976:
equipment, Otto I's men were no doubt more affected by the stifling heat than their lightly armored opponents. Simply put, the King and his men were in no position to pursue and destroy the
Magyars that day, leaving the initial battle a draw. The Magyars were also known to pull off feigned retreats, when they would lure their opponents into more advantageous positions, like open fields, then they would turn and defeat them. A notable example occurred in 910 against East Frankish forces. This time the King instead opted to spend the night after the battle in Augsburg. On 11 August he specifically issued the order that all river crossings were to be held. This was done so that as many of the Hungarians as possible and specifically their leaders, could be captured and killed. This strategy proved successful, as Duke Henry of Bavaria captured a number of their leaders and killed them. Some Hungarians tried to flee across an unknown river but were swept away by the current. Some sought refuge in nearby villages. The destruction of the Hungarian army continued on 12 August, when heavy rainfall and flooding allowing the German troops, operating from nearby fortifications, to kill almost all the fleeing Hungarian soldiers. The majority of these fortifications had been built and fortified during the reign of Otto I's father, Henry I of Saxony, as part of his
972:, which heavily influenced Ottonian strategy. According to these historians, while the infantry approached the center of the Magyar formation, Conrad's cavalry, posted on the left wing and protected on its flank from nearby cliffs, would stay out of range of the Hungarian archers but would also attempt to draw them more to their right. Meanwhile the royal legion, under Otto I's personal leadership, engaged the enemy from the right. Although the King's forces suffered losses from the archers, this gave the royal legion the opportunity to directly assault the Magyars in close combat, which was not the Magyar's area of strength. Conrad's forces would then wheel in from Otto I's left wing, putting the Hungarians in danger of being enveloped. Seeing the day going against them, the Hungarians retreated in ordered formations across the Lech to the east. Otto I's army pursued, killing every captured Hungarian. The Germans took the Hungarian camp, liberating prisoners and reclaiming booty.
872:
men. While there is some debate as to the number of mounted archers included in the Magyar forces, historians believe there was anywhere between 8,000â10,000 mounted archers. While this fighting style was effective, especially during raids against small villages and small military forces, historians have pointed out some weaknesses. One such weakness is the difficulty that came with raising horses that were suited for battle. Not only do horses require a large area to graze, but training them to be comfortable in battle takes a significant amount of time. This weakness was the biggest factor that limited the number of mounted archers available for the
Hungarians. Another weakness is the fact that the bows used by the Magyars proved ineffective during inclement weather like rain. Without the ability to play to their strength, the Magyars would be forced to rely on melee combat, which was another weakness for them.
512:, dispersing the Hungarians. Otto I then brought his army into battle against the main Hungarian army that barred his way to Augsburg. The German heavy cavalry defeated the lightly armed and armored Hungarians in close combat, but the latter retreated in good order. Otto I did not pursue, returning to Augsburg for the night and sending out messengers to order all local German forces to hold the river crossings in Eastern Bavaria and prevent the Hungarians from returning to their homeland. On 11 and 12 August, the Hungarian defeat was transformed into disaster, as heavy rainfall and flooding slowed the retreating Hungarians and allowed German troops to hunt them down and kill them all. The Hungarian leaders were captured, taken to Augsburg and hanged.
895:
at least by day 7. The order of march of the German army was as follows: the three
Bavarian contingents, the Frankish contingent under Duke Konrad, the royal unit (the center), the two contingents of Swabians and the Bohemian contingent guarding the supply train in the rear. The Bavarians were placed at the head of column, according to DelbrĂŒck, because they were marching through Bavarian territory and they therefore knew the territory best. All of these were mounted. They could make take the maximum distance of 25 kilometers per day. The German army marched through woodland that protected them from the Hungarian arrowstorm but also made it more difficult to see the Hungarian movements.
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716:. He did this in order to march on the Hungarian line of communications and catch them in their rear while they were raiding northeast of Augsburg. It was also a central point of concentration for all the contingents that were assembling. Strategically, therefore, this was the best location for Otto I to concentrate his forces before making the final descent upon the Hungarians.
