459:, who had reservations on the use of force against Serbia, it was decided to present Serbia with an ultimatum. The ten-point ultimatum was presented to Emperor Franz Joseph on 21 July and transmitted to Belgrade on 23 July. The previous night, according to his wife Nadine's testimony, Count Berchtold spent a sleepless night, altering the ultimatum and adding clauses, as he was very worried the Serbs could accept it. The Serbian government accepted all points of the ultimatum but the one that permitted Austro-Hungarian authorities to participate in the investigation of the assassination on Serbian territory, which would have been a severe violation of Serbian sovereignty and the country's constitution. As the acceptance of all 10 demands listed in the ultimatum was required, the Austro-Hungarian government made a decision to enter a state of war with Serbia on 28 July, for which he was largely to blame.
720:
468:
40:
761:
827:
989:
941:
777:
809:
701:
1007:
916:
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959:
547:
doubt, he played a leading role in the intransigent formulation in the ultimatum of 23 July, the declaration of war on 28 July, and the rebuttal of Grey's mediation proposal on 29 July. He believed that only the defeat of Serbia could preserve the Dual
Monarchy. Despite that, he was not thought of as a warmonger by, for example, General Conrad von Hötzendorf. At the same time, his lack of self-confidence at the helm of Austro-Hungarian diplomacy made him susceptible to persuasion by his pro-war staff at the
900:
370:
653:
855:
791:
682:
873:
495:
preference for the latter. Under mounting German pressure, Count
Berchtold, however, indicated that he was ready to cede the Trentino and parts of the Albanian coastline. When he informed Tisza and Conrad of the concessions he was ready to give, they forced him to resign on 13 January 1915. At Count Tisza's insistence he was replaced by the more pugnacious
554:
Although
Berchtold may have personally pushed for war, the main question is whether he appreciated that a war against Serbia carried the risk of a major European war. According to G. A. Tunstall Jr, "a Russian intervention doesn't seem to had been taken into much consideration by the Austro-Hungarian
546:
Many historians have regarded him as indecisive and diffident. However, during the July Crisis this appears not to have been the case as he "commanded and managed the process" on this occasion. His responsibility for the outbreak of the First World War has been much debated by historians. Without a
494:
succeeded in obtaining vague promises of compensations in South Tyrol from
Germany and by the end of 1914, Count Berchtold informed the Crown Council that the choice was either acceptance of the Italian demands or a declaration of war. Both Count Tisza and General Conrad von Hötzendorf expressed a
423:
on 28 June 1914 was therefore a culmination of the heightened tension between
Austria-Hungary and Serbia. If Count Berchtold had been accused of indecisiveness and diffidence during the Balkan Wars, he gave proof of more resolve during the July Crisis. Pushed by the so-called Young Rebels at the
360:
At the death of
Aehrenthal in February 1912, Count Berchtold was appointed as his successor and thus became, at the age of 49, the youngest foreign minister in Europe. His appointment reportedly came against his own will and despite lack of experience in domestic affairs, as well as in military
542:
and impressed with his aristocratic background. However he lacked the strength of character and broad experience that would have been desirable in an imperial foreign minister. This contributed to quick reversals of decisions, giving rise to a foreign policy often perceived as inconsistent and
397:, the Balkan Wars resulted in a failure to contain the rising Russian influence in the Balkans and thwart Serbian ambitions for a united Yugoslav state. It meant diplomatic defeat for Austria-Hungary and also a reputation of being weak and indecisive for Count Berchtold.
344:
upon the latter's appointment as imperial foreign minister. He served with distinction for five years in St. Petersburg and experienced Russia's distrust and fear of Vienna. In
September 1908, he hosted a secret meeting between Aehrenthal and the Russian Foreign Minister
400:
Count
Berchtold's focus on Serbia was grown out of a fear of Serbian territorial expansion in the Balkans and also a complication of frictional matters within the multinational Dual Monarchy, and would eventually result in the dissolution of the empire itself.
1830:
555:
leaders during the decision-making process". In any case, "if he did not apprehend the consequences of his policies sufficiently, he was, however, not alone; as a matter of fact, there were few diplomats at the time who actually did".
