59:
442:
270:
42:
128:
589:
recommendations concerning demographic and genetic management, research proposals for wild and captive populations, community conservation education programs, expansion of protected areas through land acquisition, and they also lobby appropriate agencies to support new legislation. The IRMC members are international in composition with members from diverse disciplines, consisting of conservationists, field biologists, zoo biologists, educators, administrators, and IBAMA staff.
358:
86:
576:. His input helped with the establishment of the biological reserves to protect lion tamarins. He founded the Rio de Janeiro Primate Center and he was the first person to breed the golden-headed lion tamarin. From 1983-1994 large numbers of golden headed lion tamarins were exported to Japan and Belgium as part of the exotic pet trade. IBAMA asked
521:
through a method known as cabruca. This is a system of shade cropping in which the middle and understory trees are removed and replaced with cocoa trees. Although the tamarin's habitat is reduced, it still leaves old growth trees which give the tamarins a place to forage and to sleep. In 1989 farmers
432:
Its home range may be large in order to provide a sufficient amount of easily depletable fruit and prey foraging sites over the long term. On average it defended home ranges that are 123 hectares. Space is not necessarily used exclusively, and golden-headed lion tamarin groups may occupy areas that
543:
In 1980 the
Brazilian government created the Una Biological Reserve for the protection of the golden-headed lion tamarin and its habitat. Over the years the park has been growing slowly as the government acquires more land. The population at Una is the largest population in the most intact forest.
340:
that may be apparent. The golden-headed lion tamarin lives within group sizes ranging from 2 to 11 individuals, with the average size ranging from 4 to 7. According to various sources, the group may consist of two adult males, one adult female, and any immature individuals, one male and one female
560:
Kleiman and
Mallinson summarize the conservation efforts that the IBAMA have made in order to help all four of the tamarin species with their population decline. Between 1985 and 1991 IBAMA established four International Recovery and Management Committees (IRMCs). These IRMCs provide IBAMA with
407:
The study showed that in the wild the golden-headed lion tamarin spends about 50% of its time in only 11% of its home range. Its ranging patterns appear to be strongly influenced by resource acquisition and much less by territorial defense. The groups showed very few encounters with neighboring
588:
The IRMC is divided into several tasks which include the captive management and research program, conservation and education program in Bahia, a
Landowner's Environmental Education Program, and a field study of ecology and behavior in the Federal Una Biological Reserve. They provide IBAMA with
551:
In the early 1990s, the
Landowner's Environmental Protection Plan was created to educate the community about the importance of protecting the forest and the tamarin. The protection plan included conservation activities on over 70% of the neighboring farms, educating farmers on how to use
556:
in order to preserve the tamarin's habitat. The plan also educates school children, hunters and forest guards on conservation, property rights and land use. This method of educating and involving the community has had great success for preserving the tamarin and their habitat.
580:
to form and become chair of an IRMC for the golden-headed lion tamarin. The initial objective of the committee was to have all of the tamarins returned to Brazil, and some of them were returned. The committees promotes lion tamarins as a
480:
on earth, in which the majority of the original forest has been cleared for farming, mining, ranching & expanding urban centers. The four species of lion tamarin have been studied and managed extensively, combining research on
408:
groups, but when it did occur, the encounters were always aggressive, and included intensive bouts of long-calling, chases, and fights between the different groups. The golden-headed lion tamarin spends much of its time
395:, but this behavior is rare in this species of tamarin. Since its habitat is fairly stable within the rainforest, its preferred food is available year-round and they do not need to resort to the low nutritional value of
1078:
380:, spiders, snails, frogs, lizards, bird eggs and small snakes. Typically, fruits are eaten shortly after awaking, as the fruit sugars provide quick energy for hunting later on. It searches for animal prey within
526:
that attacked their harvest. The old growth which was once available abundantly to the tamarins was destroyed to harvest timber, clear land for cattle or grow other crops. The
Atlantic Forest is now a mosaic of
376:
relative to its small body size, (ranging from 40–320 hectares). It has a very wide diet; it eats plants, fruits, flowers, nectar, insects and small invertebrates; which include insect
349:
mating systems, and some may practice polyandrous mating systems. Both males and females invest energy in caring for the young, and all members of the group also help with juvenile care.
