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that because emigration was allowed, the Famine period does not qualify as genocide. The poverty, evictions, workshops where workers paid off the cost of their tickets, and the overcrowding and unhygienic conditions on emigration ships, all combined to make the journey of emigrating as great a risk as staying and trying to survive starvation. By modern definitions, the term "refugee" would be more accurate than "emigrant" to describe those who fled
Ireland.
982:, constructed at the time of An Gorta Mór, by monies diverted from research to find a cure for the potato blight afflicting Ireland. The glasshouses looked down over the Gardens' 'vegetable patch', where the blight was first discovered in Ireland in August 1845. Graham has described the 'frozen music' locked within the architecture of the Curvilinear Glasshouses as 'a lament for a famished people'. A song for unaccompanied voice it has been recorded by
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126:
969:"Crucán na bPáiste had become a claw in my gut – and my pilgrimage. Over many months it inched out in me its cry...focal by focal...line by line...until I was set free and it had found its epiphany. I had learned to keep out of the way...let the song write itself. This, I suppose is the real answer to the question with which we started. The truly special songs write us...we don't write them; we don't find them...they find us"
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reason for the decline of the language (the general exclusion of Irish from public life and the influence of the
English-speaking clergy and middle classes also played a part) but it was a conspicuous element. This led to the creation of an Ireland which thought of itself as essentially English-speaking, though with a persistent and influential reaction in the form of organisations such as the
978:, was commissioned by the Irish Government, as part of the Ceól Reoite (Frozen Music – after Goethe's 'Architecture is frozen music') Millennial Project. Fourteen Irish composers were asked to pick a monument of national significance and to write a piece of music/song which would release from it the music frozen within. Graham chose the Curvilinear Glasshouses at Dublin's
1090:, who have previously performed for Nelson Mandela, Oprah Winfrey, Queen Elizabeth II and President Obama. The commemoration in words and song was a community day of celebration and remembering, especially for those who are descendants of these Irish Workhouse young women. For more information see www.irishfaminememorial.org
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and soloist Méav Ní Mhaolchatha, with Graham's narration translated into French. It included a first performance with orchestra of The
Whitest Flower, Graham's title song for the soundtrack to his book. In response to the view handed down at the time of Ireland's Famine that "The judgement of God ...
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on their 2003 album, 'Spirit'. Carmel Conway also recorded the song on her 2009 album 'This
Beautiful Day'. It is also performed in the 'Cois Tine – Stories of Liam O' Flaherty' – by singer and violinist Fionnuala Howard. A song of emigration from Ireland during Famine times, The Fairhaired Boy tells
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It is estimated that one and a half million people died during the Famine and that a million emigrated between 1846 and 1851. A large proportion of these were Irish speakers, and the poorest districts, from which emigration continued to flow, were generally Irish-speaking. The Famine was not the only
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If the political elite in
Ireland remained tolerant of British political parties and the monarchy, emigrants were not so. Many Irish emigrants to the United States quickly associated with separatist republican groups and organisations like the IRB. The political liberties and freedom of opportunity
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in 1945. Beyond these important cultural aspects, emigration was a continuing and embarrassing fact of Irish political life in the 1940s, and there was no natural constituency for the famine victims, who had died or emigrated. Some commentators were embarrassed that their ancestors had somehow fed
723:
There are public records that there was enough grain and meal in
Ireland during that period to have prevented the food shortage caused by the potato blight. Famine conditions were allowed to continue for a number of years in the 1840s, while the surplus food was not distributed. Some have claimed
481:
Victoria made what was largely seen as a propaganda visit in 1849. However, this visit was conducted under stringent security measures and was not free from protests or controversy. The celebrations associated with her visit just after the famine were compared to "illuminating a graveyard" in a
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tour. Possible Dreams
International, Inc is a non-profit organisation which partners with rural and remote communities in Swaziland, Southern Africa to empower families and individuals living with extreme poverty, malnutrition and endemic disease. So in Graham's "Famine in Song" lyrics, there
477:(known in Ireland in later decades as the "Famine Queen") had only donated a miserly £5 to famine relief, in fact the sum was £2,000, the equivalent of between £217,000 and £8,120,000 in 2022, from her personal resources. She also was patron of a charity that fundraised. On instruction of the
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was read aloud, apologising for the failure of past
British governments to adequately address the crisis. A large number of new research studies on the Famine were produced, many detailing for the first time local experiences. Historians re-examined all aspects of the Famine experience; from
855:(HarperCollins, London, Sydney, Toronto, 1998). The Sunday Times, Canberra called The Whitest Flower – 'An important addition to the Irish national story'. The Whitest Flower, with its song 'soundtrack', was a required text for Boston's MIT Women's Studies Course. Along with its sequel
427:. Historians have speculated that, such was the economic and social impact on Ireland, the nation was numbed into inaction for decades afterwards; in other words, that politics mattered less to people than survival after the traumatic experiences of the late 1840s and early 1850s.
