandibles) in adults, unlike other clades of butterflies and moths. About 120

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The fossil record for Lepidoptera is lacking in comparison to other winged species and tends not to be as common as some other insects in habitats that are most conducive to fossilization, such as lakes and ponds; their juvenile stage has only the head capsule as a hard part that might be preserved.

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monarch. The viceroy is, in fact, more toxic than the monarch and this resemblance should be considered as a case of Müllerian mimicry. In Müllerian mimicry, inedible species, usually within a taxonomic order, find it advantageous to resemble each other so as to reduce the sampling rate by predators

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Camouflage is also an important defense strategy, which involves the use of coloration or shape to blend into the surrounding environment. Some lepidopteran species blend with their surroundings, making them difficult to spot by predators. Caterpillars can exhibit shades of green that match its host

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Most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion, only needing a few days to find a mate and then lay their eggs. Others may remain active for a longer period (from one to several weeks) or go through diapause and overwintering as monarch butterflies do, or waiting out environmental stress.

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The length of time before the pupa ecloses (emerges) varies greatly. The monarch butterfly may stay in its chrysalis for two weeks, while other species may need to stay for more than 10 months in diapause. The adult emerges from the pupa either by using abdominal hooks or from projections located on

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The abdomen, which is less sclerotized than the thorax, consists of 10 segments with membranes in between, allowing for articulated movement. The sternum, on the first segment, is small in some families and is completely absent in others. The last two or three segments form the external parts of the

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Butterflies and moths are one of the largest taxa to solely feed and be dependent on living plants, in terms of the number of species, and they are in many ecosystems, making up the largest biomass to do so. In many species, the female may produce anywhere from 200 to 600 eggs, while in some others

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No form of wing is externally visible on the larva, but when larvae are dissected, developing wings can be seen as disks, which can be found on the second and third thoracic segments, in place of the spiracles that are apparent on abdominal segments. Wing disks develop in association with a trachea

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The eggs are derived from materials ingested as a larva and in some species, from the spermatophores received from males during mating. An egg can only be 1/1000 the mass of the female, yet she may lay up to her own mass in eggs. Females lay smaller eggs as they age. Larger females lay larger eggs.

1542:. Three different tracheaes supply and diffuse oxygen throughout the species' bodies. The dorsal tracheae supply oxygen to the dorsal musculature and vessels, while the ventral tracheae supply the ventral musculature and nerve cord, and the visceral tracheae supply the guts, fat bodies, and gonads. 1272:

The abdomen of the caterpillar has four pairs of prolegs, normally located on the third to sixth segments of the abdomen, and a separate pair of prolegs by the anus, which have a pair of tiny hooks called crotchets. These aid in gripping and walking, especially in species that lack many prolegs (e.

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The caterpillar has an elongated, soft body that may have hair-like or other projections, three pairs of true legs, with none to 11 pairs of abdominal legs (usually eight) and hooklets, called apical crochets. The thorax usually has a pair of legs on each segment. The thorax is also lined with many

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mimicry complexes are commonly found in Lepidoptera. Genetic polymorphism and natural selection give rise to otherwise edible species (the mimic) gaining a survival advantage by resembling inedible species (the model). Such a mimicry complex is referred to as Batesian and is most commonly known in

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moths in early summer. The ingluvies, despite having a very low cyanogenic content, serve as a convenient, supplementary source of sugar to the children who can include this resource as a seasonal delicacy at minimum risk. Outside of this instance, adult Lepidoptera are rarely consumed by humans,

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Pheromones are commonly involved in mating rituals among species, especially moths, but they are also an important aspect of other forms of communication. Usually, the pheromones are produced by either the male or the female and detected by members of the opposite sex with their antennae. In many

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Lepidopteran species have to be warm, about 77 to 79 °F (25 to 26 °C), to fly. They depend on their body temperature being sufficiently high and since they cannot regulate it themselves, this is dependent on their environment. Butterflies living in cooler climates may use their wings to

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forewings and hindwings are mechanically coupled and flap in synchrony. Flight is anteromotoric, or being driven primarily by action of the forewings. Although lepidopteran species reportedly can still fly when their hindwings are cut off, it reduces their linear flight and turning capabilities.

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when mimetic morphs fly alongside nonmimetic morphs in a population of a particular species. Polymorphism occurs both at specific level with heritable variation in the overall morphological adaptations of individuals, as well as in certain specific morphological or physiological traits within a

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estimated to comprise around 17,950, and moths making up the rest. The vast majority of Lepidoptera are to be found in the tropics, but substantial diversity exists on most continents. North America has over 700 species of butterflies and over 11,000 species of moths, while about 400 species of

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Flight is an important aspect of the lives of butterflies and moths, and is used for evading predators, searching for food, and finding mates in a timely manner, as most lepidopteran species do not live long after eclosion. It is the main form of locomotion in most species. In Lepidoptera, the

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are complex and unclear. In females the three types of genitalia are based on the relating taxa: 'monotrysian', 'exoporian', and 'ditrysian'. In the monotrysian type is an opening on the fused segments of the sterna 9 and 10, which act as insemination and oviposition. In the exoporian type (in

480:. They show many variations of the basic body structure that have evolved to gain advantages in lifestyle and distribution. Recent estimates suggest the order may have more species than earlier thought, and is among the five most species-rich orders (each with over 100,000 species) along with 3810:, whereas in most species the males are heterogametic and the females have two identical sex chromosomes. The adults in both orders display a particular wing venation pattern on their forewings. The larvae in the two orders have mouth structures and glands with which they make and manipulate 2871:. Again, an "evolutionary race" exists, which has led to numerous evolutionary adaptations of moths to escape from their main predators, such as the ability to hear ultrasonic sounds, or even to emit sounds in some cases. Lepidopteran eggs are also preyed upon. Some caterpillars, such as the 2400: 2379: 5210:

such as the eyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult to extract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate across the membrane. This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hairs easily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulate in indoor

2336: 3084:, which means they are more likely to transfer pollen to other conspecific plants. This can be beneficial for the plants being pollinated, as flower constancy prevents the loss of pollen during different flights and the pollinators from clogging stigmas with pollen of other flower species. 2341: 2339: 2335: 2399: 2378: 4757: 2403: 2402: 2398: 2383: 2381: 2377: 3242:

nests, albeit to a lesser extent. In northern Europe, the wax moth is regarded as the most serious parasitoid of the bumblebee and is found only in bumblebee nests. In some areas in southern England, as much as 80% of nests can be destroyed. Other parasitic larvae are known to prey upon

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used by some butterflies and moths. In butterflies, the spots are composed of concentric rings of scales in different colors. The proposed role of the eyespots is to deflect attention of predators. Their resemblance to eyes provokes the predator's instinct to attack these wing patterns.

2446: 1526:, where muscles contraction produces heat, which is transferred to the rest of the body when conditions are unfavorable. In lepidopteran species, hemolymph is circulated through the veins in the wings by some form of pulsating organ, either by the heart or by the intake of air into the 2839:

may lay eggs in the caterpillar, which eventually kill it as they hatch inside its body and eat its tissues. Insect-eating birds are probably the largest predators. Lepidoptera, especially the immature stages, are an ecologically important food to many insectivorous birds, such as the

2340: 2445: 4758: 2450: 2448: 2444: 2404: 2382: 1460:, where it is also stored. Some glands are specialized to perform certain task such as producing silk or producing saliva in the palpi. While the corpora cardiaca produce PTTH, the corpora allata also produces juvenile hormones, and the prothorocic glands produce moulting hormones. 5162:

Some larvae of both moths and butterflies have a form of hair that has been known to be a cause of human health problems. Caterpillar hairs sometimes have toxins in them and species from approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwide can inflict serious human injuries

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are univoltine, while in tropical climates most have two seasonal broods. Some others may take advantage of any opportunity they can get, and mate continuously throughout the year. These seasonal adaptations are controlled by hormones, and these delays in reproduction are called

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that runs along the base of the wing, and are surrounded by a thin peripodial membrane, which is linked to the outer epidermis of the larva by a tiny duct. Wing disks are very small until the last larval instar, when they increase dramatically in size, are invaded by branching

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Although the pupal cuticle is highly sclerotized, some of the lower abdominal segments are not fused, and are able to move using small muscles found in between the membrane. Moving may help the pupa, for example, escape the sun, which would otherwise kill it. The pupa of the

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The larvae of both butterflies and moths exhibit mimicry to deter potential predators. Some caterpillars have the ability to inflate parts of their heads to appear snake-like. Many have false eye-spots to enhance this effect. Some caterpillars have special structures called

2292: 2249: 2207: 2050: 2311: 2361: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2248: 2206: 1629:) has a darker summer adult morph, triggered by a long day exceeding 13 hours in duration, while the shorter diurnal period of 12 hours or less induces a paler morph in the postmonsoon period. Polyphenism also occurs in caterpillars, an example being the peppered moth, 2253: 2251: 2247: 2211: 2209: 2205: 1695:

Sexual dimorphism is the occurrence of differences between males and females in a species. In Lepidoptera, it is widespread and almost completely set by genetic determination. Sexual dimorphism is present in all families of the Papilionoidea and more prominent in the

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Fauna Svecica: sistens animalia Sveciæ regni: qvadrupedia, aves, amphibia, pisces, insecta, vermes, distributa per classes & ordines, genera & species. Cum differentiis specierum, synonymis autorum, nominibus incolarum, locis habitationum, descriptionibus

2270: 2252: 2228: 2210: 2560:, they can fly in a straight line. Celestial objects are so far away, even after traveling great distances, the change in angle between the moth and the light source is negligible; further, the moon will always be in the upper part of the visual field or on the 2338: 1874:) while most lay their eggs near or on the host plant on which the larvae feed. The number of eggs laid may vary from only a few to several thousand. The females of both butterflies and moths select the host plant instinctively, and primarily, by chemical cues. 4760: 2401: 2380: 2269: 2227: 2421: 2274: 2272: 2267: 2232: 2230: 2226: 2420: 2706:), which produces sounds with a frequency above that normally detectable by humans (about 20 kHz). These sounds also function as tactile communication, or communication through touch, as they stridulate, or vibrate a substrate like leaves and stems. 2425: 2423: 2419: 2447: 1956:

Different herbivorous species have adapted to feed on every part of the plant and are normally considered pests to their host plants; some species have been found to lay their eggs on the fruit and other species lay their eggs on clothing or fur (e. g.,

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Moths are known to engage in acoustic forms of communication, most often as courtship, attracting mates using sound or vibration. Like most other insects, moths pick up these sounds using tympanic membranes in their abdomens. An example is that of the

2424: 2073:: body parts specific to the larva, such as the abdominal prolegs, degenerate, while others such as the legs and wings undergo growth. After finding a suitable place, the animal sheds its last larval cuticle, revealing the pupal cuticle underneath. 2986:

form one of the most well-known Müllerian complexes. The adults of the various species now resemble each other so well, the species cannot be distinguished without close morphological observation and, in some cases, dissection or genetic analysis.

2359: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2776: 3182:). The larvae communicate with the ants using vibrations transmitted through a substrate, such as the wood of a tree or stems, as well as using chemical signals. The ants provide some degree of protection to these larvae and they in turn gather 2851:" can be seen between predator and prey species. The Lepidoptera have developed a number of strategies for defense and protection, including evolution of morphological characters and changes in ecological lifestyles and behaviors. These include 1048:

A – head, B – thorax, C – abdomen, 1 – prothoracic shield, 2 – spiracle, 3 – true legs, 4 – midabdominal prolegs, 5 – anal proleg, 6 – anal plate, 7 – tentacle, a – eye, b – stemmata (ocelli), c – antenna, d – mandible, e – labrum, f – frontal

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Elmes, G.W.; Wardlaw, J.C.; Schönrogge, K.; Thomas, J.A.; Clarke, R.T. (2004). "Food stress causes differential survival of socially parasitic caterpillars of Maculinea rebeli integrated in colonies of host and non-host Myrmica ant species".

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Polymorphism is the appearance of forms or "morphs", which differ in color and number of attributes within a single species. In Lepidoptera, polymorphism can be seen not only between individuals in a population, but also between the sexes as

2780: 2250: 2208: 2052: 405:. The scales are modified, flattened "hairs", and give butterflies and moths their wide variety of colors and patterns. Almost all species have some form of membranous wings, except for a few that have reduced wings or are wingless. 4329:

have a short coiled proboscis in the adult stage, and though they retain their pupal mandibles with which they escaped the cocoon, their mandibles are non-functional thereafter. Most of these non-ditrysian families, are primarily

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species, a gland between the eighth and ninth segments under the abdomen in the female produces the pheromones. Communication can also occur through stridulation, or producing sounds by rubbing various parts of the body together.

2271: 2229: 1481:, had midgut ceca, although this is lost in current butterflies and moths. Instead, all the digestive enzymes, other than initial digestion, are immobilized at the surface of the midgut cells. In larvae, long-necked and stalked 2918:

plant. Caterpillars have been demonstrated to be able to detect the color of their surroundings and substrate using organs on their feet. Some caterpillars look like inedible objects, such as twigs or leaves. For instance, the

2422: 1890:, or tiny funnel-shaped openings at one end, the purpose of which is to allow sperm to enter and fertilize the egg. Butterfly and moth eggs vary greatly in size between species, but they are all either spherical or ovate. 7827: 1489:

ions, which are absorbed from leaves ingested by the larvae. Most butterflies and moths display the usual digestive cycle, but species with different diets require adaptations to meet these new demands. Some, like the

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follows and leads to the posterior of the pharynx and in some species forms a form of crop. The midgut is short and straight, with the hindgut being longer and coiled. Ancestors of lepidopteran species, stemming from

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Flowers pollinated by butterflies tend to be large and flamboyant, pink or lavender in color, frequently having a landing area, and usually scented, as butterflies are typically day-flying. Since butterflies do not

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Dennis, Roger L. H.; Tim G. Shreeve; Henry R. Arnold; David B. Roy (September 2005). "Does diet breadth control herbivorous insect distribution size? Life history and resource outlets for specialist butterflies".

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Moths and butterflies are important in the natural ecosystem. They are integral participants in the food chain; having co-evolved with flowering plants and predators, lepidopteran species have formed a network of

425:, and are completely different from their adult moth or butterfly forms, having a cylindrical body with a well-developed head, mandible mouth parts, three pairs of thoracic legs and from none up to five pairs of 10514:

Zagrobelny, Mika; Dreon, Angelo Leandro; Gomiero, Tiziano; Marcazzan, Gian Luigi; Glaring, Mikkel Andreas; Møller, Birger Lindberg; Paoletti, Maurizio G. (2009). "Toxic moths: source of a truly safe delicacy".

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Moths are able to hear the range emitted by bats, which in effect causes flying moths to make evasive maneuvers because bats are a main predator of moths. Ultrasonic frequencies trigger a reflex action in the

2605:, as the insects moving to escape dry seasons or other disadvantageous conditions. Most lepidopterans that migrate are butterflies, and the distance travelled varies. Some butterflies that migrate include the 3074:,) more nectar is offered than pollen. The flowers have simple nectar guides, with the nectaries usually hidden in narrow tubes or spurs, reached by the long "tongue" of the butterflies. Butterflies such as 2515:

is important to Lepidoptera species, especially for those that migrate. Butterflies, which have more species that migrate, have been shown to navigate using time-compensated sun compasses. They can see

695:, with many variations in spelling. Other than that, the origin is unknown, although it could be derived from the pale yellow color of many species' wings suggesting the color of butter. The species of 2633:

from Mexico to northern United States and southern Canada, a distance of about 4,000–4,800 km (2,500–3,000 mi). Other well-known migratory species include the painted lady and several of the

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is the first group to have significant numbers of species whose larvae feed on herbaceous plants, as opposed to woody plants. They evolved about the time that flowering plants underwent an expansive

3329:. These species typically prey upon the eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, or ant larvae. Some caterpillars are cannibals, and others prey on caterpillars of other species (e.g. Hawaiian 4388:, that allow them to hear. These organs evolved eight times, at least, because they occur on different body parts and have structural differences. The main lineages in the macrolepidoptera are the 2129:

Some adult species of microlepidoptera go through a stage where no reproductive-related activity occurs, lasting through summer and winter, followed by mating and oviposition in the early spring.

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larvae with cylindrical bodies, short thoracic legs, and abdominal prolegs (pseudopods)". They have a sclerotized head capsule with an adfrontal suture formed by medial fusion of the sclerites,

828:, and inhabit all terrestrial habitats ranging from desert to rainforest, from lowland grasslands to mountain plateaus, but almost always associated with higher plants, especially angiosperms ( 1277:). In some basal moths, these prolegs may be on every segment of the body, while prolegs may be completely absent in other groups, which are more adapted to boring and living in sand (e. g., 5199:

is a frequent cause of envenomation in humans in Brazil, with 354 cases reported between 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with death caused most often by intracranial hemorrhage.

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Acuña, Ana María; Caso, Laura; Aliphat, Mario M.; Vergara, Carlos H. (2011). "Edible insects as part of the traditional food system of the Popoloca town of Los Reyes Metzontla, Mexico".

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Gasmi, Laila; Boulain, Helene; Gauthier, Jeremy; Hua-Van, Aurelie; Musset, Karine; Jakubowska, Agata K.; Aury, Jean-Marc; Volkoff, Anne-Nathalie; Huguet, Elisabeth (17 September 2015).

2443: 1901:, and hatching may be delayed until spring. Other butterflies may lay their eggs in the spring and have them hatch in the summer. These butterflies are usually temperate species (e. g. 1140:. The proboscis consists of one to five segments, usually kept coiled up under the head by small muscles when it is not being used to suck up nectar from flowers or other liquids. Some 4855:. Pesticides can affect other species other than the species they are targeted to eliminate, damaging the natural ecosystem. Another good biological pest control method is the use of 2355: 1866:-laying and the number of eggs laid occur. Some species simply drop their eggs in flight (these species normally have polyphagous larvae, meaning they eat a variety of plants e. g., 9917: 3133:) fly slowly and settle on the flower. They do not require as much nectar as the fast-flying hawk moths, and the flowers tend to be small (though they may be aggregated in heads). 7083:"Natural history and identification of litter-feeding Lepidoptera larvae (Insecta) in beech forests, Orongorongo Valley, New Zealand, with especial reference to the diet of mice ( 3339:

that mirror inchworms, are the only known species of butterflies and moths that are ambush predators. Four species are known to eat snails. For example, the Hawaiian caterpillar (

2309: 2076:

Depending on the species, the pupa may be covered in a silk cocoon, attached to different types of substrates, buried in the ground, or may not be covered at all. Features of the

8012:

Williams, C. B. (1927). "A study of butterfly migration in south India and Ceylon, based largely on records by Messrs. G. Evershed, E. E. Green, J. C. F. Fryer and W. Ormiston".

2246: 2204: 1808:

to attract males, sometimes from long distances. Some species engage in a form of acoustic courtship, or attract mates using sound or vibration such as the polka-dot wasp moth,

7780: 5939: 4845:

Ecological ways of removing pest Lepidoptera species are becoming more economically viable, as research has shown ways like introducing parasitic wasps and flies. For example,

4571:

still retaining some of the ancestral features of the wings such as similarly shaped fore- and hindwings with relatively complete venation. Glossata also contains the division

4461:. More recently, findings of new taxa, larvae and pupa have aided in detailing the relationships of primitive taxa, phylogenetic analysis showing the primitive lineages to be 2568:

by Henry Hsiao in 1972. He stated that they fly towards the darkest part of the sky in pursuit of safety, thus are inclined to circle ambient objects in the Mach band region.

2088:, etc.), with the wings wrapped around, adjacent to the antennae. The pupae of some species have functional mandibles, while the pupal mandibles are not functional in others. 8340: 2268: 2225: 5211:

environments because of their small size, which makes it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increases the risk of human contact in indoor environments.

4334:

in the larval stage. In addition to the proboscis, there is a change in the scales among these basal lineages, with later lineages showing more complex perforated scales.

2535:, showed, even at high altitudes, the species can correct its course with changing winds, and prefers flying with favourable winds, suggesting a great sense of direction. 2418: 9608:

van Eldijk, Timo J. B.; Wappler, Torsten; Strother, Paul K.; van der Weijst, Carolien M. H.; Rajaei, Hossein; Visscher, Henk; van de Schootbrugge, Bas (10 January 2018).

9913: 1592: 1472:, the anterior region of the foregut has been modified to form a pharyngeal sucking pump as they need it for the food they eat, which are for the most part liquids. An 8584: 2108:) and use the bean as a shelter. With a sudden rise in temperature, the pupa inside twitches and jerks, pulling on the threads inside. Wiggling may also help to deter 3429:

DNA was present in Lepidoptera such as monarch butterflies, silkworms and moths. These were described in some newspaper articles as examples of a naturally occurring

2775: 8014: 1716:

species which have only vestigial wings, legs, and mouthparts as compared to the adult males that are strong fliers with well-developed wings and feathery antennae.

1301:

The wings, head, and parts of the thorax and abdomen of Lepidoptera are covered with minute scales, a feature from which the order derives its name. Most scales are

4696:

of a person's soul; whether they be living, dying, or already dead. One Japanese superstition says that if a butterfly enters your guestroom and perches behind the

3263: 2666:, the first population movements may begin in July and early August and depending on the year, may be very massive, continuing unabated for as long as five months. 1712:

primarily to obtain a level of protection not available to the male of their species. The most distinct case of sexual dimorphism is that of adult females of many

5023:

The preference of the larvae of most lepidopteran species to feed on a single species or limited range of plants is used as a mechanism for biological control of

1644:, which has five forms, each geographically separated from the other by large mountain ranges. An even more dramatic showcase of geographical polymorphism is the 6862:(Hesperioidea and Papilionoidea, Lepidoptera) Восточной Европы. " CD determinant, database and software package "Lysandra". Minsk, Kiev, Moscow: 2005. In Russian 4871:. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a Delta trap, 3680:. The authors of the study proposed that lepidopterans evolved a proboscis as an adaptation to drink from droplets and thin films of water for maintaining their 1615:

are not inherited, is often termed as polyphenism, which in Lepidoptera is commonly seen in the form of seasonal morphs, especially in the butterfly families of

1596: 9784:

Kaila, Lauri; Marko Mutanen; Tommi Nyman (27 August 2011). "Phylogeny of the mega-diverse Gelechioidea (Lepidoptera): Adaptations and determinants of success".

6954:

Wiklund, Christer (July 1984). "Egg-laying patterns in butterflies in relation to their phenology and the visual apparency and abundance of their host plants".

520:

and other true bugs). They have, over millions of years, evolved a wide range of wing patterns and coloration ranging from drab moths akin to the related order

4988:

Even though some butterflies and moths affect the economy negatively, many species are a valuable economic resource. The most prominent example is that of the

1505:, showing most of the major organ systems, with characteristic reduced forelegs of that family: The corpora include the corpus allatum and the corpus cardiaca. 555:; conversely, their larvae (caterpillars) are considered very problematic to vegetation in agriculture, as they consume large quantity of plant matter (mostly 367:

of the Lepidoptera have been described, representing 10% of the total described species of living organisms, making it the second largest insect order (behind

3268: 2793:

Lepidopteran species are soft bodied, fragile, and almost defenseless, while the immature stages move slowly or are immobile, hence all stages are exposed to

4838:(variegated cutworms) are described as one of the most damaging pests to gardens, with the ability to destroy entire gardens and fields in a matter of days. 3559:

Major contributions in the 20th century included the creation of the monotrysia and ditrysia (based on female genital structure) by Borner in 1925 and 1939.

10262:. Entomology and Nematology Department, University of Florida. Office of Agricultural Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Archived from 4567:

contains a majority of the species, with the most obvious difference being non-functioning mandibles, and elongated maxillary galeae or the proboscis. The

3054:

is made and stored. The pollen is transferred on appendages on the adults, which fly to the next flower to feed and unwittingly deposit the pollen on the

4555:

is the only family and includes about 10 species, which are day-flying, metallic moths, confined to southern South America, the adults eat the pollen of

4465:

compared to the rest of Lepidoptera lineages. Recently, lepidopterists have abandoned clades like suborders, and those between orders and superfamilies.

10930:

Online virtual exhibit featuring a selection of historic entomological writings and images from the Comstock Library of Entomology at Cornell University

8291: 3582:

Many attempts have been made to group the superfamilies of the Lepidoptera into natural groups, most of which fail because one of the two groups is not

3264: 11952: 10793:

Europe's best known butterflies. Description of the most important species and instructions for recognising and collecting butterflies and caterpillars

9535:

The fossil record and taphonomy of butterflies and moths (Insecta, Lepidoptera): implications for evolutionary diversity and divergence-time estimates.