908:
Rylands AB. (1982). The ecology and behaviour of three species of marmosets and tamarins (Callitrichidae, Primates) in Brazil. Ph.D. dissertation, University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
341:
and any immature individuals, or there may be one producing pair and a varying number of other group members, usually offspring from previous generations. There is not much known on its
465:
424:, it was shown that groups had an average home range of only 63 hectares, but they ranged in a patch of forest that was almost entirely discontinuous from the neighboring forests.
545:
857:
Rylands AB. (1993). The ecology of the lion tamarins, Leontopithecus: Some intrageneric differences and comparisons with other callitrichids. In: Rylands AB, editor.
456:
categorized the golden-headed lion tamarin as endangered in 1982. According to Costa, Leite, Mendes, and
Ditchfield, Brazil accounts for about 14% of the world's
517:, and the disappearance of this habitat is the main reason for the golden-headed lion tamarin's decline. The majority of the forest was once dominated by
561:
official guidance in the recovery efforts and management of the four species, and they are recognized by the government of Brazil as technical advisors.
1070:
656:
Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The
Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW,
1000:
Kleiman DG, Mallinson JC. (1998). Recovery and
Management Committees for Lion Tamarins: Partnerships in Conservation Planning and Implementation.
960:
Peres CA. (2000). Territorial defense and the ecology of group movements in small bodied neotropical primates. In: Boinski S, Garber PA, editors.
1946:
2011:
1985:
336:
this is not always the case. Several sources seem to have different information on the number of individuals within a group, and the type of
1105:
421:
1052:
Stallings, JR & Robinson, JG. (1991). Disturbance, forest heterogeneity and primate communities in a
Brazilian Atlantic Forest Park.
870:
Ruiz-Miranda CR, Archer CA, Kleiman DG. (2002). Acoustic differences between spontaneous and induced long calls of golden lion tamarins,
17:
2129:
2101:
1920:
812:
Rothe H, Darms K. (1993). The social organization of marmosets: a critical evaluation of recent concepts. In: Rylands AB, editor.
797:
1959:
1035:
Raboy BE, Christman MC, Dietz, JM. (2004). The use of Degraded and Shade Cocoa Forests by Endangered golden headed lion tamarins
695:
585:
with the ultimate intent being the preservation of the unique Atlantic Forest, ecosystem and its many endemic plants and animal.
345:, but according to different sources, and information on the possible social groups, it can be assumed that some may practice
2003:
758:
Baker AJ, Bales K, Dietz JM. (2002). Mating system and group dynamics in lion tamarins. In: Kleiman DG, Rylands AB, editors.
669:
632:
494:
1964:
2154:
1859:
828:
French JA. (1997). Proximate regulation of singular breeding in callitrichid primates. In: Solomon NG, French JA, editors.
412:
and traveling within its home range to the next foraging site. Keep in mind that this study was completed at the biggest
2149:
2144:
1542:
548:. Due to a great amount of help, scientist believe that there are around 6000 Golden-headed lion tamarin in the wild.
420:, so its behavior may change depending on the habitat and resources available. At a golden-headed lion tamarin site in
2055:
1886:
1551:
610:
387:; if its home range does not contain many bromeliads, then it will also forage in crevices, holes in trees, between
58:
1596:
1569:
1098:
90:
2016:
1587:
1578:
513:, Brazil has been reduced to 2% due to farming, ranching, mining and urbanization. The Atlantic Forest is highly
332:. It lives at heights of 3–10 metres (9.8–32.8 ft). Its preferred habitat is within mature forest, but with
624:
1391:
1661:
127:
1023:
2139:
1998:
1091:
917:
Rylands AB. (1996). Habitat and the evolution of social and reproductive behavior in the Callitrichidae.