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Ireland commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Great Famine in the 1990s. It was a contrast, in many ways, with the 100th anniversary in the 1940s. Then, only a few commemorations were held – the most significant of which was a commissioned volume of Famine history edited by
517:
The emigration of numerous Irish speakers to
America as an immediate or long-term result of the Famine led to a movement there for the maintenance of the Irish language. This was marked in part by the foundation of Philo-Celtic Societies and the founding of the monthly journal
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sent the calamity to teach the Irish a lesson, that calamity must not be too much mitigated" (Charles E. Trevelyan – Permanent
Assistant Secretary at the British Treasury with prime responsibility for Famine relief in Ireland), Graham's song calls to task a vengeful God.
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of the sorrow of parting – 'Soon you'll in California be or Colorado bound'. In The Whitest Flower, Graham's heroine Ellen sings the song to Roberteen, a young neighbour from Ireland whom she finds dying in the lazaretto (fever shed) at Canada's Quarantine Island of
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The Almighty indeed sent the potato blight but the English created the famine... a million and half men, women and children were carefully, prudently and peacefully slain by the English government. They died of hunger in the midst of abundance which their own hands
1076:, dedicated to the memory of the 4,112, mainly teenage Irish orphan girls, who were given a free passage to Australia from Workhouses in every county of Ireland between 1848 and 1850. Brendan Graham was joined by Australian singer-songwriter,
911:. The song is written in a traditional narrative style song form where there are no choruses, the hook of the song being contained in the last line of each stanza with the pull of the story being used to keep the listener's interest alive.
986:, on the Ceól Reoite album and as a 'hidden track' by Cathy Jordan on the Dervish album, Spirit. The song was also performed by Nuala Ní Chanainn in the 2002 production of Aistir/Voyage by the Swiss-based, Cathy Sharp Dance Ensemble.
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Mitchel's commentary expressed the anger felt by many emigrants, who saw themselves as the dispossessed, forced from Ireland by a famine they blamed on British government policies. The famine became a constant issue with
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manuscripts containing both prose and poetry: a single collection would give the reader access to a substantial part of the literature. Many such manuscripts were taken to America by emigrants in the 1840s and after.
1173:'s song 'Forgiveness' from his album Salty Heaven is sung from the point of view of an Irish Famine refugee who has relocated to Canada and who despite his suffering has chosen forgiveness over bitterness.
1072:, a commemoration in word and song of those who suffered during An Gorta Mór – The Great Irish Famine – and of those who fled the Famine to establish a new life Australia. Graham wrote a new song called,
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An additional social impact due to the high numbers of children orphaned was that for some young women, prostitution was one of few options available. Some of these young women became known as
827:. Representatives of 14 other nations were present including the United States and Australia as well as the European Parliament. The Irish government was represented by several ministers. The
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that the famine amounted to genocide by the British government, a view which was supported by historian James Mullin. However, numerous Irish, British and American scholars, such as academics
945:(as part of the Transatlantic Sessions), Cathy Jordan of Dervish and Eimear Quinn. Graham reveals the story of how the song came to be written in his Sunday Miscellany radio piece for
720:) were misguided, ill-informed, and counter-productive, and that had a similar crisis occurred in England instead of Ireland then the government's response would have been different.