1158:
Berchtold's nationality has sometimes been subjected to attention by historians as his aristocratic bloodlines made him part German, part Czech, part Slovak, and part
Hungarian. An anecdote of this identity dilemma can be found on
381:
As imperial foreign minister, Count
Berchtold focused almost exclusively on the Balkans where his foreign policy aims were to maintain peace, stick to the principle of non-intervention and preserve the territorial status quo. The
537:
Count Berchtold was described at the time as "intelligent and hard-working" and possessed of a "great personal charm" that made him well-liked at court. Indeed, he possessed all the social graces required at the
483:. When Rome presented the Ballhausplatz with demands for control over territories in southern Austria-Hungary, Berchtold demurred and refused to offer any Habsburg concessions, especially not in the
393:, but vacillated and pulled back from intervention at the last moment. Although he managed to prevent Serbia from securing an outlet to the Adriatic Sea by support given to the creation of
1810:
479:'s participation, the outcome of which would lead to his downfall. The main problem was Italy's demands for territorial compensation in exchange for remaining within the
1845:
1835:
1820:
506:, the heir apparent, in March 1916, and became Lord Chamberlain following the latter's accession to the throne in November. Count Berchtold had been invested as a
1840:
455:, for war against Serbia during the meeting of the Imperial Crown Council on 7 July. Through the moderating influence of the Hungarian Minister-President Count
1815:
1589:
Williamson Jr., Samuel. "Leopold Count Berchtold: The Man Who Could Have Prevented the Great War," in GĂĽnther Bischof, Fritz Plasser and Peter Berger, eds.,
1850:
447:
support for Austria-Hungary's future actions, which resulted in the famous "blank cheque", he became the leading spokesman, together with the Chief of the
289:
on 18 April 1863 as the son of Count Sigismund Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz (1834–1900) and his wife, Countess Josephine von
1760:
1603:
1805:
1286:
Blum, George P. (1996). "Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Fratting und Pullitz, Leopold Count von (1863–1942)". In Tucker, Spencer C. (ed.).
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507:
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1457:
1316:
Roider, Karl (2005). "Berchtold, Leopold, Count von (1863–1942)". In Tucker, Spencer C.; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (eds.).
665:
196:
1702:
436:, Count Berchtold seized the opportunity to launch punitive action against Serbia and deal the country a mortal blow.
389:
At the outset of the Balkan Wars, Count Berchtold pursued a hard-line policy and flirted with the idea of war against
89:
782:
619:
511:
238:
Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Josef Korsinus Ferdinand Graf Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Frättling und Püllütz
1012:
310:
1724:
96:
1717:
1685:
467:
119:
77:
502:
Berchtold played no further public role during the war, although he was appointed Lord High Steward to Archduke
977:
448:
452:
39:
1770:
1425:
884:
711:
1651:
865:
1203:. Vol. 1. Vienna, Austria: Verlag der Ă–sterreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften. 1957. p. 71.
496:
1780:
1665:
908:
1250:
Tunstall., Graydon A. Jr. (2003). "Austria-Hungary". In Hamilton, Richard F.; Herwig, Holger H. (eds.).
1785:
1775:
1630:
1614:'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Solving Problems Through Force
1255:
1161:'Graf Leopold Berchtold von und zu Ungarschütz, Frättling, und Püllütz', Solving Problems Through Force
814:
610:
597:
1637:
1855:
1790:
429:
337:
1604:'Berchtold, Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Joseph Korsinus Ferdinand Graf', Neue Deutsche Biographie
1214:
927:
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298:
1608:
1530:
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569:
374:
1524:
1755:
1750:
1559:
Aristocratic redoubt: The Austro-Hungarian foreign office on the eve of the First World War
503:
168:
8:
1582:
Wank, Solomon. "The Appointment of Count Berchtold as Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister"
1655:
1569:
1552:
964:
860:
346:
302:
241:
1354:
1325:
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1110:
994:
838:
390:
350:
294:
1831:
Bailiffs Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion of the Sovereign Military Order of Malta
1411:
525:
in Hungary, where he died on 21 November 1942. He was buried in the family tomb at
744:
730:
706:
671:
476:
369:
1374:
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1613:
1591:
From Empire to Republic: Post-World War I Austria, Contemporary Austrian Studies,
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306:
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257:
172:
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878:
844:
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548:
475:
Once war had started, Count Berchtold focused his efforts on the question of
444:
440:
425:
192:
164:
1172:"Berchtold, Leopold Anton Johann Sigismund Joseph Korsinus Ferdinand Graf".
1623:
1350:
945:
564:
317:(1868–1955), the daughter of one of the richest aristocrats in Hungary, in
336:
In December 1906, Count Berchtold was appointed as the successor of Count
410:
383:
269:
132:
1176:. Vol. 2. Berlin, Germany: Duncker & Humblot. 1955. p. 65.
1295:
932:
1551:(1915) English translations of official documents to justify the war.