732:. That is to say, a wide sweeping U-turn that initially started westward, then progressed to the south, and then finally to the east back to their homeland; and thus escaping retribution in German territory. The King was aware of the escape of these Hungarians on the above-mentioned occasions, and was determined to trap them. He therefore ordered his brother,
658:. Much of the city had already burned down, however its folk withstood Otto's siege machines for long before giving up in their hunger, as no external help arrived. The internal situation hardly improved after the defeat of the rebellion, as the nephews of Prince Hermann of Saxony frequently raided the duchy, allying with
967:
Otto I rallied his men with a speech in which he claimed the
Germans had better weapons than the Hungarians. Otto I then led the German army into battle with the main Hungarian force, defeating them. How the main Ottonian military defeated the Hungarians, however, is somewhat unclear. This is because
894:
On 9 August, the German scouts reported that the
Hungarian army was in the vicinity. Otto I deployed his army for battle the next day. It's likely that Otto and Ulrich had communicated in the previous days, and that's why the king knew that the city needed a relief force quickly. He departed from Ulm
975:
However, Otto I did not chase the
Magyars much longer that day and for several reasons. This proved to be a wise decision. Although the Hungarians suffered heavy losses, so did the king's forces. Three legions, in the rear of the relief column, had been decimated. Furthermore, because of their heavy
814:
while mounted on a warhorse, and all the arrows and stones bypassed him. According to him, the
Hungarians could enter the gates anytime, however they lost their commander during the attack, and withdraw to their camp taking the body. At first the defenders thought that the Hungarians were victorious
871:
The
Hungarians, also known as the Magyars, had a very different structure and fighting style than the Ottonian military. The Magyars preferred fighting at a distance with mounted archers over fighting in close combat with melee weapons, furthermore, the Magyars wore much lighter armor than Otto I's
1043:
calls it a "catastrophic defeat". Following the defeat, the
Hungarians reached the end of almost a century as Europe's dominant military. Moreover, after 955, the Hungarians completely ceased all campaigns westwards. In addition, Otto I did not launch any further military campaigns against them;
963:
legion from the flank. The
Bohemians were routed and the two Swabian legions were badly damaged. The Hungarians stopped to plunder the German baggage train and Duke Conrad the Red used the opportunity to attack the vulnerable Hungarians and shatter them. Conrad returned to Otto I with captured
1038:
The German annihilation of the Hungarian army definitively ended the attacks of Magyar nomads against Latin Europe. One of Otto's allies, the bishop of Cremona, claimed that the victory at Lechfeld left the Hungarians so cowed that they would not "dare to mutter." The Hungarian historian
689:, "he (Otto) started the march against the enemy like he wouldn't get tired in the previous war, only taking some of the Saxons by him, as the Slavic war threatened them". Saxony was distant from Augsburg and its environs, and considerable time would have elapsed waiting for his arrival.
818:
During the night, the defenders took positions in all towers and the Hungarians completely surrounded the city with siege engines and infantry, who were driven forward by the whips of the Hungarian leaders. Next day, when the fights barely started they were informed by the traitor
719:
There were other troops that had an influence on the course of the battle. On previous occasions, in 932 and 954 for example, there had been Hungarian incursions that had invaded the German lands to the south of the Danube, and then retreated back to their native country via
805:
After admitting that this tactic doesn't work, a major action took place on 8 August at the eastern gate, which the Magyars tried to storm in large numbers, suspecting that it has weak defense because of its difficult accessibility. Ulrich led his professional
968:
Widukind's account of the battle is remarkably short and lacking in detail, which is surprising considering the significance of the battle. This has left some historians to speculate how the battle played out based on the strategies outlined in Vegetius's
922:(Lorraine), and Otto I's son-in-law, was particularly heartening because he had recently thrown in his lot with the Magyars, but now returned to fight under Otto I; in the ensuing battle he lost his life. A legion of Swabians was commanded by
823:
that Otto I deployed his troops near. The siege was suspended, and the Hungarian leaders held a war council. As the Hungarians departed, Count Dietpald of Dillingen used the opportunity to lead soldiers to Otto I's camp during the night.
980:
strategy against enemy invaders. If these had not been in place, it is very likely that the Hungarians could have completed an orderly retreat once the floodwaters receded and the Battle of Lechfeld would have remained a draw.
736:, to keep the Lotharingian forces in Lotharingia. With a powerful force of knights pressing them from the west, and an equally strong force of knights chasing them from the east, the Hungarians would be unable to escape.
662:. In early July Otto received Hungarian legates, who claimed to come in peace, but who the Germans suspected were actually assessing the outcome of the rebellion. After a few days, he let them go with some small gifts.
610:
under the protection of the Bavarian army, and westward invasions of the Magyars discontinued for a short time. The next year saw an internal war breaking out in Francia under the leadership of the king's son
918:
with a large following of Franconian knights. Conrad's unexpected arrival encouraged the warriors so much that they wished to attack the enemy immediately." The arrival of Conrad, the exiled Duke of
650:, while his wealth was taken by Henry's vassals, upsetting many more Bavarian counts, who took up arms against the king. In spite of the growing of the resistance, Otto gained a shining victory at
864:. The King's contingent consisted of hand-picked troops. A late Roman legion had 1,000 men, so Otto I's army may have numbered 7,000â9,000 troops. Augsburg was defended by professional
283:
519:
and halted nomad incursions into Western Europe for good. Otto I was proclaimed emperor and father of the fatherland by his army after the victory and he went on to be crowned
1122:
As KristĂł and Makk write, "One may ask why the Hungarians abruptly ended their century old-tradition of raiding western Europe after that battle if it was insignificant."