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they encountered in the States confirmed for them the potential of an independent Ireland and often made them more passionate and optimistic than some of their brethren at home.
892:'s rise to prominence there. Author and sociologist E. Moore Quinn in her book 'Irish American Folklore in New England', published in 2009, quotes the full lyric of The Voice.
442:, with more votes and seats going to the latter, even though it had been the party of government during the Famine. The introduction of the secret ballot in 1872 enabled the
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have denied claims of a deliberate policy of genocide. All historians generally agree that British policies during the Famine (particularly those applied by the Ministry of
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also has a song, written by Bloom but recorded by Moore, called 'The City of Chicago,' that chronicles the effects of the Famine and the subsequent mass emigration.
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to contact Graham with a melody. This melody in turn inspired Graham to write the lyric – You Raise Me Up, which has been recorded by some 400 artists (including
880:. As well as entering the British Pop Charts, The Voice was one of the songs studied for the UK GCSE Music Syllabus, 1998. Eimear Quinn's version featured in the
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393:, formed in June 1852, disintegrated within four years, but it was in major decline from 1853 when tenants benefited from a recovery in agricultural prices.)
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originated from a number of songs he had written about An Gorta Mór, resulting in the publication of his best selling 'documentary novel' of the Famine –
586:, who to an extent unrivalled among other emigrant communities in the United States, remained emotionally attached to their native land. Leaders such as
1133:, many of whom are of Irish descent. The song itself sums up the sense of despair, anger and bitterness of famine victims. The song was also covered by
1944:
1255:, revealed that the people of Ireland had given more to his fundraising efforts per head of population than any other nation in the world. Irish NGOs
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The Famine and its causes became a major platform for emigrant anger, as it was the main cause for most of them being emigrants in the first place.
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The 1990s marked a significant shift in attitudes towards commemorating the Famine, as hundreds of events took place in Ireland and throughout the
340:. Its effects permanently changed the island's demographic, political and cultural landscape. For both the native Irish and those in the resulting
447:
329:) followed a catastrophic period of Irish history between 1845 and 1852 during which time the population of Ireland was reduced by 50 percent.
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In pre-Famine Ireland Irish was the language both of a rich folk culture and a strong literary tradition. The latter persisted in the form of
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The British Royal Family avoided some censure, due to their perceived impotence in political affairs. Although some believed the myth that
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for stealing corn to feed his starving family. Performed in folk, traditional and even reggae versions, it is often sung by supporters of
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practical issues like the number of deaths and emigrants, to the long-term impact it had on society, sexual behaviour, land holdings,
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937:('The Time of the Bad Life' – the Famine). The song was written by Graham for Ellen Rua, one of the characters in his second novel,
859:(HarperCollins, 2001), The Whitest Flower was also listed as 'support fiction' for Ireland's Leaving Certificate, History syllabus.
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During and after the famine, some commentators have claimed that the British government's response, while it occurred, amounted to
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in Ireland, 2010. This was narrated by the author with songs performed by Cathy Jordan accompanied on piano by Feargal Murray.
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W.H.A. Williams, 'Ceol na hÉireann agus amhráin na ndaoine sna Stáit Aontaithe,' pp. 68–84, in Ó hAnnracháin (ed.) (1979).
