Legal history of cannabis in Canada

1046:"The practical effect of the decision if the suspension were permitted to expire on 14 July would be to legalize cannabis production in Ontario, if not across Canada." The decision released 1 February 2013 states that the Ontario's Appeals Court has upheld current cannabis laws in Canada, overturning the decision made by the lower court judge in 2011. In the decision, the appeals court ruled that the lower court judge had made several errors in striking down Canada's cannabis laws, citing an absence of a constitutional right to use medical cannabis. The court also stated that Mernagh failed to provide evidence from a doctor that he met the criteria for the use of medical marijuana. The decision was met with criticism and disappointment from many in Canada, including the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network. After the ruling, they restated Mernagh's (and many other medical marijuana users in Canada) issue with the current cannabis rules: "Allowing the current regulations to stand unchanged will leave many people with serious health conditions without effective access to legal authorization to use cannabis as medicine." 673:

address harmful drug use in the city. In public meetings across the city, citizens called for a more focused, coordinated and sustained approach to addressing drug related issues. Since that time, our understanding of the issue has grown. This plan highlights both the complexity and centrality of prevention in any discussion of a comprehensive Four Pillar approach to harmful drug use." A Four Pillar Approach to Drug Problems that was founded by Donald Macpherson consists of the equal involvement of facilities that deal with Prevention, Treatment, Enforcement and Harm Reduction strategies in a commonly shared goal to manage the negative impacts of severe drug use and dependence on the community and the individual.

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clear that prohibition has harmed the Canadian government greatly, like others worldwide, from an expansive additional source of revenue at a time when cuts in benefits and investments are being used to balance the budget and come out of debt. However, the loss of tax revenues is not the only problem associated with the current cannabis use policies: prohibition has kept the drug industry illegal and, subsequently, deregulated. This makes for risk-premiums that create a monopolized market with high barriers to entry, which in turn, leads to increases in violence, organized crime and the diversion of limited government resources to prosecuting drug users (i.e. non-violent crimes).

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impose a legal obligation upon the government to supply cannabis to those who needed it for medical purposes. The court held that without such an obligation, the exemption was constitutionally unacceptable, as access to marijuana depended on the implementation of a policy rather than the application of a law. If the government wanted to control the supply of cannabis, it had to impose an obligation upon itself to supply marijuana to eligible persons. The court held that if the government was obliged by law to supply cannabis in accordance with the policy, the exemption would be constitutionally acceptable.

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fulfill a medical cannabis prescription must register with and order from a licensed producer of their choice. To receive prescription for medical cannabis, a patient must obtain a medical document from a healthcare practitioner and obtain Authorization to Possess from Health Canada. Individuals with an Authorization to Possess valid on 21 March 2014 fall under a grandfather clause and may hold a maximum quantity of dried herbal cannabis as specified by their Authorization to Possess or 150 grams, whichever is less.

334:. While in Vancouver, King interviewed members of a Chinese anti-opium league and came away in favour of suppressing the drug because "opium smoking was making headway, not only among white men and boys, but also among women and girls." In his report, King summarized the progress of the anti-opium movement in China, the United States, Britain, and Japan to make the point that Canada was lagging behind in this international movement. King's recommendations were the basis for the 1908 39: 4636: 465:, the increase in marijuana use during the 1960s was due to the "hippie psychedelic ethos", a counter culture that rejected traditional values, the growth of underground newspapers, and the increased discussion about the drug in the mass media. The report also suggests that increased travel to parts of the world such as the Far East, where hashish was readily available at moderate cost, contributed to the popularity of the drug culture. 1290: 202: 458:

students, only later expanding to other demographics. The maximum penalty for possession of small quantities was six months in prison and a $ 1,000 fine for a first offence. Convictions for cannabis skyrocketed, from 25 convictions between 1930 and 1946, to 20 cases in 1962, to 2,300 cases in 1968, to 12,000 in 1972. The Narcotics Control Act of 1961 increased maximum penalties to 14 years to life imprisonment.

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long as organic solvents are not used to create concentrated products." Each household is allowed to grow up to four cannabis plants from "licensed seed or seedlings", although Quebec and Manitoba chose to be excluded from this aspect of the legislation. Each province set its own procedures for retail sales, and these vary greatly, as discussed in a later section, but all include an option for on-line sales.

4626: 1146:, the Trudeau government had little difficulty passing legislation to make cannabis legal, but almost all Conservative party members of parliament voted in opposition to the legislation (one member voted for). However, Conservative Senators temporarily stalled the bill in parliamentary committees, proposing amendments including attempts to prohibit private cultivation, among other items. 535:

Regulations) forms are a confidential document between Health Canada, the physician and the patient. The information is not shared with the college or with the RCMP. No doctor has ever gone to court or faced prosecution for filling out a form or for prescribing medical cannabis. Category 1 covers any symptoms treated within the context of providing compassionate

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immigrants from other countries, particularly China, would corrupt the white race. "It is hardly credible that the average Chinese peddler has any definite idea in his mind of bringing about the downfall of the white race, his swaying motive being probably that of greed, but in the hands of his superiors, he may become a powerful instrument to that end."

882:. One of the appellants had been convicted in the lower courts of simple possession of marihuana, while the other had been convicted of possession for the purposes of trafficking. If they had succeeded in their challenge, the cannabis law would have been struck down entirely, unlike the more limited challenges based on the medical use of marihuana. 847:, this court made it clear that the criminal prohibition against possession of marihuana, absent a constitutionally acceptable medical exemption, was of no force and effect. As of April 12, 2002, there was no constitutionally acceptable medical exemption. It follows that as of that date the offence of possession of marihuana in s. 4 of the 293:. Legalization for personal (non-medical) consumption would need to be legislated, and that is the plan of the Government of Canada, as confirmed in 2015 and more specifically in 2016. The enactment of that legislation will be the concluding point in a long history of attempts to legalize cannabis through the courts. 712:

if they are selling to youth, or dealing drugs near a school or an area normally frequented by youth. Additionally, people in Canada who run a large cannabis grow operation of at least 500 plants would risk facing a mandatory two-year jail term. Maximum penalties for producing cannabis would increase

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Since that time, some people with minor convictions for cannabis possession are asking whether the Government of Canada plans to give them pardons that would allow them to travel to the United States and to get employment in certain fields. As of 22 December 2015, a decision had not yet been made in

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On the issue of punishment, the fact that there was no minimum sentence for the offences indicated that the law was not grossly disproportionate. On the equality issue, the lifestyle goals of the accused did not rise to the level of inherent personal characteristics to trigger s. 15 of the Charter.

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As expected, the use of cannabis for recreational purposes became legal across the country on that date, under the Cannabis Act. Persons aged 18 or older can possess up to 30 grams of dried or "equivalent non-dried form" in public. Adults are also allowed to make cannabis-infused food and drinks "as

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dated November 2005, that aims to regulate the sale of cannabis. The principle is "when A Framework for Action: A Four Pillar Approach to Drug Problems in Vancouver was adopted by City Council in 2001, Vancouver committed to developing a comprehensive strategy based on the best evidence available to

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of 1920, which was amended in 1921 and again in 1922 before being consolidated in 1923. Penalties became stiffer in the 1920s, with far more prison terms being handed out compared with the earlier period when fines were typically given. Maximum prison sentences also increased from one to seven years

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have, however, held that the absence of a statutory provision for medical marijuana is unconstitutional, and to that extent the federal law is of no force and/or effect if a prescription is obtained. The recreational use of cannabis has been legalized by the federal government, and took effect on 17

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At the time, there was only a single licensed dealer in Canada, which grew in Manitoba and processed in Saskatchewan, making it difficult to access. A multitude of users requested a single designate, of which all applications were denied except for one. This regulatory structure was, they argued, a

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found no infringement of any of the Charter provisions. On s. 7, the majority found that the proposed "harm principle" did not qualify as a principle of fundamental justice, and in any event the government had provided sufficient evidence of harm to justify its actions. Nor was the law arbitrary.