820:
790:. He ordered his contingent of soldiers to not fight the Hungarians in the open and reinforce the main south gate of the fortress instead. He motivated them with the
1093:
writes, the "Magyar defeat ended more than 90 years of their pillaging western Europe and convinced survivors to settle down, creating the basis for the state of
1012:
Upon destruction of the Hungarian forces, the German army proclaimed Otto I father of the fatherland and emperor. In 962, on the strength of this, Otto I went to
959:
The main Hungarian army blocked Otto I's way to Augsburg. A contingent of Hungarian horse-archers crossed the river west of Augsburg and immediately attacked the
276:
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2386:
1024:. Historian Pierre Riché writes that Otto I was regarded by many thereafter as a "new Charlemagne", which also led to him being called "Otto the Great."
269:
992:, were executed after the battle. Duke Conrad was also killed, after he loosened his mail armour in the summer heat and one arrow struck his throat.
2391:
693:
was chosen as the place to unite the anti-Hungarian forces. The battle took place six weeks after the first report of an invasion, and historian
794:("Yea, though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death"). While this defense was going on, the King was raising an army to march south.
786:, a border city of Swabia, under siege. Augsburg had been heavily damaged during a rebellion against Otto I in 954. The city was defended by
317:
312:
485:, intending to draw the main German army, under Otto I, into battle in the open field and destroy it. The Hungarians laid siege to
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2122:[The defeat of the adventurous Hungarians. The real role of the Battle of the Lech Fields] (in Hungarian). Archived from
2119:
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soldiers out into the field to engage the enemy in close combat. Ulrich writes of himself that he was unarmed, wearing only a
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2252:
2226:
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1972:
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2060:. Vol. 3 Medieval Warfare. Translated by Renfroe, Walter J. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. pp. 115â129.
2381:
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1902:
2236:
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619:, mainly because of the occupation of Italy. In 954, the brothers called in the Hungarians, who arriving in the
1049:
2016:
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563:
548:
387:
293:
46:
2276:
A Source Book for Medieval History: Selected Documents Illustrating the History of Europe in the Middle Age
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417:
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196:
192:
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with attacks all day and night. That means before the real siege they wished to take the city by rushes.
1957:
The Battle of Lechfeld and its Aftermath, August 955: The End of the Age of Migrations in the Latin West
898:
535:, which describes the series of actions from the German point of view. Another source is the chronicler
1847:
176:
2167:
437:
was a series of military engagements over the course of three days from 10â12 August 955 in which the
2401:
2011:
1090:
571:
606:, Henry brought back lots of booty and prisoners from the Avars (Hungarians). In 952, Otto put even
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910:, Otto I "pitched his camp in the territory of the city of Augsburg and joined there the forces of
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407:
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397:
357:
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180:
59:
The Battle of Lechfeld, from a 1457 illustration in Sigmund Meisterlin's codex of Nuremberg history
31:
17:
856:. The eighth division, commanded by Otto I, and slightly larger than the others, included Saxons,
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and resuming the siege, only to realize that they were going back to the other side of the Lech.
612:
164:
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367:
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A magyar törtĂ©nelem kezdeteirĆl: az elĆidĆ-szemlĂ©let hangsĂșlyvĂĄltĂĄsai a XVâXVIII. szĂĄzadban
1894:
709:
463:
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8:
2245:
On the beginnings of Hungarian history: the shifts in emphasis in the 15thâ18th centuries
554:
377:
332:
988:, missing their ears and noses. The Hungarian leaders LĂ©l, BulcsĂș and SĂșr, who were not
362:
1943:
1053:
1017:
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907:
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in 962 largely on the basis of his strengthened position after the Battle of Lechfeld.
520:
516:
438:
382:
222:
131:
122:
2221:. Translated by Michael Idomir Allen. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.
880:
500:
As Otto I approached Augsburg on 10 August, a Hungarian surprise attack destroyed the
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1947:
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1856:
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624:
352:
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Hungarian banners. Conrad's victory prevented the German army from being encircled.
926:, who had married Otto I's niece Hedwig. Also among those fighting under Otto I was
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206:
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1960:
1917:
1072:
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849:
837:
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136:
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Archer, Christon; Ferris, John Robert; Herwig, Holger H; Travers, Timothy (2002).
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1989:
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841:
733:
372:
141:
127:
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1999:
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The captured Magyars were either executed, or sent back to their ruling prince,
937:
261:
1084:
1080:
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and ravaged the lands in between. They then withdrew from the Iller and placed
778:
Gerhard writes that the Hungarian forces advanced across the Lech to the river
755:
659:
632:
579:
392:
2157:
2075:
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1921:
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miserably. The warriors returned from the successful adventure safely through
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1982:
1939:
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The King ordered his troops to concentrate on the Danube, in the vicinity of
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rearguard legion. The Hungarian force stopped to plunder the German camp and
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2004:
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and SĂșr were taken to Regensburg and hanged with many other Hungarians.
989:
919:
857:
721:
651:
638:
The year 955 started badly for King Otto. Despite his best efforts, the
2087:. Translated by TamĂĄs, PĂĄlosfalvi. London & New York: I.B. Tauris.