1974:
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434:), those Irish privileged to vote continued until the mid-1870s to vote for the two major British political parties, the
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The Famine is also commemorated in song, both from the period and from modern times. Irish novelist and songwriter,
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who unites classic with contemporary folk. She is the charismatic front woman of Australia's premier Celtic group,
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82:
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A graph of the populations of Ireland and Europe indexed against 1750 showing the disastrous consequence of the
2010:
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2020:
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941:, also published by HarperCollins. It has been recorded and performed by a number of artistes most notably
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for Ireland. The lyrics refer to Ireland's troubled history and point clearly to Famine times in Ireland,
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in later decades came to play a major role in supporting Irish independence. It was no accident that the
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The Famine that affected Ireland from 1845 to 1852 has become an integral part of folk legend. Kenealy,
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2015:
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995:" – It was in fact reading Graham's novel The Whitest Flower, that led Norwegian composer,
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1754:'Queen Victoria's £5': the strange tale of Turkish aid to Ireland during the Great Famine
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The term has appeared in the titles of numerous books on the event, as demonstrated by
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753:(though not published until 1956), and the important 'Famine Survey' undertaken by the
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in 1920 chose to travel to the United States, not elsewhere, in his efforts to get the
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Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria
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has also recently written a number of integrated song and narrative pieces including
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launched special bonds to fund the new Republic, many were sold to Irish Americans.
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In 2010, Britain failed to send a diplomatic representative to the opening of the
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in 1881, the first such publication anywhere in which Irish was extensively used.
1979:
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the Famine, as much as by the clash between the "constitutional" nationalism and
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also have a song about the Famine named "The Coffin Ships" on their 2005 album
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An 1849 depiction of Bridget O'Donnell and her two children during the famine,
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Though its electorate was a small part of the population (as elsewhere in the
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1446:, 'The Decline of the Irish Language,' p. 87, in Ó Cuív, Brian (ed.) (1969),
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Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory
1035:) and has become one of the most successful songs in popular music history.
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of Davis. Another rebellion would not occur again until the 1860s under the
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Ireland has been at the forefront of international famine relief. In 1985
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in Ireland. It is a lament by a mother for a child she buries there during
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play a central role in helping famine victims throughout Africa. In 2000,
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404:, though occurring at the start of the Famine, was hardly impacted upon
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themselves by inevitably not sharing food with the victims, a form of "
644: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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before leaving to set up his own paper, only to be arrested, tried for
538:, a journalist by trade (who had written for Thomas Davis's newspaper,
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Diplomatic gaffe as British absent at Famine ceremony Irishcentral.com
356:, referring to the preceding period of Irish history as "pre-Famine".
1838:
1823:
1339:
Christine Kinealy, This Great Calamity, Gill & Macmillan (1994),
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917:– 'the burial place of (unbaptised) children' – lies on a hilltop in
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470:, who wished to maintain the Union that joined Britain and Ireland.
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campaign. The Irish famine experience continues to influence many
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and the entire Irish identity, personified in the conservatism of
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album. The lyrics emphasise the political aspect of the famine.
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and President did not attend in person, but sent staff members.
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in the 1880s; Parnell was also instrumental in establishing the
227:
1513:
i Meiriceá,' pp. 38–56, in Stiofán Ó hAnnracháin (ed.) (1979),
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Kinealy, Christine (2000), Hidden Famine: Hunger, Poverty and
946:
352:. Modern historians regard it as a dividing line in the Irish
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1607:
Blair says sorry for Britain's 'failure' in the Irish famine
81:
may be in need of reorganization to comply with Knowledge's
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396:
Outside the mainstream, too, reaction was slow. The 1848
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and piper Neil Martin, following with the song itself.
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1068:
In August 2012 Brendan Graham composed and presented
446:
to largely replace the Liberals in Irish politics in
1238:, a 2019 Irish period drama set in 1845 in Connemara
976:"Ochón an Ghorta Mhóir / Lament of the Great Hunger"
1583:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 1999.
1242:
150:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1548:United Ireland, Human Rights and International Law
682:United Ireland, Human Rights and International Law
1405:"An outcast community:the 'wrens' of the curragh"
2246:
1227:, a 2018 Irish period drama film set in 1847 in
450:. The Home Rule League was reconstituted as the
381:in the 1820s to 1840s had been dominated by the
359:
1480:Tomás de Bhaldraithe (ed.) (1970, 1973, 1976),
1056:, 2011, his shorter narrative and song piece –
466:. A large body of voters continued to vote for
1058:From Famine to Freedom – Ireland to Grosse Ile
769:, some of which received sponsorship from the
92:to make improvements to the overall structure.