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On the first point, they argued that the criminalization of marihuana did not come within the federal criminal law jurisdiction. With respect to s. 7 of the Charter, they argued that the right to liberty and the principles of fundamental justice protected by s. 7 included a "harm principle": that

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introduced a bill that would have decriminalized the possession for personal use of small amounts of cannabis. Possession of 15 grams or less would have been punishable only with a fine, and those possessing between 15 and 30 grams would be either ticketed or arrested for criminal charges

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In April 2014, the Medical Marijuana Access Program was replaced by the Marijuana for Medical Purposes Regulations (or MMPR) by Health Canada. Under the MMPR, legal medical cannabis production is authorized to licensed producers whom Health Canada maintains a public database of. Patients wishing to

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In a survey conducted by the United Nations in 2011 it was revealed that 12.6% of the population, roughly 4.39 million adults, have used cannabis at least once in the past year, while the estimate for those aged between 15 and 24 was 26.3%. Considering the massive size of the cannabis market, it is

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While recreational use of cannabis in the Western hemisphere had been growing since the 1800s, it remained almost unheard of in Canada until the 1930s, and it was not until the 1960s that cannabis surged in popularity as a drug. Initially in the 1960s the drug was popular among middle-class college

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In 2016, the Government of Canada was working on legislation to legalize cannabis. The final wording was still under discussion in late March 2017, but a probable date for the official effect of the legislation was widely publicized as 1 July 2018. The provinces will have the power to determine the

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conducted an investigation into the use of chemicals by federally regulated marijuana companies. Their findings concluded the use of chemicals was far worse than the government knew. On 31 December the spokeswoman for Health Canada, Tammy Jarbeau, said, the government will "provide the Minister of

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The Liberal Party of Canada tabled bill c-45, "An Act respecting cannabis" which was put forward to Parliament on 13 April 2017 with the intent of legalizing recreational use of Cannabis by 1 July 2018. Bill C-45, was in the Parliamentary process in late August 2017. Meetings were to be held 11–15

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against the possession of cannabis were unconstitutional in the absence of an accompanying constitutionally acceptable exemption for medical cannabis. The current exemption depended on the government supplying cannabis, which it was only doing as a result of the policy. However, the policy did not

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said that she and the ministers of Health and Public Safety were working on specifics as to the legislation. During the United Nations General Assembly on the World Drug Problem in New York City in April 2016, Health Minister Jane Philpott announced the Canadian government's plan to introduce new

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The mid-July deadline was extended when federal government lawyers argued that current cannabis laws and regulations should stay in place until Ontario's highest court could hear the appeal, which took place over 7 and 8 May 2012. In granting the deadline extension, the Court of Appeal noted that

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struck down the federal regulations concerning the growing of medical cannabis by licensed producers. Prior to the case, a producer was prohibited from growing for more than one person. The Marijuana Medical Access Regulations require all medical cannabis users to obtain their prescription from a

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All of these decisions have invalidated the prohibition of cannabis based on the insufficiency of the exemptions provided for legitimate medical users of the drug. However, the laws have been and will probably continue to be modified in order to adapt them to constitutional requirements. As such,

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An October 2016 national poll by Forum suggests that about five million adult Canadians now use cannabis at least once a month; this was expected to increase by 19 percent after marijuana is legalized. Canaccord Genuity analysts Matt Bottomley and Neil Maruoka released a research note with a more

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is quoted as saying, "Tobacco is a product that does a lot of damage. Marijuana is infinitely worse and it's something that we do not want to encourage." Past CPC interim leader Rona Ambrose had on multiple occasions reiterated Mr. Harper's position, but had also stated that she wanted Trudeau's

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Since marijuana is illegal in the US per federal legislation, the government warned that "previous use of cannabis, or any substance prohibited by U.S. federal laws, could mean that you are denied entry to the U.S". Canadians travelling within the country (but not internationally) are allowed to

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in 1969 to investigate the non-medical cannabis use in Canada. The commission's 1972 report recommended removing criminal penalties for cannabis possession, though not legalization, per se. While the subsequent two federal governments discussed the recommendation, no steps were actually taken to

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magazine under the pen-name "Janey Canuck", which formed the basis of her book. She used numerous anecdotes culled mostly from anti-drug reformers and police to make her arguments, which make strong links between drugs and race and the threat this poses to white women. She claimed that a ring of

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was the landmark decision that first invalidated the cannabis prohibition. However the declaration of invalidity was suspended for one year. It concerned the case of an epileptic who could only alleviate his suffering by recourse to cannabis. The Court found that the prohibition on cannabis was

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in Murphy's book inspired the inclusion of cannabis on Canada's restricted substance list. Specifically, Murphy was not respected by the Division of Narcotic Control because of the creative liberties she took in presenting research they had assisted her with. According to Carstairs, "There were

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On 1 June 2018, the Canadian Senate passed an amendment to C-45 outlawing cannabis "brand-stretching". The amendment, which passed 34–28, outlaws the sale and display of cannabis-related merchandise and makes it difficult to publicly promote cannabis once legalized. However, this amendment was

688:, was extradited to the United States, where he was sentenced to 5 years in prison for "distribution of marijuana" seeds. Though accused of laundering seed money from 1998 until his arrest in 2005, Emery paid provincial and federal taxes as a "marijuana seed vendor" totalling nearly $ 600,000. 440:

meetings where the international control of the drug was broached. Cannabis did not begin to attract official attention in Canada until the latter 1930s. The first seizure of cannabis by Canadian police was not until 1937. Between 1946 and 1961, cannabis accounted for 2% of all drug arrests in

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championed cannabis legalization at the federal level. The party still exists after the legalization of cannabis in Canada. This is largely due to criticisms it has with how cannabis has been legalized in Canada and changes it wants made to laws, rules and regulations, and changes to cannabis

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the federal criminal law power can only be used to criminalize harmful conduct. With respect to s. 12, they argued that the punishment for possession was grossly disproportionate. On s. 15, they argued that singling out marihuana possession infringed the equality guarantee of the Charter.

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in July 2001, defines two categories of patients eligible for access to medical cannabis. BC College of Physicians and Surgeons' recommendation, as well as the CMPA position, is that physicians may prescribe cannabis if they feel comfortable with it. The MMPR (Marijuana for Medical Purposes

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During the 1980s, Gallup polls indicated that cannabis use was stabilizing; this may have been because of the penalties and the changing opinion of the public toward a less permissive attitude that objected more strenuously to the marijuana-based lifestyle. However, cannabis use increased

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The new bill added three drugs to the proscribed list: heroin, codeine and "cannabis indica (Indian hemp) or hasheesh." The only mention of the proposed changes to the schedule recorded in Hansard was on April 23, when Beland told the House of Commons, "There is a new drug in the

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On 13 April 2017, a bill to legalize cannabis by 1 July 2018 was introduced to Parliament. It would allow for national use by individuals 18 and over, and possession of 30 grams. Provinces could further restrict possession, sale and use. Provisions were not made for legal sales.

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Injunctive relief granted by Judge Manson to those previously licensed under MMAR within certain dates. MMPR declared unconstitutional by BC Superior Court, declaration suspended for 6 months to allow government time to respond to ruling and reincorporate personal production.

1042:" are "constitutionally invalid and of no force and effect". The government was given 90 days (until 11 July) to fill the void in those sections, or the possession and cultivation of cannabis would become legal in all of Ontario. This includes the non-medical use of the drug. 788:

there is the possibility that a judge will uphold as valid a newer revision of the law. This also does not stop prosecutors from pursuing charges against cannabis users. Therefore, cannabis users cannot be assured that they will not be prosecuted for their use of the drug.

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More likely, cannabis was added to the list because of Canadian involvement in international conferences where it was discussed. According to one government official, cannabis was outlawed after the Director of the Federal Division of Narcotic Control returned from

1019:, because it forced sufferers to go through illicit channels to obtain medical cannabis, to which they were legally entitled. Thus, they were being forced to break the law in order to ensure their constitutionally-protected right to "security of the person." 432:

insinuations in the records that the bureaucrats at the division of narcotic control did not think very highly of Emily Murphy and did not pay attention to what she was writing about, and they didn't consider her a particularly accurate or valuable source."

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After being passed by the House of Commons, the bill was sent to the Senate. On 19 June 2018, the Senate passed the bill and the Prime Minister announced the effective legalization date as 17 October 2018. Canada is the second nation (after

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In response to the increased popularization of marijuana and the increase in criminal charges against middle class citizens, the government formed the Royal Commission of Inquiry in the Non-Medical Use of Drugs, usually referred to as the

565:, was sentenced to six months in jail in November 2004 after pleading guilty to cannabis distribution and marketing charges arising from his operation of the Manitoba Compassion Club which served patients who had a variety of illnesses. 366:. The name of the 1911 Act is significant because it separates opium, associated with Chinese users, from "white drugs," so labelled because of the colour of both the drugs themselves and the race of those presumed to be consuming them. 1141:

supported ending the prohibition of marijuana, and defended his and the party's stance multiple times since announcing his candidacy for party leader. Since the Liberals won a majority of the seats in the House of Commons during the

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accepted the appellants' argument that the principles of fundamental justice included a "harm principle". She concluded that the criminalization of marihuana failed to meet that requirement, and so was unconstitutional. Justices

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On 12 April 2011, Justice Donald Taliano found that Canada's Marijuana Medical Access Regulations (MMAR) and "the prohibitions against the possession and production of cannabis contained in sections 4 and 7 respectively of the

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over the drug issue in the early 1920s. Race remained a persistent theme, and the drug prohibition movement was closely related to the move to totally exclude Chinese immigrants from Canada, which led to the 1923

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Category 2 is for applicants who have debilitating symptom(s) of medical condition(s), other than those described in Category 1. The application of eligible patients must be supported by a medical practitioner.