1075:, over the nomadic light cavalry that characterized warfare during the
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147:
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670:
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628:
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81:
2120:"A kalandozó magyarsåg veresége. A Lech-mezei csata valós szerepe"
1000:
951:
623:, upset the territory. According to a chronicler, they devastated
1094:
774:
The Hungarian commander LĂ©l. Lithograph by Josef Kriehuber, 1828.
752:
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asserts that they could not have possibly made the march in time.
678:
509:
459:
85:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1065:
960:
934:, stronger than any of the others in both numbers and quality.
574:, a competent military leader passed away and was succeeded by
559:
54:
2085:
The Realm of St Stephen: History of Medieval Hungary, 895â1526
1889:] (in Hungarian). Vol. SorsdöntĆ törtĂ©nelmi napok 8.
770:
1045:
1032:
811:
779:
729:
647:
455:
216:
1576:
1282:
743:, the Lechfeld is the flood plain that lies along the river
493:. Otto I advanced to relieve the city with an army of 8,000
1776:
1774:
1270:
1013:
458:
and SĂșr. With the German victory, further invasions by the
1486:
1484:
1393:
1391:
1378:
1376:
1374:
1330:
1328:
1064:
This battle has been viewed as a symbolic victory for the
594:. In the following years, the Germans started to threaten
1912:
Beeler, John (1971). "8. Military Feudalism in Germany".
1844:
1816:
1636:
1624:
690:
531:
The most important source is a monograph commissioned by
1822:
1771:
1725:
1723:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1501:
1499:
1471:
1469:
832:
According to Widukind, Otto I had at his disposal eight
2175:. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press.
2022:
100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present
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1403:
1388:
1371:
1359:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1325:
1260:
685:, which goes to the mountainous regions". According to
1916:. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. pp. 215â244.
1708:
1442:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1225:
1213:
1201:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1048:
was dethroned following their defeat and succeeded as
2270:
Thatcher, Oliver James; McNeal, Edgar Holmes (1905).
1720:
1696:
1672:
1648:
1535:
1496:
1466:
1415:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
902:
The Hungarian campaign in the German kingdom from 955
2200:
The Middle Kingdoms: A New History of Central Europe
1747:
1684:
1603:
1588:
1552:
1511:
1454:
1427:
1340:
1313:
1301:
914:, who was himself lying mortally ill nearby, and by
762:
happened in the same area forty-five years earlier.
1735:
1237:
1189:
1177:
1156:
848:under Duke Conrad and one well-trained legion from
646:joined the enemy. Harold was blinded and exiled to
590:, however they weren't able to penetrate deep into
2166:
2051:
2015:
1846:
1786:
1759:
1135:
473:in late June or early July 955 with 8,000â10,000
291:
2333:
2278:. New York: C. Scribner's Sons. pp. 75â77.
582:. For this reason, the Hungarians have attacked
2053:"II: The Battle on the Lechfeld, 10 August 955"
2269:
1582:
1295:
1276:
27:Part of the Hungarian invasions of Europe, 955
277:
30:For the first Battle of Lechfeld in 910, see
2397:Battles of the Hungarian invasions of Europe
2387:Battles involving Hungary in the Middle Ages
2219:The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe
852:, under a prince of an unknown name, son of
1071:, who would define European warfare in the
2130:
1780:
318:Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin
284:
270:
2247:] (in Hungarian). Budapest: Balassi.
1855:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
2235:
2083:Engel, PĂĄl (2001). Ayton, Andrew (ed.).
2046:
1666:
1409:
1397:
1382:
1365:
1334:
1113:Beeler gives no figures for the Magyars.
999:
950:
936:
897:
879:
769:
699:
558:
445:, annihilated the Hungarian army led by
2392:Battles involving the Holy Roman Empire
704:The Hungarian campaign in Europe of 954
539:, who provides some important details.
14:
2334:
2164:
2117:
1954:
1911:
1877:
1804:
1792:
1741:
1729:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1654:
1642:
1630:
1618:
1597:
1570:
1558:
1546:
1529:
1517:
1505:
1490:
1475:
1460:
1448:
1436:
1421:
1353:
1319:
1307:
1264:
1231:
1219:
1207:
1195:
1183:
1171:
1150:
798:mentions that the Hungarians harassed
673:of a Hungarian invasion. According to
2216:
2082:
2024:. New York: Oxford University Press.
2010:
1828:
1753:
1714:
860:, and the King's personal guard, the
836:(divisions) that included three from
665:Soon, couriers from Otto I's brother
598:, with border fights erupting at the
526:
265:
2197:
1765:
942:The Hungarian Battle of Lechfeld 955
747:. The battle appears as the second
24:
1914:Warfare in Feudal Europe, 730â1200
827:
313:ByzantineâBulgarian war of 894â896
102:Hungarian raids into Bavaria cease
25:
2423:
515:The German victory preserved the
2168:"From the beginnings until 1301"
1006:Crux Victorialis Sancti Udalrici
508:led a counter-attack with heavy
210:
159:
146:
53:
1881:(1985). SzakĂĄly, Ferenc (ed.).