9134:

Europe's best known butterflies. Description of the most important species and instructions for recognizing and collecting butterflies and caterpillars

5264: 9537: 8205: 1994:

The larvae develop rapidly with several generations in a year; however, some species may take up to 3 years to develop, and exceptional examples like

11894: 11874: 10558: 7779:

Chapman, Jason W.; Reynolds, Don R.; Mouritsen, Henrik; Hill, Jane K.; Riley, Joe R.; Sivell, Duncan; Smith, Alan D.; Woiwod, Ian P. (8 April 2008).

9009:

Oliveira PE; PE Gibbs; AA Barbosa (2004). "Moth pollination of woody species in the Cerrados of Central Brazil: a case of so much owed to so few?".

4648:, earn a negative reputation, such as associations with the supernatural and evil. The moth has been prominently featured in art and movies such as 3422:) and fruits or vegetables. These species are important to ecosystems as they remove substances that would otherwise take a long time to decompose. 1538:

Air is taken in through spiracles along the sides of the abdomen and thorax supplying the trachea with oxygen as it goes through the lepidopteran's

14253: 11967: 10841: 10224: 9509: 8797: 7555:

Sauman, Ivo; Adriana D. Briscoe; Haisun Zhu; Dingding Shi; Oren Froy; Julia Stalleicken; Quan Yuan; Amy Casselman; Steven M. Reppert (5 May 2005).

10779:

Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom

10380: 5077:

permits nationals of that country to "farm" economically valuable insect species for the collectors market in an ecologically sustainable manner.

3269: 3265: 3259: 3046:

inside flowers, using their probosces to reach the nectar hidden at the base of the petals. In the process, the adults brush against the flowers'

924:

species. Many species have been recorded as breeding in natural materials or refuse such as owl pellets, bat caves, honeycombs or diseased fruit.

14096: 8876: 8449: 8088: 7434: 5760: 5269: 2000:

take as long as seven years. The larval stage is where the feeding and growing stages occur, and the larvae periodically undergo hormone-induced

10164: 11982: 10788:

Europas bekannteste Schmetterlinge. Beschreibung der wichtigsten Arten und Anleitung zur Kenntnis und zum Sammeln der Schmetterlinge und Raupen

10012: 4684: 9899: 9299: 3258: 1494:, exhibit no digestive system whatsoever; they survive as adults from stored energy consumed as larvae and live for no longer than 7-10 days. 1269:, or egg-laying organ. About 98% of moth species have a separate organ for mating, and an external duct that carries the sperm from the male. 14148: 11914: 11889: 10752: 7342: 7222: 5729: 3260: 2033:

from the wing base that precede the formation of the wing veins and begin to develop patterns associated with several landmarks of the wing.

3267: 2738:, which are included in the stages of Lepidoptera larvae, pupae, and adults. Larvae and pupae are links in the diets of birds and parasitic 1297:

Wing scales form the color and pattern on wings. The scales shown here are lamellar. The pedicel can be seen attached to a few loose scales.

7906: 6511:"Physiology of insect diapause. ii. interaction between the pupal brain and prothoracic glands in the metamorphosis of the giant silkworm, 4428:(moth-butterflies), are the most recently evolved. There is quite a good fossil record for this group, with the oldest skipper dating from 4318:, the southern beech tree. These families also have mandibles in the pupal stage, which help the pupa emerge from the seed or cocoon after 3546:(1837–1911), who worked on butterflies. He published a study of the Florissant deposits of Colorado, including the exceptionally preserved 1101:/ adult and show many variations of the basic body structure, which give these animals advantages for diverse lifestyles and environments. 6582: 3724:. The wings show scales with parallel grooves under a scanning electron microscope and a characteristic wing venation pattern shared with 11909: 11071: 10455:

Ramos-Elorduy, Julieta; Moreno, José MP; Vázquez, Adolfo I.; Landero, Ivonne; Oliva-Rivera, Héctor; Camacho, Víctor HM (6 January 2011).

9522: 9137: 5916: 5464: 3270: 9682: 7533: 3635:, which is why there is a serious lack of moth fossils. Yet there are fossils, some preserved in amber and some in very fine sediments. 3520: 3261: 1937:

for chewing, and a soft tubular, segmented body, that may have hair-like or other projections, three pairs of true legs, and additional

10849: 9721: 11034: 10967: 6480: 5954: 2742:

insects. The adults are included in food webs in a much broader range of consumers (including birds, small mammals, reptiles, etc.).

2368:

Larvae shedding skin, becoming a chrysalis. Recorded over fifteen hours. Closeups at two times speed. Other clips at ten times speed.

1305:, or blade-like, and attached with a pedicel, while other forms may be hair-like or specialized as secondary sexual characteristics. 10677: 3266: 2999:

in a defense emit clicks within the same range of the bats, which interfere with the bats and foil their attempts to echolocate it.

774:

The etymological origins of the word "caterpillar", the larval form of butterflies and moths, are from the early 16th century, from

14263: 14070: 8318: 3567:

methodology and applied it to insect phylogeny. Niels P. Kristensen, E. S. Nielsen and D. R. Davis studied the relationships among

11013: 8426: 3674:(ca 212 million years) divergence of glossatan and non-glossatan lepidopterans. The findings were reported in 2018 in the journal 3262: 2238:

Second instar larvae eating. Speeded up 50 times to illustrate feeding behavior. Nearly transparent body shows internal digestion.

14109: 10920: 5104:

as food items on almost every continent. While in most cases, adults, larvae or pupae are eaten as staples by indigenous people,

4731:

and some species were considered to be the reincarnations of the souls of dead warriors. The close association of butterflies to

2347:

Parasitized larvae showing wasp larvae exiting its body, spinning cocoons. Playback at double speed. Adult wasps at normal speed.

10190:

Capinera, John L. (2008). "Variegated Cutworm, Peridroma saucia (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)". In Capinera, John L. (ed.).

8682:

Viceroys are as unpalatable as monarchs, and significantly more unpalatable than queens from representative Florida populations.

8477:"Adaptive colour change and background choice behaviour in peppered moth caterpillars is mediated by extraocular photoreception" 5790: 3579:, this has not been the case for the Lepidoptera; DNA phylogenies correspond to a large extent to morphology-based phylogenies. 936:

has been estimated by John Heppner in 1991 based partly on actual counts from the literature, partly on the card indices in the

7750: 5521: 5074: 3651: 1941:(up to five pairs). The body consists of thirteen segments, of which three are thoracic and ten are abdominal. Most larvae are 2641:

are seen in peninsular India. Migrations have been studied in more recent times using wing tags and stable hydrogen isotopes.

12062: 10405: 10362: 10147: 10120: 9745:"The blueprint of the Amphiesmenoptera – Tarachoptera, a new order of insects from Burmese amber (Insecta, Amphiesmenoptera)" 9715: 9676: 9434: 9361: 8623: 8578: 8549: 8334: 8182: 7937: 7694: 7527: 7412: 7384: 7336: 7216: 7145: 7062: 6846: 6576: 6385: 6344: 6313: 6284: 6160: 6124: 6090: 6051: 5910: 5852: 5723: 5663: 5479: 5444: 3194: 2080:

are externally recognizable in the pupa. All the appendages on the adult head and thorax are found cased inside the cuticle (

1258:, which is usually large, as it is used to grasp the female during mating. Female genitalia include three distinct sections. 14114: 10916: 9367: 8568: 6605: 6350: 6166: 6057: 5406: 5008:

has been domesticated to the point where it is completely dependent on mankind for survival. A number of wild moths such as

14268: 7853: 1065:

only a few millimeters long, to conspicuous animals with a wingspan greater than 25 centimetres (9.8 in), such as the

449:, has a hard skin, usually with no cocoon. Once the pupa has completed its metamorphosis, a sexually mature adult emerges. 10786: 9075:

Devries, Pj (June 1990). "Enhancement of Symbioses Between Butterfly Caterpillars and Ants by Vibrational Communication".

3491:. These persist today as 9 of the superfamilies of Lepidoptera. Other works on classification followed including those by 2914:

segment of the larvae. When threatened, the caterpillar emits unpleasant smells from the organ to ward off the predators.

1638:

Geographical isolation causes a divergence of a species into different morphs. A good example is the Indian white admiral

1254:

of Lepidoptera are highly varied and are often the only means of differentiating between species. Male genitals include a

1171:, an organ used to create silk. The head is made of large lateral lobes, each having an ellipse of up to six simple eyes. 5278: 3117:

and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night, or early morning. A lot of nectar is produced to fuel the high

1031: 10457:"Edible Lepidoptera in Mexico: Geographic distribution, ethnicity, economic and nutritional importance for rural people" 10075: 5614: 4589: 3166:

wherein each individual involved benefits in some way. An example of a mutualistic relationship would be that shared by

1603:). In some species, the polymorphism is limited to one sex, typically the female. This often includes the phenomenon of 1117:

The head is where many sensing organs and the mouth parts are found. Like the adult, the larva also has a toughened, or

14122: 9985: 9949: 7021: 6615: 5606: 4712:

so vast a swarm of butterflies that the people were frightened—thinking the apparition to be a portent of coming evil.

1021: 941: 10777:

Kristensen, N. P. (ed.) 1999. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography.

9449: 6018: 2922:

fades into the backdrop of trees when it folds its wings back. The larvae of some species, such as the common Mormon (

1804:

species like most butterflies. However, the females of most nocturnal species, including almost all moth species, use

548: 10826: 10207: 6838: 6746: 5400: 5328: 4723:, the brilliantly colored image of the butterfly was carved into many temples, buildings, jewelry, and emblazoned on 1191:, each with a pair of legs. The first segment contains the first pair of legs. In some males of the butterfly family 469: 331: 9884:. Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Part 35. 4700:

screen, the person whom you most love is coming to see you. However, large numbers of butterflies are viewed as bad

3586:: Microlepidoptera and Macrolepidoptera, Heterocera and Rhopalocera, Jugatae and Frenatae, Monotrysia and Ditrysia. 1485:

are found in the anterior and posterior midgut regions, respectively. In insects, the goblet cells excrete positive

14220: 10957: 10948: 5392: 10554:"The evolving global epidemiology, syndromic classification, management, and prevention of caterpillar envenoming" 9975:

Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003).

9939:

Beccaloni, G.; Scoble, M.; Kitching, I.; Simonsen, T.; Robinson, G.; Pitkin, B.; Hine, A.; Lyal, C., eds. (2003).

7490: 1929:

The larvae or caterpillars are the first stage in the life cycle after hatching. Caterpillars are "characteristic

771:", which until the 16th century was used mostly to indicate the larva, usually in reference to devouring clothes. 14153: 14062: 11064: 4668: 4123: 2545:

loses its navigational capacity when exposed to a magnetic field, suggesting it uses the Earth's magnetic field.

1670: 382:

Lepidopteran species are characterized by more than three derived features. The most apparent is the presence of

242: 11025: 8475:

Eacock, Amy; Rowland, Hannah M.; van’t Hof, Arjen E.; Yung, Carl J.; Edmonds, Nicola; Saccheri, Ilik J. (2019).

7328:

The Development and Evolution of Butterfly Wing Patterns(Smithsonian Series in Comparative Evolutionary Biology)

4489:), with many more being found in Asia and the southwest Pacific, particularly New Zealand with about 50 species. 3728:(caddisflies). Only two more sets of Jurassic lepidopteran fossils have been found, as well as 13 sets from the 1218:

spiracles on both the mesothorax and metathorax, except for a few aquatic species, which instead have a form of

644: 14199: 14049: 13879: 9990: 9954: 7082: 6880: 5290: 3556:(1879–1938) recognized the close relationship between Lepidoptera and Trichoptera in his studies on phylogeny. 2116:

the head. The mandibles found in the most primitive moth families are used to escape from their cocoon (e. g.,

1167:, are used to chew up the plant matter that the larvae eat. The lower jaw, or labium, is weak, but may carry a 937: 819: 11001: 9230:

Eigenartige Geschmacksrichtungen bei Kleinschmetterlingsraupen ("Strange tastes among micromoth caterpillars")

5869: 2490:, hovering is important as they need to maintain a certain stability over flowers when feeding on the nectar. 2301:

Segments of the last two hours of the larvae shedding its 4th instar skin, after starting a few hours earlier.

908:

moths have been recorded as feeding on horny tissue and have been bred from the horns of cattle. The larva of

14135: 10048: 9414: 8295: 7957:; Green, Ken; Mouritsen, Henrik; Dreyer, David; Adden, Andrea; Brauburger, Kristina; Heinze, Stanley (2016). 5073:/rearing, has become an ecologically viable process of introducing species into the ecosystem to benefit it. 3779:

Phylogenetic hypothesis of major lepidopteran lineages superimposed on the geologic time scale. Radiation of

1562: 1066: 611: 445:

for protection prior to pupating, while others do not, instead going underground. A butterfly pupa, called a

11701: 10711:

Balit, Corrine R.; Ptolemy, Helen C.; Geary, Merilyn J.; Russell, Richard C.; Isbister, Geoffrey K. (2001).

10255: 8041:

Urquhart, F. A.; N. R. Urquhart (1977). "Overwintering areas and migratory routes of the Monarch butterfly (

7710:

Baker, R. Robin (February 1987). "Integrated use of moon and magnetic compasses by the heart-and-dart moth,

3317:. The process, called encapsulation, is one of the caterpillar's only means of defense against parasitoids. 2654:

undergoes population explosions and massive migrations that may be not surpassed by any other insect in the

10909: 9534: 9450:

Charlotte J. Wright, Lewis Stevens, Alexander Mackintosh, Mara Lawniczak, Mark Blaxter (21 February 2024).

8209: 5834: 4852: 4373:, and the Gelechioidea that evolved at this time also have great diversity. Whether the processes involved 3658:

elements in the sediments of the Triassic-Jurassic boundary from the cored Schandelah-1 well, drilled near

3345:) uses silk traps, in a manner similar to that of spiders, to capture certain species of snails (typically 1027: 17: 7430:"Hindwings are unnecessary for flight but essential for execution of normal evasive flight in Lepidoptera" 6607:

The Wild Silk Moths of North America: A Natural History of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada

6082:

The wild silk moths of North America: a natural history of the Saturniidae of the United States and Canada

5354: 3575:

and higher Lepidoptera too. While it is often found that DNA-based phylogenies differ from those based on

3368:, or dead organic material, such as fallen leaves and fruit, fungi, and animal products, and turn it into 932:

butterflies and 14,000 species of moths are reported from Australia. The diversity of Lepidoptera in each

824:

The Lepidoptera are among the most successful groups of insects. They are found on all continents, except

14273: 14127: 13979: 13956: 13874: 10287: 9976: 9940: 9908: 8151: 7854:"Experimental evidence for a magnetic sense in Neotropical migrating butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)" 6085:. The Cornell series in arthropod biology (illustrated ed.). Cornell University Press. p. 250. 5631: 5592: 5295: 4515: 4444: 4289: 3826:. Lepidoptera descend from a diurnal moth-like common ancestor that either fed on dead or living plants. 3803: 2872: 1974: 1934: 1551: 1164: 1145: 10874: 10240: 10026: 8838: 5684: 3313:, or simply the host's cells can form a multilayered capsule that eventually causes the endoparasite to 1236: 171: 11057: 10781:. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York. 10377: 10080: 9426: 8326: 8084:"Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: new isotopic evidence" 5626: 5059: 4308:). Adult Micropterigidae chew the pollen or spores of ferns. In the Agathiphagidae, larvae live inside 3516: 2878:

Some species of Lepidoptera are poisonous to predators, such as the monarch butterfly in the Americas,

2548:

Moths exhibit a tendency to circle artificial lights repeatedly. This suggests they use a technique of

2112:

wasps from laying eggs on the pupa. Other species of moths are able to make clicks to deter predators.

1445: 14212: 13984: 9228: 8798:"Tiger moths and the threat of bats: decision-making based on the activity of a single sensory neuron" 8453: 5982:

Rau, P (1941). "Observations on certain lepidopterous and hymenopterous parasites of Polistes wasps".

5752: 2065:

After about five to seven instars, or molts, certain hormones, like PTTH, stimulate the production of

628: 14278: 14225: 14163: 12055: 10712: 10168: 5039: 4454: 3500: 2929: 2524: 8749:"Moth hearing in response to bat echolocation calls manipulated independently in time and frequency" 4358:, most species feed on plant and animal detritus and fungi, and build shelters in the larval stage. 3504: 8931:

Goulson, D.; Ollerton, J.; Sluman, C. (1997). "Foraging strategies in the small skipper butterfly,

4641: 4593: 3802:, sharing many similarities that are lacking in others; for example the females of both orders are 3631:

most common moth species are indicative that mass migrations of moths occurred over the Palaeogene

3532: 3341: 1335:), and aiding gliding flight, but the most important is the large diversity of vivid or indistinct 7326: 7206: 5707: 5034:

was introduced from Argentina to Australia, where it successfully suppressed millions of acres of

4377:

or sequential evolution, the diversity of the Lepidoptera and the angiosperms increased together.

3038:(more specifically psychophily and phalaenophily for butterflies and moths, respectively), or the 1893:

The egg stage lasts a few weeks in most butterflies, but eggs laid prior to winter, especially in

10993: 10940: 10517: 10420: 10236: 9828: 7902: 6686: 3602: 3306:), which is attacked by a series of 13 species, in six different taxa throughout its life cycle. 2187: 1996: 8615: 8174: 3496: 3141: 852:

have been recorded to occur up to an altitude of 6,000 metres (20,000 ft) above sea level.

14258: 14189: 13896: 11083: 11044: 10982: 9249:"Recurrent Domestication by Lepidoptera of Genes from Their Parasites Mediated by Bracoviruses" 6566: 5465:"Lepidoptera phylogeny and systematics: the state of inventorying moth and butterfly diversity" 4916: 4453:

Taxonomy is the classification of species in selected taxa, the process of naming being called

4448: 4209: 3764: 3543: 3528: 3512: 3430: 3390: 3163: 2848: 2674: 2590: 2553: 2523:

Many studies have also shown that moths navigate. One study showed that many moths may use the

1053:

Lepidoptera are morphologically distinguished from other orders principally by the presence of

660: 622: 595: 418: 10713:"Outbreak of caterpillar dermatitis caused by airborne hairs of the mistletoe browntail moth ( 9666: 9127: 8610:

Endless forms most beautiful: the new science of evo devo and the making of the animal kingdom

8045:, Lepidoptera: Danaidae) in North America, with special reference to the western population". 6339:. Gale virtual reference library. Vol. 4 (2 ed.). Springer Reference. p. 4345. 6330: 5900: 5485: 2148:

with all stages except the adult occurring in water. Many species from other families such as

1963:, the common clothes moth). Some species are carnivorous, and others are even parasitic. Some 1782:, a state of dormancy that allows the insect to survive unfavorable environmental conditions. 1308:

The lumen or surface of the lamella has a complex structure. It gives color either by colored

14184: 13934: 13451: 10962: 9705: 9503: 8047: 7517: 7376: 6876: 5940:"An OSU scientist braves an uncharted rainforest in a search for rare and endangered species" 5543:

Engel, Michael S.; Kristensen, Niels P. (2013). "A History of Entomological Classification".

5273: 4521: 4500: 4281: 3022: 2577: 1791: 1424: 1313: 1251: 1231: 1141: 1074: 880: 14176: 14101: 10330:

Yoshitake, N. (1968). "Phylogenetic aspects on the origin of Japanese race of the silkworm,

6302: 4612:

In many cultures the soul of a dead person is associated with the butterfly, for example in

4013: 3924: 3519:

in a series of volumes on the lepidopteran fauna of Europe published between 1807 and 1835.

2936:

species (also known as clearwing moths) have a general appearance sufficiently similar to a

1400: 1388: 1376: 1364: 927:

As of 2007, there were roughly 174,250 lepidopteran species described, with butterflies and

14248: 14018: 13943: 12321: 12313: 12304: 12048: 10595:

Redd, J.; Voorhees, R.; Török, T. (2007). "Outbreak of lepidopterism at a Boy Scout camp".

9793: 9756: 9621: 9566: 9463: 9084: 8885: 8795: 8657: 8375: 8097: 7795: 7651: 7443: 7171: 7101: 6965: 6920: 6905:

Sanderford, M. V.; W. E. Conner (July 1990). "Courtship sounds of the polka-dot wasp moth,

6781: 6430: 5203: 4904: 4740: 3576: 3378: 3183: 3012: 2549: 2326:

larvae walking on broccoli stem and on glass, showing it laying down silk it then walks on.

2093: 2030: 1959: 1527: 1262: 1159:, have a toughened head capsule. Caterpillars lack the proboscis and have separate chewing 832:). Among the most northern dwelling species of butterflies and moths is the Arctic Apollo ( 712: 429:. As they grow, these larvae change in appearance, going through a series of stages called 154: 10300: 9205:

Pierce, N. E. (1995). "Predatory and parasitic Lepidoptera: Carnivores living on plants".

8541: 7754: 7604:

Southwood, T. R. E. (1962). "Migration of terrestrial arthropods in relation to habitat".

6738: 5844: 5838: 5096:

pupae steamed or boiled and seasoned for taste, for sale by a street vendor in South Korea

4346:, or later, two openings and an external sperm canal.) Of the early lineages of Ditrysia, 3593:

of butterflies and moths have remained largely unchanged over the past 250 million years.

2964: 2556:. By maintaining a constant angular relationship to a bright celestial light, such as the 1579: 8: 13467: 13242: 13234: 7781:"Wind selection and drift compensation optimize migratory pathways in a high-flying moth" 6911: 5070: 5035: 4847: 4496: 3759: 3742:. The oldest genuine butterflies of the superfamily Papilionoidea have been found in the 3613: 3553: 3548: 3452: 3215: 3159: 2699: 2586: 1887: 1321: 1054: 933: 928: 834: 680:

The origins of the common names "butterfly" and "moth" are varied and often obscure. The

10732: 9797: 9760: 9625: 9570: 9486: 9467: 9088: 8889: 8661: 8379: 8101: 7799: 7655: 7447: 7175: 7105: 6969: 6924: 6785: 6434: 4617: 1991:

has carnivorous larvae that catch and eat flies. Some pyralid caterpillars are aquatic.

11992: 11507: 11010: 10972: 10866: 10744: 10534: 10491: 10456: 10437: 10312: 10017: 9857: 9832: 9642: 9609: 9590: 9275: 9248: 9187: 9162:

Rubinoff, Daniel; Haines, William P. (2005). "Web-spinning caterpillar stalks snails".

9108: 9061: 9026: 8952: 8825: 8773: 8748: 8724: 8695: 8673: 8608: 8509: 8476: 8422: 8266: 8167: 8064: 8027: 7989: 7958: 7876: 7819: 7731: 7667: 7623: 7619: 7606: 7586: 7466: 7429: 7304: 7287:

Ehrlich, P. R.; Raven, P. H. (1964). "Butterflies and plants: a study in coevolution".

7269: 7187: 6989: 6936: 6804: 6763: 6706: 6640:"A temperature-induced switch from diffusive to convective ventilation in the honeybee" 6534: 6456: 6374: 5556: 4736: 4366: 4284:

lineages of Lepidoptera. The adults of these families do not have the curled tongue or

3713: 2886: 2751: 2582: 2133: 1810: 1539: 1515: 1336: 982: 886: 848: 166: 10630:

Kowacs, P. A.; Cardoso, J.; Entres, M.; Novak, E. M.; Werneck, L. C. (December 2006).

8908: 8867: 8398: 8363: 7727: 6639: 4640:

was associated with the soul of the dead. The skull-like marking on the thorax of the

14171: 14005: 12812: 11942: 10870: 10822: 10736: 10657: 10612: 10577: 10496: 10478: 10401: 10358: 10304: 10203: 10143: 10116: 9885: 9882:

Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography

9862: 9809: 9711: 9672: 9647: 9582: 9491: 9451: 9430: 9357: 9280: 9179: 9100: 8991: 8913: 8830: 8778: 8729: 8619: 8574: 8545: 8514: 8496: 8403: 8330: 8258: 8178: 8125: 8120: 8083: 7994: 7933: 7811: 7690: 7578: 7523: 7471: 7408: 7380: 7369: 7332: 7212: 7183: 7141: 7058: 7017: 7011: 6981: 6842: 6834: 6809: 6742: 6710: 6698: 6611: 6572: 6542: 6494: 6475: 6448: 6381: 6340: 6309: 6280: 6156: 6120: 6086: 6047: 5906: 5848: 5782: 5719: 5659: 5568: 5560: 5475: 5440: 5396: 5228: 5206:. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs can get lodged in soft tissues and 5132: 4910: 4744: 4705: 3697: 3384: 2972: 2949: 2823: 2714: 2630: 2512: 2499: 2085: 2081: 1903: 1843: 1822: 1640: 1588: 1497: 1302: 1160: 674: 473: 379:, and one of the most widespread and widely recognizable insect orders in the world. 145: 13948: 10748: 10652: 10631: 10538: 10441: 10316: 9191: 9112: 9030: 8970:

Helen J. Young; Lauren Gravitz (2002). "The effects of stigma age on receptivity in

8677: 8364:"Multiple, recurring origins of aposematism and diet specialization in poison frogs" 8068: 7880: 7735: 7671: 7627: 7590: 7191: 6993: 6460: 5514: 5435:

Powell, Jerry A. (2009). "Lepidoptera". In Resh, Vincent H.; Cardé, Ring T. (eds.).