18:For the main article on the Great Famine, see
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1774:
1070:From Famine to Freedom – Ireland to Australia
843:has written a number of novels and songs on
373:was muted, because of the extremely limited
1287:, played a central role in campaigning for
872:and performed by Eimear Quinn won the 1996
432:United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland
59:Learn how and when to remove these messages
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1781:
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492:
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660:Learn how and when to remove this message
525:
275:Learn how and when to remove this message
210:Learn how and when to remove this message
108:Learn how and when to remove this message
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1152:
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348:and became a rallying point for various
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252:of all important aspects of the article.
1113:A famous modern song on the famine is "
771:National Famine Commemoration Committee
2247:
2026:Prevention of Crime (Ireland) Act 1848
1097:toured Victoria in Australia, singing
1043:Writing the Famine in Fiction and Song
878:I am The Voice of your hunger and pain
602:recognised and accepted, or that when
369:Political reaction resulting from the
248:Please consider expanding the lead to
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1874:List of memorials to the Great Famine
1762:
1402:
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845:An Gorta Mór – the Great Irish Famine
834:
506:from the late nineteenth century on.
502:and the growth of a network of urban
1398:
1396:
1199:Another related song is "Famine" by
1101:(sung by Fortunate and Nomcebo) and
939:The Brightest Day, The Darkest Night
784:. At the Great Famine Event held in
642:adding citations to reliable sources
613:
560:) who continued to campaign against
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148:adding citations to reliable sources
119:
65:
24:
336:(1845–1849) was a watershed in the
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1790:Great Hunger in Ireland, 1845–1852
1680:The Modernisation of Irish Society
1644:
1461:An Ghaeilge in Luimneach 1700–1900
1459:Breandán Ó Madagáin (1974, 1980),
1047:National Famine Commemoration Week
980:National Botanic Gardens (Ireland)
974:Another of Graham's Famine songs,
808:, that persisted into the 1900s.
568:. Analysing the famine, he wrote:
159:"Legacy of the Great Irish Famine"
14:
2271:
1869:National Famine Commemoration Day
1742:
1393:
1251:, Irish rock star and founder of
902:was recorded by Cathy Jordan and
727:
482:newspaper editorial at the time.
40:This article has multiple issues.
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2160:
1463:, pp. 14–22, An Clóchomhar Tta,
1243:Ireland and modern famine relief
847:. His book publishing deal with
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226:
124:
70:
29:
1720:) (Cork University Press, 2001)
1652:Greener Grass: The Famine Years
1623:
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1571:
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1503:
1494:
1484:, p. xxvii, An Clóchomhar Tta,
1474:
1303:and famine victims everywhere.
1299:in their attitudes towards the
629:needs additional citations for
240:may be too short to adequately
135:needs additional citations for
48:or discuss these issues on the
2011:Poor Relief (Ireland) Act 1838
1829:Chronology of the Great Famine
1809:History of Ireland (1801–1923)
1453:
1437:
1376:
1363:
1350:
1333:
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1312:
1283:, lead singer with Irish band
1160:'s "Famine", in Ireland Park,
250:provide an accessible overview
1:
2021:Irish Poor Law Extension Acts
953:, recorded live in Ireland's
817:Murrisk Millennium Peace Park
813:National Famine Commemoration
680:has claimed in his 2011 work
385:and "Repeal" movements under
364:
360:Political and cultural impact
1537:The Last Conquest of Ireland
1448:A View of the Irish Language
1306:
1093:More recently in March 2013
425:Irish Republican Brotherhood
7:
1291:for African nations in the
775:Department of the Taoiseach
609:
10:
2276:
2227:Legacy of the Great Famine
2143:Irish National Land League
1864:Legacy of the Great Famine
1834:British Relief Association
1450:, Irish Stationery Office.
1110:resonates a global reach.
479:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
377:that existed at the time.