1116:
1107:
677:, "they devastated the land of
2412:Battles involving East Francia
1050:Grand Prince of the Hungarians
669:, arrived to inform Otto I in
497:, divided into eight legions.
13:
1:
2286:– via Internet Archive.
2193:– via Internet Archive.
2078:– via Internet Archive.
2042:– via Internet Archive.
1873:– via Internet Archive.
1129:
564:Hungarian raids across Europe
549:Hungarian invasions of Europe
542:
295:Hungarian invasions of Europe
47:Hungarian invasions of Europe
2342:10th century in East Francia
2173:A Concise History of Hungary
2140:Rulers of the House of ĂrpĂĄd
1987:Partial previews are at the
995:
928:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
924:Burchard III, Duke of Swabia
906:According to the chronicler
197:Boleslaus I, Duke of Bohemia
193:Burchard III, Duke of Swabia
7:
2377:Military history of Bavaria
2272:"Otto I and the Hungarians"
2118:IstvĂĄn, BĂłna (March 2000).
1955:Bowlus, Charles R. (2016).
1059:
970:Epitome of Military Science
469:The Hungarians invaded the
10:
2428:
1848:"Migrations and Invasions"
1837:
1583:Thatcher & McNeal 1905
1296:Thatcher & McNeal 1905
1277:Thatcher & McNeal 1905
765:
552:
546:
239:8,000â10,000 horse archers
29:
2382:Battles involving Bohemia
2202:. New York: Basic Books.
2058:History of the Art of War
1922:10.7591/9781501726828-011
930:. Otto I himself led the
875:
572:Berthold, Duke of Bavaria
435:Second battle of Lechfeld
303:
247:
234:7,000â9,000 heavy cavalry
228:
170:
113:
63:
52:
44:
40:Second Battle of Lechfeld
39:
2134:; Makk, Ferenc (1996) .
1853:World History of Warfare
1100:
1016:and had himself crowned
912:Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
821:Berchtold of Risinesburg
760:first Battle of Lechfeld
667:Henry I, Duke of Bavaria
617:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine
506:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine
413:BulgarianâHungarian wars
181:Conrad, Duke of Lorraine
32:Battle of Lechfeld (910)
2352:10th century in Hungary
2347:10th century in Germany
2165:MolnĂĄr, MiklĂłs (2001).
1004:Cross of Saint Ulrich (
681:from the Danube to the
660:Polabian principalities
613:Liudolf, Duke of Swabia
165:Principality of Hungary
2217:Riché, Pierre (1993).
2142:] (in Hungarian).
2136:Az ĂrpĂĄd-hĂĄz uralkodĂłi
1887:The Battle of Augsburg
1781:KristĂł & Makk 1996
1027:The Hungarian leaders
1009:
956:
948:
944:, an 1860 painting by
903:
891:
885:The Battle of Lechfeld
775:
705:
654:, proceeding to siege
567:
171:Commanders and leaders
2198:Rady, Martyn (2023).
2093:10.5040/9780755699926
1965:10.4324/9781315241142
1959:. London: Routledge.
1003:
954:
940:
901:
883:
773:
728:and finally, through
726:West Frankish Kingdom
703:
562:
248:Casualties and losses
80:Lechfeld plain, near
2372:Invasions of Germany
566:in the 10th century.
2314: /
1831:, pp. 110â112.
1819:, pp. 136â137.
887:, a 1744 fresco by
555:Battle of Pressburg
454:and the chieftains
1883:Az augsburgi csata
1817:Archer et al. 2002
1645:, p. 127â128.
1633:, p. 119â121.
1018:Holy Roman Emperor
1010:
957:
949:
908:Widukind of Corvey
904:
892:
776:
749:Battle of Augsburg
706:
568:
537:Widukind of Corvey
533:Ulrich of Augsburg
527:Historical sources
521:Holy Roman Emperor
517:Kingdom of Germany
439:Kingdom of Germany
433:also known as the
431:Battle of Lechfeld
223:Taksony of Hungary
132:Duchy of Thuringia
123:Kingdom of Germany
2318:48.367°N 10.900°E
2254:978-963-506-685-8
2228:978-0-81221-342-3
2209:978-1-54161-978-4
2182:978-1-107-05071-6
2102:978-1-86064-061-2
2067:978-0-8032-6585-1
2031:978-0-19-514366-9
1974:978-1-351-89417-3
1931:978-1-5017-2682-8
1862:978-0-8032-4423-8
1807:, pp. 17â18.
1717:, pp. 14â15.
1573:, pp. 12â13.
1532:, pp. 55â65.
1493:, pp. 11â12.
1234:, pp. 81â82.
1222:, pp. 79â80.
1210:, pp. 78â79.
1077:Early Middle Ages
955:Map of the battle
739:Located south of
615:, and son-in-law
426:
425:
260:
259:
109:
108:
16:(Redirected from
2419:
2402:Medieval Bavaria
2329:
2328:
2326:
2325:
2324:
2319:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2310:
2307:
2287:
2266:
2237:Szabados, György
2232:
2213:
2194:
2170:
2161:
2127:
2126:on 21 July 2011.