5000:, which can be spun into cloth. Silk is and has been an important economic resource 4160: 3775: 3277:): The stage they affect and eventually kill and its duration are denoted by arrows. 2181: 13961: 13793: 13284: 12843: 11884: 11735: 11421: 10927: 10858: 10728: 10647: 10604: 10567: 10526: 10486: 10468: 10429: 10296: 10199: 10195: 9852: 9844: 9801: 9764: 9637: 9629: 9594: 9574: 9481: 9471: 9418: 9270: 9260: 9171: 9092: 9057: 9018: 8983: 8944: 8903: 8893: 8820: 8812: 8796:

Ratcliffe, John M.; Fullard, James H.; Arthur, Benjamin J.; Hoy, Ronald R. (2009).

8768: 8760: 8719: 8709: 8665: 8648: 8504: 8488: 8393: 8383: 8248: 8115: 8105: 8056: 8023: 7984: 7974: 7868: 7823: 7803: 7723: 7659: 7615: 7568: 7557:"Connecting the Navigational Clock to Sun Compass Input in Monarch Butterfly Brain" 7461: 7451: 7296: 7261: 7179: 7109: 7007: 6973: 6940: 6928: 6799: 6789: 6690: 6654: 6526: 6489: 6438: 5991: 5552: 5010: 4834: 4810: 4678: 4652: 4600:), an old bleached specimen still showing the classical skull pattern on the thorax 4552: 4473: 4381: 4277: 4084: 3819: 3676: 3643: 3109: 3092: 3081: 2618: 2537: 2117: 2058: 1969: 1894: 1645: 1631: 1578:

butterflies from the tropics of the Western Hemisphere are the classical model for

1523: 1469: 1457: 1441: 1348: 1317: 1062: 681: 372: 287: 223: 10814:

Volume 6: xxix + 368 pp. Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History), London.

9707:

Do butterflies bite?: fascinating answers to questions about butterflies and moths

9452:"Comparative genomics reveals the dynamics of chromosome evolution in Lepidoptera" 9096: 8956: 8534: 7872: 7113: 2036:

Near pupation, the wings are forced outside the epidermis under pressure from the

1682: 125: 13362: 13038: 12915: 12791: 12783: 12749: 12723: 12715: 12382: 12353: 12347: 12338: 12149: 12143: 12131: 12028: 11962: 11879: 11869: 11846: 11413: 11029: 11017: 11005: 10952: 10689: 10384: 10278: 10137: 9541: 9349: 9265: 8714: 7573: 7556: 7244:

Berg, Clifford O. (1950). "Biology of certain aquatic caterpillars (Pyralididae:

7135: 7054: 6794: 6731: 6510: 6334: 6148: 6114: 6080: 6041: 5653: 5636: 5384: 5207: 5175: 5001: 4816: 4693: 4548: 4542: 4347: 4269: 4188: 3469: 3447: 3415: 3231: 3219: 3099:, i.e., using rapid wing beats to hover in front of flowers. Most hawk moths are 3055: 2924: 2863:, and development of threat patterns and displays. Only a few birds, such as the 2761: 2517: 2157: 2098: 1817:

Adaptations include undergoing one seasonal generation, two or even more, called

1612: 1437: 1293: 1242: 1149: 1133: 1044: 920: 895: 829: 745: 568: 477: 465: 383: 348: 264: 14140: 14010: 11806: 10253: 9880:

Kristensen, N. P. (1999). "The non-Glossatan moths". In N. P. Kristensen (ed.).

9805: 9742: 7884: 3508: 3298:

parasitoids. Some species may be subject to a variety of parasites, such as the

2504: 1930: 1878:

The egg is covered by a hard-ridged protective outer layer of shell, called the

14057: 14044: 13583: 13370: 13048: 12973: 12939: 12897: 12822: 12807: 12450: 12021: 11977: 11972: 11957: 11904: 10800: 10608: 10433: 10108: 9476: 8643: 7640: 5587: 5256: 5242: 5140: 5116: 5051: 4856: 4689: 4613: 4504: 4385: 4362: 4273: 3896: 3702: 3639:

are also seen in fossil leaves, although the interpretation of them is tricky.

3524: 3283: 3118: 2919: 2756: 2650: 2622: 2606: 2528: 2145: 1838: 1739: 1730: 1453: 1211: 986: 775: 734: 414: 376: 41: 12040: 10572: 10553: 10530: 9833:"Progress, pitfalls and parallel universes: a history of insect phylogenetics" 9022: 8492: 7807: 7684: 7663: 7554: 6443: 6418: 6116:

Wildlife of the Australian snow-country: a comprehensive guide to alpine fauna

4659: 3542:

Among the first entomologists to study fossil insects and their evolution was

703:. The origins of the English word moth are clearer, deriving from Old English 14242: 13811: 13736: 13644: 13591: 13570: 13562: 13433: 13313: 13305: 13025: 12907: 12902: 12892: 12671: 12663: 12650: 12642: 12613: 12574: 12442: 12387: 12374: 12365: 12290: 12282: 12273: 12235: 12229: 12217: 11932: 11924: 11150: 11142: 10482: 10086: 8500: 8262: 8110: 7979: 5622: 5564: 5510: 5047: 4417: 4401: 4397: 4326: 4319: 4034: 3980: 3886: 3750: 3681: 3670:

lepidopterans by about 70 million years, supporting molecular estimates of a

3655: 3492: 3346: 3147: 3126: 2980:

that need to learn about the insects' inedibility. Taxa from the toxic genus

2969: 2739: 2727: 2614: 2483: 2165: 1921: 1859: 1763: 1660: 1625: 899: 606: 590: 585: 580: 540: 525: 442: 352: 83: 9545: 9175: 8388: 7685:

Made, J. G. van der; Josef Blab; Rudi Holzberger; H. van den Bijtel (1989).

7456: 5995: 4507:

is the only family in Aglossata and contains two species in its only genus,

2629:. The most well-known migrations are those of the eastern population of the 1821:(Univoltism, bivoltism, and multivism, respectively). Most lepidopterans in 1109: 867:

lifestyles, inhabiting the bodies of organisms rather than the environment.

409:

and the laying of eggs is normally performed near or on host plants for the

13919: 13830: 13798: 13780: 13728: 13660: 13620: 13420: 13412: 13378: 13263: 13255: 13076: 13066: 13053: 13007: 12999: 12986: 12978: 12965: 12923: 12884: 12874: 12851: 12830: 12799: 12762: 12754: 12741: 12621: 12569: 12115: 11864: 11637: 11614: 11606: 11548: 11503: 11335: 11278: 11107: 10740: 10661: 10616: 10581: 10500: 10308: 9866: 9848: 9813: 9769: 9744: 9651: 9633: 9586: 9495: 9284: 9183: 9104: 8995: 8948: 8917: 8898: 8834: 8816: 8782: 8764: 8733: 8700: 8518: 8407: 7998: 7954: 7815: 7582: 7475: 7049:

Gullan, P. J.; Cranston, P. S. (2010). "Life-history patterns and phases".

6985: 6813: 6694: 6546: 6452: 6010: 5572: 5236: 5179: 5024: 4462: 4421: 4413: 4405: 4351: 4204: 3967: 3940: 3906: 3855: 3823: 3815: 3799: 3739: 3659: 3583: 3560: 3211: 3114: 2899: 2880: 2610: 2432: 2323: 2189: 2153: 2137: 2017: 1709: 1282: 1148:, or separate moving jaws, like their ancestors, and these form the family 1122: 904: 868: 860: 564: 10904: 10473: 9557:

Rust, Jest (2000). "Palaeontology: Fossil record of mass moth migration".

8987: 8253: 8232: 8129: 8060: 6702: 6659: 5320: 5135:

are maintained on the edge of roof tops of houses for consumption. In the

4920:), feeding on foodstuffs that people find economically important, such as 4637: 4477:

species are known worldwide, with more than half the species in the genus

2280:

Larvae eating remainder of a leaf. Six hours speeded up one hundred times.

14083: 13971: 13928: 13788: 13746: 13670: 13665: 13636: 13604: 13499: 13440: 13276: 13200: 13192: 13179: 13171: 13142: 13092: 13017: 12931: 12866: 12861: 12856: 12838: 12629: 12564: 12492: 12471: 12463: 12413: 12192: 12186: 12174: 11987: 11919: 11851: 11653: 11583: 11434: 11372: 11248: 6858:

Ivy I. G., Morgun D. V., Dovgailo K. E., Rubin N. I., Solodovnikov I. A.

6679:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

6078: 5520:(in Latin). Lugduni Batavorum : C. Wishoff et G.J. Wishoff. p. 232. 5151: 5120: 5101: 5031: 4989: 4879: 4860: 4821: 4804: 4785: 4781: 4765: 4739:

and evidence of similar jaguar-butterfly images has been found among the

4720: 4716: 4673: 4568: 4509: 4485: 4479: 4469: 4409: 4393: 4374: 4354:

are mostly leaf miners, but more recent lineages feed externally. In the

4305: 4118: 4008: 3873: 3868: 3795: 3725: 3650:. The earliest known lepidopteran fossils are fossilized scales from the 3627: 3357: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3248: 3104: 3096: 3039: 3035: 3017: 3008: 2953: 2911: 2895: 2852: 2814: 2735: 2626: 2161: 2104: 1984: 1950: 1916: 1871: 1858:(egg-laying), though some species exhibit live birth in a process called 1767: 1759: 1705: 1616: 1600: 1502: 1482: 1478: 1433: 1274: 1192: 1156: 1086: 1058: 978: 910: 842:, at an altitude of 1,500 metres (4,900 ft) above sea level. In the 685: 634: 532: 521: 489: 422: 391: 356: 272: 268: 159: 58: 10945: 9356:(1 ed.). Oxford University: Oxford University Press. pp. 4–5. 4312:

and feed on seeds. In Heterobathmiidae the larvae feed on the leaves of

4288:, that are found in most members of the order, but instead have chewing 3785: 3309:

In response to a parasitoid egg or larva in the caterpillar's body, the

2637:

butterflies. Spectacular and large-scale migrations associated with the

1886:, which prevents the egg from drying out. Each egg contains a number of 1778:

Unless the species reproduces year-round, a butterfly or moth may enter

673:) meaning "club" and "horn", respectively, coming from the shape of the 13854: 13762: 13754: 13707: 13691: 13678: 13652: 13628: 13612: 13533: 13520: 13512: 13491: 13483: 13399: 13391: 13334: 13326: 13292: 13150: 13084: 13071: 13043: 13030: 12952: 12579: 12521: 12426: 11937: 11661: 11471: 11380: 11364: 11348: 11176: 10899: 9607: 8270: 7494: 7308: 7273: 6977: 6932: 6674: 6538: 5472:

Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy (Zootaxa:1668)

5190: 4798: 4557: 4526: 4425: 4389: 4370: 4331: 4314: 4309: 4301: 4029: 3919: 3780: 3729: 3636: 3568: 3426: 3331: 3314: 3203: 3179: 3167: 3152: 3130: 3076: 3071: 3059: 2995:

moth that cause it to drop a few inches in its flight to evade attack.

2982: 2903: 2860: 2828: 2766: 2710: 2659: 2594: 2456:

Butterflies depositing eggs under leaves. Each repeated in slow motion.

2177: 2109: 2069:, which initiates insect molting. The larva starts to develop into the 1801: 1697: 1556: 1340: 1332: 1328: 1278: 1266: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1188: 1184: 1070: 970: 955: 890:, are unusual in that they are exclusively found inhabiting the fur of 875: 825: 790: 696: 552: 544: 536: 481: 368: 103: 68: 8540:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Trade & Reference Publishers. p. 7208:

American Insects. A Handbook of the Insects of America North of Mexico

5712:

American insects: a handbook of the insects of America north of Mexico

5222: 4727:

in particular. The butterfly was sometimes depicted with the maw of a

3646:(the clade comprising Trichoptera and Lepidoptera) are known from the 3511:

described many genera, and the lepidopteran genera were catalogued by

1742:

or "complete metamorphosis". Their life cycle normally consists of an

1261:

The females of basal moths have only one sex organ, which is used for

1198:

The two pairs of wings are found on the middle and third segments, or

14088: 14031: 13806: 13712: 13549: 13541: 13459: 13134: 13121: 13105: 12957: 12947: 12733: 12600: 12592: 12548: 12434: 12103: 12091: 11899: 11743: 11703: 11678: 11531: 11442: 11401: 11388: 11219: 11206: 11101: 11022: 10862: 9578: 8669: 7331:(1 ed.). Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press. pp. 2–4. 6956: 5715: 5164: 5028: 5016: 4864: 4793: 4789: 4530: 4492: 4483:

in the Palearctic region. There are only two known in North America (

4355: 4285: 4183: 4102: 4074: 3842: 3830: 3743: 3707: 3632: 3572: 3564: 3411: 3361: 3235: 3223: 3207: 3100: 3088: 3067: 2996: 2841: 2832: 2810: 2794: 2731: 2655: 2645: 2565: 2487: 2169: 2141: 2037: 2013: 1946: 1942: 1855: 1818: 1805: 1713: 1570: 1519: 1491: 1486: 1473: 1428: 1180: 1168: 1137: 1094: 965: 871: 864: 856: 843: 723: 616: 600: 509: 446: 395: 256: 203: 183: 135: 108: 52: 13997: 13890: 10254:

Weinzierl, R.; Henn, T.; Koehler, P. G.; Tucker, C. L. (June 2005).

9300:"Parasite's Genes Persist in Host Genomes | The Scientist Magazine®" 8573:. Vol. 10. Marshall Cavendish. January 2003. pp. 292–293. 7852:

Srygley, Robert B.; Oliveira, Evandro G.; Riveros, Andre J. (2005).

7300: 7265: 6872: 6530: 5193:). Skin rashes are the most common, but there have been fatalities. 4605:

media artworks and furnishings. Butterflies have also inspired the "

4430: 3945: 3735:

Many more fossils are found from the Tertiary, and particularly the

755:

all meaning "moth"). Perhaps its origins are related to Old English

14075: 14036: 13992: 13913: 13699: 13475: 13221: 13213: 13158: 13113: 12770: 12688: 12556: 12421: 12404: 12257: 12109: 11947: 11856: 11645: 11515: 11307: 11113: 10998: 10928:

Caught Between the Pages: Treasures from the Franclemont Collection

9523:

Illusion of flight? Absence, evidence and the age of winged insects

6772: 5877: 5250: 5128: 5109: 5105: 5093: 5089: 4953: 4899: 4883: 4872: 4572: 4564: 4458: 4338: 3689: 3667: 3647: 3527:(1895) based their classifications primarily on wing venation. Sir 3483: 3461: 3373: 3365: 3353: 3326: 3310: 3122: 3027: 2976: 2960: 2933: 2891: 2864: 2638: 2634: 2532: 2173: 2149: 2066: 1964: 1898: 1867: 1827: 1797: 1779: 1701: 1620: 1595:, and between generations flying at different seasons of the year ( 1118: 960: 543:

as adults. They play an important role in the natural ecosystem as

505: 461: 457: 453: 260: 238: 98: 93: 78: 73: 63: 45: 10977: 10052: 9048:(Lepidoptera: Riodinidae) and their effects upon attending ants". 1036: 13720: 13352: 13344: 13061: 11286: 11167: 10454: 10263: 5195: 5145: 5085: 5063: 4965: 4941: 4895: 4887: 4538: 4156: 3838: 3754: 3685: 3663: 3403: 3395: 3113:) tend to be white, night-opening, large, and showy with tubular 2992: 2945: 2856: 2709:

Most moths lack bright colors, as many species use coloration as

2561: 2508:

Long exposure image of flying moths, attracted to the floodlights

2001: 1979: 1879: 1604: 1347:, and which act as signals to other animals including rivals and 1344: 1309: 1057:

on the external parts of the body and appendages, especially the

839: 556: 485: 364: 113: 88: 11049: 11039: 9136:]. Vol. 1–6, 33. Oestergaard Verlag. pp. 113–114. 6762:

Noor, Mohamed A. F.; Parnell, Robin S.; Grant, Bruce S. (2008).

6610:, Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, pp. 182–184, 6476:"A survey of androconial organs in the Riodinidae (Lepidoptera)" 4708:

was secretly preparing for his famous revolt, there appeared in

4663: 3985: 2625:. A notable species of moth that migrates long distances is the 784: 778: 757: 716: 705: 689: 13770: 12097: 12085: 11623: 11523: 11450: 11356: 11265: 11257: 11095: 11080: 10513: 10276: 9743:

Wolfram Mey; Wilfried Wichard; Patrick Müller; Bo Wang (2017).

7127: 6637: 6079:

Tuskes, Paul M.; Tuttle, James P.; Collins, Michael M. (1996).

5350: 5171: 5168: 5136: 5124: 5020:

species, besides others, provide commercially important silks.

4977: 4973: 4969: 4933: 4921: 4868: 4829: 4825: 4728: 4724: 4697: 4628: 4343: 4293: 3837:, sister to the Trichoptera, and more distantly related to the 3807: 3746: 3736: 3717: 3671: 3618: 3590: 3457: 3456:

Lepidoptera collection in Cherni Osam Natural Sciences Museum,

3407: 3244: 3051: 3047: 3043: 2941: 2818: 2806: 2687: 2663: 2602: 2542: 2531:

moth suggests. Another study, of the migratory behavior of the

2482:

Some species of butterflies can reach fast speeds, such as the

2102:) does this. The larvae cut a trapdoor in the bean (species of 2005: 1988: 1938: 1724: 916: 793: 764: 513: 430: 426: 410: 406: 402: 399: 213: 193: 12016: 10378:

Butterfly Farms | Rainforest Conservation | Butterfly Ranching

9610:"A Triassic-Jurassic window into the evolution of Lepidoptera" 8355: 8208:. Department of Entomology, C State University. Archived from 7753:. University of Greenwich at Medway. p. 1. Archived from 6729:

Gullan & Cranston (2005). "Polymorphism and polyphenism".

5439:(2 (illustrated) ed.). Academic Press. pp. 557–587. 320: 14207: 9783: 9008: 8040: 7427: 5680: 5615: 5607: 5187: 5183: 4961: 4957: 4925: 4777: 4709: 4633: 4606: 4575:, which contains 98% of all described species in Lepidoptera. 4412:. Bombycoidea plus Lasiocampidae plus Mimallonoidea may be a 4297: 3834: 3369: 3287: 3171: 2944:

to make it likely the moths gain a reduction in predation by

2907: 2836: 2786: 2683: 2077: 1755: 1747: 1255: 1098: 1082: 891: 768: 667: 658: 651: 642: 638: 626: 609: 593: 517: 387: 14023: 9974: 9938: 8969: 8173:(4 ed.). New York: Cambridge University Press. p. 7778: 7402: 7160: 7133: 7048: 6571:(4 ed.). Oxford: Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. 13494:(gossamer-winged butterflies: blues, coppers and relatives) 11711: 10085:. Cupertino, California: Bugbios. p. 4. Archived from 9914:

Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts

9246: 8081: 6764:"A reversible color polyphenism in American Peppered Moth ( 5463:

Kristensen, Niels P.; Scoble, M. J.; Karsholt, Ole (2007).

5112: 4997: 4949: 4945: 4929: 4891: 4732: 4701: 4622: 4534: 4292:

adapted for a special diet. Micropterigidae larvae feed on

3811: 3607: 3399: 3239: 2937: 2798: 2557: 2070: 1751: 1327:

Scales function in insulation, thermoregulation, producing

1219: 1090: 700: 560: 501: 438: 434: 360: 323: 296: 10990:

Japanese moths. Access images via the numbers on the left.

10355:

Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the United States

8531: 8474: 8361: 7952: 5905:. Volume 4 of Series entomologica. Springer. p. 530. 4851:, a fly which deposited larvae feed upon the pupae of the 1623:. An Old World pierid butterfly, the common grass yellow ( 1522:, or insect blood, is used to circulate heat in a form of 311: 13715:(daggers, sallows, owlet moths, quakers, cutworms, darts) 11721: 10987: 10357:. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press. p. 146. 9826: 8646:(1991). "The viceroy butterfly is not a Batesian mimic". 8532:

Latimer, Jonathan P.; Karen Stray Nolting (30 May 2000).

8362:

Santos, J. C.; Cannatella, D. C.; Cannatella, DC (2003).

8015:

Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London

4937: 3325:

A few species of Lepidoptera are secondary consumers, or

3227: 3175: 3042:

of flowers. Most adult butterflies and moths feed on the

2868: 2867:, hunt nocturnal lepidopterans. Their main predators are 2802: 2713:, but butterflies engage in visual communication. Female 2259:

This second instar larvae sheds skin in under 20 minutes.

1883: 1863: 1762:, and the pupae of moths encapsulated in silk are called 1743: 1078: 641:

of all butterfly species, derived from the Ancient Greek

497: 493: 302: 10710: 10629: 10049:"Table complete with real butterflies embedded in resin" 9664: 7137:

Borror and Delong's Introduction to the Study of Insects

7030: 6112: 5462: 3571:

families and Kristensen worked more generally on insect

3087:

Among the more important moth pollinator groups are the

1339:

they provide, which help the organism protect itself by

13702:(underwing, tiger, tussock, litter, snout, owlet moths) 11023:

Photos of Larvae and Pupae butterflies and moths. Spain

10900:

Natural History Museum archived database of host plants

10417: 8753:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7016:(First ed.). Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press. 4551:

was first described by Kristensen and Nielsen in 1979.

3757:. The best preserved fossil lepidopteran is the Eocene 3721: 1734:(poplar hawk-moth) showing two different color variants 838:), which is found in the Arctic Circle in northeastern 11664:(net-winged insects: lacewings, mantidflies, antlions) 10396:

Robinson, Martin; Bartlett, Ray and Whyte, Rob (2007)

9831:; Yavorskaya, Margarita & Beutel, Rolf G. (2016). 7930:

Attraction of moths to light and to infrared radiation

7851: 7751:"Scientists make compass discovery in migrating moths" 6904: 3790:

from their earliest forms to domination of vegetation.