1805:
1515:
930:
Dietz JM, Peres CA, Pinder L. (1997). Foraging ecology and use of space in wild golden lion tamarins (
1364:
662:
South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation
372:
on diet and foraging patterns, observed that the golden-headed lion tamarin tends to defend a large
1873:
844:
Raboy BE, Dietz JM. (2004). Diet, Foraging, and Use of Space in Wild Golden Headed Lion Tamarins.
2134:
1355:
1310:
713:
553:
413:
2029:
1951:
1821:
1560:
1483:
1424:
1415:
798:
http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Leontopithecus_chrysomelas.html
684:
369:
2024:
1697:
1643:
1533:
1524:
1319:
1292:
1215:
1197:
1188:
1179:
565:
514:
242:
2065:
618:
2050:
1977:
1907:
1868:
1789:
1780:
1761:
1743:
1706:
1679:
1382:
1373:
1283:
321:. It is found only in the lowland and premontane tropical forest fragments in the state of
1083:
943:
Peres CA. (1989). Costs and benefits of territorial defense in wild golden lion tamarins,
269:
8:
1498:
1465:
1301:
573:
569:
498:
346:
333:
75:
441:
1734:
1688:
1456:
1346:
1256:
1224:
277:
122:
976:
Costa LP, Leite YLR, Mendes SL, Ditchfield AD. (2004). Mammal Conservation in Brazil.
887:
Rylands AB. (1989). Sympatric Brazilian callitrichids: the black tufted-ear marmoset,
1894:
1328:
665:
638:
628:
1337:
476:, 15 of them are threatened. Brazil's Atlantic forest is one of the most endangered
2092:
1899:
1265:
708:
685:
Kierulff, M. C. M.; Rylands, A. B.; Mendes, S. L. & de Oliveira, M. M. (2008).
582:
577:
532:
486:
1752:
1206:
1018:
Cawthon Lang KA. (2005 July 20). Primate Factsheets: Golden-headed lion tamarin (
657:
544:
There is also a captive breeding colony of 25 golden-headed lion tamarins at the
518:
473:
457:
41:
2042:
1990:
1406:
1274:
1115:
528:
490:
209:
50:
2123:
1972:
1844:
1652:
686:
614:
453:
342:
337:
259:
95:
67:
642:
362:
1670:
1439:
1239:
735:
606:
461:
314:
219:
357:
1933:
1853:
446:
392:
2106:
972:
970:
1925:
1162:
1151:
1024:
http://pin.primate.wisc.edu/factsheets/entry/golden-headed_lion_tamarin
388:
373:
326:
189:
1938:
967:
477:
464:
in the world, with more than 530 described species. According to the
384:
139:
1815:
2086:
1838:
1133:
469:
409:
381:
159:
564:
Public concerns of the tamarin species occurred in the 1960s when
466:
Brazilian Institute of Environment and Renewable Natural Resources
1611:
1145:
620:
Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
482:
396:
329:
179:
1912:
1881:
1139:
1127:
523:
318:
199:
169:
149:
864:
2037:
1029:
510:
377:
322:
112:
106:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
859:
Marmosets and Tamarins: Systematics, Behaviour, and Ecology.
1113:
814:
Marmosets and tamarins. Systematics, behaviour and ecology.
788:
786:
784:
704:
1046:
924:
774:
Kleiman DG, Geist G. (2003). Golden-Headed Lion Tamarins.
983:
781:
762:
Washington DC: Smithsonian Institution Press. p 188-212.
770:
768:
840:
838:
1079:
Golden-headed Lion Tamarin's range (Natureserve.org)
1071:
images and movies of the Golden-headed Lion Tamarin
765:
835:
568:brought to the attention the rapid declines of the
962:On the move: how and why animals travel in groups.
752:
655:
2121:
964:Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p 100-123.
832:Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p 34-75.
1014:
1012:
1010:
1099:
501:and protection, and environmental education.
824:
822:
714:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T40643A10347712.en
1007:
911:
902:
881:
861:Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 296-313.
851:
816:Oxford: Oxford University Press. p 176-199.