1318:
Encyclopedia of World War I: A Political, Social, and Military History
357:
and led to the Austro-Hungarian annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
314:
209:
518:
309:'s richest men. Tutored at home, he later studied law and joined the
188:
1656:
1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War
1458:"Hofstaat Seiner Kaiserlichen und Königlich Apostolischen Majestät"
1321:
1015:: Cross of Honour of the House Order of Schaumburg-Lippe, 1st Class
765:
484:
420:
318:
261:
1422:
1522:
1215:"Leopold, Graf von Berchtold | Austro-Hungarian foreign minister"
539:
526:
522:
1492:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Ă–sterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1462:
Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Ă–sterreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie
1375:"First World War.com – Who's Who – Count Leopold von Berchtold"
796:
517:
After the war, he retired as a grand seigneur on his estate at
326:
286:
160:
1139:
1057:
687:
322:
1149:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
1067:. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
386:
in 1912/1913, however, quickly made such a policy illusory.
1288:
The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia
1132:
1050:
904:
26:
313:
in 1893. In the same year, he married Countess Ferdinanda
551:, on whose advice and opinions he was heavily dependent.
1632:"Berchtold von und zu Ungarschitz, Leopold, Count"
1624:
Count Leopold von Berchtold in Ludwig ThallĂłczy's diary
1811:
Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint Stephen of Hungary
1442:
Austria-Hungary and the Origins of the First World War
1577:
Leopold Graf Berchtold: Grandseigneur und Staatsmann
1516:
1646:
Primary Sources on Berchtold during the July Crisis
1734:Duglas Graf von Thurn und Valsássina-Como-Vercelli
1846:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Crown (Romania)
1197:Österreichisches Biographisches Lexikon 1815–1950
1143:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
1061:, not a first or middle name. The female form is
471:Berchtold in uniform. Photograph by Carl Pietzner
1836:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Pope Pius IX
1821:Recipients of the Military Merit Order (Bavaria)
1742:
1619:'Count Leopold von Berchtold', firstworldwar.com
590:Bronze Jubilee Medal for the Armed Forces (1898)
353:in Moravia. This meeting produced the so-called
1400:The Macmillan Dictionary of the First World War
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1841:Recipients of the Iron Cross (1914), 2nd class
1557:Godsey, William D., and William D. Godsey Jr.
1290:. New York City: Garland Press. p. 123f.
1816:Recipients of the Order of Bravery, 2nd class
321:. He subsequently served at the embassies in
1144:
1130:
1105:. London, England: Greenwood Press. p.
1098:
1081:
1062:
1048:
805:
785:: Bailiff Grand Cross of Honour and Devotion
256:) (18 April 1863 – 21 November 1942) was an
1851:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles
1662:Newspaper clippings about Leopold Berchtold
1099:Herwig, Holger H.; Heyman, Neil M. (1982).
443:on a mission to Berlin on 5 July to secure
67:17 February 1912 – 13 January 1915
1347:The War That Ended Peace: The Road to 1914
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1235:
697:
649:
38:
1761:Austro-Hungarian diplomats of World War I
1693:Joint Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary
1398:Stephen Pope & Elizabeth-Anne Wheal,
1344:
1311:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1249:
955:
851:
558:
512:Grand Cross of the Order of Saint Stephen
417:assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand
109:28 December 1906 – 25 March 1911
55:Joint Foreign Minister of Austria-Hungary
1482:
1480:
1478:
1452:
1450:
985:
716:
593:Jubilee Cross for Civil Officials (1908)
508:Knight of the Order of the Golden Fleece
490:However, Italian Foreign Minister Baron
466:
368:
1806:Knights of the Golden Fleece of Austria
1628:
1579:, Graz, Verlag Styria, 1963, in German.
1232:
1029:Austro-Hungarian entry into World War I
735:
563:Count Berchtold was portrayed by actor
16:Austro-Hungarian politician (1863–1942)
1743:
1526:Calendario generale del regno d'Italia
1523:Italy. Ministero dell'interno (1920).
1315:
1302:
1281:
1279:
1277:
1275:
1129:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
1102:Biographical Dictionary of World War I
1047:Regarding personal names: Until 1919,
293:(1835–1894). He belonged to a wealthy
1725:Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to Russia
1475:
1447:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
97:Austro-Hungarian Ambassador to Russia
1801:Hungarian people of Austrian descent
1766:Foreign ministers of Austria-Hungary
1285:
950:Princely House Order of Hohenzollern
1584:Journal of Central European Affairs
1272:
866:Grand Cross of the Crown of Romania
712:Grand Cross of the Star of Ethiopia
13:
1703:Stephan Freiherr Burián von Rajecz
1541:
1444:, New York, Bedford, 1991, p. 191.