3531:

worked on the microlepidoptera during this period and

3473:(1758) recognized three divisions of the Lepidoptera: 2644:

Moths also undertake migrations, an example being the

2597:, where the western population migrates for the winter 1766:, while the uncovered pupae of butterflies are called 8930: 8199: 8197: 6728: 5655:

Origins: an etymological dictionary of modern English

3273:

The different parasitoids affecting the spongy moth (

2884:

species (roses, windmills, etc.) in Asia, as well as

2769:, which emits unpleasant smells to ward off predators 452:

Lepidopterans first appeared in fossil record in the

413:. Like most other insects, butterflies and moths are 332: 290: 9129:

The honey bee: a manual of instruction in apiculture

7042: 6564: 5832: 5218: 3833:, based on molecular analysis, shows the order as a 3732:, which all belong to primitive moth-like families. 3282:

In reverse, moths and butterflies may be subject to

3198:

Parasitoid larva exits from the fox moth caterpillar

317: 314: 308: 299: 293: 11040:

Swedish Moths and Butterflies Lepidoptera (English)

10139:

The Gods and Symbols of Ancient Mexico and the Maya

8641: 7134:Triplehorn, Charles A.; Johnson, Norman F. (2005). 6603: 6011:"Taxonomy of butterflies: the scale of the problem" 5833:Gullan, P. J.; P. S. Cranston (13 September 2004). 5321:"Taxonomy of Lepidoptera: the scale of the problem" 4820:larvae (cotton bollworms or tomato fruitworms) are 3666:. This pushes back the fossil record and origin of 3034:Most species of Lepidoptera engage in some form of 305: 13153:(castniid moths: giant butterfly-moths, sun moths) 10842:"An Annotated List of Lepidopterological Journals" 9658: 8607: 8533: 8194: 8166: 7368: 7254:Transactions of the American Microscopical Society 6730: 6373: 6301: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6262: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6254: 6252: 6250: 6248: 6246: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6238: 6236: 6234: 6232: 6230: 6228: 6226: 6224: 6039: 5678: 5536: 5430: 5428: 5426: 5424: 5265:Lepidoptera in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae 2008:, until they undergo the final larval-pupal molt. 1591:, between geographically separated populations in 10594: 10559:American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 9879: 9697: 9044:Devries, P. J. (1988). "The larval ant-organs of 7901:Elliot, Debbie; Berenbaum, May (18 August 2007). 7522:. Oxford University Press, 1995. pp. 66–67. 7243: 6274: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 5902:Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects 4996:), the larvae of which make their cocoons out of 4824:, meaning they eat a variety of crops, including 4636:, as in Ancient Greece, the word for "butterfly" 4561:or southern beech and the larvae mine the leaves. 4499:of Lepidoptera; being first described in 1952 by 3121:needed to power their flight. Other moths (e.g., 2797:. Adult butterflies and moths are preyed upon by 1113:Face of a caterpillar with the mouthparts showing 437:. A few butterflies and many moth species spin a 14240: 12228: 10165:"IPM: Field Crops: Corn Earworm (Heliothis Zea)" 10162: 9222: 9220: 7428:Benjamin Jantzen; Thomas Eisner (28 July 2008). 6761: 4780:of many lepidopteran species are major pests in 4672:, and in the artwork of the Japanese metal band 3822:; together they are sister to the extinct order 3320: 1501:Internal morphology of adult male in the family 1179:The thorax is made of three fused segments, the 433:. Once fully matured, the larva develops into a 29:Order of insects including moths and butterflies 12142: 12070: 8877:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8746: 8368:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8089:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 8011: 7900: 7689:(in Dutch). Weert: M & P cop. p. 192. 7435:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 7211:(2 ed.). CRC press LLC. pp. 631–632. 7013:The Monarch Butterfly: Biology and Conservation 6833:. Part of Project lifescape. Orient Blackswan. 6565:Gullan, P. J.; P. S. Cranston (22 March 2010). 6399: 6397: 6275:Resh, Vincent H.; Ring T. Carde (1 July 2009). 6190: 6188: 6186: 6184: 6043:Kaufman field guide to insects of North America 5679:Harpe, Douglas; Dan McCormack (November 2001). 5542: 5421: 5270:McGuire Center for Lepidoptera and Biodiversity 5038:. Another species of the Pyralidae, called the 3712:, and known only from three wings found in the 3257: 2410:Butterflies flying. Later clips in slow motion. 1925:Larval form typically lives and feeds on plants 1854:Lepidoptera usually reproduce sexually and are 1719: 1658:Seasonal diphenism in the common grass yellow, 948:Diversity of Lepidoptera in each faunal region 727: 12346: 12185: 10597:Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 9533:Sohn, JC., Labandeira, C.C. & Davis, D.R. 9161: 9043: 8292:"Caterpillar and Butterfly Defense Mechanisms" 8203: 8158: 7703: 7509: 7198: 6410: 6376:The Lepidoptera: Form, function, and diversity 6201: 5984:Annals of the Entomological Society of America 5672: 4685:Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Things 3642:Putative fossil stem group representatives of 12281: 12056: 11501: 11065: 10963:Photography of European Butterflies and Moths 10675: 10632:"Fatal intracerebral hemorrhage secondary to 10329: 10113:Kwaidan: Stories and Studies of Strange Thing 10051:. Mfjoe.com. 18 December 2009. Archived from 9736: 9704:Davies, Hazel; Butler, Carol A. (June 2008). 9665:Grimaldi, David A.; Michael S. Engel (2005). 9601: 9413: 9409: 9407: 9405: 9354:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity 9217: 9204: 7519:The Lepidoptera: Form, Function and Diversity 6900: 6898: 6474:Hall, Jason P. W.; Harvey, Donald J. (2002). 4814:can cause extensive damage to certain crops. 2932:look like bird droppings. For example, adult 2435:to concentrate salts for female reproduction. 813: 12215: 10799:. Berlin: Oestergaard Verlag. Archived from 10784: 10279:"The genetics and genomics of the silkworm, 10277:Goldsmith M. R.; T. Shimada; H. Abe (2005). 10194:. Springer Netherlands. pp. 4038–4041. 9703: 9508:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9403: 9401: 9399: 9397: 9395: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9387: 9385: 9297: 8868:"Pollen feeding and reproductive biology of 8286: 8284: 8282: 8280: 7286: 7140:. Belmont, California: Thomson Brooks/Cole. 6394: 6181: 5953:(2). Oregon State University. Archived from 5828: 5647: 5645: 4650: 3436: 1773: 1425:reproductive system of butterflies and moths 749: 11333: 11141: 10819:Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders 9671:. Cambridge University Press. p. 561. 9157: 9155: 9074: 8136: 7903:"Why are Moths Attracted to Flame? (audio)" 7687:Actie voor Vlinders, zo kunnen we ze redden 7405:Aquatic Insect Ecology, Biology And Habitat 7094:Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 6673: 6304:Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders 6299: 6119:(illustrated ed.). Reed. p. 200. 6008: 5826: 5824: 5822: 5820: 5818: 5816: 5814: 5812: 5810: 5808: 5458: 5456: 5318: 4940:; furthermore they have been found on shed 4525:are found along the north-eastern coast of 4342:duct. (In more basal lineages there is one 3818:grouped the two orders into the superorder 2898:. Some caterpillars, especially members of 1448:(PTTH) operates the species life cycle and 805: 799: 738: 13502:(brush-footed, or four-footed butterflies) 12063: 12049: 11247: 11072: 11058: 10850:The Journal of Research on the Lepidoptera 10810:Nye, I. W. B. & Fletcher, D. S. 1991. 10336:Journal of Sericological Sciences of Japan 10222: 9343: 9341: 9339: 9337: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9329: 9327: 9325: 8861: 8859: 8143:Smith, N. G. (1983). Janzen, D. H. (ed.). 7774: 7772: 7320: 7318: 7076: 7074: 7036: 7006: 6895: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6638:Lighton J. R. B.; Lovegrove B. G. (1990). 6597: 6473: 6155:(2 ed.). Springer. pp. 246–266. 6046:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 391. 5744: 5378: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5202:These hairs have also been known to cause 3626:Also, the scales covering their wings are 2789:that might attract predators or parasites. 1949:(some eat ants or other caterpillars) and 1061:. Butterflies and moths vary in size from 144: 124: 10999:Butterflies and Moths of Northern Ireland 10978:A Check List of Butterflies in Indo-China 10651: 10571: 10490: 10472: 10461:Journal of Ethnobiology and Ethnomedicine 9856: 9768: 9641: 9546:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-015-0290-8 9527: 9485: 9475: 9382: 9274: 9264: 9050:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 8907: 8897: 8824: 8772: 8723: 8713: 8693: 8508: 8397: 8387: 8277: 8252: 8119: 8109: 7988: 7978: 7603: 7597: 7572: 7488: 7465: 7455: 6803: 6793: 6658: 6604:Tuskes PM, Tuttle JP, Collins MM (1996), 6560: 6558: 6556: 6493: 6481:Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 6442: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6136: 5651: 5642: 5314: 5312: 5310: 4579: 3701:, a primitive moth-like species from the 3695:The earliest named lepidopteran taxon is 3095:Sphingidae. Their behavior is similar to 1758:or adult. The larvae are commonly called 579:The term Lepidoptera was used in 1746 by 13681:(hawk moths, sphinx moths and hornworms) 12129: 11793:Four most speciose orders are marked in 11383:(crickets, wetas, grasshoppers, locusts) 10994:Butterflies and Moths in the Netherlands 10551: 10189: 9710:. Rutgers University Press. p. 48. 9298:Shaikh-Lesko, Rina (17 September 2015). 9152: 8230: 8150:. Costa Rican Natural History. Chicago: 6825: 6823: 6508: 6279:(2 ed.). U. S. A.: Academic Press. 6113:Green, Ken; Osborne, William S. (1994). 5843:(3 ed.). Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 5805: 5579: 5509: 5453: 5382: 5139:region of Italy, children catch and eat 5084: 5062:; in this case, the two insects work in 4754: 4588: 3774: 3606: 3521:Gottlieb August Wilhelm Herrich-Schäffer 3451: 3253: 3193: 3140: 3016: 2785:This Lepidoptera larvae disposes of its 2772: 2755: 2745: 2673: 2581: 2503: 2047: 1920: 1842:The four stages of the life cycle of an 1837: 1723: 1569: 1555: 1496: 1292: 1235: 1108: 1043: 1035: 14254:Extant Early Jurassic first appearances 13478:(whites, yellows, orangetips, sulphurs) 10921:Integrated Taxonomic Information System 10073: 9322: 8865: 8856: 8605: 8316: 8294:. EnchantedLearning.com. Archived from 8164: 7861:The British Journal of Animal Behaviour 7769: 7403:Ward, James V.; Ward, Peter E. (1992). 7362: 7360: 7325:Nijhout, H. Frederik (17 August 1991). 7324: 7315: 7164:Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 7080: 7071: 6953: 6947: 6717: 6631: 6416: 6328: 6322: 6293: 6002: 5937: 5369: 4692:, a butterfly was seen in Japan as the 4416:group. The Rhopalocera, comprising the 3352:Larvae of some species of moths in the 2188:Video gallery of butterfly life cycle ( 944:(Washington), and partly on estimates: 14: 14241: 13594:(eggars, snout moths, or lappet moths) 12172: 10390: 10352: 10135: 10010: 9837:Journal of the Royal Society Interface 9347: 9207:Journal of the Lepidopterists' Society 9198: 9125: 8599: 8082:Wassenaar L. I.; K. A. Hobson (1998). 7963:: A Long-Distance Nocturnal Navigator" 7634: 7548: 7515: 7204: 6553: 6371: 6365: 6196:The Adult Head – Feeding and Sensation 6146: 6133: 6040:Eaton, Eric R.; Kaufman, Kenn (2007). 5977: 5975: 5705: 5699: 5524:from the original on 18 September 2020 5470:. In Z.-Q. Zhang; W. A. Shear (eds.). 5434: 5307: 5075:Butterfly ranching in Papua New Guinea 2389:Emerging from chrysalis into an adult. 1418: 1413: 1015: 13895: 13894: 12255: 12254: 12214: 12171: 12128: 12044: 11831: 11126: 11053: 10839: 10678:"Ophthalmia nodosa – (a case report)" 10301:10.1146/annurev.ento.50.071803.130456 10225:"Friendly Flies: Good News, Bad News" 10163:Cook, Kelly A.; Weinzier, R. (2004). 10107: 9820: 9786:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 9348:Scoble, Malcolm J. (September 1995). 9310:from the original on 21 December 2016 9226: 8441: 8429:from the original on 20 February 2010 8142: 7927: 7748: 7709: 7051:The Insects: an Outline of Entomology 6883:from the original on 10 February 2012 6820: 6733:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 6568:The Insects: An Outline of Entomology 5840:The insects: an outline of entomology 5793:from the original on 9 September 2011 4983: 4735:and warfare persisted through to the 4644:has helped these moths, particularly 4609:" as an art and fictional character. 3394:), which feed on detritus containing 3058:of the next flower, where the pollen 2217:Emerging from egg and first feedings. 2132:While most butterflies and moths are 1882:. It is lined with a thin coating of 1611:Environmental polymorphism, in which 1533: 1509: 1210:, has their wings modified to act as 1073:. Lepidopterans undergo a four-stage 14213:0EBF1448-35BE-AADE-E966-62909F42C136 14164:4139991c-cde7-42fe-b132-9c101c86e33a 14063:b64a743d-0469-4571-9ed4-061779300ac0 11656:(alderflies, dobsonflies, fishflies) 10812:Generic Names of Moths of the World. 10636:caterpillar envenoming: case report" 9556: 7967:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 7905:. National Public Radio. p. 1. 7678: 7493:. speedofanimals.com. Archived from 7396: 7366: 7357: 7205:Arnett, Ross H. Jr. (28 July 2000). 5898: 5474:. Magnolia Press. pp. 699–747. 4796:. The larvae of the Noctuidae genus 3589:A 2024 genetic study found that the 3107:, so moth-pollinated flowers (e.g., 2601:Lepidopteran migration is typically 1357:Electron microscopy images of scales 10733:10.5694/j.1326-5377.2001.tb143760.x 9724:from the original on 8 January 2014 9685:from the original on 8 January 2014 9236:. 27 (in German). pp. 105–109. 8310: 8169:The Insects: Structure and Function 7909:from the original on 8 January 2009 7375:. Brooklyn Botanic Garden. p. 5981: 5972: 5687:from the original on 25 August 2012 5279:Societas Europaea Lepidopterologica 5100:Lepidoptera feature prominently in 5069:Breeding butterflies and moths, or 3537:The Natural History of the Tineinae 3441: 2023: 1566:) mating: The female is flightless. 1463: 1136:are modified and form an elongated 1032:Comparison of butterflies and moths 24: 13116:(carpenter millers, or goat moths) 13033:(burnet, forester, or smoky moths) 10771: 10074:Rabuzzi, Matthew (November 1997). 9986:The Global Lepidoptera Names Index 9950:The Global Lepidoptera Names Index 9062:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1988.tb01201.x 8614:. W. W. Norton & Co. pp. 8447: 8028:10.1111/j.1365-2311.1927.tb00054.x 7620:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1962.tb01609.x 7367:Dole, Claire Hagen (28 May 2003). 6169:from the original on 10 March 2017 5867: 5750: 5585: 5557:10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153536 5357:from the original on 5 August 2011 4784:. Some of the major pests include 3806:, meaning they have two different 3523:(several volumes, 1843–1856), and 3425:In 2015 it was reported that wasp 3025:drinking nectar from a species of 1560:Sexually dimorphic bagworm moths ( 1022:External morphology of Lepidoptera 942:National Museum of Natural History 855:Some lepidopteran species exhibit 25: 14290: 12437:(Amazonian primitive ghost moths) 11079: 10912:at Insects (Insecta) of the World 10893: 10755:from the original on 4 April 2011 10260:Alternatives in Insect Management 9920:from the original on 5 April 2011 9370:from the original on 26 June 2020 8452:. About.com Guide. Archived from 8425:. Merriam-Webster, Incorporated. 6419:"Structural color in Lepidoptera" 6353:from the original on 24 June 2016 6060:from the original on 24 July 2019 5919:from the original on 19 July 2021 5870:"Parnassius arctica Eisner, 1968" 5409:from the original on 24 June 2016 3617:, a fossil lepidopteran from the 3539:also on microlepidoptera (1855). 3372:. Well-known species include the 1406:Microstructure of a scale (×5000) 846:, various Apollo species such as 531:Butterflies and moths are mostly 421:. The larvae are commonly called 12015: 11166: 10721:The Medical Journal of Australia 10704: 10669: 10623: 10588: 10545: 10507: 10448: 10411: 10371: 10346: 10323: 10270: 10247: 10216: 10183: 10167:. IPM. p. 1. Archived from 10156: 10129: 10101: 10067: 10041: 10004: 9968: 9932: 9892: 9873: 9777: 9550: 9516: 9443: 9291: 9240: 9140:from the original on 31 May 2021 8587:from the original on 31 May 2021 8570:Insects and Spiders of the World 8343:from the original on 31 May 2021 8317:Kricher, John (16 August 1999). 7833:from the original on 31 May 2021 7536:from the original on 1 June 2021 7345:from the original on 31 May 2021 7225:from the original on 31 May 2021 7184:10.1111/j.0013-8703.2004.00121.x 6677:(1965). "Genetic polymorphism". 6585:from the original on 1 June 2021 6495:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2002.00003.x 6021:from the original on 14 May 2011 5763:from the original on 6 June 2011 5732:from the original on 31 May 2021 5706:Arnett, Ross H. (28 July 2000). 5681:"Online Etymological Dictionary" 5331:from the original on 5 June 2011 5249: 5235: 5221: 4859:. A pheromone trap is a type of 4208: 4187: 4159: 4122: 4101: 4033: 4012: 3984: 3944: 3923: 3872: 3596: 3080:have been observed to engage in 2669: 2440: 2415: 2394: 2373: 2352: 2331: 2306: 2285: 2264: 2243: 2222: 2201: 1681: 1669: 1399: 1387: 1375: 1363: 722:) from Common Germanic (compare 286: 170: 56: 14264:Pliensbachian first appearances 12453:(African primitive ghost moths) 11035:Butterflies of Asturias – Spain 10682:Indian Journal of Ophthalmology 10653:10.1590/S0004-282X2006000600029 9119: 9068: 9037: 9011:Plant Systematics and Evolution 9002: 8963: 8924: 8789: 8740: 8696:"Repeating patterns of mimicry" 8687: 8635: 8561: 8525: 8468: 8415: 8224: 8075: 8034: 8005: 7946: 7921: 7894: 7845: 7742: 7482: 7421: 7280: 7237: 7154: 7010:; Solensky, Michelle J (2004). 7000: 6865: 6852: 6831:Butterflies of Peninsular India 6755: 6667: 6647:Journal of Experimental Biology 6502: 6467: 6106: 6072: 6033: 5931: 5892: 5861: 5775: 5757:The Online Etymology Dictionary 5150:with the sole exception of the 4616:, where the word for butterfly 2527:to navigate, as a study of the 2004:, developing further with each 1738:Species of Lepidoptera undergo 1545: 915:is an internal parasite of the 12757:(Old World spiny-winged moths) 10968:Lepidoptera of French Antilles 10676:Patel RJ, Shanbhag RM (1973). 10400:. Lonely Planet publications, 10256:"Insect Attractants and Traps" 10200:10.1007/978-1-4020-6359-6_3936 9456:Nature Ecology & Evolution 8148:(Calipato Verde, Green Urania) 7644:Journal of Insect Conservation 7371:The Butterfly Gardener's Guide 6333:. In Capinera, John L. (ed.). 6017:. University College, London. 6015:The Lepidoptera Taxome Project 5600: 5503: 5391:. Vol. 4 (2nd ed.). 5353:. Lepidoptera Taxome Project. 5343: 5327:. University College, London. 5325:The Lepidoptera Taxome Project 5291:Lists of Lepidoptera by region 5066:and the weed rarely recovers. 3335:). Those of the 15 species in 3170:(Tegeculidae) and their host, 3145:Tobacco hornworm caterpillar ( 3002: 1862:. A variety of differences in 1452:. This hormone is produced by 820:Lists of Lepidoptera by region 633:("wing"). Sometimes, the term 13: 1: 13655:(Kentish glory and relatives) 12474:(New Zealand primitive moths) 11586:(sawflies, wasps, ants, bees) 10941:British Butterflies and Moths 10640:Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria 9943:Agathiphaga vitiensis 9544:BMC Evol Biol 15, 12 (2015). 9097:10.1126/science.248.4959.1104 8747:Jones, G; D A Waters (2000). 8231:Robinson, Michael H. (1969). 7873:10.1016/j.anbehav.2005.04.013 7728:10.1016/S0003-3472(87)80214-2 7114:10.1080/03014223.1996.9517513 6308:(1 ed.). Firefly Books. 6300:Christopher, O'Toole (2002). 5301: 4764:Caterpillar hatchling of the 4495:is the second most primitive 3321:Other biological interactions 3189: 2493: 1833: 1563:Thyridopteryx ephemeraeformis 1449: 1316:with mechanisms that include 13801:(oriental swallowtail moths) 13079:(planthopper parasite moths) 11534:(cicadas, aphids, true bugs) 10817:O'Toole, Christopher. 2002. 9266:10.1371/journal.pgen.1005470 8715:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040341 7959:"The Australian Bogong Moth 7749:Breen, Amanda (7 May 2008). 7574:10.1016/j.neuron.2005.03.014 6795:10.1371/journal.pone.0003142 6009:Mallet, Jim (12 June 2007). 5351:"Lepidoptera Taxome Project" 5319:Mallet, Jim (12 June 2007). 5123:is considered a delicacy in 5027:in place of herbicides. The 4853:forest tent caterpillar moth 3770: 3136: 3050:, on which the reproductive 2975:in relation to the inedible 2571: 1720:Reproduction and development 1028:Glossary of entomology terms 994:Estimated number of species 789:, probably an alteration of 617: 601: 574: 7: 14269:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus 13875:Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera 13462:(American moth-butterflies) 13423:(Old World butterfly-moths) 13402:(picture-winged leaf moths) 12152:(mandibulate archaic moths) 11832: 11011:Butterflies of Asian Russia 10905:Historic Moth illustrations 10288:Annual Review of Entomology 10229:Yard & Garden Line News 10223:Hahn, Jeff (15 June 2003). 10115:. Dover Publications, Inc. 9909:Australian Faunal Directory 9902:Agathiphaga queenslandensis 9806:10.1016/j.ympev.2011.08.016 8630:Butterfly eyespots defense. 8152:University of Chicago Press 6829:Kunte, Krushnamegh (2000). 6766:Biston betularia cognataria 5593:Online Etymology Dictionary 5545:Annual Review of Entomology 5296:Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera 5214: 5056:Alternanthera philoxeroides 5046:), was used to control the 4772:) eating leaves from a tree 4516:Agathiphaga queenslandensis 4445:Taxonomy of the Lepidoptera 4438: 3206:lepidopterans are known (1 2875:larvae, are cannibalistic. 