2114:
2079:
2055:
2043:
2019:
1986:
1951:
1908:
1874:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1814:
1808:
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1796:
1790:
1784:
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1568:
1562:
1556:
1550:
1544:
1533:
1527:
1521:
1515:
1509:
1503:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1473:
1464:
1458:
1452:
1451:, pp. 9â10.
1446:
1440:
1434:
1425:
1419:
1413:
1407:
1401:
1395:
1386:
1380:
1369:
1363:
1357:
1351:
1338:
1332:
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1262:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1154:
1148:
1123:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1073:High Middle Ages
978:defense-in-depth
734:Archbishop Bruno
502:Duchy of Bohemia
471:Duchy of Bavaria
443:Otto I the Great
298:
296:
286:
279:
272:
263:
262:
214:
189:
163:
150:
137:Duchy of Bavaria
71:10â12 August 955
65:
64:
57:
37:
36:
21:
2427:
2426:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2416:
2332:
2331:
2322:
2320:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2298:
2255:
2229:
2210:
2183:
2150:
2103:
2068:
2032:
1975:
1932:
1905:
1895:Akadémiai Kiadó
1863:
1840:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1815:
1811:
1803:
1799:
1791:
1787:
1779:
1772:
1764:
1760:
1752:
1748:
1740:
1736:
1728:
1721:
1713:
1709:
1701:
1697:
1689:
1685:
1677:
1673:
1665:
1661:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1629:
1625:
1617:
1604:
1596:
1589:
1581:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1557:
1553:
1545:
1536:
1528:
1524:
1516:
1512:
1504:
1497:
1489:
1482:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1455:
1447:
1443:
1435:
1428:
1420:
1416:
1408:
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1396:
1389:
1381:
1372:
1364:
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1352:
1341:
1333:
1326:
1318:
1314:
1306:
1302:
1294:
1283:
1275:
1271:
1263:
1238:
1230:
1226:
1218:
1214:
1206:
1202:
1194:
1190:
1182:
1178:
1170:
1157:
1149:
1136:
1132:
1127:
1126:
1121:
1117:
1112:
1108:
1103:
1062:
998:
889:Balthasar Riepp
878:
830:
828:Opposing forces
768:
602:. According to
557:
551:
545:
529:
427:
422:
299:
294:
292:
290:
256:Majority killed
242:
240:
235:
221:
219:
215:
195:
191:
185:
179:
156:
142:Duchy of Swabia
128:Duchy of Saxony
105:
88:
58:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2425:
2415:
2414:
2409:
2407:Otto the Great
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2374:
2369:
2364:
2359:
2357:950s conflicts
2354:
2349:
2344:
2323:48.367; 10.900
2297:
2296:
2294:978-1298668035
2267:
2253:
2233:
2227:
2214:
2208:
2195:
2181:
2162:
2148:
2128:
2115:
2101:
2080:
2066:
2048:DelbrĂŒck, Hans
2044:
2030:
2012:Davis, Paul K.
2008:
1973:
1952:
1930:
1909:
1903:
1875:
1861:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1821:
1809:
1797:
1785:
1770:
1758:
1756:, p. 246.
1746:
1734:
1732:, p. 181.
1719:
1707:
1705:, p. 140.
1695:
1683:
1681:, p. 172.
1671:
1669:, p. 123.
1659:
1657:, p. 131.
1647:
1635:
1623:
1602:
1587:
1575:
1563:
1551:
1549:, p. 170.
1534:
1522:
1510:
1508:, p. 229.
1495:
1480:
1478:, p. 120.
1465:
1453:
1441:
1426:
1424:, p. 166.
1414:
1412:, p. 134.
1402:
1400:, p. 122.
1387:
1385:, p. 118.
1370:
1368:, p. 116.
1358:
1339:
1337:, p. 115.
1324:
1312:
1300:
1281:
1269:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1155:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1105:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1085:Eastern Europe
1061:
1058:
997:
994:
946:Michael Echter
877:
874:
829:
826:
767:
764:
756:historiography
633:Northern Italy
547:Main article:
544:
541:
528:
525:
441:, led by King
424:
423:
421:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:Lechfeld (955)
395:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
360:
355:
350:
345:
343:Lechfeld (910)
340:
335:
330:
325:
320:
315:
310:
304:
301:
300:
289:
288:
281:
274:
266:
258:
257:
254:
250:
249:
245:
244:
237:
231:
230:
226:
225:
199:
173:
172:
168:
167:
157:
155:
154:
144:
139:
134:
125:
119:
116:
115:
111:
110:
107:
106:
104:
103:
100:
99:German victory
96:
94:
90:
89:
79:
77:
73:
72:
69:
61:
60:
50:
49:
42:
41:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2424:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2373:
2370:
2368:
2365:
2363:
2360:
2358:
2355:
2353:
2350:
2348:
2345:
2343:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2330:
2327:
2295:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2224:
2220:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2149:963-7930-97-3
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2132:KristĂł, Gyula
2129:
2125:
2121:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2063:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2027:
2023:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1996:
1992:
1991:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1970:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1910:
1906:
1904:963-05-3838-5
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1879:KristĂł, Gyula
1876:
1872:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1813:
1806:
1801:
1794:
1789:
1783:, p. 23.
