Lê dynasty - Knowledge

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Vietnamese after their ships were blown off course into Vietnam in other incidents. The Chinese Ministry of Revenue responded by ordering Chinese civilians and soldiers to stop going abroad to foreign countries. These 100 men were taken prisoner around the same time as Wu Rui and the historian Leo K. Shin believes all of them may have been involved in illegal trade instead of being blown off course by wind. The over 100 Chinese men who were castrated and made into eunuchs by the Vietnamese remained captives in Vietnam when the incident was reported. Both the incidents of the young Chinese man Wu Rui and the more than 100 Chinese men being castrated and used as eunuchs point to possible involvement in trade according to historians John K. Whitmore and Tana Li which was then suppressed by the Vietnamese government instead of them really being blown off course by the wind. China's relations with Vietnam during this period were marked by the punishment of prisoners by castration.

5317: 3333: 4115: 4127: 4233: 3729: 4067: 2506: 3610: 3705: 171: 6185: 4496: 4016: 3646: 3622: 5489: 4171: 2965:. According to the Vietnamese account, Vũ Duy Chí 武惟志, a minister of the Vietnamese Lê dynasty came up with a plan to defeat the Chinese pirates by sending more than 300 Vietnamese girls who were beautiful singing girls and prostitutes with red handkerchiefs to go to the Chinese pirate junks on small boats. The Chinese pirates and northern Vietnamese girls had sex but the Vietnamese women then wet the gun barrels of the Chinese pirates ships with their handkerchiefs which they got wet. They then left in the same boats. The Vietnamese navy then attacked the Chinese pirate fleet which was unable to fire back with their wet guns. The Chinese pirate fleet, originally 206 junks, was reduced to 50-80 junks by the time it reached 2358: 4696:"...Cachao (Đông Kinh) probably had 200,000 houses. The city size was some larger than some of the largest cities in Europe but similar in size to other major Asian cities. It lies along the Red river...there are 36 stone-paved major streets, many foreigners such as Chinese, Japanese, English held their business companies, factories and stores here...the Emperor has three small but magnificent palaces, mostly built by red wood and terracotta bricks, surrounded by 15-feet height wall, and its main gate never opens expect when the Emperor wants to go outside. The Trinh lord and his families live in the 30-meter high Ngũ Long castle, near Tạ Vọng lake, which can be seen at its highest from the Red river..." 4721:

kingdom of Quinam (or Đàng Trong) that ended in 1672, the Tonkinese rulers seemed to be more indifferent towards foreign trade as they were no longer in urgent need of a supply of weapons from the Westerners. Bearing in mind their long-term strategy, especially the prospect of opening up trading relations with China, the Dutch still wanted to maintain their Tonkinese trade despite its current unprofitable state, perceiving that it would be extremely difficult to re-establish the relationship with Tonkin once they left the country. Despite Dutch persistence, the relationship between the VOC and Tonkin deteriorated rapidly during the last two decades of the 17th century, especially after Chúa (Lord)

4584:. The 16th century political crisis caused severe damage to Vietnam's agriculture and conscription was required by incessant military campaigns; this was compounded by natural disasters, largely contributed to regular crop failures. The number of landless peasants grew quickly, causing a disproportionate surplus of unemployed labourers in Northern Vietnam. After Mạc Đăng Dung gained power in 1527, he sought to restore the economy by encouraging these unemployed peasants into the city and factories, pursuing massive handicraft and industrial manufacture as well as sea trading. This caused a shift in the economy from one mainly on farming to sea trading from the Red River Delta on the Eastern coast. 6117: 2354:

listing all the villages in the Empire. Around this time the country was divided into 13 dao (provinces). Each was administrated by a Governor, Judge, and the local army commander. The emperor Thánh Tông also ordered that a new census should be taken every six years. Other public works that were undertaken included building and repair of granaries, using the army to rebuild and repair irrigation systems after floods, and sending out doctors to areas afflicted by outbreaks of disease. Even though the emperor, at 25, was relatively young, he had already restored Vietnam's stability, which was a marked contrast from the turbulent times marking the reigns of the two emperors before him.

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military adventures. Having to meet their tax obligations had forced many peasants off the land and facilitated the acquisition of large tracts by a few wealthy landowners, nobles, and scholar—officials. Because scholar—officials were exempted from having to pay a land tax, the more land they acquired, the greater was the burden that fell on those peasants who had been able to retain their land. In addition, the peasantry faced new taxes on staple items such as charcoal, salt, silk, and cinnamon, and on commercial activities such as fishing and mining. The disparate condition of the economy led to neglect of the extensive network of irrigation systems as well.