305:legacy of the Great Famine
17:
2212:
2156:
2095:
2034:
2016:Temporary Relief Act 1847
2003:
1887:
1859:Encumbered Estates' Court
1796:
1749:Gratitude to the Ottomans
1422:10.1080/09612029200200014
1095:The Possible Dreams Choir
1062:Quebec Symphony Orchestra
755:Irish Folklore Commission
592:President of Dáil Éireann
452:Irish Parliamentary Party
1804:Irish Famine (1740–1741)
1695:Ireland Since the Famine
1509:Breandán Ó Buachalla, '
1193:The Gathering Wilderness
1107:Voices for the Voiceless
700:, as well as historians
504:Irish-speaking activists
2222:Great Famine, 1845–1852
2113:European Potato Failure
1950:Marquess of Clanricarde
1915:Marquess of Londonderry
1854:Young Ireland rebellion
1673:Under the Hawthorn Tree
1635:11 October 2007 at the
1550:(Clarity Press, 2011);
1330:Kinealy (1995), xvi–ii.
1320:this search on WorldCat
1060:– was performed by the
898:– This song written by
874:Eurovision Song Contest
738:1845–1849 potato famine
562:British rule in Ireland
493:Linguistic consequences
456:Charles Stewart Parnell
391:Independent Irish Party
2255:Great Famine (Ireland)
2108:Highland Potato Famine
2103:National Famine Museum
1690:) (Gill and Macmillan)
1500:Ó Madagáin, pp. 29–34.
1409:Women's History Review
1167:
1088:Australian Girls Choir
794:British Prime Minister
741:
579:
526:Irish emigrants abroad
316:
300:
20:Great Famine (Ireland)
2057:Robert Dudley Edwards
1995:William Henry Gregory
1990:Matthew James Higgins
1960:Christopher St George
1945:Marquess of Lansdowne
1935:Nassau William Senior
1668:Marita Conlon-McKenna
1567:Americanchronicle.com
1403:Luddy, Maria (1992).
1176:Luka Bloom's brother
1156:
1115:The Fields of Athenry
963:RTÉ Concert Orchestra
955:National Concert Hall
935:Aimsir an Drochshaoil
735:
698:James S. Donnelly Jr.
570:
412:of O'Connell and the
383:Catholic Emancipation
350:nationalist movements
344:, the famine entered
292:
2207:Modern Irish famines
1970:Lionel de Rothschild
1517:, An Clóchomhar Tta.
896:"The Fairhaired Boy"
638:improve this article
564:after moving to the
487:Wrens of the Curragh
354:historical narrative
144:improve this article
2128:Theories of famines
2123:Economic liberalism
2047:Cecil Woodham-Smith
1975:Stephen Spring Rice
1940:Viscount Palmerston
1371:This Great Calamity
1358:This Great Calamity
915:"Crucán na bPáiste"
857:The Element of Fire
792:, a statement from
751:T. Desmond Williams
710:Ruth Dudley Edwards
702:Cecil Woodham-Smith
375:electoral franchise
90:editing the article
1920:Marquess Conyngham
1211:The Famine in film
1203:, released on the
1168:
909:Grosse Ile, Quebec
853:The Whitest Flower
835:The Famine in song
742:
371:Great Irish Famine
338:history of Ireland
301:
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2087:Christine Kinealy
2072:Diarmaid Ferriter
1955:Charles Trevelyan
1930:Robert Gore-Booth
1879:1879 Irish Famine
1819:Absentee landlord
1708:James H. Murphy,
1482:Cín Lae Amhlaoibh
1105:as part of their
1103:"You Raise Me Up"
819:, at the foot of
747:R. Dudley Edwards
718:Lord John Russell
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1733:Liam O'Flaherty
1728:Star of the Sea
1724:Joseph O'Connor
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1158:Rowan Gillespie
992:You Raise Me Up
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802:property rights
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596:Éamon de Valera
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1039:Brendan Graham
1029:Russell Watson
1021:Helene Fischer
984:Róisín Elsafty
943:Karen Matheson
925:, overlooking
900:Brendan Graham
882:Pierce Brosnan
870:Brendan Graham
841:Brendan Graham
836:
833:
821:Croagh Patrick
767:Irish diaspora
760:survivor guilt