1180:
133:Thurn und Valsássina-Como-Vercelli
90:Stephan Freiherr Burián von Rajecz
14:
1867:
1597:
1402:, London, Macmillan, 1995, p. 68.
909:Grand Cross of the White Elephant
783:Sovereign Military Order of Malta
635:, 3rd Class with War Decoration,
254:Leopold hrabÄ› Berchtold z UherÄŤic
1796:Czech people of Austrian descent
1629:Pribram, Alfred Francis (1922).
1609:'Berchtold, Leopold Graf', AEIOU
1561:(Purdue University Press, 1999).
1423:Magyar Királyi Szent István Rend
1005:
987:
957:
939:
914:
898:
871:
853:
825:
807:
789:
775:
759:
737:
718:
699:
680:
651:
311:Austro-Hungarian foreign service
1826:Knights of the Legion of Honour
1568:(1939) pp 373–447 on Berchtold
1434:
1416:
1405:
1392:
1367:
1338:
582:National orders and decorations
415:Following the Balkan Wars, the
221:
1718:Alois Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal
1686:Alois Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal
1593:Vol. 19 (2010), p. 24-51.
1207:
1165:
1152:
1123:
1041:
885:Knight of St. Alexander Nevsky
643:Foreign orders and decorations
510:in 1912 and bestowed with the
462:
449:Austro-Hungarian General Staff
404:
364:
305:. He was reputed to be one of
120:Alois Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal
78:Alois Graf Lexa von Aehrenthal
1:
1320:. Santa Barbara, California:
1074:
1412:Chevaliers de la Toison d'Or
1345:MacMillan, Margaret (2014).
666:Grand Cross of St. Alexander
264:and statesman who served as
7:
1666:20th Century Press Archives
1547:Austro-Hungarian Monarchy.
1137:was a title, translated as
1055:was a title, translated as
1022:
611:Knight of the Golden Fleece
10:
1872:
1650:Samuel R. Williamson Jr.:
1549:Austro-Hungarian red book.
1256:Cambridge University Press
1252:The Origins of World War I
1194:"Berchtold Leopold Graf".
801:Grand Cross of St. Charles
750:Knight of the Annunciation
620:Grand Cross of St. Stephen
587:Jubilee Court Medal (1898)
408:
1731:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1699:
1690:
1682:
1677:
948:: Cross of Honour of the
928:Knight of the Black Eagle
598:Imperial Order of Leopold
576:
532:
291:Trauttmansdorff-Weinsberg
280:
266:Imperial Foreign Minister
231:
202:
178:
147:
142:
138:
125:
113:
102:
95:
83:
71:
60:
53:
49:
37:
23:
1428:22 December 2010 at the
1174:Neue Deutsche Biographie
1034:
890:Knight of St. Stanislaus
820:Order of Prince Danilo I
1652:Berchtold, Leopold Graf
1638:Encyclopædia Britannica
1586:23 (July 1963): 143–51.
1219:Encyclopedia Britannica
1000:Knight of the Rue Crown
841:, 1st Class in Diamonds
275:
1566:Before The War Vol II
1440:Samuel R. Williamson,
1254:. Cambridge, England:
1145:
1131:
1063:
1049:
980:, 4th Class with Crown
559:In film and television
472:
441:dispatched Count Hoyos
378:
253:
245:
1572:, scholarly biography
1379:www.firstworldwar.com
818:: Grand Cross of the
770:Order of Pope Pius IX
768:: Grand Cross of the
570:Oh! What A Lovely War
470:
453:Conrad von Hötzendorf
372:
315:Károlyi de Nagykároly
295:Austrian noble family
210:Károlyi de Nagykároly
1771:Austrian politicians
978:Military Merit Order
972:Knight of St. Hubert
633:Military Merit Cross
338:Alois von Aehrenthal
297:that owned lands in
246:GrĂłf Berchtold LipĂłt
208:Countess Ferdinanda
173:Austrian Empire
169:Archduchy of Austria
596:Grand Cross of the
268:at the outbreak of
44:Count von Berchtold
1781:Hungarian nobility
1678:Political offices
1464:, 1918, p. 18
692:Medal of the Merit
473:
379:
347:Alexander Izvolsky
197:Kingdom of Hungary
1786:Moravian nobility
1776:Counts of Austria
1739:
1738:
1732:Succeeded by
1710:Diplomatic posts
1700:Succeeded by
1494:, 1904, pp.