2873:zebra swallowtail butterfly 2464: 2192:, the common cabbage white) 1552:Polymorphism in Lepidoptera 1444:. The first insect hormone 1163:. These mouthparts, called 1040:Parts of an adult butterfly 589:. The word is derived from 10: 14295: 13373:(tropical fruitworm moths) 12910:(case-bearers, case moths) 12674:(trumpet leaf miner moths) 12429:(swift moths, ghost moths) 11724:(gnats, mosquitoes, flies) 11617:(twisted-winged parasites) 11289:(dragonflies, damselflies) 11127: 10609:10.1016/j.jaad.2006.06.002 10434:10.2993/0278-0771-31.1.150 10192:Encyclopedia of Entomology 10081:Cultural Entomology Digest 10025:(5): 24–27. Archived from 10011:Larsen, Torben B. (1994). 9477:10.1038/s41559-024-02329-4 9427:Cambridge University Press 8976:American Journal of Botany 8327:Princeton University Press 6336:Encyclopedia of Entomology 5616: 5608: 5389:Encyclopedia of Entomology 5383:Capinera, John L. (2008). 5060:alligator weed flea beetle 5058:) in conjunction with the 4990:domesticated silkworm moth 4878:Species of moths that are 4584: 4442: 4337:With the evolution of the 3654:. They were found as rare 3652:Triassic-Jurassic boundary 3600: 3563:(1913–1976) developed the 3517:Georg Friedrich Treitschke 3487:, with seven subgroups in 3445: 3364:, besides others, feed on 3062:and fertilizes the seeds. 3006: 2749: 2720: 2575: 2497: 1914: 1789: 1704:, and certain taxa of the 1549: 1446:prothoracicotropic hormone 1229: 1225: 1212:tympanal or hearing organs 1067:Queen Alexandra's birdwing 1025: 1019: 817: 814:Distribution and diversity 659: 643: 627: 610: 594: 13903: 13870: 13851: 13823: 13779: 13745: 13690: 13623:(American silkworm moths) 13603: 13582: 13561: 13532: 13511: 13454:(swallowtail butterflies) 13432: 13411: 13390: 13361: 13343: 13325: 13304: 13275: 13254: 13233: 13212: 13191: 13170: 13133: 13124:(dudgeon carpenter moths) 13104: 13016: 12998: 12883: 12833:(false diamondback moths) 12821: 12782: 12744:(burrowing webworm moths) 12732: 12714: 12710: 12687: 12662: 12641: 12612: 12591: 12547: 12520: 12491: 12462: 12412: 12403: 12373: 12364: 12337: 12312: 12303: 12272: 12268: 12264: 12250: 12224: 12210: 12181: 12167: 12138: 12124: 12080: 12009: 11842: 11838: 11827: 11789: 11734: 11692: 11677: 11636: 11605: 11596: 11578: 11547: 11497: 11470: 11433: 11400: 11344: 11329: 11306: 11277: 11256: 11243: 11218: 11202: 11175: 11164: 11137: 11133: 11122: 11090: 10573:10.4269/ajtmh.2005.72.347 10531:10.2993/0278-0771-29.1.64 9023:10.1007/s00606-003-0120-0 8493:10.1038/s42003-019-0502-7 7808:10.1016/j.cub.2008.02.080 7664:10.1007/s10841-005-5660-x 7407:. John Wiley & Sons. 6444:10.1016/j.cub.2006.07.040 5157: 5040:alligator weed stem borer 4898:. Well known species are 4202: 4181: 4174: 4154: 4147: 4116: 4095: 4088: 4078: 4027: 4006: 3999: 3978: 3971: 3943:(twisted-wing parasites) 3938: 3917: 3910: 3900: 3890: 3866: 3859: 3501:Johan Christian Fabricius 3437:Evolution and systematics 3234:; they are also found in 2930:western tiger swallowtail 2906:, a Y-shaped protrusible 2469: 1910: 1785: 1774:Lepidopterans in diapause 1593:geographical polymorphism 1288: 1250:species' sex organs. The 1174: 993: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 254: 249: 167:Scientific classification 165: 152: 143: 132: 123: 36: 13615:(Australian lappet moth) 12624:(pigmy, or midget moths) 11375:(stick and leaf insects) 10688:(4): 208. Archived from 9668:Evolution of the insects 9423:Evolution of the Insects 8206:"Acoustic Communication" 8111:10.1073/pnas.95.26.15436 7980:10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00077 7928:Hsiao, Henry S. (1972). 7516:Scoble, Malcolm (1995). 7391:metamorphosis butterfly. 6873:"Psychidae at Bug Guide" 6509:Williams, C. M. (1947). 5652:Partridge, Eric (2009). 5284: 5131:, the silk nests of the 5115:are eaten as a snack in 4750: 4669:The Silence of the Lambs 4280:are the oldest and most 4011:(alderflies and allies) 3533:Philipp Christoph Zeller 3342:Hyposmocoma molluscivora 2968:the example between the 2765:caterpillar showing the 2123: 1983:ant nests. A species of 1312:it contains, or through 1121:head capsule. Here, two 1099:imago (plural: imagines) 563:in their cocoon, or for 12445:(miniature ghost moths) 11802:are paraphyletic groups 11445:(cockroaches, termites) 11209:(silverfish, firebrats) 10946:Butterflies of Bulgaria 10840:Lamas, Gerardo (1990). 10518:Journal of Ethnobiology 10421:Journal of Ethnobiology 10387:. butterfliesandart.com 10383:22 January 2008 at the 10237:University of Minnesota 10142:. Thames & Hudson. 9176:10.1126/science.1110397 8866:Gilbert, L. E. (1972). 8389:10.1073/pnas.2133521100 8323:A Neotropical Companion 8233:"Predatory Behavior of 8204:Meyer, John R. (2006). 8165:Chapman, R. F. (1998). 7932:. San Francisco Press. 7457:10.1073/pnas.0807223105 7081:Dugdale, J. S. (1996). 6687:Oxford University Press 6519:The Biological Bulletin 6403:Scoble (1995). Section 6331:"Butterflies and moths" 6329:Heppner, J. B. (2008). 6277:Encyclopedia of Insects 6194:Scoble (1995). Section 6149:"Butterflies and moths" 5632:A Greek–English Lexicon 5437:Encyclopedia of Insects 5385:"Butterflies and moths" 5080: 4433: million years ago 4032:(Lacewings and allies) 3710: million years ago 3705:, dated back to around 3603:Prehistoric Lepidoptera 3420:Columba livia domestica 2589:, seen in a cluster in 2043: 1997:Gynaephora groenlandica 1849: 1240:Caterpillar prolegs on 1104: 794: 785: 779: 767:" or from the root of " 758: 728: 717: 706: 690: 684:word butterfly is from 668: 652: 417:, meaning they undergo 13824:Superfamily unassigned 13245:(bristle-legged moths) 12794:(ribbed cocoon makers) 12603:(Andean endemic moths) 12559:(fairy longhorn moths) 11153:(jumping bristletails) 11016:31 August 2007 at the 10353:Coombs, E. M. (2004). 10013:"Butterflies of Egypt" 9991:Natural History Museum 9955:Natural History Museum 9849:10.1098/rsif.2016.0363 9770:10.5194/fr-20-129-2017 9634:10.1126/sciadv.1701568 9227:Grabe, Albert (1942). 9126:Benton, Frank (1895). 8949:10.1006/anbe.1996.0390 8899:10.1073/pnas.69.6.1403 8817:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0079 8765:10.1098/rspb.2000.1188 8606:Carroll, Sean (2005). 8481:Communications Biology 6695:10.1098/rspb.1966.0037 6380:. Oxford Univ. Press. 5683:. LogoBee. p. 1. 5097: 4773: 4651: 4601: 4580:Relationship to people 4449:Lepidopteran diversity 3791: 3765:Florissant Fossil Beds 3622: 3544:Samuel Hubbard Scudder 3529:George Francis Hampson 3513:Ferdinand Ochsenheimer 3505:Pierre André Latreille 3464: 3431:genetically engineered 3391:Trichophaga tapetzella 3278: 3199: 3164:biological interaction 3156: 3031: 2849:evolutionary arms race 2821:. One spider species, 2790: 2770: 2730:relationships between 2690: 2598: 2554:transverse orientation 2525:Earth's magnetic field 2509: 2062: 1935:mandibles (mouthparts) 1926: 1846: 1735: 1583: 1567: 1506: 1394:A single scale (×1000) 1382:Scales close up (×200) 1298: 1246: 1114: 1050: 1041: 938:Natural History Museum 806: 800: 750: 739: 539:) as caterpillars and 419:complete metamorphosis 14185:Paleobiology Database 13731:(prominents, kittens) 13266:(fringe-tufted moths) 12322:Acanthopteroctetidae 12314:Acanthopteroctetoidea 11045:Butterflies of Turkey 11004:1 August 2015 at the 10958:Butterflies of Canada 10785:Nemos, F. (c. 1895). 10474:10.1186/1746-4269-7-2 10136:Miller, Mary (1993). 10076:"Butterfly Etymology" 9979:Heterobathmia 8988:10.3732/ajb.89.8.1237 8061:10.4039/ent1091583-12 8048:Canadian Entomologist 7712:Agrotis exclamationis 6877:Iowa State University 6660:10.1242/jeb.154.1.509 5996:10.1093/aesa/34.2.355 5938:Sherman, Lee (2008). 5623:Liddell, Henry George 5274:University of Florida 5088: 4960:(possibly preferring 4763: 4642:death's-head hawkmoth 4594:Death's-head hawkmoth 4592: 4522:Agathiphaga vitiensis 4501:Lionel Jack Dumbleton 4100:(butterflies, moths) 3778: 3610: 3455: 3272: 3230:nests and may become 3214:). The larvae of the 3197: 3144: 3023:hummingbird hawk-moth 3020: 3007:Further information: 2784: 2759: 2746:Defense and predation 2677: 2585: 2578:Lepidoptera migration 2507: 2055: 1924: 1841: 1792:Lepidoptera genitalia 1727: 1597:seasonal polymorphism 1573: 1559: 1500: 1370:A patch of wing (×50) 1314:structural coloration 1296: 1239: 1232:Lepidoptera genitalia 1112: 1047: 1039: 1026:Further information: 881:Bradipodicola hahneli 874:moth species, called 14058:Fauna Europaea (new) 13243:Schreckensteiniidae 13235:Schreckensteinioidea 13224:(false burnet moths) 13095:(slug, or cup moths) 12653:(Gondwanaland moths) 12632:(white eyecap moths) 12390:(archaic bell moths) 11755:(moths, butterflies) 11028:28 July 2013 at the 10973:Butterflies of India 10951:5 April 2008 at the 10692:on 12 September 2019 9540:7 March 2021 at the 8974:(Caryophyllaceae)". 8935:: when to switch?". 8329:. pp. 157–158. 7248:spp.) which feed on 7057:. pp. 156–164. 7008:Oberhauser, Karen S. 6417:Vukusic, P. (2006). 6372:Scoble, MJ. (1992). 5960:on 19 September 2011 5899:Mani, M. S. (1968). 5395:. pp. 626–672. 5204:keratoconjunctivitis 4882:would naturally eat 4620:(psyche) also means 4424:(skippers), and the 3684:in the hot and arid 3497:Ignaz Schiffermüller 3379:Tineola bisselliella 3013:Pollination syndrome 2550:celestial navigation 2094:Mexican jumping bean 1960:Tineola bisselliella 1796:Males usually start 1322:diffraction gratings 713:Northumbrian dialect 699:are commonly called 155:Adhemarius gannascus 13573:(sack bearer moths) 13295:(false plume moths) 13287:(many-plumed moths) 13145:(little bear moths) 13087:(slug caterpillars) 12942:(long-horned moths) 12926:(grass-miner moths) 12324:(archaic sun moths) 9798:2011MolPE..61..801K 9761:2017FossR..20..129M 9626:2018SciA....4.1568V 9571:2000Natur.405..530R 9468:2024NatEE...8..777W 9089:1990Sci...248.1104D 9083:(4959): 1104–1106. 8890:1972PNAS...69.1403G 8662:1991Natur.350..497R 8380:2003PNAS..10012792S 8374:(22): 12792–12797. 8254:10.1093/icb/9.1.161 8102:1998PNAS...9515436W 8096:(26): 15436–15439. 8043:Danaus p. plexippus 7890:on 4 November 2009. 7800:2008CBio...18..514C 7656:2005JICon...9..187D 7497:on 25 February 2011 7448:2008PNAS..10516636J 7442:(43): 16636–16640. 7176:2004EEApp.110...53E 7106:1996JRSNZ..26..251D 6970:1984Oecol..63...23W 6925:1990NW.....77..345S 6912:Naturwissenschaften 6786:2008PLoSO...3.3142N 6513:Platysamia cecropia 6435:2006CBio...16.R621V 6147:Gillot, C. (1995). 5874:Russian-Insects.com 5127:. In some parts of 5071:butterfly gardening 5036:prickly pear cactus 4848:Sarcophaga aldrichi 4808:(corn earworm), or 4598:Acherontia lachesis 3786:130 to 95 3760:Prodryas persephone 3614:Prodryas persephone 3554:Andreas V. Martynov 3549:Prodryas persephone 3202:Only 42 species of 3184:honeydew secretions 3070:pollen (except for 2715:cabbage butterflies 2700:polka-dot wasp moth 2587:Monarch butterflies 1419:Reproductive system 1414:Internal morphology 1155:The larvae, called 1016:External morphology 949: 894:, mammals found in 835:Parnassius arcticus 390:, large triangular 133:Peacock butterfly ( 14274:Insects in culture 12022:Insects portal 11993:Triadophlebioptera 10715:Euproctis edwardsi 10171:on 9 February 2009 10089:on 3 December 1998 10029:on 13 January 2010 10018:Saudi Aramco World 9916:. 9 October 2008. 8694:Meyer, A. (2006). 8556:Tiger swallowtail. 8241:American Zoologist 7607:Biological Reviews 7491:"Speed of animals" 6978:10.1007/BF00379780 6933:10.1007/BF01138395 6907:Syntomeida epilais 6737:. Wiley. pp. 5990:(2): 355–366(12). 5098: 5002:throughout history 4984:Beneficial insects 4875:, or funnel trap. 4774: 4745:Maya civilizations 4737:Aztec civilization 4602: 4380:In the so-called " 4367:adaptive radiation 3871:(sawflies, wasps) 3798:(caddisflies) are 3792: 3714:Charmouth Mudstone 3623: 3611:1887 engraving of 3465: 3279: 3200: 3157: 3032: 2887:Papilio antimachus 2791: 2771: 2752:Defense in insects 2704:Syntomeida epilais 2691: 2599: 2510: 2136:, many species of 2063: 1927: 1847: 1823:temperate climates 1811:Syntomeida epilais 1736: 1584: 1568: 1540:respiratory system 1534:Respiratory system 1516:circulatory system 1510:Circulatory system 1507: 1299: 1247: 1115: 1051: 1042: 947: 887:Cryptoses choloepi 849:Parnassius epaphus 460:boundary and have 14236: 14235: 14172:Open Tree of Life 13897:Taxon identifiers 13888: 13887: 13866: 13865: 13862: 13861: 13847: 13846: 13843: 13842: 13839: 13838: 13815: 13802: 13766: 13758: 13732: 13724: 13716: 13703: 13682: 13674: 13656: 13648: 13640: 13632: 13624: 13616: 13595: 13574: 13553: 13545: 13524: 13503: 13495: 13487: 13479: 13471: 13463: 13455: 13445: 13424: 13403: 13382: 13381:(fruitworm moths) 13374: 13317: 13296: 13288: 13267: 13246: 13225: 13204: 13183: 13182:(metalmark moths) 13162: 13161:(clearwing moths) 13154: 13146: 13125: 13117: 13096: 13088: 13080: 13057: 13034: 12990: 12982: 12969: 12968:(concealer moths) 12961: 12943: 12935: 12927: 12919: 12911: 12870: 12847: 12844:Glyphipterigidae 12834: 12813:Roeslerstammiidae 12803: 12795: 12774: 12766: 12758: 12745: 12683: 12682: 12675: 12654: 12633: 12625: 12604: 12583: 12560: 12487: 12486: 12483: 12482: 12475: 12454: 12446: 12438: 12430: 12399: 12398: 12391: 12360: 12359: 12333: 12332: 12325: 12299: 12298: 12246: 12245: 12242: 12241: 12230:Heterobathmioidea 12206: 12205: 12202: 12201: 12196: 12163: 12162: 12159: 12158: 12153: 12038: 12037: 12005: 12004: 12001: 12000: 11943:Palaeodictyoptera 11928: 11860: 11823: 11822: 11819: 11818: 11785: 11784: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11773: 11772: 11769: 11768: 11765: 11764: 11756: 11747: 11725: 11715: 11707: 11685: 11673: 11672: 11665: 11657: 11649: 11627: 11618: 11587: 11543: 11542: 11535: 11527: 11519: 11466: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11454: 11446: 11425: 11422:Mantophasmatodea 11417: 11406: 11392: 11384: 11376: 11368: 11360: 11352: 11302: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11290: 11269: 11258:Ephemeropteroidea 11210: 11162: 11161: 11154: 10880:on 27 August 2016 10765:. Free full text. 10552:Diaz, HJ (2005). 10406:978-1-74104-558-1 10364:978-0-87071-029-2 10266:on 11 March 2011. 10149:978-0-500-27928-1 10122:978-0-486-21901-1 9888:. pp. 41–49. 9886:Walter de Gruyter 9717:978-0-8135-4268-3 9678:978-0-521-82149-0 9565:(6786): 530–531. 9436:978-0-521-82149-0 9363:978-0-19-854952-9 8933:Thymelicus flavus 8759:(1453): 1627–32. 8656:(6318): 497–498. 8625:978-0-393-06016-4 8580:978-0-7614-7344-2 8551:978-0-395-97944-0 8336:978-0-691-00974-2 8235:Argiope argentata 8184:978-0-521-57890-5 8055:(12): 1583–1589. 7939:978-0-911302-21-9 7696:978-90-6590-303-7 7529:978-0-19-854952-9 7414:978-0-471-55007-5 7386:978-1-889538-58-7 7338:978-0-87474-917-5 7218:978-0-8493-0212-1 7147:978-0-03-096835-8 7064:978-1-4443-3036-6 6847:978-81-7371-354-5 6578:978-1-4443-3036-6 6387:978-1-4020-6242-1 6346:978-1-4020-6242-1 6315:978-1-55297-612-8 6286:978-0-12-374144-8 6162:978-0-306-44967-3 6126:978-0-7301-0461-2 6092:978-0-8014-3130-2 6053:978-0-618-15310-7 5912:978-90-6193-114-0 5854:978-1-4051-1113-3 5751:Harper, Douglas. 5725:978-0-8493-0212-1 5665:978-0-203-42114-7 5586:Harper, Douglas. 5481:978-0-12-690647-9 5446:978-0-12-374144-8 5229:Arthropods portal 5133:Madrone butterfly 4761: 4706:Taira no Masakado 4266: 4265: 4257: 4256: 4248: 4247: 4239: 4238: 4230: 4229: 4221: 4220: 4186:(scorpionflies) 4135: 4134: 4064: 4063: 4055: 4054: 4046: 4045: 3957: 3956: 3845:(scorpionflies). 3841:(true flies) and 3788:million years ago 3698:Archaeolepis mane 3414:(particularly of 3385:Tinea pellionella 3304:Lymantaria dispar 3275:Lymantaria dispar 3151:) parasitized by 3077:Thymelicus flavus 3072:heliconid species 2973:viceroy butterfly 2824:Argiope argentata 2782: 2631:monarch butterfly 2500:Animal navigation 2451: 2431:Male butterflies 2426: 2405: 2384: 2363: 2342: 2317: 2296: 2275: 2254: 2233: 2212: 2053: 1904:Nymphalis antiopa 1895:temperate regions 1844:anise swallowtail 1650:Parnassius apollo 1641:Limenitis procris 1589:sexual dimorphism 1580:Müllerian mimicry 1318:photonic crystals 1285:, respectively). 1144:moths still have 1013: 1012: 940:(London) and the 902:. Two species of 549:primary consumers 279: 278: 245: 16:(Redirected from 14286: 14279:Amphiesmenoptera 14229: 14228: 14216: 14215: 14203: 14202: 14193: 14192: 14180: 14179: 14167: 14166: 14157: 14156: 14144: 14143: 14141:NHMSYS0000841034 14131: 14130: 14118: 14117: 14105: 14104: 14092: 14091: 14079: 14078: 14066: 14065: 14053: 14052: 14040: 14039: 14027: 14026: 14014: 14013: 14001: 14000: 13988: 13987: 13975: 13974: 13965: 13964: 13952: 13951: 13939: 13938: 13937: 13924: 13923: 13922: 13892: 13891: 13814:(geometer moths) 13813: 13800: 13794:Pseudobistonidae 13764: 13756: 13730: 13722: 13714: 13701: 13680: 13672: 13654: 13646: 13638: 13630: 13622: 13614: 13593: 13572: 13551: 13543: 13522: 13501: 13493: 13485: 13477: 13469: 13461: 13453: 13444: 13437: 13422: 13401: 13380: 13372: 13315: 13294: 13286: 13265: 13244: 13223: 13202: 13181: 13160: 13152: 13144: 13123: 13115: 13094: 13086: 13078: 13055: 13032: 12988: 12980: 12967: 12959: 12941: 12933: 12925: 12917: 12916:Cosmopterigidae 12909: 12868: 12845: 12832: 12801: 12793: 12792:Bucculatricidae 12772: 12764: 12756: 12743: 12712: 12711: 12708: 12707: 12673: 12652: 12631: 12623: 12602: 12581: 12558: 12545: 12544: 12518: 12517: 12473: 12452: 12444: 12436: 12428: 12410: 12409: 12389: 12371: 12370: 12344: 12343: 12323: 12310: 12309: 12279: 12278: 12270: 12269: 12266: 12265: 12252: 12251: 12236:Heterobathmiidae 12226: 12225: 12212: 12211: 12194: 12183: 12182: 12169: 12168: 12151: 12150:Micropterigidae 12144:Micropterigoidea 12140: 12139: 12126: 12125: 12065: 12058: 12051: 12042: 12041: 12020: 12019: 11953:Permoplectoptera 11926: 11885:Diaphanopterodea 11858: 11840: 11839: 11829: 11828: 11754: 11745: 11736:Amphiesmenoptera 11723: 11717: 11713: 11705: 11695: 11690: 11689: 11684: 11681: 11663: 11655: 11647: 11625: 11616: 11603: 11602: 11599: 11585: 11576: 11575: 11533: 11525: 11518:(barklice, lice) 11517: 11509: 11499: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11452: 11444: 11423: 11415: 11414:Grylloblattodea 11404: 11390: 11382: 11374: 11366: 11358: 11350: 11342: 11341: 11338: 11331: 11330: 11327: 11326: 11288: 11267: 11254: 11253: 11245: 11244: 11241: 11240: 11208: 11200: 11199: 11170: 11152: 11139: 11138: 11135: 11134: 11124: 11123: 11074: 11067: 11060: 11051: 11050: 10983:Moths of Jamaica 10924: 10889: 10887: 10885: 10879: 10873:. Archived from 10863:10.5962/p.266621 10846: 10807: 10806:on 24 July 2011. 10805: 10798: 10766: 10764: 10762: 10760: 10727:(11–12): 641–3. 10708: 10702: 10701: 10699: 10697: 10673: 10667: 10665: 10655: 10627: 10621: 10620: 10592: 10586: 10585: 10575: 10549: 10543: 10542: 10511: 10505: 10504: 10494: 10476: 10452: 10446: 10445: 10415: 10409: 10394: 10388: 10375: 10369: 10368: 10350: 10344: 10343: 10327: 10321: 10320: 10274: 10268: 10267: 10251: 10245: 10244: 10243:on 20 July 2011. 10239:. Archived from 10220: 10214: 10213: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10176: 10160: 10154: 10153: 10133: 10127: 10126: 10105: 10099: 10098: 10096: 10094: 10071: 10065: 10064: 10062: 10060: 10045: 10039: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10008: 10002: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9972: 9966: 9965: 9963: 9961: 9936: 9930: 9929: 9927: 9925: 9904:Dumbleton, 1952" 9896: 9890: 9889: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9860: 9824: 9818: 9817: 9781: 9775: 9774: 9772: 9740: 9734: 9733: 9731: 9729: 9701: 9695: 9694: 9692: 9690: 9662: 9656: 9655: 9645: 9614:Science Advances 9605: 9599: 9598: 9579:10.1038/35014733 9554: 9548: 9531: 9525: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9507: 9499: 9489: 9479: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9411: 9380: 9379: 9377: 9375: 9345: 9320: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9295: 9289: 9288: 9278: 9268: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9235: 9224: 9215: 9214: 9202: 9196: 9195: 9159: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9072: 9066: 9065: 9041: 9035: 9034: 9006: 9000: 8999: 8982:(8): 1237–1241. 8967: 8961: 8960: 8943:(5): 1009–1016. 8937:Animal Behaviour 8928: 8922: 8921: 8911: 8901: 8884:(6): 1402–1407. 8863: 8854: 8853: 8851: 8849: 8843: 8837:. Archived from 8828: 8802: 8793: 8787: 8786: 8776: 8744: 8738: 8737: 8727: 8717: 8691: 8685: 8684: 8670:10.1038/350497a0 8642:Ritland, D. B.; 8639: 8633: 8632: 8613: 8603: 8597: 8596: 8594: 8592: 8565: 8559: 8558: 8539: 8529: 8523: 8522: 8512: 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8448:Hadley, Debbie. 8445: 8439: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8419: 8413: 8411: 8401: 8391: 8359: 8353: 8352: 8350: 8348: 8314: 8308: 8307: 8305: 8303: 8298:on 28 March 2009 8288: 8275: 8274: 8256: 8228: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8201: 8192: 8191: 8172: 8162: 8156: 8155: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8123: 8113: 8079: 8073: 8072: 8038: 8032: 8031: 8009: 8003: 8002: 7992: 7982: 7950: 7944: 7943: 7925: 7919: 7918: 7916: 7914: 7898: 7892: 7891: 7889: 7883:. Archived from 7858: 7849: 7843: 7842: 7840: 7838: 7832: 7785: 7776: 7767: 7766: 7764: 7762: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7716:Animal Behaviour 7707: 7701: 7700: 7682: 7676: 7675: 7638: 7632: 7631: 7601: 7595: 7594: 7576: 7552: 7546: 7545: 7543: 7541: 7513: 7507: 7506: 7504: 7502: 7486: 7480: 7479: 7469: 7459: 7425: 7419: 7418: 7400: 7394: 7393: 7374: 7364: 7355: 7354: 7352: 7350: 7322: 7313: 7312: 7284: 7278: 7277: 7241: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7230: 7202: 7196: 7195: 7158: 7152: 7151: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7091: 7078: 7069: 7068: 7053:(4th ed.). 