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offence. The catalyst for these laws also differed from the earlier ones in that they were largely the result of the agitation of moral reformers, particularly those in Vancouver who had stirred up a full-blown

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Since 1997, public opinion polls have found that an increasing majority of Canadians agree with the statement, "Smoking marijuana should not be a criminal offence". A June 2016 national poll conducted by

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The Supreme Court dismissed their appeals. On the issue of the criminal law power, the Court unanimously concluded that the federal criminal law power included the power to criminalize marihuana.

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supported the legalization and regulation of cannabis in the federal election of 2015. The NDP promised to immediately decriminalize cannabis should they form government. The NDP party leader

616:, ordered a clampdown on the use of medical cannabis in the United States. Some of those who have fled are wanted by the U.S. federal government on charges related to their use of cannabis. 932:

did not accept the "harm principle" as a principle of fundamental justice, but they both concluded that the law was arbitrary and therefore infringed the principles of fundamental justice.

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A notice of appeal was filed by the Crown on 23 August 2007 and the verdict was overturned by Superior Court judge in 2008. The case was sent back to Ontario Court of Justice for retrial.

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The appellants argued that the federal Parliament lacked the authority to criminalize marihuana possession. They also challenged the offence under three sections of the Charter:

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Health with the authority to issue an administrative monetary penalty of up to $ 1-million per violation to a licensed producer for a violation of the Act or its regulations."

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at the end of 2009 so the bill died, but it was reintroduced as Bill S-10. Bill S-10 did not become law, in March 2011 as parliament was dissolved after a non-confidence vote.

354:. Smoking opium became a separate offence, punishable by a maximum penalty of $ 50 and one month in jail. King introduced the new legislation based on recommendations from the 2248: 427:

Although Murphy's anti-drug writings were widely read and helped spread the drug panic across the country, historian Catharine Carstairs disputes that the seven-page chapter

2601:"Government Bill (House of Commons) C-38 (37-2) - Second Reading - An Act to amend the Contraventions Act and the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act - Parliament of Canada" 576:

In June 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada expanded the definition of medical cannabis to include any form of the drug, including but not limited to brownies, teas, or oils.

510: 704:, the government reannounced the policy in February 2009. The proposed legislation would have dealers facing one-year mandatory prison sentences if they are operating for 417:(which was reprinted in 1973) as the inspiration for the addition of the three extra drugs. Murphy was a suffragist and police magistrate who wrote a series of articles in 1830:

The only mention of the proposed changes to the schedule recorded in Hansard was on April 23, when Beland told the House of Commons, "There is a new drug in the schedule."

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for personal use. The plan was to remove cannabis consumption and incidental possession from the Controlled Drugs and Substances Act. In November 2015, Justice Minister

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moderate estimates as to the number of users. They predicted that approximately 3.8 million persons will be recreational users (presumably on a frequent basis) by 2021.

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Legislation submitted by the Conservative minority government moved in a new direction on cannabis towards increasing penalties on cannabis trafficking by introducing

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The three dissenting judges each wrote their own reasons. All three agreed that the federal criminal law power included the power to criminalize marihuana. Justice

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In the first three years, it expects the number of cannabis users aged 15 and over to grow by more than half a million, rising to an estimated 5.2 million in 2021.

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permits cannabis for approved patients who can demonstrate a medical need for compassionate end-of-life care or debilitating symptoms. Chris Buors, a cannabis

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after a vague reference to a "new drug" during a late-night session of the House of Commons on 23 April 1923. More specifically, the government introduced the

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The Supreme Court ruled in this case that the restrictions limiting authorized patients to dried marijuana under the MMAR and the MMPR were unconstitutional.

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significantly during the 1990s. For example, statistics for Ontario between 1996 and 2000 indicated that use among 18-29 year olds increased from 18% to 28%.

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was legalized in Canada in 1998. Prior to that point only a limited number of experimental growers had been licensed under Health Canada, beginning in 1961.

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rejects the decriminalization of cannabis and demanded that the prohibition be maintained for the health and safety of Canadian society and Canadian youth.

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is invalid and of no force or effect. Hon. Justice Edmonson stated in his ruling that "there is no offence known to law that the accused have committed."

633:, while the punishment for cultivation in larger amounts would have been more severe. The bill looked likely to pass into law, but it died when Parliament 597:

There are cases of users of medical cannabis in the United States who, on being persecuted in their own country, have fled across the border to Canada as "

230: 3478: 3338: 2529: 3626: 589:. 186 charges were laid, many related to the sale of food. The interrupted service prompted medical marijuana patients to protest at TPS headquarters. 2651: 756:

rejected by the Liberal government when the bill was returned to the House of Commons and does not appear in the final version of C-45 that received

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A few years later marijuana became popular in Canada and its use escalated into a "marijuana boom" world-over in the 1960s with the hippie movement.

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this regard. Wilson-Raybould said that conversations with various levels of government will be required before making a decision on this issue.

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Cannabis will be taxed, producing revenues of $ 618 million per year initially and eventually, billions, according to a report by Canada's

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has held that the federal Parliament has the power to criminalize the possession of cannabis and that doing so does not infringe upon the

4596: 3364: 2012:...it's understandable why people would later link the decision to The Black Candle. But Carstairs says it's probably just happenstance. 656:, the new government did not continue with this legislation, nor did a private member's bill put forward new legislation on this topic. 585: 310:

Drug prohibition in Canada began with the Opium Act of 1908, which was introduced based on a report by then-Deputy Minister of Labour,

67: 4076: 2984: 2785: 1582: 3704: 2737: 1969: 489:'s launch in October 2017, several celebrities have agreed to promote specific brands. Tweed Inc. will be producing and distributing 4102: 1086:

announced that a federal-provincial-territorial process was being created to discuss a jointly suitable process for decriminalizing

3826: 2944: 2825: 652:. It did not become law when Martin's government was defeated in a confidence vote. After the Conservative minority victory in the 223: 1392:

A "frustrated" Prime Minister Justin Trudeau wants police to enforce the law and criminally charge illegal marijuana dispensaries.

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and to bring Canada's drug laws in line with resolutions passed at an American-led international anti-opium conference in

338:, which prohibited the sale, manufacture, and importation of opium for other than medicinal use. This was followed by the 4629: 4024: 2884: 1113:(PBO) in 2016. A recent government estimate indicates that the illegal marijuana industry is worth $ 7-billion per year. 289: 216: 3923: 3848: 543:

Severe pain and/or persistent muscle spasms from multiple sclerosis, from a spinal cord injury, from spinal cord disease

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Hewitt, Steve (2004). ""While Unpleasant It Is a Service to Humanity":The RCMP's War on Drugs in the Interwar Period".

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Mr. BELAND: Under section 4 of this act it is provided that he must not only be fined but sentenced to imprisonment...

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Challenges to marijuana laws at the federal level did not result in the deletion of the appropriate sections from the

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rules do not form a basis for the prosecution of J.P., as they do not themselves contain any effective prohibitions.

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dismissed a general constitutional challenge to Canada's criminalization of marijuana possession, brought under the

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as it applies to cannabis, on the same grounds as those given by the lower court. The court stated in its ruling:

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In Canada, the government rejected the Le Dain proposal to remove criminal penalties for cannabis possession.

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manufacturers seeking compensation for damage done to their production facilities by the mob that attacked

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Busted: An Illustrated History of Drug Prohibition in Canada, Susan C. Boyd, (2017). Fernwood Publishing.

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in 2016, seizing 279 kg of marijuana from multiple dispensaries regardless of their adherence to the

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Canada. Parliament. Senate. Special Committee on Illegal Drugs; Colin Kenny; Pierre Claude Nolin (2003).

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Canada. Parliament. Senate. Special Committee on Illegal Drugs; Colin Kenny; Pierre Claude Nolin (2003).

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The court agreed with this reasoning and struck down subsection 41(b.1) as being of no force or effect.

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legal for all intents and purposes, sales for recreational use did not commence until October, 2018.