1360:978-0-8129-8066-0
1349:. New York City:
1331:978-1-85109-420-2
1265:978-0-521-10218-6
1116:978-0-313-21356-4
935:(1914), 2nd Class
839:Order of Osmanieh
567:in the 1969 film
349:at his estate at
340:as Ambassador to
235:
234:
32:Leopold Berchtold
1863:
1856:Obersthofmeister
1791:Berchtold family
1715:Preceded by
1683:Preceded by
1675:
1674:
1642:
1641:(12th ed.).
1634:
1535:
1534:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1484:
1473:
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1471:
1469:
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1432:
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1414:
1409:
1403:
1396:
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1389:
1387:
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1371:
1365:
1364:
1342:
1336:
1335:
1324:. p. 200f.
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1211:
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1136:
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1096:
1068:
1066:
1054:
1045:
1013:Schaumburg-Lippe
1011:
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990:
967:
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944:
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795:
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781:
779:
778:
764:
763:
762:
747:
743:
741:
740:
731:Legion of Honour
729:: Knight of the
728:
724:
722:
721:
709:
705:
703:
702:
686:
684:
683:
672:Order of Bravery
661:
657:
655:
654:
375:Philip de László
258:Austro-Hungarian
225:
223:
185:
182:21 November 1942
157:
155:
143:Personal details
131:Duglas Graf von
128:
116:
107:
86:
74:
65:
42:
21:
20:
1871:
1870:
1866:
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1741:
1740:
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1728:
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1705:
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1688:
1600:
1575:Hantsch, Hugo.
1544:
1542:Further reading
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1538:
1521:
1517:
1508:
1506:
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1476:
1467:
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1456:
1455:
1448:
1439:
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1430:Wayback Machine
1421:
1417:
1410:
1406:
1397:
1393:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1361:
1353:. p. 569.
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1339:
1332:
1314:
1303:
1284:
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1266:
1248:
1233:
1223:
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1193:
1192:
1181:
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1166:
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1117:
1097:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1071:
1046:
1042:
1037:
1025:
1020:
1006:
1004:
988:
986:
958:
956:
940:
938:
915:
913:
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897:
872:
870:
854:
852:
826:
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806:
790:
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754:22 October 1912
738:
736:
719:
717:
700:
698:
681:
679:
652:
650:
626:; in Diamonds,
604:; in Diamonds,
579:
561:
535:
481:Triple Alliance
465:
434:chef de cabinet
413:
407:
367:
355:Buchlau bargain
307:Austria-Hungary
283:
278:
227:
224: 1893)
219:
215:
212:
187:
183:
159:
153:
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126:
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84:
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66:
61:
45:
33:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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497:Count Burián
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184:(1942-11-21)
127:Succeeded by
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85:Succeeded by
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1756:1942 deaths
1751:1863 births
1570:online free
952:, 1st Class
892:, 2nd Class
694:, 1st Class
674:, 2nd Class
463:World War I
411:July Crisis
405:July Crisis
384:Balkan Wars
365:Balkan Wars
329:(1899) and
270:World War I
115:Preceded by
73:Preceded by
1745:Categories
1729:1906–1911
1697:1912–1915
1529:. p.
1296:B00HDE2TVY
1075:References
933:Iron Cross
815:Montenegro
154:1863-04-18
1384:4 October
1224:4 October
519:Peresznye
514:in 1914.
361:matters.
242:Hungarian
189:Peresznye
105:In office
63:In office
1509:19 March
1468:19 March
1426:Archived
1322:ABC-CLIO
1023:See also
766:Holy See
707:Ethiopia
659:Bulgaria
485:Trentino
451:General
421:Sarajevo
333:(1903).
325:(1894),
319:Budapest
285:Born in
262:diplomat
1668:of the
1664:in the
965:Bavaria
861:Romania
540:Hofburg
527:Buchlau
523:Csepreg
504:Charles
395:Albania
351:Buchlau
303:Hungary
299:Moravia
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577:Awards
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445:German
432:, his
391:Serbia
377:, 1906
342:Russia
327:London
287:Vienna
281:Career
203:Spouse
161:Vienna
1201:(PDF)
1140:Count
1058:Count
1035:Notes
745:Italy
688:Chile
521:near
477:Italy
430:Hoyos
323:Paris
250:Czech
220:(
216:
1511:2021
1470:2021
1386:2018
1355:ISBN
1326:ISBN
1292:ASIN
1260:ISBN
1226:2018
1133:Graf
1111:ISBN
1051:Graf
905:Siam
637:1915
628:1915
624:1914
615:1912
606:1911
602:1908
301:and
276:Life
179:Died
148:Born
27:Graf
1670:ZBW
419:at
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