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suicide. The rule of Nghi Dân was brief, and he was never officially recognized as a sovereign by later Vietnamese historians. Revolts against his rule started almost immediately and the second revolt, occurring on June 24, 1460, succeeded. The rebels, led by Lê Lợi's surviving former advisors Nguyễn Xí and Dinh Liêt captured and killed Nghi Dân along with his followers. The rebels then selected the youngest son of Lê Thái Tông to be the new Emperor, who they proclaimed to be Lê Thánh Tông.

4750: 4861: 4428:(King of Annam) and recognized internal Vietnamese independence and sovereignty (which would last until 1526). Also part of the tributary relationship was the responsibility of the Ming to provide external military support to the Lê state. Ming support for the Lê against the Mạc uprising arrived in 1537. After the 1540 surrender of the Mạc to the Ming, the Ming court ceremonially revoked the Mạc dynasty's status as an independent kingdom and reclassified it as a 2341:, he divided the government into six ministries: Finance, Rites, Justice, Personnel, Army, and Public Works. Nine grades of rank were set up for both the civil administration and the military. A Board of Censors was set up with imperial authority to monitor governmental officials and reported exclusively to the emperor. However, governmental authority did not extend all the way to the village level. The villages were ruled by their own councils in Vietnam. 2732:(ruled 1516–1522). Factions within the court vied with one another for control of the government. One powerful and growing faction was led by Mạc Đăng Dung, a military leader who rose through the ranks. His growing power was resented by the leaders of two noble families in Vietnam: the Nguyễn, under Nguyễn Hoàng Dụ and the Trịnh, under Trịnh Duy Đại and Trịnh Duy Sản. After several years of increasing tension, the Nguyễn and the Trịnh left the capital 4052: 2115: 5012: 2680:

killed. Among his victims were the former emperor's mother – which was considered a shocking display of evil behavior. Lê Uy Mục was described by a Ming ambassador – as a cruel, sadistic, and depraved person, who wasted the court's money and finances to indulge his whims. Well aware that he was detested by his subjects, Lê Uy Mục protected himself by hiring a group of elite bodyguards to surround him at all times. Among them was