7046: 7040: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7004: 6998: 6997: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6902: 6893: 6892: 6890: 6888: 6869: 6863: 6856: 6850: 6827: 6818: 6817: 6807: 6797: 6759: 6753: 6752: 6736: 6726: 6715: 6714: 6671: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6644: 6635: 6629: 6627: 6626: 6624: 6601: 6595: 6594: 6592: 6590: 6562: 6551: 6550: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6497: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6446: 6414: 6408: 6401: 6392: 6391: 6379: 6369: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6326: 6320: 6319: 6307: 6297: 6291: 6290: 6272: 6199: 6192: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6174: 6144: 6131: 6130: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6076: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6065: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6028: 6026: 6006: 6000: 5999: 5979: 5970: 5969: 5967: 5965: 5959: 5944: 5935: 5929: 5928: 5926: 5924: 5896: 5890: 5889: 5887: 5885: 5876:. Archived from 5865: 5859: 5858: 5830: 5803: 5802: 5800: 5798: 5779: 5773: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5748: 5742: 5741: 5739: 5737: 5714:(2nd ed.). 5703: 5697: 5696: 5694: 5692: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5649: 5640: 5619: 5618: 5611: 5610: 5604: 5598: 5597: 5583: 5577: 5576: 5540: 5534: 5533: 5531: 5529: 5507: 5501: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5490: 5484:. Archived from 5469: 5460: 5451: 5450: 5432: 5419: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5380: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5362: 5347: 5341: 5340: 5338: 5336: 5316: 5259: 5254: 5253: 5245: 5240: 5239: 5231: 5226: 5225: 5208:mucous membranes 5011:Bombyx mandarina 4835:Peridroma saucia 4811:Pieris brassicae 4762: 4679:Hail Horror Hail 4656: 4653:Un Chien Andalou 4553:Heterobathmiidae 4474:Micropterigoidea 4472:is a clade with 4434: 4382:macrolepidoptera 4278:Heterobathmiidae 4212: 4191: 4177: 4176: 4163: 4150: 4149: 4126: 4105: 4091: 4090: 4085:Amphiesmenoptera 4081: 4080: 4037: 4016: 4002: 4001: 3988: 3974: 3973: 3948: 3927: 3913: 3912: 3903: 3902: 3893: 3892: 3876: 3862: 3861: 3852: 3851: 3820:Amphiesmenoptera 3794:Lepidoptera and 3789: 3711: 3677:Science Advances 3644:Amphiesmenoptera 3442:History of study 3416:domestic pigeons 3256: 3220:lesser wax moths 3110:Silene latifolia 3082:flower constancy 2946:Batesian mimicry 2783: 2680:Melitaea athalia 2538:Aphrissa statira 2453: 2452: 2428: 2427: 2407: 2406: 2386: 2385: 2365: 2364: 2344: 2343: 2319: 2318: 2298: 2297: 2277: 2276: 2256: 2255: 2235: 2234: 2214: 2213: 2118:Micropterigoidea 2059:Papilio dardanus 2054: 2024:Wing development 1975:social parasites 1970:Phengaris rebeli 1967:species such as 1945:, but a few are 1685: 1673: 1646:Apollo butterfly 1632:Biston betularia 1524:thermoregulation 1470:digestive system 1464:Digestive system 1458:corpora cardiaca 1442:endocrine system 1403: 1391: 1379: 1367: 1134:maxillary galeae 1063:microlepidoptera 950: 946: 830:flowering plants 809: 803: 797: 791:Old North French 788: 782: 761: 753: 742: 731: 720: 709: 693: 677:of butterflies. 671: 664: 663: 655: 648: 647: 637:is used for the 632: 631: 620: 615: 614: 604: 599: 598: 466:flowering plants 363:. About 180,000 339: 335: 330: 329: 326: 325: 322: 319: 316: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 295: 292: 237: 224:Amphiesmenoptera 175: 174: 148: 128: 118: 55: 40:Temporal range: 34: 33: 21: 14294: 14293: 14289: 14288: 14287: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14239: 14238: 14237: 14232: 14224: 14219: 14211: 14206: 14198: 14196: 14188: 14183: 14175: 14170: 14162: 14160: 14152: 14147: 14139: 14134: 14126: 14121: 14113: 14108: 14100: 14095: 14087: 14082: 14074: 14069: 14061: 14056: 14048: 14043: 14035: 14030: 14022: 14017: 14009: 14004: 13996: 13991: 13983: 13978: 13970: 13968: 13960: 13955: 13947: 13942: 13933: 13932: 13927: 13918: 13917: 13912: 13899: 13889: 13884: 13880:Lists by region 13858: 13857:is not a clade. 13853:Note: division 13835: 13819: 13775: 13741: 13686: 13647:(Dryandra moth) 13639:(Brahmin moths) 13599: 13578: 13557: 13528: 13507: 13438: 13436: 13428: 13407: 13386: 13371:Copromorphidae 13363:Copromorphoidea 13357: 13339: 13321: 13300: 13271: 13250: 13229: 13208: 13203:(tortrix moths) 13187: 13166: 13129: 13100: 13056:(flannel moths) 13039:Himantopteridae 13012: 12994: 12940:Lecithoceridae 12934:(twirler moths) 12879: 12817: 12802:(Douglas moths) 12784:Gracillarioidea 12778: 12765:(bagworm moths) 12750:Arrhenophanidae 12728: 12716:Simaethistoidea 12702: 12700: 12698: 12696: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12679: 12658: 12637: 12608: 12587: 12539: 12537: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12529: 12527: 12525: 12523: 12512: 12510: 12508: 12506: 12504: 12502: 12500: 12498: 12496: 12494: 12479: 12472:Mnesarchaeidae 12464:Mnesarchaeoidea 12458: 12451:Prototheoridae 12395: 12383:Aenigmatineidae 12356: 12348:Lophocoronoidea 12329: 12295: 12260: 12238: 12220: 12218:Heterobathmiina 12198: 12193:Agathiphagidae 12187:Agathiphagoidea 12177: 12155: 12134: 12120: 12076: 12069: 12039: 12034: 12014: 11997: 11963:Protelytroptera 11895:Eudiaphanoptera 11880:Coxoplectoptera 11875:Carbotriplurida 11870:Campylopteridae 11847:Aethiocarenodea 11834: 11815: 11761: 11730: 11706:(scorpionflies) 11693: 11682: 11680: 11669: 11632: 11597: 11592: 11570: 11568: 11566: 11564: 11562: 11560: 11558: 11556: 11554: 11552: 11550: 11539: 11489: 11487: 11485: 11483: 11481: 11479: 11477: 11475: 11473: 11458: 11429: 11403: 11396: 11391:(angel insects) 11334: 11321: 11319: 11317: 11315: 11313: 11311: 11309: 11294: 11273: 11235: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11227: 11225: 11223: 11221: 11214: 11194: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11186: 11184: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11171: 11158: 11129: 11118: 11086: 11078: 11030:Wayback Machine 11018:Wayback Machine 11006:Wayback Machine 10953:Wayback Machine 10915: 10896: 10883: 10881: 10877: 10857:(1–2): 92–104. 10844: 10803: 10796: 10774: 10772:Further reading 10769: 10758: 10756: 10709: 10705: 10695: 10693: 10674: 10670: 10666:Free full text. 10634:Lonomia obliqua 10628: 10624: 10593: 10589: 10550: 10546: 10512: 10508: 10453: 10449: 10416: 10412: 10395: 10391: 10385:Wayback Machine 10376: 10372: 10365: 10351: 10347: 10328: 10324: 10275: 10271: 10252: 10248: 10221: 10217: 10210: 10188: 10184: 10174: 10172: 10161: 10157: 10150: 10134: 10130: 10123: 10109:Hearn, Lafcadio 10106: 10102: 10092: 10090: 10072: 10068: 10058: 10056: 10047: 10046: 10042: 10032: 10030: 10009: 10005: 9995: 9993: 9973: 9969: 9959: 9957: 9937: 9933: 9923: 9921: 9898: 9897: 9893: 9878: 9874: 9827:Kjer, Karl M.; 9825: 9821: 9782: 9778: 9741: 9737: 9727: 9725: 9718: 9702: 9698: 9688: 9686: 9679: 9663: 9659: 9620:(1): e1701568. 9606: 9602: 9555: 9551: 9542:Wayback Machine 9532: 9528: 9521: 9517: 9501: 9500: 9448: 9444: 9437: 9412: 9383: 9373: 9371: 9364: 9346: 9323: 9313: 9311: 9296: 9292: 9259:(9): e1005470. 9245: 9241: 9233: 9225: 9218: 9203: 9199: 9160: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9124: 9120: 9073: 9069: 9042: 9038: 9007: 9003: 8968: 8964: 8929: 8925: 8864: 8857: 8847: 8845: 8844:on 19 July 2011 8841: 8805:Biology Letters 8800: 8794: 8790: 8745: 8741: 8692: 8688: 8640: 8636: 8626: 8604: 8600: 8590: 8588: 8581: 8567: 8566: 8562: 8552: 8530: 8526: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8456:on 23 July 2008 8446: 8442: 8432: 8430: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8360: 8356: 8346: 8344: 8337: 8315: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8290: 8289: 8278: 8229: 8225: 8215: 8213: 8212:on 20 July 2011 8202: 8195: 8185: 8163: 8159: 8141: 8137: 8080: 8076: 8039: 8035: 8010: 8006: 7953:Warrant, Eric; 7951: 7947: 7940: 7926: 7922: 7912: 7910: 7899: 7895: 7887: 7856: 7850: 7846: 7836: 7834: 7830: 7788:Current Biology 7783: 7777: 7770: 7760: 7758: 7747: 7743: 7708: 7704: 7697: 7683: 7679: 7639: 7635: 7602: 7598: 7553: 7549: 7539: 7537: 7530: 7514: 7510: 7500: 7498: 7489:Reisner, Alex. 7487: 7483: 7426: 7422: 7415: 7401: 7397: 7387: 7365: 7358: 7348: 7346: 7339: 7323: 7316: 7301:10.2307/2406212 7285: 7281: 7266:10.2307/3223096 7242: 7238: 7228: 7226: 7219: 7203: 7199: 7159: 7155: 7148: 7132: 7128: 7118: 7116: 7089: 7079: 7072: 7065: 7055:Wiley-Blackwell 7047: 7043: 7037:Oberhauser 2004 7035: 7031: 7024: 7005: 7001: 6952: 6948: 6903: 6896: 6886: 6884: 6871: 6870: 6866: 6860:Дневные бабочки 6857: 6853: 6828: 6821: 6768:) caterpillars" 6760: 6756: 6749: 6727: 6718: 6672: 6668: 6642: 6636: 6632: 6622: 6620: 6618: 6602: 6598: 6588: 6586: 6579: 6563: 6554: 6531:10.2307/1538279 6507: 6503: 6472: 6468: 6423:Current Biology 6415: 6411: 6402: 6395: 6388: 6370: 6366: 6356: 6354: 6347: 6327: 6323: 6316: 6298: 6294: 6287: 6273: 6202: 6193: 6182: 6172: 6170: 6163: 6145: 6134: 6127: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6093: 6077: 6073: 6063: 6061: 6054: 6038: 6034: 6024: 6022: 6007: 6003: 5980: 5973: 5963: 5961: 5957: 5942: 5936: 5932: 5922: 5920: 5913: 5897: 5893: 5883: 5881: 5880:on 15 July 2011 5868:Stumpe, Felix. 5866: 5862: 5855: 5831: 5806: 5796: 5794: 5781: 5780: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5749: 5745: 5735: 5733: 5726: 5718:. p. 631. 5704: 5700: 5690: 5688: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5650: 5643: 5637:Perseus Project 5605: 5601: 5584: 5580: 5541: 5537: 5527: 5525: 5508: 5504: 5494: 5492: 5488: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5454: 5447: 5433: 5422: 5412: 5410: 5403: 5381: 5370: 5360: 5358: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5334: 5332: 5317: 5308: 5304: 5287: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5217: 5176:osteochondritis 5167:dermatitis and 5160: 5083: 4986: 4905:T. bisselliella 4857:pheromone traps 4817:Helicoverpa zea 4755: 4753: 4725:incense burners 4715:In the ancient 4694:personification 4682:. According to 4607:butterfly fairy 4587: 4582: 4549:Heterobathmiina 4545:, respectively. 4543:Solomon Islands 4451: 4443:Main articles: 4441: 4429: 4420:(butterflies), 4386:tympanal organs 4348:Gracillarioidea 4304:(much like the 4270:Micropterigidae 4267: 4258: 4249: 4240: 4231: 4222: 4136: 4065: 4056: 4047: 3958: 3848: 3808:sex chromosomes 3784: 3773: 3706: 3605: 3599: 3470:Systema Naturae 3450: 3448:Lepidopterology 3444: 3439: 3323: 3284:parasitic wasps 3281: 3271: 3254: 3192: 3139: 3119:metabolic rates 3015: 3005: 2925:Papilio polytes 2773: 2762:Papilio machaon 2754: 2748: 2723: 2672: 2580: 2574: 2518:polarized light 2502: 2496: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2457: 2454: 2441: 2436: 2429: 2416: 2411: 2408: 2395: 2390: 2387: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2332: 2327: 2320: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2286: 2281: 2278: 2265: 2260: 2257: 2244: 2239: 2236: 2223: 2218: 2215: 2202: 2194: 2180:are aquatic or 2158:Cosmopterigidae 2126: 2099:Cydia saltitans 2048: 2046: 2026: 1919: 1913: 1852: 1836: 1794: 1788: 1776: 1728:Mating pair of 1722: 1693: 1692: 1691: 1690: 1689: 1688:Wet-season form 1686: 1678: 1677: 1676:Dry-season form 1674: 1665: 1664: 1554: 1548: 1536: 1512: 1466: 1438:Mnesarchaeoidea 1421: 1416: 1411: 1410: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1404: 1396: 1395: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1380: 1372: 1371: 1368: 1359: 1358: 1349:potential mates 1291: 1243:Papilio machaon 1234: 1228: 1177: 1150:Micropterigidae 1107: 1034: 1024: 1018: 987:Oceanian realms 976: 975:Indo-Australian 822: 816: 577: 478:Late Cretaceous 470:angiosperm boom 386:that cover the 355:which includes 337: 333: 289: 285: 271: 267: 265:Heterobathmiina 263: 259: 236: 169: 158:, a species of 119: 117: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 50: 49: 38: 30: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 14292: 14282: 14281: 14276: 14271: 14266: 14261: 14256: 14251: 14234: 14233: 14231: 14230: 14217: 14204: 14194: 14181: 14168: 14158: 14145: 14132: 14119: 14106: 14093: 14080: 14067: 14054: 14045:Fauna Europaea 14041: 14028: 14015: 14002: 13989: 13976: 13966: 13953: 13940: 13925: 13909: 13907: 13901: 13900: 13886: 13885: 13883: 13882: 13877: 13871: 13868: 13867: 13864: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13852: 13849: 13848: 13845: 13844: 13841: 13840: 13837: 13836: 13834: 13833: 13827: 13825: 13821: 13820: 13818: 13817: 13809: 13804: 13796: 13791: 13785: 13783: 13777: 13776: 13774: 13773: 13768: 13760: 13751: 13749: 13743: 13742: 13740: 13739: 13734: 13726: 13718: 13710: 13705: 13696: 13694: 13688: 13687: 13685: 13684: 13676: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13650: 13642: 13634: 13626: 13618: 13609: 13607: 13601: 13600: 13598: 13597: 13592:Lasiocampidae 13588: 13586: 13584:Lasiocampoidea 13580: 13579: 13577: 13576: 13567: 13565: 13559: 13558: 13556: 13555: 13547: 13538: 13536: 13530: 13529: 13527: 13526: 13517: 13515: 13509: 13508: 13506: 13505: 13497: 13489: 13481: 13473: 13465: 13457: 13448: 13446: 13430: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13417: 13415: 13409: 13408: 13406: 13405: 13396: 13394: 13388: 13387: 13385: 13384: 13376: 13367: 13365: 13359: 13358: 13356: 13355: 13349: 13347: 13341: 13340: 13338: 13337: 13331: 13329: 13327:Whalleyanoidea 13323: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13314:Pterophoridae 13310: 13308: 13306:Pterophoroidea 13302: 13301: 13299: 13298: 13290: 13281: 13279: 13273: 13272: 13270: 13269: 13260: 13258: 13252: 13251: 13249: 13248: 13239: 13237: 13231: 13230: 13228: 13227: 13218: 13216: 13210: 13209: 13207: 13206: 13197: 13195: 13189: 13188: 13186: 13185: 13176: 13174: 13168: 13167: 13165: 13164: 13156: 13148: 13139: 13137: 13131: 13130: 13128: 13127: 13119: 13110: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13098: 13090: 13082: 13074: 13069: 13064: 13059: 13054:Megalopygidae 13051: 13049:Somabrachyidae 13046: 13041: 13036: 13028: 13022: 13020: 13014: 13013: 13011: 13010: 13004: 13002: 12996: 12995: 12993: 12992: 12989:(timber moths) 12984: 12981:(flower moths) 12976: 12974:Pterolonchidae 12971: 12963: 12960:(mompha moths) 12955: 12950: 12945: 12937: 12929: 12921: 12918:(cosmet moths) 12913: 12908:Coleophoridae 12905: 12900: 12898:Batrachedridae 12895: 12889: 12887: 12881: 12880: 12878: 12877: 12872: 12869:(ermine moths) 12867:Yponomeutidae 12864: 12859: 12854: 12849: 12841: 12836: 12827: 12825: 12823:Yponomeutoidea 12819: 12818: 12816: 12815: 12810: 12808:Gracillariidae 12805: 12797: 12788: 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12773:(fungus moths) 12768: 12760: 12752: 12747: 12738: 12736: 12730: 12729: 12727: 12726: 12724:Simaethistidae 12720: 12718: 12705: 12685: 12684: 12681: 12680: 12678: 12677: 12668: 12666: 12660: 12659: 12657: 12656: 12651:Palaephatidae 12647: 12645: 12643:Palaephatoidea 12639: 12638: 12636: 12635: 12627: 12618: 12616: 12610: 12609: 12607: 12606: 12597: 12595: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12585: 12577: 12572: 12567: 12562: 12553: 12551: 12542: 12515: 12489: 12488: 12485: 12484: 12481: 12480: 12478: 12477: 12468: 12466: 12460: 12459: 12457: 12456: 12448: 12443:Palaeosetidae 12440: 12432: 12424: 12418: 12416: 12407: 12401: 12400: 12397: 12396: 12394: 12393: 12388:Neopseustidae 12385: 12379: 12377: 12375:Neopseustoidea 12368: 12362: 12361: 12358: 12357: 12354:Lophocoronidae 12352: 12350: 12341: 12335: 12334: 12331: 12330: 12328: 12327: 12318: 12316: 12307: 12301: 12300: 12297: 12296: 12294: 12293: 12287: 12285: 12283:Eriocranioidea 12276: 12262: 12261: 12248: 12247: 12244: 12243: 12240: 12239: 12234: 12232: 12222: 12221: 12208: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12200: 12199: 12191: 12189: 12179: 12178: 12165: 12164: 12161: 12160: 12157: 12156: 12148: 12146: 12136: 12135: 12122: 12121: 12119: 12118: 12112: 12106: 12100: 12094: 12088: 12081: 12078: 12077: 12068: 12067: 12060: 12053: 12045: 12036: 12035: 12033: 12032: 12025: 12010: 12007: 12006: 12003: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11985: 11980: 11978:Protozygoptera 11975: 11973:Protorthoptera 11970: 11968:Protephemerida 11965: 11960: 11958:Protanisoptera 11955: 11950: 11945: 11940: 11935: 11930: 11927:(griffinflies) 11925:Meganisoptera 11922: 11917: 11912: 11907: 11905:Glosselytrodea 11902: 11897: 11892: 11887: 11882: 11877: 11872: 11867: 11862: 11854: 11849: 11843: 11836: 11835: 11825: 11824: 11821: 11820: 11817: 11816: 11814: 11813: 11803: 11797: 11790: 11787: 11786: 11783: 11782: 11779: 11778: 11775: 11774: 11771: 11770: 11767: 11766: 11763: 11762: 11760: 11759: 11749: 11740: 11738: 11732: 11731: 11729: 11728: 11718: 11698: 11696: 11687: 11675: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11667: 11659: 11651: 11646:Raphidioptera 11642: 11640: 11634: 11633: 11631: 11630: 11620: 11611: 11609: 11600: 11598:Neuropteroidea 11594: 11593: 11591: 11590: 11579: 11573: 11545: 11544: 11541: 11540: 11538: 11537: 11529: 11521: 11512: 11510: 11492: 11468: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11460: 11459: 11457: 11456: 11448: 11439: 11437: 11431: 11430: 11428: 11427: 11419: 11416:(ice-crawlers) 11410: 11408: 11398: 11397: 11395: 11394: 11386: 11378: 11370: 11362: 11354: 11345: 11339: 11324: 11304: 11303: 11300: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11293: 11292: 11283: 11281: 11275: 11274: 11272: 11271: 11266:Ephemeroptera 11262: 11260: 11251: 11238: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11212: 11203: 11197: 11173: 11172: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11159: 11157: 11156: 11151:Archaeognatha 11147: 11145: 11131: 11130: 11120: 11119: 11117: 11116: 11110: 11104: 11098: 11091: 11088: 11087: 11077: 11076: 11069: 11062: 11054: 11048: 11047: 11042: 11037: 11032: 11020: 11008: 10996: 10991: 10985: 10980: 10975: 10970: 10965: 10960: 10955: 10943: 10937: 10936: 10935:Regional sites 10932: 10931: 10925: 10913: 10907: 10902: 10895: 10894:External links 10892: 10891: 10890: 10836: 10835: 10831: 10830: 10815: 10808: 10782: 10773: 10770: 10768: 10767: 10703: 10668: 10622: 10603:(6): 952–955. 10587: 10566:(3): 347–357. 10544: 10506: 10447: 10428:(1): 150–169. 10410: 10389: 10370: 10363: 10345: 10322: 10269: 10246: 10215: 10208: 10182: 10155: 10148: 10128: 10121: 10100: 10066: 10040: 10003: 9967: 9931: 9891: 9872: 9819: 9792:(3): 801–809. 9776: 9755:(2): 129–145. 9735: 9716: 9696: 9677: 9657: 9600: 9549: 9526: 9515: 9462:(4): 777–790. 9442: 9435: 9381: 9362: 9321: 9290: 9239: 9216: 9197: 9151: 9118: 9067: 9056:(4): 379–393. 9036: 9017:(1–2): 41–54. 9001: 8962: 8923: 8855: 8811:(3): 368–371. 8788: 8739: 8686: 8634: 8624: 8598: 8579: 8560: 8550: 8524: 8467: 8440: 8414: 8354: 8335: 8309: 8276: 8247:(1): 161–173. 8223: 8193: 8183: 8157: 8154:. p. 816. 8146:Urania fulgens 8135: 8074: 8033: 8004: 7961:Agrotis infusa 7945: 7938: 7920: 7893: 7867:(1): 183–191. 7844: 7794:(7): 514–518. 7768: 7757:on 30 May 2012 7741: 7702: 7695: 7677: 7650:(3): 187–200. 7633: 7614:(2): 171–211. 7596: 7567:(3): 457–467. 7547: 7528: 7508: 7481: 7420: 7413: 7395: 7385: 7356: 7337: 7314: 7295:(4): 586–608. 7279: 7260:(3): 254–266. 7236: 7217: 7197: 7153: 7146: 7126: 7100:(4): 251–274. 7070: 7063: 7041: 7029: 7023:978-0801441882 7022: 6999: 6946: 6919:(7): 345–347. 6894: 6864: 6851: 6819: 6754: 6747: 6716: 6666: 6653:(1): 509–516. 6630: 6617:978-0801431302 6616: 6596: 6577: 6552: 6501: 6488:(2): 171–197. 6466: 6429:(16): R621–3. 6409: 6407:, (pp. 63–66). 6393: 6386: 6364: 6345: 6321: 6314: 6292: 6285: 6200: 6180: 6161: 6132: 6125: 6105: 6091: 6071: 6052: 6032: 6001: 5971: 5930: 5911: 5891: 5860: 5853: 5804: 5787:Dictionary.com 5774: 5743: 5724: 5698: 5671: 5664: 5641: 5599: 5578: 5551:(1): 585–607. 