1782:
1777:
1775:
1768:, p. 54.
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1738:
1731:
1726:
1724:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1693:, p. 47.
1692:
1687:
1680:
1675:
1668:
1667:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1663:
1656:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1627:
1621:, p. 13.
1620:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1600:, p. 12.
1599:
1594:
1592:
1585:, p. 77.
1584:
1579:
1572:
1567:
1561:, p. 89.
1560:
1555:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1531:
1526:
1520:, p. 50.
1519:
1514:
1507:
1502:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1485:
1477:
1472:
1470:
1463:, p. 86.
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1439:, p. 84.
1438:
1433:
1431:
1423:
1418:
1411:
1410:Szabados 2006
1406:
1399:
1398:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1394:
1392:
1384:
1383:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1379:
1377:
1375:
1367:
1366:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1362:
1356:, p. 87.
1355:
1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1336:
1335:DelbrĂŒck 1990
1331:
1329:
1322:, p. 82.
1321:
1316:
1310:, p. 83.
1309:
1304:
1298:, p. 76.
1297:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1279:, p. 75.
1278:
1273:
1267:, p. 11.
1266:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1233:
1228:
1221:
1216:
1209:
1204:
1198:, p. 77.
1197:
1192:
1186:, p. 76.
1185:
1180:
1174:, p. 10.
1173:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1134:
1119:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1091:Paul K. Davis
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1057:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1044:their leader
1042:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1025:
1023:
1022:Pope John XII
1019:
1015:
1008:) circa 1600.
1007:
1002:
993:
991:
987:
982:
979:
973:
971:
965:
962:
953:
947:
943:
939:
935:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
900:
896:
890:
886:
882:
873:
869:
867:
863:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
825:
822:
816:
813:
809:
803:
801:
797:
796:Simon of KĂ©za
793:
789:
788:Bishop Ulrich
785:
781:
772:
763:
761:
757:
754:
750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
717:
715:
711:
702:
698:
696:
695:Hans DelbrĂŒck
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
663:
661:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
636:
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
578:, brother of
577:
573:
565:
561:
556:
550:
540:
538:
534:
524:
522:
518:
513:
511:
507:
503:
498:
496:
495:heavy cavalry
492:
489:on the river
488:
484:
483:siege engines
480:
476:
475:horse archers
472:
467:
465:
461:
457:
453:
450:
449:
444:
440:
436:
432:
419:
416:
414:
411:
409:
406:
404:
401:
399:
396:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
359:
356:
354:
351:
349:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
331:
329:
326:
324:
321:
319:
316:
314:
311:
309:
306:
305:
302:
297:
287:
282:
280:
275:
273:
268:
267:
264:
255:
252:
251:
246:
243:Siege engines
238:
233:
232:
227:
224:
218:
213:
208:
205:
204:
200:
198:
194:
190:
188:
182:
178:
175:
174:
169:
166:
162:
158:
153:
149:
145:
143:
140:
138:
135:
133:
129:
126:
124:
121:
120:
118:
117:
112:
101:
98:
97:
95:
92:
91:
87:
83:
78:
75:
74:
70:
67:
66:
62:
56:
51:
48:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2299:
2275:
2244:
2240:
2218:
2199:
2172:
2139:
2135:
2124:the original
2084:
2057:
2021:
2005:Google Books
2000:2006 edition
1998:
1995:Google Books
1990:2016 edition
1988:
1956:
1913:
1886:
1882:
1852:
1824:
1812:
1800:
1788:
1761:
1749:
1744:, p. 5.
1737:
1710:
1698:
1686:
1674:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1578:
1566:
1554:
1525:
1513:
1456:
1444:
1417:
1405:
1361:
1315:
1303:
1272:
1227:
1215:
1203:
1191:
1179:
1153:, p. 9.
1118:
1109:
1089:
1063:
1041:Gyula KristĂł
1037:
1026:
1011:
1005:
983:
974:
969:
966:
958:
941:
931:
905:
893:
884:
870:
868:(soldiers).
865:
861:
833:
831:
817:
807:
804:
777:
748:
738:
718:
707:
683:Black Forest
664:
637:
596:Transdanubia
592:East Francia
569:
530:
514:
499:
468:
466:were ended.