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728:Commemorations
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714:Cormac Ó Gráda
690:John A. Murphy
686:F. S. L. Lyons
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1099:"Orphan Girl"
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417:republicanism
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1925:Lord Farnham
1900:Earl Russell
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1678:Joseph Lee,
1671:
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1655:(2009 novel)
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1384:Sectarianism
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951:Effin' Songs
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890:Celtic Woman
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694:R. F. Foster
681:
671:
656:
650:January 2016
647:
636:Please help
631:verification
628:
580:
576:John Mitchel
571:
554:penal colony
540:
536:John Mitchel
533:
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519:
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508:
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484:
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429:
405:
402:Thomas Davis
395:
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334:Great Famine
331:
327:The Bad Life
326:
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318:An Gorta Mór
317:
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286:
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255:
239:
237:lead section
206:
200:October 2007
197:
187:
180:
173:
166:
154:
142:Please help
137:verification
134:
104:
95:
80:
56:
49:
43:
42:Please help
39:
15:
2234:1879 famine
2077:Colm Tóibín
1965:Robert Peel
1844:Coffin ship
1659:Kevin Baker
1609:2 June 1997
1289:debt relief
1184:Pagan metal
1131:Celtic F.C.
1005:Josh Groban
923:County Mayo
825:County Mayo
790:County Cork
779:Avril Doyle
550:transported
464:land reform
410:Catholicism
346:folk memory
2249:Categories
2062:Joel Mokyr
2035:Historians
1814:Penal Laws
1511:An Gaodhal
1360:, p. xvii.
1249:Bob Geldof
1188:Primordial
1171:Luka Bloom
1140:band, the
1123:Botany Bay
1045:, for The
1033:Paul Potts
931:Lough Mask
919:Maumtrasna
886:The Nephew
797:Tony Blair
786:Millstreet
706:Peter Gray
588:John Devoy
541:The Nation
520:An Gaodhal
365:In Ireland
258:April 2019
170:newspapers
45:improve it
1839:Souperism
1824:Corn Laws
1431:0961-2025
1373:, p. 342.
1356:Kinealy,
1307:Footnotes
1229:Connemara
1224:Black '47
1138:punk rock
949:, called
865:The Voice
829:Taoiseach
777:, led by
468:unionists
414:pluralist
242:summarize
98:July 2012
51:talk page
2260:Legacies
2166:Category
2148:Land War
1633:Archived
1390:, p. 184
1270:Trócaire
1253:Live Aid
1147:Blackout
1001:Westlife
961:and the
884:movie –
674:genocide
610:Genocide
573:created.
546:sedition
454:, under
440:Liberals
438:and the
342:diaspora
325:, litt:
2096:Related
1797:General
1388:Belfast
1264:Concern
1235:Arracht
1162:Toronto
1150:album.
1127:Glasgow
1025:Il Divo
957:, with
904:Dervish
815:at the
552:to the
421:Fenians
389:. (The
309:Ireland
295:Kilrush
184:scholar
1888:People
1737:Famine
1716:
1701:
1686:
1630:UHB.fr
1587:
1554:
1488:
1467:
1429:
1347:, 357.
1343:
1135:Boston
1117:", by
1054:Quebec
929:, and
712:, and
696:, and
186:
179:
172:
165:
157:
1276:Gorta
1186:band
1084:Sunas
313:Irish
191:JSTOR
177:books
2004:Laws
1714:ISBN
1699:ISBN
1684:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1486:ISBN
1465:ISBN
1427:ISSN
1341:ISBN
1281:Bono
1273:and
1258:Goal
1031:and
1011:and
762:".
749:and
548:and
448:1874
332:The
303:The
163:news
1417:doi
1386:in
1129:'s
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