5535: 5511:Linnaeus, Carl 5502: 5491:on 15 May 2013 5480: 5452: 5445: 5420: 5401: 5368: 5342: 5305: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5293: 5286: 5283: 5282: 5281: 5276: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5257:Biology portal 5246: 5243:Animals portal 5232: 5216: 5213: 5178:, consumption 5159: 5156: 5117:Korean cuisine 5082: 5079: 5052:alligator weed 5004:. The species 4985: 4982: 4911:T. pellionella 4873:water-pan trap 4752: 4749: 4690:Lafcadio Hearn 4614:Ancient Greece 4586: 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4576: 4562: 4546: 4505:Agathiphagidae 4490: 4440: 4437: 4363:Yponomeutoidea 4274:Agathiphagidae 4264: 4263: 4260: 4259: 4255: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4245: 4242: 4241: 4237: 4236: 4233: 4232: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4219: 4218: 4215: 4214: 4201: 4198: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4180: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4165: 4153: 4148: 4146: 4142: 4141: 4138: 4137: 4133: 4132: 4129: 4128: 4121:(caddisflies) 4115: 4112: 4111: 4108: 4107: 4094: 4089: 4087: 4079: 4077: 4071: 4070: 4067: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4053: 4052: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4043: 4040: 4039: 4026: 4023: 4022: 4019: 4018: 4005: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3994: 3991: 3990: 3977: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3960: 3959: 3955: 3954: 3951: 3950: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3916: 3911: 3909: 3901: 3899: 3897:Neuropteroidea 3891: 3889: 3883: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3865: 3860: 3858: 3850: 3772: 3769: 3703:Early Jurassic 3601:Main article: 3598: 3595: 3525:Edward Meyrick 3446:Main article: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3322: 3319: 3191: 3188: 3138: 3135: 3004: 3001: 2952:are a type of 2920:mourning cloak 2750:Main article: 2747: 2744: 2722: 2719: 2671: 2668: 2651:Urania fulgens 2623:common buckeye 2607:mourning cloak 2576:Main article: 2573: 2570: 2529:heart and dart 2498:Main article: 2495: 2492: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2459: 2458: 2455: 2439: 2437: 2430: 2414: 2412: 2409: 2393: 2391: 2388: 2372: 2370: 2367: 2351: 2349: 2346: 2330: 2328: 2321: 2305: 2303: 2300: 2284: 2282: 2279: 2263: 2261: 2258: 2242: 2240: 2237: 2221: 2219: 2216: 2200: 2197: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2186: 2125: 2122: 2045: 2042: 2025: 2022: 1915:Main article: 1912: 1909: 1851: 1848: 1835: 1832: 1787: 1784: 1775: 1772: 1740:holometabolism 1731:Laothoe populi 1721: 1718: 1687: 1680: 1679: 1675: 1668: 1667: 1666: 1657: 1656: 1655: 1654: 1550:Main article: 1547: 1544: 1535: 1532: 1511: 1508: 1465: 1462: 1454:corpora allata 1420: 1417: 1415: 1412: 1405: 1398: 1397: 1393: 1386: 1385: 1381: 1374: 1373: 1369: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1290: 1287: 1227: 1224: 1176: 1173: 1106: 1103: 1020:Main article: 1017: 1014: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1004: 1001: 998: 995: 991: 990: 973: 968: 963: 958: 953: 818:Main article: 815: 812: 776:Middle English 576: 573: 415:holometabolous 353:winged insects 277: 276: 252: 251: 247: 246: 231: 227: 226: 221: 217: 216: 211: 207: 206: 201: 197: 196: 191: 187: 186: 181: 177: 176: 163: 162: 150: 149: 141: 140: 130: 129: 121: 120: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 42:Early Jurassic 39: 28: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 14291: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14270: 14267: 14265: 14262: 14260: 14259:Insect orders 14257: 14255: 14252: 14250: 14247: 14246: 14244: 14227: 14222: 14218: 14214: 14209: 14205: 14201: 14195: 14191: 14186: 14182: 14178: 14173: 14169: 14165: 14159: 14155: 14150: 14146: 14142: 14137: 14133: 14129: 14124: 14120: 14116: 14111: 14107: 14103: 14098: 14094: 14090: 14085: 14081: 14077: 14072: 14068: 14064: 14059: 14055: 14051: 14046: 14042: 14038: 14033: 14029: 14025: 14020: 14016: 14012: 14007: 14003: 13999: 13994: 13990: 13986: 13981: 13977: 13973: 13967: 13963: 13958: 13954: 13950: 13945: 13941: 13936: 13930: 13926: 13921: 13915: 13911: 13910: 13908: 13906: 13902: 13898: 13893: 13881: 13878: 13876: 13873: 13872: 13869: 13856: 13850: 13832: 13829: 13828: 13826: 13822: 13816: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13799:Epicopeiidae 13797: 13795: 13792: 13790: 13787: 13786: 13784: 13782: 13778: 13772: 13769: 13767: 13761: 13759: 13753: 13752: 13750: 13748: 13744: 13738: 13737:Oenosandridae 13735: 13733: 13729:Notodontidae 13727: 13725: 13719: 13717: 13711: 13709: 13706: 13704: 13698: 13697: 13695: 13693: 13689: 13683: 13677: 13675: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13651: 13649: 13643: 13641: 13635: 13633: 13627: 13625: 13621:Apatelodidae 13619: 13617: 13611: 13610: 13608: 13606: 13602: 13596: 13590: 13589: 13587: 13585: 13581: 13575: 13571:Mimallonidae 13569: 13568: 13566: 13564: 13563:Mimallonoidea 13560: 13554: 13548: 13546: 13544:(snout moths) 13540: 13539: 13537: 13535: 13531: 13525: 13519: 13518: 13516: 13514: 13510: 13504: 13498: 13496: 13490: 13488: 13482: 13480: 13474: 13472: 13466: 13464: 13458: 13456: 13452:Papilionidae 13450: 13449: 13447: 13442: 13435: 13434:Papilionoidea 13431: 13425: 13421:Callidulidae 13419: 13418: 13416: 13414: 13413:Calliduloidea 13410: 13404: 13398: 13397: 13395: 13393: 13389: 13383: 13379:Carposinidae 13377: 13375: 13369: 13368: 13366: 13364: 13360: 13354: 13351: 13350: 13348: 13346: 13342: 13336: 13335:Whalleyanidae 13333: 13332: 13330: 13328: 13324: 13318: 13316:(plume moths) 13312: 13311: 13309: 13307: 13303: 13297: 13291: 13289: 13283: 13282: 13280: 13278: 13274: 13268: 13264:Epermeniidae 13262: 13261: 13259: 13257: 13256:Epermenioidea 13253: 13247: 13241: 13240: 13238: 13236: 13232: 13226: 13220: 13219: 13217: 13215: 13211: 13205: 13199: 13198: 13196: 13194: 13190: 13184: 13178: 13177: 13175: 13173: 13169: 13163: 13157: 13155: 13149: 13147: 13141: 13140: 13138: 13136: 13132: 13126: 13122:Dudgeoneidae 13120: 13118: 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13097: 13091: 13089: 13083: 13081: 13077:Epipyropidae 13075: 13073: 13072:Cyclotornidae 13070: 13068: 13065: 13063: 13060: 13058: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13040: 13037: 13035: 13029: 13027: 13026:Heterogynidae 13024: 13023: 13021: 13019: 13015: 13009: 13006: 13005: 13003: 13001: 13000:Galacticoidea 12997: 12991: 12987:Xyloryctidae 12985: 12983: 12979:Scythrididae 12977: 12975: 12972: 12970: 12966:Oecophoridae 12964: 12962: 12956: 12954: 12953:Metachandidae 12951: 12949: 12946: 12944: 12938: 12936: 12930: 12928: 12924:Elachistidae 12922: 12920: 12914: 12912: 12906: 12904: 12903:Blastobasidae 12901: 12899: 12896: 12894: 12893:Autostichidae 12891: 12890: 12888: 12886: 12882: 12876: 12873: 12871: 12865: 12863: 12860: 12858: 12855: 12853: 12850: 12848: 12846:(sedge moths) 12842: 12840: 12837: 12835: 12831:Acrolepiidae 12829: 12828: 12826: 12824: 12820: 12814: 12811: 12809: 12806: 12804: 12800:Douglasiidae 12798: 12796: 12790: 12789: 12787: 12785: 12781: 12775: 12769: 12767: 12761: 12759: 12755:Eriocottidae 12753: 12751: 12748: 12746: 12742:Acrolophidae 12740: 12739: 12737: 12735: 12731: 12725: 12722: 12721: 12719: 12717: 12713: 12709: 12706: 12704: 12686: 12676: 12672:Tischeriidae 12670: 12669: 12667: 12665: 12664:Tischerioidea 12661: 12655: 12649: 12648: 12646: 12644: 12640: 12634: 12628: 12626: 12622:Nepticulidae 12620: 12619: 12617: 12615: 12614:Nepticuloidea 12611: 12605: 12601:Andesianidae 12599: 12598: 12596: 12594: 12593:Andesianoidea 12590: 12584: 12582:(yucca moths) 12578: 12576: 12575:Incurvariidae 12573: 12571: 12568: 12566: 12563: 12561: 12555: 12554: 12552: 12550: 12546: 12543: 12541: 12519: 12516: 12514: 12490: 12476: 12470: 12469: 12467: 12465: 12461: 12455: 12449: 12447: 12441: 12439: 12435:Neotheoridae 12433: 12431: 12425: 12423: 12420: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12411: 12408: 12406: 12402: 12392: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12380: 12378: 12376: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12363: 12355: 12351: 12349: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12339:Lophocoronina 12336: 12326: 12320: 12319: 12317: 12315: 12311: 12308: 12306: 12305:Acanthoctesia 12302: 12292: 12291:Eriocraniidae 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12280: 12277: 12275: 12271: 12267: 12263: 12259: 12253: 12249: 12237: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12223: 12219: 12213: 12209: 12197: 12195:(kauri moths) 12190: 12188: 12184: 12180: 12176: 12170: 12166: 12154: 12147: 12145: 12141: 12137: 12133: 12127: 12123: 12117: 12113: 12111: 12107: 12105: 12101: 12099: 12095: 12093: 12089: 12087: 12083: 12082: 12079: 12074: 12066: 12061: 12059: 12054: 12052: 12047: 12046: 12043: 12031: 12030: 12026: 12024: 12023: 12018: 12012: 12011: 12008: 11994: 11991: 11989: 11986: 11984: 11981: 11979: 11976: 11974: 11971: 11969: 11966: 11964: 11961: 11959: 11956: 11954: 11951: 11949: 11946: 11944: 11941: 11939: 11936: 11934: 11933:Megasecoptera 11931: 11929: 11923: 11921: 11918: 11916: 11913: 11911: 11908: 11906: 11903: 11901: 11898: 11896: 11893: 11891: 11888: 11886: 11883: 11881: 11878: 11876: 11873: 11871: 11868: 11866: 11863: 11861: 11855: 11853: 11850: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11841: 11837: 11830: 11826: 11812: 11810: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11796: 11792: 11791: 11788: 11758: 11757: 11750: 11748: 11746:(caddisflies) 11742: 11741: 11739: 11737: 11733: 11727: 11726: 11719: 11716: 11712:Siphonaptera 11709: 11708: 11700: 11699: 11697: 11691: 11688: 11686: 11683:(Mecopterida) 11676: 11666: 11660: 11658: 11652: 11650: 11644: 11643: 11641: 11639: 11635: 11629: 11628: 11621: 11619: 11615:Strepsiptera 11613: 11612: 11610: 11608: 11604: 11601: 11595: 11589: 11588: 11581: 11580: 11577: 11574: 11572: 11546: 11536: 11530: 11528: 11524:Thysanoptera 11522: 11520: 11514: 11513: 11511: 11506: 11505: 11500: 11496: 11493: 11491: 11469: 11455: 11449: 11447: 11441: 11440: 11438: 11436: 11432: 11426: 11420: 11418: 11412: 11411: 11409: 11407: 11399: 11393: 11387: 11385: 11379: 11377: 11371: 11369: 11367:(webspinners) 11363: 11361: 11355: 11353: 11347: 11346: 11343: 11340: 11337: 11332: 11328: 11325: 11323: 11305: 11291: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11280: 11276: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11261: 11259: 11255: 11252: 11250: 11246: 11242: 11239: 11237: 11217: 11211: 11205: 11204: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11174: 11169: 11155: 11149: 11148: 11146: 11144: 11140: 11136: 11132: 11125: 11121: 11115: 11111: 11109: 11105: 11103: 11099: 11097: 11093: 11092: 11089: 11085: 11082: 11075: 11070: 11068: 11063: 11061: 11056: 11055: 11052: 11046: 11043: 11041: 11038: 11036: 11033: 11031: 11027: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11015: 11012: 11009: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10997: 10995: 10992: 10989: 10986: 10984: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10974: 10971: 10969: 10966: 10964: 10961: 10959: 10956: 10954: 10950: 10947: 10944: 10942: 10939: 10938: 10934: 10933: 10929: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10917:"Lepidoptera" 10914: 10911: 10908: 10906: 10903: 10901: 10898: 10897: 10876: 10872: 10868: 10864: 10860: 10856: 10852: 10851: 10843: 10838: 10837: 10833: 10832: 10828: 10827:1-55297-612-2 10824: 10820: 10816: 10813: 10809: 10802: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10783: 10780: 10776: 10775: 10754: 10750: 10746: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10716: 10707: 10691: 10687: 10683: 10679: 10672: 10663: 10659: 10654: 10649: 10646:(4): 1030–2. 10645: 10641: 10637: 10635: 10626: 10618: 10614: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10598: 10591: 10583: 10579: 10574: 10569: 10565: 10561: 10560: 10555: 10548: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10519: 10510: 10502: 10498: 10493: 10488: 10484: 10480: 10475: 10470: 10466: 10462: 10458: 10451: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10422: 10414: 10407: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10386: 10382: 10379: 10374: 10366: 10360: 10356: 10349: 10341: 10337: 10333: 10326: 10318: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10302: 10298: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10284: 10282: 10273: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10250: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10219: 10211: 10209:9781402062421 10205: 10201: 10197: 10193: 10186: 10170: 10166: 10159: 10151: 10145: 10141: 10140: 10132: 10124: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10104: 10088: 10084: 10082: 10077: 10070: 10055:on 6 May 2010 10054: 10050: 10044: 10028: 10024: 10020: 10019: 10014: 10007: 9992: 9988: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9971: 9956: 9952: 9951: 9946: 9944: 9935: 9919: 9915: 9911: 9910: 9905: 9903: 9895: 9887: 9883: 9876: 9868: 9864: 9859: 9854: 9850: 9846: 9842: 9838: 9834: 9830: 9823: 9815: 9811: 9807: 9803: 9799: 9795: 9791: 9787: 9780: 9771: 9766: 9762: 9758: 9754: 9750: 9749:Fossil Record 9746: 9739: 9723: 9719: 9713: 9709: 9708: 9700: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9670: 9669: 9661: 9653: 9649: 9644: 9639: 9635: 9631: 9627: 9623: 9619: 9615: 9611: 9604: 9596: 9592: 9588: 9584: 9580: 9576: 9572: 9568: 9564: 9560: 9553: 9547: 9543: 9539: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9519: 9511: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9478: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9457: 9453: 9446: 9438: 9432: 9428: 9424: 9420: 9416: 9410: 9408: 9406: 9404: 9402: 9400: 9398: 9396: 9394: 9392: 9390: 9388: 9386: 9369: 9365: 9359: 9355: 9351: 9344: 9342: 9340: 9338: 9336: 9334: 9332: 9330: 9328: 9326: 9309: 9305: 9304:The Scientist 9301: 9294: 9286: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9243: 9232: 9231: 9223: 9221: 9213:(4): 412–453. 9212: 9208: 9201: 9193: 9189: 9185: 9181: 9177: 9173: 9170:(5734): 575. 9169: 9165: 9158: 9156: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9130: 9122: 9114: 9110: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9071: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9046:Thisbe irenea 9040: 9032: 9028: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9012: 9005: 8997: 8993: 8989: 8985: 8981: 8977: 8973: 8966: 8958: 8954: 8950: 8946: 8942: 8938: 8934: 8927: 8919: 8915: 8910: 8905: 8900: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8878: 8873: 8871: 8862: 8860: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8827: 8822: 8818: 8814: 8810: 8806: 8799: 8792: 8784: 8780: 8775: 8770: 8766: 8762: 8758: 8754: 8750: 8743: 8735: 8731: 8726: 8721: 8716: 8711: 8707: 8703: 8702: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8679: 8675: 8671: 8667: 8663: 8659: 8655: 8651: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8631: 8627: 8621: 8617: 8612: 8611: 8602: 8586: 8582: 8576: 8572: 8571: 8564: 8557: 8553: 8547: 8543: 8538: 8537: 8528: 8520: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8494: 8490: 8486: 8482: 8478: 8471: 8455: 8451: 8444: 8428: 8424: 8418: 8409: 8405: 8400: 8395: 8390: 8385: 8381: 8377: 8373: 8369: 8365: 8358: 8342: 8338: 8332: 8328: 8324: 8320: 8313: 8297: 8293: 8287: 8285: 8283: 8281: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8260: 8255: 8250: 8246: 8242: 8238: 8236: 8227: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8198: 8190: 8186: 8180: 8176: 8171: 8170: 8161: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8139: 8131: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8103: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8090: 8085: 8078: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8054: 8050: 8049: 8044: 8037: 8029: 8025: 8021: 8017: 8016: 8008: 8000: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7972: 7968: 7964: 7962: 7956: 7955:Frost, Barrie 7949: 7941: 7935: 7931: 7924: 7908: 7904: 7897: 7886: 7882: 7878: 7874: 7870: 7866: 7862: 7855: 7848: 7829: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7773: 7756: 7752: 7745: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7722:(1): 94–101. 7721: 7717: 7713: 7706: 7698: 7692: 7688: 7681: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7608: 7600: 7592: 7588: 7584: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7566: 7562: 7558: 7551: 7535: 7531: 7525: 7521: 7520: 7512: 7496: 7492: 7485: 7477: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7431: 7424: 7416: 7410: 7406: 7399: 7392: 7388: 7382: 7378: 7373: 7372: 7363: 7361: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7330: 7329: 7321: 7319: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7294: 7290: 7283: 7275: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7240: 7224: 7220: 7214: 7210: 7209: 7201: 7193: 7189: 7185: 7181: 7177: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7157: 7149: 7143: 7139: 7138: 7130: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7088: 7086: 7077: 7075: 7066: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7045: 7039:, p. 24. 7038: 7033: 7025: 7019: 7015: 7014: 7009: 7003: 6995: 6991: 6987: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6930: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6913: 6908: 6901: 6899: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6868: 6861: 6855: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6839:81-7371-354-5 6836: 6832: 6826: 6824: 6815: 6811: 6806: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6787: 6783: 6779: 6775: 6774: 6769: 6767: 6758: 6750: 6748:9781405111133 6744: 6740: 6735: 6734: 6725: 6723: 6721: 6712: 6708: 6704: 6700: 6696: 6692: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6676: 6670: 6661: 6656: 6652: 6648: 6641: 6634: 6619: 6613: 6609: 6608: 6600: 6584: 6580: 6574: 6570: 6569: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6548: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6532: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6514: 6505: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6483: 6482: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6436: 6432: 6428: 6424: 6420: 6413: 6406: 6400: 6398: 6389: 6383: 6378: 6377: 6368: 6352: 6348: 6342: 6338: 6337: 6332: 6325: 6317: 6311: 6306: 6305: 6296: 6288: 6282: 6278: 6271: 6269: 6267: 6265: 6263: 6261: 6259: 6257: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6249: 6247: 6245: 6243: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6235: 6233: 6231: 6229: 6227: 6225: 6223: 6221: 6219: 6217: 6215: 6213: 6211: 6209: 6207: 6205: 6198:, (pp. 4–22). 6197: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6185: 6168: 6164: 6158: 6154: 6150: 6143: 6141: 6139: 6137: 6128: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6109: 6094: 6088: 6084: 6083: 6075: 6059: 6055: 6049: 6045: 6044: 6036: 6020: 6016: 6012: 6005: 5997: 5993: 5989: 5985: 5978: 5976: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5941: 5934: 5918: 5914: 5908: 5904: 5903: 5895: 5879: 5875: 5871: 5864: 5856: 5850: 5846: 5842: 5841: 5836: 5829: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5815: 5813: 5811: 5809: 5792: 5788: 5784: 5783:"Caterpillar" 5778: 5762: 5758: 5754: 5747: 5731: 5727: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5686: 5682: 5675: 5667: 5661: 5658:. Routledge. 5657: 5656: 5648: 5646: 5638: 5634: 5633: 5628: 5627:Scott, Robert 5624: 5620: 5612: 5603: 5595: 5594: 5589: 5588:"lepidoptera" 5582: 5574: 5570: 5566: 5562: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5539: 5523: 5519: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5487: 5483: 5477: 5473: 5466: 5459: 5457: 5448: 5442: 5438: 5431: 5429: 5427: 5425: 5408: 5404: 5402:9781402062421 5398: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5373: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5330: 5326: 5322: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5306: 5297: 5294: 5292: 5289: 5288: 5280: 5277: 5275: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5247: 5244: 5238: 5233: 5230: 5224: 5219: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5200: 5198: 5197: 5192: 5189: 5188:intracerebral 5186:failure, and 5185: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5170: 5166: 5155: 5153: 5148: 5147: 5143:of the toxic 5142: 5138: 5134: 5130: 5126: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5078: 5076: 5072: 5067: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048:aquatic plant 5045: 5044:Arcola malloi 5041: 5037: 5033: 5030: 5026: 5021: 5019: 5018: 5013: 5012: 5007: 5003: 4999: 4995: 4991: 4981: 4979: 4976:specimens in 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4927: 4923: 4919: 4918: 4917:T. tapetzella 4913: 4912: 4907: 4906: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4881: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4866: 4862: 4858: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4843: 4839: 4837: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4818: 4813: 4812: 4807: 4806: 4802:(armyworms), 4801: 4800: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4770:Acronicta psi 4767: 4748: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4713: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4686: 4681: 4680: 4675: 4671: 4670: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4655: 4654: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4625: 4624: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4608: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4559: 4554: 4550: 4547: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4523: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4511: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4482: 4481: 4475: 4471: 4468: 4467: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4450: 4446: 4436: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4418:Papilionoidea 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402:Mimallonoidea 4399: 4398:Lasiocampidae 4395: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4378: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4328: 4327:Eriocraniidae 4323: 4321: 4320:metamorphosis 4317: 4316: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4262: 4261: 4253: 4252: 4244: 4243: 4235: 4234: 4226: 4225: 4217: 4216: 4213: 4211: 4206: 4200: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4185: 4179: 4178: 4172: 4171: 4168: 4167: 4164: 4162: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4144: 4143: 4140: 4139: 4131: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4120: 4114: 4113: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4086: 4083: 4082: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4069: 4068: 4060: 4059: 4051: 4050: 4042: 4041: 4038: 4036: 4031: 4025: 4024: 4021: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4010: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3983:(snakeflies) 3982: 3981:Raphidioptera 3976: 3975: 3969: 3966: 3965: 3962: 3961: 3953: 3952: 3949: 3947: 3942: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3921: 3915: 3914: 3908: 3905: 3904: 3898: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3887:Aparaglossata 3885: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3870: 3864: 3863: 3857: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3817: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3804:heterogametic 3801: 3800:sister groups 3797: 3787: 3782: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3756: 3752: 3751:Fur Formation 3748: 3745: 3741: 3738: 3733: 3731: 3727: 3723: 3719: 3715: 3709: 3704: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3691: 3687: 3683: 3682:fluid balance 3679: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3661: 3657: 3656:palynological 3653: 3649: 3645: 3640: 3638: 3634: 3629: 3620: 3616: 3615: 3609: 3604: 3597:Fossil record 3594: 3592: 3587: 3585: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3551: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3538: 3534: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3514: 3510: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3493:Michael Denis 3490: 3486: 3485: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3471: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3434: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3397: 3393: 