406:; this was a consolidation of other legislation but now listed three new drugs, including marijuana. 272: 109: 1939: 1799: 1551:"Public Opinion and Illicit Drugs - Canadian Attitudes towards Decriminalizing the Use of Marijuana" 1434: 779:

carry up to 30 grams of cannabis. Naturally, driving under the influence of drugs remained illegal.

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Severe pain, cachexia, anorexia, weight loss, and/or severe nausea from cancer or HIV/AIDS infection

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at the officer's discretion. Personal cultivation of up to seven plants would have also become a

268: 260: 124: 3679:"Justin Trudeau tells Vancouver supporters his thinking has 'evolved' on marijuana legalization" 3870: 3653:"Justin Trudeau wants to legalize marijuana in order to 'keep it out of the hands of our kids'" 3504: 2763: 2574: 875: 817: 2165: 2025: 4550: 4523: 4283: 2434: 2078: 1786: 1360: 1173: 729: 609: 331: 327: 322:

to investigate causes of the riots and claims for compensation. Some of the claims came from

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supported the legalization and regulation of cannabis for recreational use. Prime Minister

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The first Legal Recreational Cannabis in Canada was purchased by 46-year-old Ian Power.

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An identical bill was introduced in November 2004 by the minority Liberal government of

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announced a new national anti-drug strategy. Following the Conservative victory in the

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favours decriminalization of cannabis. Former Prime Minister of Canada and CPC leader

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are launching the brand Trailer Park Buds, produced in collaboration with Organigram.

4570: 4418: 4289: 4271: 3805:"Liberal Leader Justin Trudeau talks jobs, marijuana, and other hot topics in Durham" 2688: 2171: 2105: 2084: 2031: 1731: 1661:"Globe editorial: Why marijuana prohibition failed, and how legalization can succeed" 1328: 498: 437: 154: 3553:"Marijuana companies caught using banned pesticides to face fines up to $ 1-million" 3322:

http://cas-cdc-www02.cas-satj.gc.ca/rss/T-2030-13%20reasons%2024-02-2016%20(ENG).pdf

2435:"Authorized Licensed Producers under the Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations" 1492: 4564: 3974:"Conservatives drop same sex marriage ban in refresh of party, policy | Metro News" 1719: 908: 598: 3531:"Provinces agree legal pot must be competitive with black market, Bill Blair says" 3339:"'World is going to be looking to Canada' on pot legalization, Jane Philpott says" 907:

The Court split, 6–3, on the Charter issues. Speaking for the majority, Justices

625: 4557: 2325: 1768:""Hop Heads and Hypes": Drug Use, Regulation and Resistance in Canada, 1920–1961" 1692: 1295: 929: 705: 630: 539:

or at least one of the symptoms associated with medical conditions listed below:

536: 514: 355: 206: 4528: 1117:

September 2017 and a report was expected by parliament by the end of September.

820:

found the accused party, "J.P.", not guilty. The appellate court ruled that the

4579: 3283:"Pot stays illegal in Canada after Appeal Court upholds medical marijuana laws" 1166: 1154: 1138: 1083: 697: 602: 281: 855: 637:. The bill's death was largely due to pressure from the American government's 4654: 4513: 4503: 3324:

cas-cdc-www02.cas-satj.gc.ca/rss/T-2030-13%20reasons%2024-02-2016%20(ENG).pdf

3183:"Ontario judge declares criminalization of pot unconstitutional (bad source)" 2738:"Speaking Notes for Rob Nicholson, Minister of Justice of Canada, 2007-11-20" 2371: 2139:"Historical and Cultural Uses of Cannabis and the Canadian "Marijuana Clash"" 1281: 976:

decision, holding that the prohibition against possession of cannabis in the

920: 613: 558: 531: 195: 4125:"Mulcair pledges NDP will decriminalize pot 'the minute we form government'" 959: 4444: 4196:"Up in smoke? Canada's marijuana law and the debate over decriminalization" 2249:"Marijuana producer jumps 356% as Canada's investor pot frenzy intensifies" 757: 741: 419: 410: 297:

method of distribution and sale as well as the legal age for cannabis use.

244: 61: 48: 4173:"Greens welcome new Liberal marijuana policy | Green Party of Canada" 3579:"Yes to the Queen, no to infighting: highlights of the Liberal convention" 2222:"Canada will see 900,000 new pot smokers under legalization, poll implies" 530:

The regulation on access to cannabis for medical purposes, established by

4508: 4493: 3449:"Legal marijuana could raise federal cash — but not right away, PBO says" 3419:"Legal marijuana could raise federal cash — but not right away, PBO says" 2908: 983: 925: 716: 708:

purposes, or if violence is involved. Dealers would also face a two-year

649: 398:

Cannabis was added to the Confidential Restricted List in 1923 under the

380: 375: 4224: 1723: 493:

Leafs by Snoop cannabis brand, and Kevin Smith and Jason Mewes known as

4518: 4498: 3731:"Justin Trudeau: Legalization Of Pot In U.S. States Important To Watch" 3392:"Canadians with marijuana convictions call on Trudeau to offer pardons" 3231:"Ontario Court of Appeal Dates Chosen R v. Mernagh | Matt Mernagh" 2904:"Marijuana to be legal in Canada starting October 17, Trudeau confirms" 2865:"Timeline of key events in marijuana bill's passage through Parliament" 1198:

business related matters. Provincial parties also exist, including the

912: 681: 490: 3158:"R v Beren: Exemptions for Medical Marijuana under s. 7 - TheCourt.ca" 2301:"Marijuana industry seeks 'creative ways' to brand product | The Star" 804:

unconstitutional as it did not contain any exemption for medical use.

4302: 4221:"Civil Order | Official Site of the Libertarian Party of Canada" 4147:"Mulcair clarifies stand on marijuana in time for 4/20 'pot holiday'" 3949:"Andrew Coyne: Conservatives seem liberated by their election defeat" 827:

The Crown appealed the decision of the Ontario Superior Court to the

685: 665: 634: 319: 255:

jurisdictions are currently capable of pursuing criminal charges for

4440:

An Act to amend the Criminal Code (offences relating to conveyances)

2971:"First legal purchase of cannabis made in Newfoundland and Labrador" 497:

will be promoting Beleave Inc. Stars from the popular Canadian show

4460: 3827:"Trudeau promises to legalize marijuana, not sell it in depanneurs" 2869: 2167:

Creating Postwar Canada: Community, Diversity, and Dissent, 1945–75

2000: 1818: 1203: 851:

was of no force and effect. The respondent could not be prosecuted.

843:

did not create a constitutionally acceptable medical exemption. In

696:

In October 2007, while in his first term in office, Prime Minister

562: 363: 343: 256: 4103:"Tom Mulcair says NDP government would move to legalize marijuana" 3924:"Canadian Conservatives Joined The 21st Century This Past Weekend" 2809:"Trudeau Unveils Bill Legalizing Recreational Marijuana in Canada" 579:

While marijuana is legal for medical use, Toronto Police executed

4285:

Cannabis: Report of the Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs

4077:"Rona Ambrose Softens Tone On Liberal Plan To Legalize Marijuana" 2925:"Canada becomes second nation in the world to legalize marijuana" 2530:"Project Claudia raids 'created fear again,' Toronto doctor says" 2080:

Cannabis: Report of the Senate Special Committee on Illegal Drugs

1025:

This, however, does not concern the non-medical use of cannabis.

765: 351: 4051:"Stephen Harper calls marijuana 'infinitely worse' than tobacco" 2505:"186 charges laid in Project Claudia raids | Editors Picks" 1289: 684:, a cannabis activist and former cannabis seed distributor from 201: 1078:

After the Liberal party formed a majority government after the

1028: 791: 676: 641:, which had threatened to slow down border-crossings along the 608:. This began occurring in the early part of the 2000s when the 252: 2275:"Rock stars, actors getting in on Canada's race to legal weed" 1636:"Liberals to announce marijuana will be legal by July 1, 2018" 1169:

publicly clarified his support for decriminalization in 2012.

935: 619: 284:

showed that 7 in 10 Canadians were in favour of legalization.

2163: 1049: 807: 509:

Cannabis cultivation was banned in Canada in 1938, under the

347: 323: 3025:"Cannabis is legal in Canada — here's what you need to know" 2457:"Medical Use of Marijuana – Regulations no longer in effect" 3144: 1523: 1521: 251:

on 17 October 2018. Police and prosecution services in all

247:(C-45) of June, 2018 paved the way for the legalization of 2764:"Bill C-15 Dead, For Now | Cannabis Culture Magazine" 2552:"Pot dispensary raids lead to arrest of 90 people: police" 2417:

Journal of Alternative Perspectives in the Social Sciences

2415:"The Economic Case for Marijuana Legalization in Canada". 1841: 1128: 1095:

legislation to the House of Commons the following spring.