464:Latin Europe
446:
434:
430:
428:
418:Arcadiopolis
323:Southern Buh
201:
186:
114:Belligerents
45:Part of the
2321: /
2288:Reprinted:
1805:MolnĂĄr 2001
1793:IstvĂĄn 2000
1742:Bowlus 2016
1730:Bowlus 2016
1703:Bowlus 2016
1691:Bowlus 2016
1679:Bowlus 2016
1655:Bowlus 2016
1643:Bowlus 2016
1631:Bowlus 2016
1619:Bowlus 2016
1598:Bowlus 2016
1571:Bowlus 2016
1559:KristĂł 1985
1547:Bowlus 2016
1530:Bowlus 2016
1518:Bowlus 2016
1506:Beeler 1971
1491:Bowlus 2016
1476:Bowlus 2016
1461:KristĂł 1985
1449:Bowlus 2016
1437:KristĂł 1985
1422:Bowlus 2016
1354:KristĂł 1985
1320:KristĂł 1985
1308:KristĂł 1985
1265:Bowlus 2016
1232:KristĂł 1985
1220:KristĂł 1985
1208:KristĂł 1985
1196:KristĂł 1985
1184:KristĂł 1985
1172:Bowlus 2016
1151:Bowlus 2016
932:legio regia
920:Lotharingia
916:Duke Conrad
862:legio regia
858:Thuringians
854:Boleslaus I
844:, one from
840:, two from
722:Lotharingia
580:King Otto I
177:King Otto I
2336:Categories
2158:1175710413
2076:1055170672
2040:1164836234
2017:"Lechfeld"
1829:Davis 2001
1754:Riché 1993
1715:Engel 2001
1130:References
792:23rd Psalm
714:Ingolstadt
656:Regensburg
640:archbishop
604:Hrotsvitha
600:Enns river
553:See also:
543:Background
2284:571837034
2263:123759633
2191:881237106
2050:(1990) .
2014:(2001) .
1983:965444179
1948:243161649
1940:570334282
1766:Rady 2023
996:Aftermath
846:Franconia
753:Hungarian
724:, to the
671:Magdeburg
621:Rhineland
588:Aventinus
378:W.l.n.d.r
333:Pressburg
2367:Augsburg
2239:(2006).
2111:56676014
1997:and the
1891:Budapest
1871:49650247
1066:knightly
1060:Analysis
961:Bohemian
834:legiones
800:Augsburg
784:Augsburg
741:Augsburg
687:Widukind
652:MĂŒhldorf
644:Salzburg
629:Burgundy
570:In 947,
487:Augsburg
479:infantry
383:Fraxinet
358:Achelous
338:Eisenach
241:Infantry
236:Garrison
229:Strength
82:Augsburg
76:Location
18:Lechfeld
2309:10°54âČE
2306:48°22âČN
1838:Sources
1095:Hungary
1081:Central
1069:cavalry
1054:Taksony
986:Taksony
866:milites
850:Bohemia
838:Bavaria
808:milites
766:Prelude
710:Neuburg
679:Noricum
586:, says
584:Bavaria
576:Henry I
510:cavalry
460:Magyars
348:Rednitz
187:†
152:Bohemia
86:Bavaria
2292:
2282:
2261:
2251:
2225:
2206:
2189:
2179:
2156:
2146:
2109:
2099:
2074:
2064:
2038:
2028:
1981:
1971:
1946:
1938:
1928:
1901:
1869:
1859:
1029:BulcsĂș
990:ĂrpĂĄds
876:Battle
842:Swabia
758:. The
675:Ulrich
625:France
481:, and
452:BulcsĂș
408:Syrmia
388:Iberia
363:PĂŒchen
328:Brenta
308:Pliska
209:
207:BulcsĂș
183:
93:Result
2243:[
2138:[
1944:S2CID
1885:[
1101:Notes
1046:Fajsz
1033:Lehel
812:stola
780:Iller
730:Italy
648:Tyrol
608:Italy
462:into
448:Harka
403:Drina
373:Riade
368:Drava
253:Heavy
203:horka
2290:ISBN
2280:OCLC
2259:OCLC
2249:ISBN
2223:ISBN
2204:ISBN
2187:OCLC
2177:ISBN
2154:OCLC
2144:ISBN
2107:OCLC
2097:ISBN
2072:OCLC
2062:ISBN
2036:OCLC
2026:ISBN
1979:OCLC
1969:ISBN
1936:OCLC
1926:ISBN
1899:ISBN
1867:OCLC
1857:ISBN
1083:and
1014:Rome
745:Lech
712:and
631:and
491:Lech
429:The
393:Wels
130:and
68:Date
2362:955
2089:doi
2003:at
1993:at
1961:doi
1918:doi
1097:."
1079:in
1052:by
1020:by
751:in
691:Ulm
642:of
456:LĂ©l
353:Inn
220:SĂșr
217:LĂ©l
2338::
2274:.
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2056:.
2034:.
2020:.
1977:.
1967:.
1942:.
1934:.
1924:.
1897:.
1893::
1865:.
1851:.
1773:^
1722:^
1605:^
1590:^
1537:^
1498:^
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1429:^
1390:^
1373:^
1342:^
1327:^
1284:^
1239:^
1158:^
1137:^
1087:.
1056:.
1031:,
635:.
477:,
84:,
2265:.
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2091::
2007:.
1985:.
1963::
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1920::
1907:.
1795:.
285:e
278:t
271:v
34:.
20:)
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