808:
806:
1106:
1092:
937:
368:Raboy and Dietz, who completed a study at
268:
84:
57:
40:
954:
819:
712:
391:and in leaf litter. It occasionally eats
803:
760:Lion Tamarins: biology and conservation.
440:
433:overlap to some extent at their borders
356:
1022:) Taxonomy, Morphology, & Ecology.
696:The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
538:
325:, and therefore is considered to be an
14:
2122:
891:, and the golden-headed lion tamarin,
792:Lundrigan, B. and K. Kapheim. (2000).
605:
522:abandoned their cocoa plants due to a
504:
1820:
1819:
1087:
776:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia.
678:
599:
24:
649:
25:
2166:
1588:Red-mantled saddle-back tamarin (
1543:Cruz Lima's saddle-back tamarin (
1063:
796:(On-line), Animal Diversity Web.
2130:IUCN Red List endangered species
1552:Geoffroy's saddle-back tamarin (
1002:Society for Conservation Biology
830:Cooperative breeding in mammals.
126:
1597:Weddell's saddle-back tamarin (
1570:Illiger's saddle-back tamarin (
846:American Journal of Primatology
436:
1662:Eastern black-handed tamarin (
1579:Lesson's saddle-back tamarin (
728:
625:Johns Hopkins University Press
13:
1:
592:
546:Rio de Janeiro Primate Center
1516:Andean saddle-back tamarin (
1475:Golden-headed lion tamarin (
1392:Roosmalens' dwarf marmoset (
1073:(Leontopithecus chrysomelas)
934:). Am J Primatol 41:289-305.
664:. Springer. pp. 23–54.
617:; Reeder, D. M (eds.).
7:
2155:Taxa named by Heinrich Kuhl
460:and has the largest mammal
402:
35:Golden-headed lion tamarin
27:Species of New World monkey
10:
2171:
1887:leontopithecus-chrysomelas
1874:Leontopithecus_chrysomelas
1860:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
1830:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
1037:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
1020:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
893:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
794:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
689:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
535:, and agricultural lands.
306:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
301:golden-headed lion tamarin
252:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
18:Leontopithecus chrysomelas
2150:Mammals described in 1820
2145:Endemic mammals of Brazil
2076:
1828:
1802:
1778:
1719:
1628:
1609:
1496:
1437:
1404:
1356:Gold-and-white marmoset (
1237:
1160:
1122:
1114:Extant species of family
283:
276:
267:
248:
241:
123:Scientific classification
121:
104:
82:
73:
65:
56:
48:
39:
34:
1561:Golden-mantled tamarin (
1484:Superagui lion tamarin (
1425:Western pygmy marmoset (
1416:Eastern pygmy marmoset (
1365:Hershkovitz's marmoset (
1054:A Primatologia no Brasil
427:
1644:Golden-handed tamarin (
1534:Brown-mantled tamarin (
1525:Black-mantled tamarin (
1320:Black-tailed marmoset (
1293:Black-headed marmoset (
1216:White-headed marmoset (
1198:Buffy-tufted marmoset (
1189:Buffy-headed marmoset (
1180:Black-tufted marmoset (
949:Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol.
572:due to exportation and
554:sustainable agriculture
468:(IBAMA), out of the 24
352:
1762:Mottle-faced tamarin (
1744:White-lipped tamarin (
1707:White-footed tamarin (
1506:(saddle-back tamarins)
1311:Schneider's marmoset (
945:Leontopithecus rosalia
932:Leontopithecus rosalia
872:Leontopithecus rosalia
449:
370:Una Biological Reserve
365:
2025:Paleobiology Database
1466:Golden lion tamarin (
1347:Munduruku marmoset (
1247:(Amazonian marmosets)
978:Conservation Biology
707:: e.T40643A10347712.