259:

marketing without a licence issued by Health Canada. The

3597: 3479:"Report on Canada's marijuana legalization due this week" 2929: 1429: 1427: 404:

Act to Prohibit the Improper Use of Opium and other Drugs

3697: 1543: 1518: 1376:"Trudeau urges police to 'enforce the law' on marijuana" 3849:"Liberals 'committed' to legalizing marijuana: Trudeau" 2985:"First legal weed sold in Canada at Newfoundland shops" 2368:"Frequently Asked Questions – Medical Use of Marihuana" 2193:"The Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis" 2053:"The Legal History and Cultural Experience of Cannabis" 1500:"Ontario closer than ever to legalization of marijuana" 4095: 4025:"Harper says Canadians don't want marijuana legalized" 3999:"Harper says no decriminalization of pot on his watch" 3671: 2830:, Associated Press, 13 April 2017 – via Fox News 1851:

House of Commons Debates, 14th Parliament, 2nd Session

1424: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1190:

supports ending drug prohibition, including cannabis.

717:

Bill C-15/S-10: mandatory minimums for cannabis (2009)

2712:"Canada's "Prince of Pot" nabbed for U.S. seed sales" 3841: 3723: 3365:"Marijuana legislation coming to Canada next spring" 2228:. Global News, a division of Corus Entertainment Inc 2157: 1271: 1073: 992:

As of 10 January 2008, Justice Barry Strayer of the

4247:"Stop Marijuana Legalization in 30 Minutes or Less" 3775: 3605:"Trudeau talks drug law reforms to Pickering crowd" 2846:"Senate votes to ban company branded cannabis swag" 2827:

Canada introduces legislation to legalize marijuana

1410:"Controlled Drugs and Substances Act – Schedule II" 1397: 1176:supported the regulation and taxation of cannabis. 1004:

Produced by a designated individual for that person

3797: 3749: 3645: 2502: 1583:"7 in 10 Canadians support marijuana legalization" 1556:. The Fraser Institute. April 2001. Archived from 1466: 1120:In the lead-up to marijuana legalization, in 2017 409:Historians often point to the 1782 publication of 342:of 1911, which outlawed the sale or possession of 3627:"Trudeau supports decriminalization of marijuana" 3619: 2999:"Marijuana is legal everywhere across Canada now" 2740:. Justice.gc.ca. 14 November 2007. Archived from 893:(cruel and unusual treatment and punishment) and 889:(liberty and principles of fundamental justice), 463:For The Senate Special Committee On Illegal Drugs 374:and in 1922, possession and trafficking became a 4652: 2652:"Preventing Harm from Psychoative Substance Use" 2394:"Frequently Asked Questions – Medical Marihuana" 1866:Mr. BELAND: There is a new drug in the schedule. 3897:"House Government Bill: C-45, The Cannabis Act" 3505:"LEGISinfo - House Government Bill C-45 (42-1)" 2885:"Motions Respecting Senate Amendments to Bills" 2164:Robert Rutherdale; Magda Fahrni (1 July 2008). 1868:Bill reported, read the third time, and passed. 1575: 1158:government to "get a move on" with their plan. 1061: 525: 3705:"Trudeau warns kids about pot; MacKay objects" 3115: 2070: 1997:"Marijuana was criminalized in 1923, but why?" 1882:"Marijuana was criminalized in 1923, but why?" 1860:Mr. LADNER: Suppose the accused is only fined? 1815:"Marijuana was criminalized in 1923, but why?" 1609:"Tax on legalized pot won't be a cash cow: PM" 592: 4318: 3819: 2626:"Harper's crime agenda getting mixed reviews" 2481:. The Supreme Court of Canada. Archived from 2083:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 59–. 1761: 1695:. John Howard Society. Retrieved 21 May 2009. 1183:supported the decriminalization of cannabis. 972:, the Ontario Court of Justice followed the 224: 3871:"Vote Details, Bill: C-45, The Cannabis Act" 3228: 3098:"R. v. P., J. - Court of Appeal for Ontario" 1759: 1757: 1755: 1753: 1751: 1749: 1747: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1602: 1600: 1435:"Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations" 728:The Senate sent the bill back to the house. 691: 677:Marc Emery extradition and trial (2005–2009) 659: 369:The next wave of legislation began with the 4597:The Union: The Business Behind Getting High 3143:R. v. Long, 2008 CanLII 64390 (ON SC), < 2800: 2136: 1474:"Ontario Court Ruling on Medical Marijuana" 735: 664:This is a draft by the city authorities in 620:Failed decriminalization bills (2003, 2004) 601:", where they have sought asylum under the 513:. Commercial cultivation and production of 4325: 4311: 2806: 2023: 1940:"The Grandmother of Marijuana Prohibition" 1102:While the legislation was enacted, making 670:Preventing Harm from Psychoactive Drug Use 624:On 27 May 2003, the Liberal government of 586:Marihuana for Medical Purposes Regulations 549:Severe pain from severe forms of arthritis 520: 231: 217: 4139: 4117: 3783:"Trudeau defends pot legalization policy" 3550: 3476: 2839: 2837: 2017: 1773:. Phd dissertation. University of Toronto 1765: 1738: 1705: 1703: 1701: 1606: 1597: 1454: 1452: 305: 3877:. Government of Canada. 27 November 2017 3528: 2572: 2190: 2050: 1994: 1879: 1633: 1476:. About.com. 8 June 2000. Archived from 448: 3607:. The Toronto Observer. 16 October 2012 3332: 3330: 2766:. Cannabisculture.com. 31 December 2009 2246: 2240: 2132: 2130: 1967: 1412:. Government of Canada. 6 November 2012 1129:Positions of Canadian political parties 1016:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 880:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 453:World map of annual cannabis prevalence 393: 265:Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms 4653: 4332: 3477:Cryderman, Kelley (27 November 2016). 3446: 3440: 3416: 3043: 2862: 2843: 2834: 2628:. CTV.ca. 3 April 2006. Archived from 2479:"R. v. Smith, Supreme Court Judgments" 2342:"Industrial hemp now legal in Canada!" 1910: 1812: 1709: 1698: 1449: 1373: 782: 645:with increased searches for cannabis. 4306: 3928:Civilized – Cannabis Culture Elevated 3921: 3576: 3551:Robertson, Grant (31 December 2017). 3529:Valiante, Giuseppe (28 August 2017). 3447:Cullen, Catherine (1 November 2016). 3417:Cullen, Catherine (1 November 2016). 3204:"Medical marijuana law gets reprieve" 2922: 2916: 2901: 2103: 1937: 1367: 944:The Ontario Court of Justice held in 750: 4625: 4604:Trailer Park Boys: Don't Legalize It 4193: 3903:. Government of Canada. 21 June 2018 3389: 3336: 3327: 2951:. Government of Canada. 20 June 2018 2219: 2127: 2030:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 497–. 1686:Perspectives on Canadian Drug Policy 1226: 3785:. Cochrane Times. 11 September 2014 3257:"Ontario's burning pot controversy" 2575:"US cannabis refugees cross border" 1968:Bourrie, Mark (30 September 2012). 1847:"Narcotic Drugs Act Amendment Bill" 1607:Bronskill, Jim (17 December 2015). 1040:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 978:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 833:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 290:Controlled Drugs and Substances Act 13: 4264: 3807:. Durham Region. 26 September 2014 2503:The Canadian Press (27 May 2016). 1374:Benzie, Robert (3 December 2016). 950:Controlled Drugs and Substance Act 504: 14: 4687: 4200:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 4003:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation 3309:"R. v. Smith – SCC Cases (Lexum)" 3005:. Metroland News. 17 October 2018 2788:. Cannabisculture.com. 6 May 2010 2573:Campbell, Duncan (20 July 2002). 2554:. Toronto.ctvnews.ca. 27 May 2016 2247:Skerrit, Jen (30 November 2016). 2220:Cain, Patrick (12 October 2016). 1913:"To some, it's the Infamous Five" 1911:Yedlin, Deborah (18 March 2009). 1634:Cochrane, David (26 March 2017). 1074:Preliminary steps to legalization 444: 400:Narcotics Drug Act Amendment Bill 4635: 4634: 4624: 4467:British Columbia Marijuana Party 4239: 4223:. Libertarian.ca. Archived from 4213: 4187: 4175:. Greenparty.ca. 17 January 2012 4165: 4069: 4043: 4017: 3991: 3966: 3941: 3915: 3889: 3863: 3390:Kane, Laura (22 December 2015). 3337:Lunn, Susan (28 November 2015). 1288: 1274: 1200:British Columbia Marijuana Party 487:adult-use legalization in Canada 200: 189: 37: 4288:. University of Toronto Press. 3577:Taber, Jane (15 January 2012). 3570: 3544: 3522: 3497: 3470: 3410: 3383: 3357: 3315: 3301: 3275: 3249: 3229:Matt Mernagh (14 August 2011). 3222: 3196: 3175: 3150: 3137: 3090: 3065: 3017: 2991: 2977: 2963: 2937: 2902:Scott, Monique (20 June 2018). 2895: 2877: 2856: 2818: 2778: 2756: 2730: 2704: 2676: 2657:. November 2005. Archived from 2644: 2618: 2593: 2566: 2544: 2522: 2496: 2471: 2449: 2427: 2408: 2386: 2360: 2334: 2318: 2293: 2267: 2213: 2184: 2106:"THE LEGALIZATION OF MARIJUANA" 2097: 2044: 1995:Schwartz, Daniel (3 May 2014). 1988: 1961: 1931: 1904: 1880:Schwartz, Daniel (3 May 2014). 1873: 1835: 1806: 1679: 1653: 1627: 639:Drug Enforcement Administration 4666:History of cannabis by country 2863:Aiello, Rachel (4 June 2018). 1813:Daniel, Schartz (3 May 2014). 1353: 1144:2015 Canadian federal election 1080:2015 Canadian federal election 1: 4676:History of medicine in Canada 4611:Voulez-vous coucher avec God? 3147:>, retrieved on 2018-03-10 3102:coadecisions.ontariocourts.ca 3073:"COURT FILE NO.: 03-CR-00002" 2945:"The Cannabis Act: The Facts" 2423:(1): 96–100. 1 December 2012. 2137:Leah Spicer (12 April 2002). 2024:Vera Rubin (1 January 1975). 1970:"A pioneer in the war on pot" 1766:Carstairs, Catherine (2000). 1347: 461:According to a report titled 4478:Saskatchewan Marijuana Party 3829:. CTV News. 3 September 2015 3233:. Mernagh.ca. Archived from 3051:"2000 CanLII 5762 (ON C.A.)" 2923:Sapra, Bani (20 June 2018). 2844:Duggan, Kyle (1 June 2018). 2807:Ian Austen (13 April 2017), 2170:. UBC Press. pp. 318–. 1151:Conservative Party of Canada 1111:Parliamentary Budget Officer 948:that the prohibition in the 723:mandatory minimum sentencing 526:Medical cannabis legislation 7: 4105:. CBC News. 13 October 2015 2532:. Metronews.ca. 27 May 2016 1938:House, Yolande (May 2003). 1712:Journal of Canadian Studies 1460:R v Malmo‑Levine; R v Caine 1216: 1188:Libertarian Party of Canada 997:limited number of sources: 867:R v Malmo-Levine; R v Caine 858:R v Malmo‑Levine; R v Caine 822:Medical Marihuana program's 643:Canada–United States border 593:Cannabis refugees in Canada 511:Opium and Narcotic Drug Act 371:Opium and Narcotic Drug Act 318:riot of 1907, King went to 10: 4692: 4249:. chp.ca. 14 November 2017 4127:. CBC News. 21 August 2015 3851:. CBC News. 1 October 2015 2330:. ITBD. 2005. p. 119. 1843:House of Commons of Canada 1462:, 3 SCR 571, 2003 SCC 74. 964:(Ontario Court of Justice) 940:(Ontario Court of Justice) 739: 300: 4620: 4542: 4486: 4453: 4432: 4379:Newfoundland and Labrador 4349: 4340: 3540:– via Toronto Star. 2191:Hathaway, Andrew (2009). 2051:Hathaway, Andrew (2009). 1437:. laws-lois.justice.gc.ca 1253:Newfoundland and Labrador 1195:Marijuana Party of Canada 1054:(Supreme Court of Canada) 988:(Federal Court of Canada) 860:(Supreme Court of Canada) 812:(Ontario Court of Appeal) 796:(Ontario Court of Appeal) 692:Anti-drug strategy (2007) 660:The Vancouver plan (2005) 485:With the confirmation of 273:Superior Court of Ontario 115:Newfoundland and Labrador 4424:Canadian Indian reserves 3435:as early as January 2018 3145:http://canlii.ca/t/21sxf 1585:. CTV News. 30 June 2016 1334:Canadian Indian reserves 1222:By province or territory 1211:Christian Heritage Party 1033:(Ontario Superior Court) 970:R. v. Bodnar/Hall/Spasic 962:R. v. Bodnar/Hall/Spasic 768:) to legalize the drug. 736:Legalization (2017–2018) 730:Parliament was prorogued 316:Asiatic Exclusion League 4671:Legal history of Canada 4194:Khoo, Lisa (May 2001). 2112:. University of Toronto 2104:Ahmed, Sabeena (1993). 