3392: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3380: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3350: 3348: 3347:Tornatellides 3344: 3343: 3338: 3334: 3333: 3328: 3318: 3316: 3312: 3311:plasmatocytes 3307: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3276: 3252: 3250: 3246: 3241: 3237: 3233: 3229: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3196: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3172:yucca flowers 3169: 3165: 3162:is a form of 3161: 3154: 3150: 3149: 3148:Manduca sexta 3143: 3134: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3116: 3112: 3111: 3106: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3090: 3085: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3069: 3063: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3021:A day-flying 3019: 3014: 3010: 3000: 2998: 2994: 2988: 2985: 2984: 2978: 2974: 2971: 2966: 2962: 2958: 2955: 2951: 2947: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2927: 2926: 2921: 2915: 2913: 2910:found in the 2909: 2905: 2902:, contain an 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2888: 2883: 2882: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2854: 2850: 2845: 2843: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2825: 2820: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2796: 2788: 2768: 2764: 2763: 2758: 2753: 2743: 2741: 2740:entomophagous 2737: 2733: 2729: 2718: 2716: 2712: 2707: 2705: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2676: 2670:Communication 2667: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2653: 2652: 2647: 2642: 2640: 2636: 2632: 2628: 2624: 2620: 2616: 2615:American lady 2612: 2608: 2604: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2579: 2569: 2567: 2563: 2559: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2544: 2540: 2539: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2521: 2519: 2514: 2506: 2501: 2491: 2489: 2485: 2484:southern dart 2480: 2476: 2438: 2434: 2413: 2392: 2371: 2350: 2329: 2325: 2324:white cabbage 2322:Fifth instar 2304: 2283: 2262: 2241: 2220: 2199: 2198: 2191: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2167: 2166:Olethreutidae 2163: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2147: 2143: 2139: 2135: 2130: 2121: 2119: 2113: 2111: 2107: 2106: 2101: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2074: 2072: 2068: 2061: 2060: 2041: 2039: 2034: 2032: 2021: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1998: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1981: 1976: 1972: 1971: 1966: 1962: 1961: 1954: 1952: 1948: 1944: 1940: 1936: 1932: 1923: 1918: 1908: 1906: 1905: 1900: 1897:, go through 1896: 1891: 1889: 1885: 1881: 1875: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1861: 1860:ovoviviparity 1857: 1845: 1840: 1831: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1783: 1781: 1771: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1717: 1715: 1711: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1684: 1672: 1663: 1662: 1661:Eurema hecabe 1653: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1642: 1636: 1634: 1633: 1628: 1627: 1626:Eurema hecabe 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1581: 1577: 1572: 1565: 1564: 1558: 1553: 1543: 1541: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1504: 1499: 1495: 1493: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1471: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1439: 1435: 1430: 1426: 1402: 1390: 1378: 1366: 1352: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1333:in males only 1330: 1325: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1273:g. larvae of 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1245: 1244: 1238: 1233: 1223: 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1182: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1153: 1151: 1147: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1123:compound eyes 1120: 1111: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1046: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1023: 1008: 1005: 1002: 999: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 951: 945: 943: 939: 935: 934:faunal region 930: 925: 923: 922: 918: 914: 912: 907: 906: 901: 900:South America 897: 893: 889: 888: 883: 882: 877: 873: 870: 866: 862: 858: 853: 851: 850: 845: 841: 837: 836: 831: 827: 821: 811: 808: 802: 796: 792: 787: 781: 777: 772: 770: 766: 762: 760: 754: 752: 747: 743: 741: 736: 732: 730: 725: 721: 719: 714: 710: 708: 702: 698: 694: 692: 687: 683: 678: 676: 672: 670: 662: 656: 654: 646: 640: 636: 630: 624: 619: 613: 608: 603: 597: 592: 588: 587: 586:Fauna Svecica 582: 581:Carl Linnaeus 572: 570: 566: 565:extermination 562: 558: 554: 550: 547:and serve as 546: 542: 541:nectarivorous 538: 534: 529: 527: 526:lepidopterist 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 450: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 377:superfamilies 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 350: 346: 345:lepidopterans 342: 341: 328: 283: 275: 274: 270: 266: 262: 258: 253: 248: 244: 240: 235: 232: 229: 228: 225: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 209: 208: 205: 202: 199: 198: 195: 192: 189: 188: 185: 182: 179: 178: 173: 168: 164: 161: 157: 156: 151: 147: 142: 138: 137: 131: 127: 122: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 54: 47: 43: 35: 32: 27: 19: 13904: 13831:Millieriidae 13812:Geometridae 13781:Geometroidea 13765:(gold moths) 13723:(tuft moths) 13673:(saturniids) 13671:Saturniidae 13661:Eupterotidae 13645:Carthaeidae 13637:Brahmaeidae 13631:(silk moths) 13552:(grass moth) 13523:(teak moths) 13500:Nymphalidae 13486:(metalmarks) 13468:Hesperiidae 13201:Tortricidae 13193:Tortricoidea 13180:Choreutidae 13172:Choreutoidea 13143:Brachodidae 13093:Limacodidae 13067:Anomoeotidae 13008:Galacticidae 12932:Gelechiidae 12885:Gelechioidea 12875:Ypsolophidae 12852:Heliodinidae 12630:Opostegidae 12570:Heliozelidae 12422:Anomosetidae 12366:Neopseustina 12116:Holometabola 12114:Superorder: 12108:Infraclass: 12072: 12027: 12013: 11983:Syntonoptera 11865:Caloneurodea 11857:Blattoptera 11808: 11799: 11794: 11753:Lepidoptera 11752: 11751: 11744:Trichoptera 11720: 11702: 11654:Megaloptera 11648:(snakeflies) 11638:Neuropterida 11622: 11607:Coleopterida 11584:Hymenoptera 11582: 11504:Paraneoptera 11502: 11424:(gladiators) 11373:Phasmatodea 11351:(stoneflies) 11336:Polyneoptera 11279:Odonatoptera 11143:Monocondylia 11108:Pancrustacea 11106:(unranked): 10882:. Retrieved 10875:the original 10854: 10848: 10834:Bibliography 10818: 10811: 10801:the original 10792: 10787: 10778: 10757:. Retrieved 10724: 10720: 10714: 10706: 10694:. Retrieved 10690:the original 10685: 10681: 10671: 10643: 10639: 10633: 10625: 10600: 10596: 10590: 10563: 10557: 10547: 10525:(1): 64–76. 10522: 10516: 10509: 10464: 10460: 10450: 10425: 10419: 10413: 10397: 10392: 10373: 10354: 10348: 10339: 10335: 10331: 10325: 10292: 10286: 10280: 10272: 10264:the original 10259: 10249: 10241:the original 10232: 10228: 10218: 10191: 10185: 10173:. Retrieved 10169:the original 10158: 10138: 10131: 10112: 10103: 10091:. Retrieved 10087:the original 10079: 10069: 10057:. Retrieved 10053:the original 10043: 10031:. Retrieved 10027:the original 10022: 10016: 10006: 9994:. Retrieved 9984: 9978: 9970: 9958:. Retrieved 9948: 9942: 9934: 9922:. Retrieved 9907: 9901: 9894: 9881: 9875: 9843:(121): 121. 9840: 9836: 9829:Simon, Chris 9822: 9789: 9785: 9779: 9752: 9748: 9738: 9726:. Retrieved 9706: 9699: 9687:. Retrieved 9667: 9660: 9617: 9613: 9603: 9562: 9558: 9552: 9529: 9518: 9504:cite journal 9459: 9455: 9445: 9422: 9419:Engel, M. S. 9415:Grimaldi, D. 9374:11 September 9372:. Retrieved 9353: 9312:. Retrieved 9303: 9293: 9256: 9252: 9242: 9229: 9210: 9206: 9200: 9167: 9163: 9144:11 September 9142:. Retrieved 9133: 9128: 9121: 9080: 9076: 9070: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9039: 9014: 9010: 9004: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8965: 8940: 8936: 8932: 8926: 8881: 8875: 8872:butterflies" 8869: 8846:. Retrieved 8839:the original 8808: 8804: 8791: 8756: 8752: 8742: 8708:(10): e341. 8705: 8701:PLOS Biology 8699: 8689: 8681: 8653: 8647: 8644:L. P. Brower 8637: 8629: 8609: 8601: 8589:. Retrieved 8569: 8563: 8555: 8535: 8527: 8484: 8480: 8470: 8458:. Retrieved 8454:the original 8450:"Osmeterium" 8443: 8431:. Retrieved 8423:"osmeterium" 8417: 8371: 8367: 8357: 8345:. Retrieved 8322: 8312: 8300:. Retrieved 8296:the original 8244: 8240: 8237:(Fabricius)" 8234: 8226: 8214:. 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Retrieved 5324: 5201: 5194: 5180:coagulopathy 5161: 5144: 5099: 5068: 5055: 5043: 5022: 5015: 5009: 5005: 4993: 4987: 4915: 4909: 4903: 4880:detritivores 4877: 4846: 4844: 4840: 4833: 4815: 4809: 4803: 4797: 4775: 4769: 4717:Mesoamerican 4714: 4683: 4677: 4667: 4649: 4645: 4627: 4621: 4611: 4603: 4597: 4569:basal clades 4556: 4520: 4514: 4508: 4484: 4478: 4463:paraphyletic 4455:nomenclature 4452: 4422:Hesperioidea 4414:monophyletic 4406:Geometroidea 4379: 4360: 4352:Gelechioidea 4336: 4324: 4313: 4268: 4205:Siphonaptera 4203: 4182: 4155: 4145:Antliophora 4117: 4097: 4096: 4028: 4007: 3979: 3968:Neuropterida 3941:Strepsiptera 3939: 3918: 3907:Coleopterida 3867: 3856:Holometabola 3847: 3828: 3824:Tarachoptera 3816:Willi Hennig 3793: 3758: 3740:Baltic amber 3734: 3696: 3694: 3675: 3662:in northern 3660:Braunschweig 3641: 3624: 3612: 3588: 3584:monophyletic 3581: 3561:Willi Hennig 3558: 3547: 3541: 3536: 3509:Jacob Hübner 3488: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3467:Linnaeus in 3466: 3424: 3419: 3398:, including 3389: 3383: 3377: 3351: 3340: 3336: 3330: 3324: 3308: 3303: 3296:hymenopteran 3280: 3274: 3249:leaf hoppers 3222:feed on the 3212:Epipyropidae 3201: 3158: 3146: 3108: 3097:hummingbirds 3086: 3075: 3064: 3033: 3026: 2989: 2981: 2970:limenitidine 2959: 2923: 2916: 2900:Papilionidae 2885: 2881:Atrophaneura 2879: 2877: 2846: 2822: 2792: 2760: 2736:heterotrophs 2724: 2708: 2703: 2696: 2692: 2679: 2649: 2643: 2611:painted lady 2600: 2547: 2536: 2522: 2511: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2433:mud-puddling 2190:Pieris rapae 2154:Nepticulidae 2144:) are truly 2138:Acentropinae 2131: 2127: 2114: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2075: 2064: 2057: 2056:Eclosion of 2035: 2027: 2018:Papilionidae 2010: 1995: 1993: 1978: 1968: 1958: 1955: 1951:detritivores 1928: 1902: 1892: 1876: 1853: 1816: 1809: 1795: 1777: 1760:caterpillars 1737: 1729: 1710:Papilionidae 1694: 1659: 1649: 1639: 1637: 1630: 1624: 1610: 1585: 1575: 1561: 1546:Polymorphism 1537: 1513: 1483:goblet cells 1467: 1422: 1326: 1307: 1300: 1283:Nepticulidae 1271: 1260: 1248: 1241: 1216: 1197: 1178: 1157:caterpillars 1154: 1131: 1126: 1116: 1052: 983:Australasian 977:(comprising 926: 919: 913:coccivorella 909: 903: 885: 879: 869:Coprophagous 854: 847: 833: 823: 810:, "hairy"). 798:(from Latin 773: 756: 748: 737: 726: 715: 704: 691:buttorfleoge 688: 679: 666: 650: 584: 578: 530: 451: 423:caterpillars 381: 344: 281: 280: 255: 233: 220:(unranked): 153: 134: 31: 26: 18:Lepidopteran 14249:Lepidoptera 14200:lepidoptera 14084:iNaturalist 13962:Lepidoptera 13949:Lepidoptera 13935:Lepidoptera 13929:Wikispecies 13905:Lepidoptera 13789:Sematuridae 13763:Cimeliidae 13757:(hook-tips) 13755:Drepanidae 13747:Drepanoidea 13679:Sphingidae 13666:Phiditiidae 13653:Endromidae 13629:Bombycidae 13613:Anthelidae 13605:Bombycoidea 13521:Hyblaeidae 13513:Hyblaeoidea 13492:Lycaenidae 13484:Riodinidae 13441:butterflies 13400:Thyrididae 13392:Thyridoidea 13293:Tineodidae 13285:Alucitidae 13277:Alucitoidea 13151:Castniidae 13085:Dalceridae 13031:Zygaenidae 13018:Zygaenoidea 12862:Plutellidae 12857:Lyonetiidae 12839:Bedelliidae 12580:Prodoxidae 12565:Cecidosidae 12427:Hepialidae 12414:Hepialoidea 12132:Zeugloptera 12073:Lepidoptera 12029:Wikispecies 11988:Titanoptera 11920:Lapeyriidae 11915:Hypoperlida 11890:Eoblattodea 11859:(roachoids) 11852:Archodonata 11694:Antliophora 11662:Neuroptera 11624:Coleoptera 11435:Dictyoptera 11405:(Xenonomia) 11381:Orthoptera 11365:Embioptera 11357:Dermaptera 11349:Plecoptera 11249:Palaeoptera 11112:Subphylum: 10910:Lepidoptera 10884:22 November 10759:25 February 10696:17 November 10332:Bombyx mori 10281:Bombyx mori 10093:18 December 10033:18 December 8972:Silene alba 8848:11 February 8536:Butterflies 8412:(Abstract). 8216:25 February 8022:(1): 1–33. 7913:12 December 7501:20 February 7250:Potamogeton 7119:14 November 6675:Ford, E. B. 6173:14 November 6098:12 February 5964:14 February 5361:25 February 5152:Bogong moth 5121:Maguey worm 5102:entomophagy 5032:cactus moth 5006:Bombyx mori 4994:Bombyx mori 4936:as well as 4900:cloth moths 4886:containing 4861:insect trap 4822:polyphagous 4805:Helicoverpa 4786:Tortricidae 4782:agriculture 4766:grey dagger 4721:Teotihuacan 4510:Agathiphaga 4486:Epimartyria 4480:Micropterix 4470:Zeugloptera 4410:Rhopalocera 4394:Bombycoidea 4375:coevolution 4369:in the mid- 4332:leaf miners 4310:kauri pines 4306:Trichoptera 4119:Trichoptera 4098:Lepidoptera 4009:Megaloptera 3869:Hymenoptera 3796:Trichoptera 3781:angiosperms 3726:Trichoptera 3628:hydrophobic 3569:monotrysian 3503:(1775) and 3374:cloth moths 3358:Gelechiidae 3300:spongy moth 3294:, and many 3292:coleopteran 3168:yucca moths 3155:wasp larvae 3105:crepuscular 3040:pollination 3036:entomophily 3009:Entomophily 3003:Pollination 2997:Tiger moths 2954:automimicry 2912:prothoracic 2896:aposematism 2853:aposematism 2844:in Europe. 2815:dragonflies 2627:bogong moth 2619:red admiral 2182:semiaquatic 2162:Tortricidae 2134:terrestrial 2105:Sebastiania 1985:Geometridae 1917:Caterpillar 1768:chrysalides 1706:Nymphalidae 1617:Nymphalidae 1601:polyphenism 1503:Nymphalidae 1479:Hymenoptera 1434:Hepialoidea 1427:, the male 1275:Geometridae 1193:Nymphalidae 1119:sclerotized 1087:caterpillar 979:Indomalayan 911:Zenodochium 876:sloth moths 786:catirpeller 686:Old English 635:Rhopalocera 545:pollinators 533:herbivorous 522:Trichoptera 490:Hymenoptera 484:(beetles), 371:) with 126 357:butterflies 282:Lepidoptera 273:Zeugloptera 269:Rhopalocera 234:Lepidoptera 160:sphinx moth 51:200–0 37:Lepidoptera 14243:Categories 13855:Monotrysia 13713:Noctuidae 13708:Euteliidae 13692:Noctuoidea 13550:Crambidae 13542:Pyralidae 13534:Pyraloidea 13470:(skippers) 13460:Hedylidae 13044:Lacturidae 12958:Momphidae 12763:Psychidae 12274:Dacnonypha 12102:Subclass: 12092:Arthropoda 11938:Miomoptera 11704:Mecoptera 11532:Hemiptera 11453:(mantises) 11443:Blattodea 11389:Zoraptera 11268:(mayflies) 11207:Zygentoma 11102:Arthropoda 10295:: 71–100. 10175:17 January 9253:PLOS Genet 8870:Heliconius 8487:(1): 286. 8460:9 December 8433:9 December 8302:7 December 7761:9 December 6887:19 January 6689:: 350–61. 6153:Entomology 6025:8 February 5923:9 November 5884:9 November 5691:6 December 5517:insectorum 5335:8 February 5302:References 5191:hemorrhage 5165:urticarial 4890:, such as 4865:pheromones 4863:that uses 4799:Spodoptera 4646:A. atropos 4558:Nothofagus 4527:Queensland 4426:Hedyloidea 4390:Noctuoidea 4371:Cretaceous 4315:Nothofagus 4302:liverworts 4030:Neuroptera 3922:(beetles) 3920:Coleoptera 3730:Cretaceous 3637:Leaf mines 3577:morphology 3535:published 3427:bracovirus 3412:bird nests 3337:Eupithecia 3332:Eupithecia 3315:asphyxiate 3204:parasitoid 3190:Parasitism 3180:Lycaenidae 3153:Braconidae 3127:geometrids 3089:hawk moths 3060:germinates 2983:Heliconius 2928:) and the 2904:osmeterium 2890:, and the 2861:camouflage 2835:wasps and 2829:Parasitoid 2811:amphibians 2767:osmeterium 2732:autotrophs 2711:camouflage 2660:Costa Rica 2656:Neotropics 2621:, and the 2595:California 2591:Santa Cruz 2513:Navigation 2494:Navigation 2488:hawk moths 2178:Sphingidae 2110:parasitoid 2086:mouthparts 1947:carnivores 1943:herbivores 1888:micropyles 1872:nymphalids 1834:Life cycle 1806:pheromones 1790:See also: 1698:Lycaenidae 1576:Heliconius 1341:camouflage 1329:pheromones 1279:Prodoxidae 1267:ovipositor 1265:and as an 1263:copulation 1230:See also: 1208:Noctuoidea 1204:metathorax 1200:mesothorax 1189:metathorax 1185:mesothorax 1161:mouthparts 1127:chaetosema 1075:life cycle 1071:Atlas moth 971:Afrotropic 956:Palearctic 878:, such as 826:Antarctica 804:, "cat" + 795:catepelose 697:Heterocera 553:food chain 537:folivorous 482:Coleoptera 468:since the 441:casing or 369:Coleoptera 250:Suborders 204:Arthropoda 13807:Uraniidae 13700:Erebidae 13476:Pieridae 13222:Urodidae 13214:Urodoidea 13159:Sesiidae 13135:Sesioidea 13114:Cossidae 13106:Cossoidea 12948:Lypusidae 12771:Tineidae 12734:Tineoidea 12557:Adelidae 12549:Adeloidea 12256:Suborder 12216:Suborder 12175:Aglossata 12173:Suborder 12130:Suborder 12104:Pterygota 12084:Kingdom: 11910:Heraridea 11900:Geroptera 11805:Based on 11679:Panorpida 11626:(beetles) 11516:Psocodea 11451:Mantodea 11402:Notoptera 11359:(earwigs) 11094:Kingdom: 10871:108756448 10483:1746-4269 10408:. (pg 63) 9924:31 August 9900:"Species 8591:8 October 8501:2399-3642 8347:8 October 8263:0003-1569 7349:8 October 7289:Evolution 7229:8 October 6957:Oecologia 6711:202575235 6589:8 October 5797:5 October 5736:8 October 5716:CRC Press 5565:0066-4170 5141:ingluvies 5050:known as 5017:Antheraea 4932:and wool 4794:Pyralidae 4790:Noctuidae 4676:'s album 4533:, and in 4531:Australia 4493:Aglossata 4356:Tineoidea 4290:mandibles 4286:proboscis 4184:Mecoptera 4075:Panorpida 3843:Mecoptera 3831:cladogram 3771:Phylogeny 3763:from the 3744:Paleocene 3668:glossatan 3633:North Sea 3573:phylogeny 3565:cladistic 3433:insects. 3362:Noctuidae 3327:predators 3236:bumblebee 3224:honeycomb 3208:Pyralidae 3160:Mutualism 3137:Mutualism 3101:nocturnal 2965:Müllerian 2892:birdwings 2865:nightjars 2842:great tit 2833:parasitic 2795:predation 2678:Group of 2572:Migration 2566:Mach band 2170:Noctuidae 2142:Crambidae 2038:hemolymph 2014:osmeteria 1870:and some 1868:hepialids 1856:oviparous 1819:voltinism 1754:, and an 1714:Psychidae 1608:species. 1520:hemolymph 1492:luna moth 1487:potassium 1474:esophagus 1429:genitalia 1252:genitalia 1181:prothorax 1169:spinneret 1165:mandibles 1146:mandibles 1138:proboscis 1095:chrysalis 1049:triangle. 966:Neotropic 865:parasitic 857:symbiotic 844:Himalayas 763:meaning " 724:Old Norse 575:Etymology 571:species. 510:Hemiptera 488:(flies), 462:coevolved 447:chrysalis 400:siphoning 396:proboscis 257:Aglossata 190:Kingdom: 184:Eukaryota 136:Aglais io 14123:LepIndex 13993:BugGuide 13969:BioLib: 13914:Wikidata 13721:Nolidae 13345:Immoidea 12405:Exoporia 12258:Glossata 12110:Neoptera 12090:Phylum: 12086:Animalia 12075:families 11948:Paoliida 11722:Diptera 11526:(thrips) 11287:Odonata 11114:Hexapoda 11100:Phylum: 11096:Animalia 11026:Archived 11014:Archived 11002:Archived 10949:Archived 10753:Archived 10749:26910462 10741:11837874 10662:17221019 10617:17368636 10582:15772333 10539:73665731 10501:21211040 10442:53963758 10381:Archived 10342:: 83–87. 10317:44514698 10309:15355234 10111:(1904). 10059:28 April 9918:Archived 9867:27558853 9814:21903172 9722:Archived 9683:Archived 9652:29349295 9587:10850702 9538:Archived 9496:38383850 9487:11009112 9421:(2005). 9368:Archived 9308:Archived 9285:26379286 9192:42604851 9184:16040699 9138:Archived 9113:35812411 9105:17733373 9031:21936259 8996:21665724 8918:16591992 8835:19324625 8783:11467425 8734:17048984 8678:28667520 8585:Archived 8519:31396566 8427:Archived 8408:14555763 8341:Archived 8189:Insects. 8069:86198255 7999:27147998 7907:Archived 7881:25203050 7828:Archived 7816:18394893 7736:54314728 7672:20605146 7628:84711127 7591:17755509 7583:15882645 7534:Archived 7476:18936482 7343:Archived 7246:Nymphula 7223:Archived 7192:86427983 6994:29210301 6986:28311161 6881:Archived 6814:18769543 6773:PLoS ONE 6583:Archived 6547:20268135 6461:52828850 6453:16920604 6351:Archived 6167:Archived 6058:Archived 6019:Archived 5917:Archived 5791:Archived 5767:31 March 5761:Archived 5730:Archived 5685:Archived 5573:23317047 5528:8 August 5522:Archived 5513:(1746). 5407:Archived 5393:Springer 5355:Archived 5329:Archived 5215:See also 5129:Huasteca 5110:silkworm 5106:beondegi 5094:silkworm 5090:Beondegi 4966:biscuits 4964:flour), 4954:semolina 4942:feathers 4896:feathers 4884:detritus 4867:to lure 4826:tomatoes 4719:city of 4573:Ditrysia 4565:Glossata 4541:and the 4459:Ditrysia 4439:Taxonomy 4339:Ditrysia 4207:(fleas) 3690:Triassic 3648:Triassic 3507:(1796). 3499:(1775), 3489:Phalaena 3484:Phalaena 3462:Bulgaria 3404:feathers 3366:detritus 3354:Tineidae 3131:pyralids 3123:noctuids 3115:corollae 3028:Dianthus 2961:Batesian 2950:Eyespots 2934:Sesiidae 2646:uraniids 2639:monsoons 2603:seasonal 2533:silver Y 2465:Behavior 2174:Cossidae 2150:Erebidae 2082:antennae 2067:ecdysone 2031:tracheae 2016:(family 1965:lycaenid 1899:diapause 1828:diapause 1798:eclosion 1780:diapause 1702:Pieridae 1621:Pieridae 1450:diapause 1337:patterns 1310:pigments 1303:lamellar 961:Nearctic 929:skippers 861:phoretic 780:catirpel 675:antennae 653:rhopalon 506:sawflies 458:Jurassic 454:Triassic 394:, and a 373:families 261:Glossata 239:Linnaeus 200:Phylum: 194:Animalia 180:Domain: 13353:Immidae 13062:Aididae 12098:Insecta 12096:Class: 12071:Extant 11833:Extinct 11807:Sasaki 11714:(fleas) 11508: * 10988:Japmoth 10492:3034662 9858:5014063 9794:Bibcode 9757:Bibcode 9728:15 July 9689:15 July 9643:5770165 9622:Bibcode 9595:4374137 9567:Bibcode 9464:Bibcode 9314:13 July 9276:4574769 9164:Science 9085:Bibcode 9077:Science 8886:Bibcode 8826:2679932 8774:1690724 8725:1617347 8658:Bibcode 8510:6677728 8376:Bibcode 8271:3881502 8130:9860986 8098:Bibcode 7990:4838632 7824:3236142 7796:Bibcode 7652:Bibcode 7467:2575472 7444:Bibcode 7309:2406212 7274:3223096 7172:Bibcode 7102:Bibcode 6966:Bibcode 6941:1359112 6921:Bibcode 6805:2518955 6782:Bibcode 6739:163–164 6703:4379524 6685:(995). 6623:30 July 6539:1538279 6431:Bibcode 5845:198–199 5635:at the 5495:2 March 5196:Lonomia 5146:Zygaena 5064:synergy 5029:pyralid 4978:museums 4934:fabrics 4888:keratin 4869:insects 4741:Zapotec 4704:. 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