566:Adelmar Coimbra-Filho
444:
360:
311:golden-headed tamarin
1735:Moustached tamarin (
1698:Geoffroy's tamarin (
1689:Cotton-top tamarin (
1457:Black lion tamarin (
1257:Rio Acari marmoset (
1170:(Atlantic marmosets)
736:"Appendices | CITES"
539:Conservation efforts
1790:Goeldi's marmoset (
1680:Martins's tamarin (
1383:Rondon's marmoset (
1329:Santarem marmoset (
1284:Emilia's marmoset (
574:habitat destruction
570:golden lion tamarin
505:Threats to survival
499:habitat restoration
334:habitat destruction
234:L. chrysomelas
76:Conservation status
2140:Primates of Brazil
1302:Marca's marmoset (
1266:Silvery marmoset (
615:Wilson, D. E.
607:Groves, C. P.
450:
366:
2117:
2116:
2078:Midas chrysomelas
1822:Taxon identifiers
1813:
1812:
1774:
1773:
1753:Emperor tamarin (
1622:
1509:
1450:
1374:Satéré marmoset (
1250:
1225:Wied's marmoset (
1207:Common marmoset (
1173:
778:2nd ed. 14th vol.
671:978-0-387-78704-6
634:978-0-8018-8221-0
297:
296:
291:
290:I. Geoffroy, 1827
116:
99:
16:(Redirected from
2162:
2110:
2109:
2097:
2096:
2095:
2069:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2032:
2020:
2019:
2007:
2006:
1994:
1993:
1981:
1980:
1968:
1967:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1929:
1928:
1916:
1915:
1903:
1902:
1890:
1889:
1877:
1876:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1849:
1848:
1847:
1817:
1816:
1726:
1635:
1626:
1625:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1508:
1507:
1503:
1449:
1448:
1444:
1338:Maués marmoset (
1275:White marmoset (
1249:
1248:
1244:
1172:
1171:
1167:
1108:
1101:
1094:
1085:
1084:
1057:
1050:
1044:
1033:
1027:
1016:
1005:
998:
981:
974:
965:
958:
952:
941:
935:
928:
922:
919:Am. J. Primatol.
915:
909:
906:
900:
889:Callithrix kuhli
885:
879:
868:
862:
855:
849:
842:
833:
826:
817:
810:
801:
790:
779:
772:
763:
756:
750:
749:
747:
746:
732:
726:
725:
723:
721:
716:
682:
676:
675:
653:
647:
646:
623:(3rd ed.).
611:"Order Primates"
603:
583:flagship species
578:Jeremy Mallinson
533:secondary forest
487:captive breeding
472:primates of the
289:
272:
254:
131:
130:
110:
93:
88:
87:
61:
44:
32:
31:
21:
2170:
2169:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2161:
2160:
2159:
2120:
2119:
2118:
2113:
2105:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2085:
2072:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2049:
2041:
2036:
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1984:
1976:
1971:
1963:
1958:
1950:
1945:
1937:
1932:
1924:
1919:
1911:
1906:
1898:
1893:
1885:
1880:
1872:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1852:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1824:
1814:
1809:
1798:
1770:
1721:
1715:
1653:Black tamarin (
1630:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1605:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1492:
1447:(lion tamarins)
1446:
1445:
1443:
1433:
1418:C. niveiventris
1400:
1358:M. chrysoleucos
1246:
1245:
1243:
1233:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1156:
1118:
1112:
1066:
1061:
1060:
1051:
1047:
1034:
1030:
1017:
1008:
999:
984:
975:
968:
959:
955:
942:
938:
929:
925:
916:
912:
907:
903:
886:
882:
869:
865:
856:
852:
843:
836:
827:
820:
811:
804:
791:
782:
773:
766:
757:
753:
744:
742:
734:
733:
729:
719:
717:
683:
679:
672:
654:
650:
635:
627:. p. 133.