1135:Liberal Party of Canada 994:Federal Court of Canada 872:Supreme Court of Canada 829:Ontario Court of Appeal 710:mandatory jail sentence 521:Developments since 2001 269:Ontario Court of Appeal 261:Supreme Court of Canada 4081:Huffington Post Canada 3031:. CBC. 17 October 2018 2145:. Parliament of Canada 1949:. Government of Canada 1794:Cite journal requires 1064:Allard et al v. Regina 1007:From a licensed dealer 986:Sfetkopoulos v. Canada 876:Constitution Act, 1867 853: 818:Ontario Superior Court 552:Seizures from epilepsy 454: 429:Marahuana—a new menace 306:Early drug prohibition 88:Provincial regulations 4524:Marc-Boris St-Maurice 4384:Northwest Territories 2143:Library of Parliament 1258:Northwest Territories 1174:Green Party of Canada 839:As we have held, the 837: 610:U.S. Attorney General 452: 387:Chinese Exclusion Act 120:Northwest Territories 4404:Prince Edward Island 2889:Parliament of Canada 2027:Cannabis and Culture 1691:25 June 2008 at the 1314:Prince Edward Island 1163:New Democratic Party 1092:Jody Wilson-Raybould 816:On 16 May 2003, the 713:from 7 to 14 years. 474:change legislation. 394:Cannabis prohibition 140:Prince Edward Island 49:National legislation 4590:Romancing Mary Jane 3735:The Huffington Post 3709:Winnipeg Free Press 2744:on 10 December 2007 2684:"Los Angeles Times" 1724:10.3138/jcs.38.2.80 1667:. 22 September 2017 1665:theglobeandmail.com 1480:on 21 December 2007 783:Key court decisions 207:Cannabis portal 167:Other jurisdictions 68:Medical regulations 4661:Cannabis in Canada 4454:Political advocacy 4334:Cannabis in Canada 4151:The Globe and Mail 4005:. 25 November 2011 3711:. 15 November 2013 3633:. 13 November 2012 3583:The Globe and Mail 3483:The Globe and Mail 3398:. Toronto, Ontario 3345:. CBC/Radio Canada 2987:. 16 October 2018. 2973:. 16 October 2018. 2813:The New York Times 2253:The Globe and Mail 1947:Collections Canada 1122:The Globe and Mail 1104:Cannabis in Canada 1088:Cannabis in Canada 751:Final legalization 606:refugee convention 495:Jay and Silent Bob 471:Le Dain Commission 455: 340:Opium and Drug Act 249:cannabis in Canada 31:Cannabis in Canada 4648: 4647: 4295:978-0-8020-8630-3 4083:. 21 January 2016 4057:. 16 October 2015 3761:The National Post 3737:. 22 January 2014 3683:The Vancouver Sun 3657:The National Post 3289:. 1 February 2013 3237:on 5 October 2016 2716:The Seattle Times 2689:Los Angeles Times 2177:978-0-7748-5815-1 2090:978-0-8020-8630-3 2037:978-3-11-081206-0 1845:(23 April 1923). 1344: 1343: 1082:, Prime Minister 1014:Section 7 of the 1012:violation of the 864:In late 2003, in 599:cannabis refugees 499:Trailer Park Boys 438:League of Nations 241: 240: 196:Canada portal 4683: 4638: 4637: 4628: 4627: 4565:The Culture High 4364:British Columbia 4327: 4320: 4313: 4304: 4303: 4299: 4259: 4258: 4256: 4254: 4243: 4237: 4236: 4234: 4232: 4217: 4211: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4191: 4185: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4169: 4163: 4162: 4160: 4158: 4143: 4137: 4136: 4134: 4132: 4121: 4115: 4114: 4112: 4110: 4099: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4047: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4031:. 11 August 2015 4021: 4015: 4014: 4012: 4010: 3995: 3989: 3988: 3986: 3984: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3959: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3922:Culberson, Dan. 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3901:House of Commons 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3875:House of Commons 3867: 3861: 3860: 3858: 3856: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3836: 3834: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3801: 3795: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3779: 3773: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3763:. 17 August 2014 3753: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3727: 3721: 3720: 3718: 3716: 3701: 3695: 3694: 3692: 3690: 3685:. 28 August 2013 3675: 3669: 3668: 3666: 3664: 3649: 3643: 3642: 3640: 3638: 3623: 3617: 3616: 3614: 3612: 3601: 3595: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3574: 3568: 3567: 3565: 3563: 3548: 3542: 3541: 3539: 3537: 3526: 3520: 3519: 3517: 3515: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3462: 3460: 3444: 3438: 3437: 3432: 3430: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3387: 3381: 3380: 3378: 3376: 3361: 3355: 3354: 3352: 3350: 3334: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3312: 3305: 3299: 3298: 3296: 3294: 3279: 3273: 3272: 3270: 3268: 3253: 3247: 3246: 3244: 3242: 3226: 3220: 3219: 3217: 3215: 3200: 3194: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3179: 3173: 3172: 3170: 3169: 3160:. Archived from 3154: 3148: 3141: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3077: 3069: 3063: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3047: 3041: 3040: 3038: 3036: 3021: 3015: 3014: 3012: 3010: 2995: 2989: 2988: 2981: 2975: 2974: 2967: 2961: 2960: 2958: 2956: 2941: 2935: 2934: 2920: 2914: 2913: 2899: 2893: 2892: 2881: 2875: 2874: 2860: 2854: 2853: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2822: 2816: 2815: 2804: 2798: 2797: 2795: 2793: 2782: 2776: 2775: 2773: 2771: 2760: 2754: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2734: 2728: 2727: 2725: 2723: 2708: 2702: 2701: 2699: 2697: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2671: 2669: 2664:on 19 April 2013 2663: 2656: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2632:on 26 April 2006 2622: 2616: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2597: 2591: 2590: 2588: 2586: 2570: 2564: 2563: 2561: 2559: 2548: 2542: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2526: 2520: 2519: 2517: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2490: 2475: 2469: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2453: 2447: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2431: 2425: 2424: 2412: 2406: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2346:Cannabis Culture 2338: 2332: 2331: 2327:Textile Horizons 2322: 2316: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2297: 2291: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2271: 2265: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2244: 2238: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2203: 2188: 2182: 2181: 2161: 2155: 2154: 2152: 2150: 2134: 2125: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2101: 2095: 2094: 2074: 2068: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2048: 2042: 2041: 2021: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2007: 1992: 1986: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1965: 1959: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1944: 1935: 1929: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1908: 1902: 1901: 1895: 1893: 1877: 1871: 1870: 1864:On the schedule: 1839: 1833: 1832: 1827: 1825: 1810: 1804: 1803: 1797: 1792: 1790: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1772: 1763: 1736: 1735: 1707: 1696: 1683: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1672: 1657: 1651: 1650: 1648: 1646: 1631: 1625: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1604: 1595: 1594: 1592: 1590: 1579: 1573: 1572: 1570: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1547: 1541: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1525: 1516: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1496: 1490: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1470: 1464: 1456: 1447: 1446: 1444: 1442: 1431: 1422: 1421: 1419: 1417: 1406: 1395: 1394: 1389: 1387: 1371: 1365: 1364: 1357: 1298: 1293: 1292: 1284: 1279: 1278: 1277: 1238:British Columbia 1227: 1001:Personally grown 537:end-of-life care 415:The Black Candle 360:Vancouver police 314:. Following the 233: 226: 219: 205: 204: 194: 193: 192: 100:British Columbia 41: 18: 17: 4691: 4690: 4686: 4685: 4684: 4682: 4681: 4680: 4651: 4650: 4649: 4644: 4616: 4558:Canadian Strain 4538: 4482: 4472:Marijuana Party 4449: 4428: 4345: 4336: 4331: 4296: 4267: 4265:Further reading 4262: 4252: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4240: 4230: 4228: 4227:on 21 June 2013 4219: 4218: 4214: 4204: 4202: 4192: 4188: 4178: 4176: 4171: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4154: 4153:. 20 April 2012 4145: 4144: 4140: 4130: 4128: 4123: 4122: 4118: 4108: 4106: 4101: 4100: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4075: 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4049: 4048: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4023: 4022: 4018: 4008: 4006: 3997: 3996: 3992: 3982: 3980: 3972: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3955: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3932: 3930: 3920: 3916: 3906: 3904: 3895: 3894: 3890: 3880: 3878: 3869: 3868: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3847: 3846: 3842: 3832: 3830: 3825: 3824: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3803: 3802: 3798: 3788: 3786: 3781: 3780: 3776: 3766: 3764: 3755: 3754: 3750: 3740: 3738: 3729: 3728: 3724: 3714: 3712: 3703: 3702: 3698: 3688: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3672: 3662: 3660: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3636: 3634: 3625: 3624: 3620: 3610: 3608: 3603: 3602: 3598: 3588: 3586: 3575: 3571: 3561: 3559: 3549: 3545: 3535: 3533: 3527: 3523: 3513: 3511: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3475: 3471: 3458: 3456: 3445: 3441: 3428: 3426: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3372: 3371:. 20 April 2016 3363: 3362: 3358: 3348: 3346: 3335: 3328: 3320: 3316: 3311:. January 2001. 3307: 3306: 3302: 3292: 3290: 3281: 3280: 3276: 3266: 3264: 3255: 3254: 3250: 3240: 3238: 3227: 3223: 3213: 3211: 3202: 3201: 3197: 3187: 3185: 3181: 3180: 3176: 3167: 3165: 3156: 3155: 3151: 3142: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3123:"2007 ONCJ 340" 3121: 3120: 3116: 3106: 3104: 3096: 3095: 3091: 3081: 3079: 3075: 3071: 3070: 3066: 3056: 3054: 3049: 3048: 3044: 3034: 3032: 3023: 3022: 3018: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2996: 2992: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2969: 2968: 2964: 2954: 2952: 2943: 2942: 2938: 2921: 2917: 2900: 2896: 2891:. 