604:
600:
595:
541:
507:
474:Atlantic Forest
439:
430:
405:
355:
263:
256:
250:
237:
125:
117:
100:
89:
85:
78:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2168:
2158:
2157:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2135:Leontopithecus
2132:
2115:
2114:
2112:
2111:
2098:
2082:
2080:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2047:
2034:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1982:
1969:
1956:
1943:
1930:
1917:
1904:
1891:
1878:
1865:
1850:
1834:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1811:
1810:
1803:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1759:
1750:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1717:
1716:
1714:
1713:
1704:
1695:
1686:
1677:
1671:Pied tamarin (
1668:
1659:
1650:
1640:
1638:
1623:
1607:
1606:
1604:
1603:
1594:
1585:
1576:
1567:
1563:S. tripartitus
1558:
1549:
1540:
1536:L. fuscicollis
1531:
1527:L. nigricollis
1522:
1512:
1510:
1494:
1493:
1491:
1490:
1481:
1477:L. chrysomelas
1472:
1463:
1459:L. chrysopygus
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251:
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233:
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196:Infraorder:
49:Male at the
29:
1934:iNaturalist
1854:Wikispecies
1746:S. labiatus
1709:S. leucopus
1682:S. martinsi
1599:L. weddelli
1572:L. illigeri
1499:Leontocebus
1486:L. caissara
1277:M. leucippe
1004:12(1)27-38.
951:25:227-233.
899:18:679-695.
878:73:124-131.
447:Chester Zoo
389:palm fronds
317:endemic to
200:Simiiformes
2124:Categories
2093:Q109647365
1792:C. goeldii
1764:S. inustus
1691:S. oedipus
1673:S. bicolor
1619:(tamarins)
1468:L. rosalia
1427:C. pygmaea
1394:M. humilis
1385:M. rondoni
1376:M. saterei
1286:M. emiliae
1209:C. jacchus
1163:Callithrix
1152:Haplorhini
1150:Suborder:
1056:3:357-368.
745:2022-01-14
720:12 January
593:References
515:fragmented
478:ecosystems
422:Lemos Maia
385:bromeliads
374:home range
363:Zürich Zoo
347:monogamous
327:endangered
190:Haplorhini
186:Suborder:
109:Appendix I
91:Endangered
66:Female at
1781:Callimico
1737:S. mystax
1724:Tamarinus
1722:Subgenus
1664:S. ursula
1631:Subgenus
1581:L. fuscus
1340:M. mauesi
1304:M. marcai
1227:C. kuhlii
1200:C. aurita
1126:Kingdom:
1069:ARKive -
740:cites.org
658:Strier KB
462:diversity
445:Adult at
382:epiphytic
287:chrysurus
228:Species:
146:Kingdom:
140:Eukaryota
2107:11312656
2087:Wikidata
2038:Species+
2004:12100212
1952:11348395
1839:Wikidata
1806:Category
1655:S. niger
1646:S. midas
1633:Saguinus
1612:Saguinus
1407:Cebuella
1146:Primates
1140:Mammalia
1134:Chordata
1132:Phylum:
1128:Animalia
921:38:5-18.
848:63:1-15.
660:(eds.).
643:62265494
609:(2005).
410:foraging
403:Behavior
397:exudates
278:Synonyms
206:Family:
180:Primates
170:Mammalia
160:Chordata
156:Phylum:
150:Animalia
136:Domain:
96:IUCN 3.1
1991:1000788
1926:2436481
1845:Q775442
1144:Order:
1138:Class:
529:primary
483:ecology
470:endemic
361:At the
330:species
313:, is a
262:, 1820)
216:Genus:
176:Order:
166:Class:
111: (
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2063:uBio:
2030:385113
1965:572919
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1882:ARKive
668:
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524:fungus
378:larvae
319:Brazil
2017:57374
1978:40643
1947:IRMNG
1939:43394
1900:3T6ZR
613:. In
511:Bahia
458:biota
428:Range
323:Bahia
113:CITES
107:CITES
2102:GBIF
2056:9150
2043:4788
2012:NCBI
1973:IUCN
1960:ITIS
1921:GBIF
1240:Mico
1041:Oryx
722:2018
705:IUCN
701:2008
666:ISBN
639:OCLC
629:ISBN
531:and
493:and
452:The
353:Diet
299:The
260:Kuhl
2051:TSA
1999:MSW
1986:MDD
1908:EoL
1895:CoL
1869:ADW
709:doi
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