18 June 2018. 2883: 2882: 2878: 2861: 2857: 2842: 2835: 2824: 2823: 2819: 2805: 2801: 2791: 2789: 2784: 2783: 2779: 2769: 2767: 2762: 2761: 2757: 2747: 2745: 2736: 2735: 2731: 2721: 2719: 2710: 2709: 2705: 2695: 2693: 2682: 2681: 2677: 2667: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2609: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2584: 2582: 2571: 2567: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2549: 2545: 2535: 2533: 2528: 2527: 2523: 2513: 2511: 2501: 2497: 2488: 2486: 2485:on 13 June 2015 2477: 2476: 2472: 2462: 2460: 2459:. Health Canada 2455: 2454: 2450: 2440: 2438: 2437:. Health Canada 2433: 2432: 2428: 2414: 2413: 2409: 2399: 2397: 2392: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2365: 2361: 2351: 2349: 2340: 2339: 2335: 2324: 2323: 2319: 2309: 2307: 2299: 2298: 2294: 2284: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2268: 2258: 2256: 2245: 2241: 2231: 2229: 2218: 2214: 2201: 2199: 2189: 2185: 2178: 2162: 2158: 2148: 2146: 2135: 2128: 2115: 2113: 2102: 2098: 2091: 2075: 2071: 2061: 2059: 2049: 2045: 2038: 2022: 2018: 2005: 2003: 1993: 1989: 1979: 1977: 1966: 1962: 1952: 1950: 1942: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1920: 1909: 1905: 1891: 1889: 1878: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1861: 1859: 1840: 1836: 1823: 1821: 1811: 1807: 1795: 1793: 1784: 1783: 1776: 1774: 1770: 1764: 1739: 1708: 1699: 1693:Wayback Machine 1684: 1680: 1670: 1668: 1659: 1658: 1654: 1644: 1642: 1632: 1628: 1618: 1616: 1605: 1598: 1588: 1586: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1563:on 29 June 2013 1560: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1544: 1534: 1532: 1531:. Health Canada 1527: 1526: 1519: 1509: 1507: 1506:. 13 April 2011 1498: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1481: 1472: 1471: 1467: 1457: 1450: 1440: 1438: 1433: 1432: 1425: 1415: 1413: 1408: 1407: 1398: 1385: 1383: 1372: 1368: 1363:. 19 June 2018. 1359: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1345: 1296:Cannabis portal 1294: 1287: 1280: 1275: 1273: 1219: 1131: 1076: 1067: 1056: 1035: 990: 966: 942: 862: 814: 798: 785: 753: 744: 738: 719: 706:organized crime 694: 679: 662: 631:summary offence 622: 595: 581:Project Claudia 528: 523: 515:industrial hemp 507: 505:Industrial hemp 447: 396: 356:chief constable 308: 303: 237: 199: 198: 190: 188: 183: 182: 178:Indian reserves 168: 160: 159: 90: 80: 79: 51: 12: 11: 5: 4689: 4679: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4646: 4645: 4643: 4642: 4632: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4583: 4580:Hidden Harvest 4576: 4568: 4561: 4554: 4546: 4544: 4540: 4539: 4537: 4536: 4531: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4511: 4506: 4501: 4496: 4490: 4488: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4469: 4464: 4457: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4448: 4447: 4442: 4436: 4434: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4391: 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4366: 4361: 4355: 4353: 4347: 4346: 4341: 4338: 4337: 4330: 4329: 4322: 4315: 4307: 4301: 4300: 4294: 4279: 4266: 4263: 4261: 4260: 4238: 4212: 4186: 4164: 4138: 4116: 4094: 4068: 4042: 4016: 3990: 3965: 3940: 3914: 3888: 3862: 3840: 3818: 3796: 3774: 3748: 3722: 3696: 3670: 3659:. 24 July 2013 3644: 3618: 3596: 3569: 3557:Globe and Mail 3543: 3521: 3496: 3469: 3439: 3409: 3396:Globe and Mail 3382: 3356: 3326: 3314: 3300: 3287:Calgary Herald 3274: 3248: 3221: 3210:. 22 June 2011 3195: 3174: 3164:on 4 June 2016 3149: 3136: 3114: 3089: 3064: 3042: 3016: 2990: 2976: 2962: 2936: 2915: 2894: 2876: 2855: 2833: 2817: 2799: 2777: 2755: 2729: 2718:. 30 July 2005 2703: 2692:. 11 June 2010 2675: 2643: 2617: 2592: 2565: 2543: 2521: 2495: 2470: 2448: 2426: 2407: 2385: 2374:. 13 June 2005 2359: 2333: 2317: 2292: 2281:. 3 April 2018 2279:Ottawa Citizen 2266: 2239: 2212: 2183: 2176: 2156: 2126: 2096: 2089: 2069: 2043: 2036: 2016: 1987: 1960: 1930: 1917:Globe and Mail 1903: 1872: 1834: 1805: 1796:|journal= 1737: 1697: 1678: 1652: 1626: 1596: 1574: 1542: 1517: 1491: 1465: 1448: 1423: 1396: 1366: 1351: 1349: 1346: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1300: 1299: 1285: 1269: 1267: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1240: 1235: 1225: 1224: 1223: 1218: 1215: 1181:Bloc Québécois 1167:Thomas Mulcair 1155:Stephen Harper 1139:Justin Trudeau 1130: 1127: 1084:Justin Trudeau 1075: 1072: 1066: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1034: 1027: 1009: 1008: 1005: 1002: 989: 982: 965: 958: 941: 934: 878:and under the 861: 854: 813: 806: 797: 790: 784: 781: 752: 749: 740:Main article: 737: 734: 718: 715: 698:Stephen Harper 693: 690: 678: 675: 661: 658: 621: 618: 603:United Nations 594: 591: 554: 553: 550: 547: 544: 527: 524: 522: 519: 506: 503: 446: 445:Popularization 443: 395: 392: 312:Mackenzie King 307: 304: 302: 299: 282:Nanos Research 276:October 2018. 239: 238: 236: 235: 228: 221: 213: 210: 209: 185: 184: 181: 180: 175: 169: 166: 165: 162: 161: 158: 157: 152: 147: 142: 137: 132: 127: 122: 117: 112: 107: 102: 97: 91: 86: 85: 82: 81: 78: 77: 70: 65: 58: 52: 47: 46: 43: 42: 34: 33: 27: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4688: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4658: 4656: 4641: 4633: 4631: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4613: 4612: 4608: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4599: 4598: 4594: 4592: 4591: 4587: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4577: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4567: 4566: 4562: 4560: 4559: 4555: 4553: 4552: 4548: 4547: 4545: 4541: 4535: 4532: 4530: 4527: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4515: 4514:Blair Longley 4512: 4510: 4507: 4505: 4504:Grant Krieger 4502: 4500: 4497: 4495: 4492: 4491: 4489: 4485: 4479: 4476: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4456: 4452: 4446: 4443: 4441: 4438: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4374:New Brunswick 4372: 4370: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343:Legal history 4339: 4335: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4316: 4314: 4309: 4308: 4305: 4297: 4291: 4287: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4276:9781552669761 4273: 4269: 4268: 4248: 4242: 4226: 4222: 4216: 4201: 4197: 4190: 4174: 4168: 4152: 4148: 4142: 4126: 4120: 4104: 4098: 4082: 4078: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4046: 4030: 4026: 4020: 4004: 4000: 3994: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3954: 3953:National Post 3950: 3944: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3850: 3844: 3828: 3822: 3806: 3800: 3784: 3778: 3762: 3758: 3752: 3736: 3732: 3726: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3684: 3680: 3674: 3658: 3654: 3648: 3632: 3628: 3622: 3606: 3600: 3584: 3580: 3573: 3558: 3554: 3547: 3532: 3525: 3510: 3506: 3500: 3484: 3480: 3473: 3466: 3454: 3450: 3443: 3436: 3424: 3420: 3413: 3397: 3393: 3386: 3370: 3366: 3360: 3344: 3340: 3333: 3331: 3323: 3318: 3310: 3304: 3288: 3284: 3278: 3263:. 3 July 2011 3262: 3258: 3252: 3236: 3232: 3225: 3209: 3205: 3199: 3184: 3178: 3163: 3159: 3153: 3146: 3140: 3124: 3118: 3103: 3099: 3093: 3074: 3068: 3052: 3046: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3004: 3003:Inside Halton 3000: 2994: 2986: 2980: 2972: 2966: 2950: 2949:Health Canada 2946: 2940: 2932: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2911: 2910: 2905: 2898: 2890: 2886: 2880: 2872: 2871: 2866: 2859: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2838: 2829: 2828: 2821: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2787: 2781: 2765: 2759: 2743: 2739: 2733: 2717: 2713: 2707: 2691: 2690: 2685: 2679: 2660: 2653: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2606: 2602: 2596: 2580: 2576: 2569: 2553: 2547: 2531: 2525: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2484: 2480: 2474: 2458: 2452: 2436: 2430: 2422: 2418: 2411: 2396:. Hc-sc.gc.ca 2395: 2389: 2373: 2372:Health Canada 2369: 2363: 2348:. 1 July 1998 2347: 2343: 2337: 2329: 2328: 2321: 2306: 2302: 2296: 2280: 2276: 2270: 2254: 2250: 2243: 2227: 2223: 2216: 2209: 2198: 2194: 2187: 2179: 2173: 2169: 2168: 2160: 2144: 2140: 2133: 2131: 2123: 2111: 2107: 2100: 2092: 2086: 2082: 2081: 2073: 2058: 2054: 2047: 2039: 2033: 2029: 2028: 2020: 2013: 2002: 1998: 1991: 1975: 1974:National Post 1971: 1964: 1948: 1941: 1934: 1918: 1914: 1907: 1900: 1887: 1883: 1876: 1869: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1844: 1838: 1831: 1820: 1816: 1809: 1801: 1788: 1769: 1762: 1760: 1758: 1756: 1754: 1752: 1750: 1748: 1746: 1744: 1742: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1717: 1713: 1706: 1704: 1702: 1694: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1666: 1662: 1656: 1641: 1637: 1630: 1614: 1610: 1603: 1601: 1584: 1578: 1559: 1552: 1546: 1530: 1524: 1522: 1505: 1504:National Post 1501: 1495: 1479: 1475: 1469: 1463: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1436: 1430: 1428: 1411: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1393: 1381: 1377: 1370: 1362: 1356: 1352: 1340: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1301: 1297: 1291: 1286: 1283: 1282:Canada portal 1272: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1261: 1259: 1256: 1254: 1251: 1249: 1248:New Brunswick 1246: 1244: 1241: 1239: 1236: 1234: 1231: 1230: 1229: 1228: 1221: 1220: 1214: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1182: 1177: 1175: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1156: 1152: 1147: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1126: 1123: 1118: 1114: 1112: 1107: 1105: 1100: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1071: 1065: 1059: 1053: 1047: 1043: 1041: 1032: 1031:R. v. 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