1279: 1224: 43: 4040: 1164:, with severe charges for gambling, bribery and corruption. Lê Lợi granted a land reform in 1429 that took lands from people who collaborated with the Chinese and distributed them among landless peasants and soldiers. He distrusted many of his former generals, resulting in the 1430 execution of the two generals Trần Nguyên Hãn and Phạm Văn Xảo that is considered by Vietnamese historians as a political purge. 3098: 3071: 3195: 3059: 3841:, a French Jesuit who was sent to Hanoi in 1627, where he quickly learned the language and began preaching in Vietnamese. Initially, Rhodes was well received by the Trinh court, and he reportedly baptized more than 6,000 converts; however, his success probably led to his expulsion in 1630. He is credited with perfecting a romanized system of writing the Vietnamese language ( 3094:. The Nguyễn defended these lines against numerous Trịnh offensives which lasted till 1672. Tradition holds that the builder of these walls was a Vietnamese general who was hired from the Trịnh court by the Nguyễn. Under his direction the walls held repeatedly against multiple Trịnh assaults, even when they mustered an army of 100,000 men, 500 elephants, and 500 large ships. 1029:'s bringing the country into a golden age was well-remembered by the people. Even though the restored Lê emperors' rule was marked by civil strife and constant peasant uprisings, few dared to openly challenge their power for fear of losing popular support. The Lê dynasty also was the period Vietnam saw the coming of Western Europeans and Christianity in early 16th-century. 2215:, the new Emperor had a weakness for women. He had many wives, and he discarded one favorite after another. The most prominent scandal was his affair with Nguyễn Thị Lộ, the wife of his father's chief advisor Nguyễn Trãi. The affair started early in 1442 and continued when the Emperor traveled to the home of Nguyễn Trãi, who was venerated as a great Confucian scholar. 4150: 4603:'s rule around the 1570s. After the recapture of Đông Kinh in 1592, the Lê-Trịnh court acknowledged the benefits of oversea trading, and continued to encourage handicraft and industrial manufacture and opened several ports such as Hoi An and Đông Kinh to foreign merchants. About 80% of the population were farmers and peasants; they worked on lands mostly held by 4290:. The second session took place in the capital one year later, and consisted of a discursive essay, a based Tang poetry, five critical judgments, and one in the style of an edict, an announcement and a memorial. Three days after that, the third session was held by the emperor, consisting of five essays on the Classics, historiography, and contemporary affairs. 2977:. The Chinese pirates having sex with north Vietnamese women may also have transmitted a deadly epidemic from China to the Vietnamese which ravaged the Tonkin regime of north Vietnam. French and Chinese sources say a typhoon contributed to the loss of ships along with the disease. The Nguyễn court allowed Yang (Duong) and his surviving followers to resettle in 4638:Đông Kinh (present-day Hanoi) has been the capital of Vietnam since the 11th century. During the Later Lê dynasty it was divided into 13 districts and 239 wards (with 36 main business-trading wards) and communes. Since the mid-16th century, Đông Kinh became the silk and ceramic manufacturing center of Southeast Asia. Vietnamese merchants exported to the 4852:. Đà Nẵng became the new centre of trade (and later French influence) in central Vietnam while Hội An became a forgotten backwater. Local historians also say that Hội An lost its status as a desirable trade port due to silting up of the river mouth. The result was that Hội An remained almost untouched by the changes to Vietnam over the next 200 years. 3008:. Trịnh Tráng made yet another formal demand for submission, and again Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên refused. Finally in 1627 open warfare broke out between the Trịnh and the Nguyễn. For four months a large Trịnh army campaigned against the Nguyễn army but were unable to defeat them. The result of this war was that Vietnam had effectively been partitioned into 2299:) and give power to the scholars who did well on the official examinations. The first step on this path was to revive the examination process, which had continued sporadically in the 1450s. The first examination was held in 1463 and, as expected, the top scholars were men from elsewhere- usually from the river delta surrounding the capital, not from 3716: 2744:, the ancestral home to the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, was the battle ground between the two sides. After several years of warfare, Emperor Lê Chiêu Tông was assassinated in 1522 by Mạc Đăng Dung's supporters. Not long after, the leaders of the Nguyễn and the Trịnh were executed. Mạc Đăng Dung was now the most powerful man in Vietnam. 4624:

century, due to an epidemic, severe flooding in the Red River Delta, the immense corruption of the government and the rise of the Tây Sơn rebellion in Southern Vietnam that later spread to the entire country, devastated most of the economy and international trading, it played an important role in the collapse of the dynasty.

2684:, who became very close to the emperor and eventually rose to the rank of general. Despite his precautions, in 1509 a cousin, whom Lê Uy Mục had put in prison, escaped and plotted with court insiders to assassinate the emperor. The assassination succeeded and the killer proclaimed himself emperor under the name Lê Tương Dực. 4278:. From 1431, the court annually held Provincial and metropolitan exams were organized in three sessions. The first session took place in every province, consisted of three questions on the examinee's interpretation of the Four Books, and four on the Classics corpus. Everyone who passed the first session were called 2603:. The expedition ended inconclusively, many Vietnamese soldiers died because of the hostile climate and rampant diseases; The Vietnamese forces were unable to suppressed the Laotian guerrillas, and then the Laotians were able to recaptured their capital. As the Vietnamese withdrew their army through the kingdom of 2638:. In early 1499, several high-ranking officials including Lê Vĩnh and Lê Năng Nhượng persuaded Hiến Tông to choose an heir in order to maintain the dynasty's and the nation's security and sustainability. Hiến Tông agreed; and although the emperor had two elder sons: Lê Tuân and Lê Tuấn, Lê Thuần was designed as 2634:(黎憲宗). He was 38 years old at the time of his father's death. He was an affable, meek and mild-mannered person. Due to his short period of rule and that he didn't pass many significant reforms, his reign is considered to be an extension of Lê Thánh Tông's rule. The new emperor was known to historical annals as 3083:, to purchase advanced European weapons and hire European military experts in fortifications. Third, the geography was favorable to them, as the flat plains of the North suitable for large organized armies ended at Nguyễn-controlled territory; the mountains of the central highlands reach almost to the sea. 2698:. He reigned from 1510 to 1516, all the while spending down the imperial treasury, and doing nothing to improve the country. He was heedless to the reaction that his taxes caused throughout the country. Later in his reign, he spent extravagantly in building many colossal palaces in the imperial capital, 3849:, which was probably developed as the joint effort of several missionaries, including Rhodes. He wrote the first catechism in Vietnamese and published a Vietnamese-Latin-Portuguese dictionary; these works were the first books printed in chữ Quốc ngữ. Chữ Quốc ngữ was used initially only by missionaries; 4836:

In the 18th century, Hội An was considered by Chinese and Japanese merchants to be the best destination for trading in all of Southeast Asia, even Asia. Trading activities and handicraft manufacturing had been shifted from Tonkin to Hội An. The city also rose to prominence as a powerful and exclusive

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Written Chinese was the predominant writing language in Vietnam throughout the Lê dynasty, although written vernacular Vietnamese using chữ Nôm became increasingly popular in the 17th century. To adapt Chinese writings to fit the Vietnamese language, Chinese ideograms were modified to chữ Nôm. During

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At the beginning of the war, Nguyễn Huệ's troops retreated to the South and refused to engage the Qing army. He raised a large army of his own and defeated the invader in the Lunar New year Eve of 1789. Chiêu Thống and the imperial family fled north into China, never to return. The Lê dynasty finally

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for exchanging that the Ming dynasty would never invade Vietnam again. The Chinese now recognized both Mạc and Lê legitimacy over Đại Việt and withdrew their army. Bầu Lords showed strong support for the Lê dynasty and refused to accept Trịnh family at the early stage of Trịnh–Nguyễn War. Later, they

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chief Wei Chen took him into custody, overruling objections from his family who wanted to send him back to Vietnam. Vietnam found out about his escape and sent an agent to buy Wu Rui back from Wei Chen with 100 Jin in payment since they were scared that Wu Rui would reveal Vietnamese state secrets to

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Quang Thuận Hoàng Đế (光順皇帝), whose reign was named Hồng Đức Thịnh Thế (洪德之盛治, "Prosperous reign of Hồng Đức"), instituted a wide range of government reforms, legal reforms, and land reforms. He restarted the examination system for selecting men for important government positions. He reduced the power

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The seventeenth century was also a period in which European missionaries and merchants became a serious factor in Vietnamese court life and politics. Although both had arrived by the early sixteenth century, neither foreign merchants nor missionaries had much impact on Vietnam before the seventeenth

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from 1748 to 1751. Although the uprisings took place throughout the country, they were essentially local phenomena, breaking out spontaneously from similar local causes. The occasional coordination between and among local movements did not result in any national organization or leadership. Moreover,

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the border between their lands (1673). Although the Nguyễn nominally accepted the Lê emperor as the legitimate and sole ruler of Vietnam. However, the reality was that the Nguyễn ruled the south, and the Trịnh, the north. This division continued for the next century. The border between the Trịnh and

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were defeated at sea by the Nguyễn fleet with their Chinese style galleys. Trịnh Tráng staged yet another offensive in 1648 but at the battle of Truong Duc, the Trịnh army was again badly beaten by the Nguyễn. The new Lê emperor died around this time, perhaps as a result of the defeat. This now left

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The degenerated Lê dynasty, which endured under six rulers between 1497 and 1527, in the end was no longer able to maintain control over the northern part of the country, much less the new territories to the south. The weakening of the monarchy created a vacuum that the various noble families of the

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In 1524, Mạc Đăng Dung forces captured and executed the leaders of the revolt (Nguyễn Hoàng Du, Trịnh Duy Đại, and Trịnh Duy Sản). The revolt by the Trịnh clan and the Nguyễn clan was defeated for the moment. This was the start of a civil war with Mạc Đăng Dung and his supporters on one side and the

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escaped back to China after their ship had been blown off course into Vietnam, where they had been forced to serve as soldiers in Vietnam's military. The escapees also reported that they found out that more than 100 Chinese men remained captives in Vietnam after they were caught and castrated by the

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pirates from the northeast. This was dealt with by sending additional forces to the north to fight the pirates. Thánh Tông also sent a military force to the west to subdue the Ai-lao mountain tribes that was raiding the northwest border.In 1469, all of Vietnam was mapped and a full census was taken,

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Lê Thái Tông (黎太宗, ruled 1433–1442) was the official heir to Lê Lợi. However, he was just eleven, so a close friend of Lê Lợi, Lê Sát, assumed the regency of the kingdom. Not long after he assumed the official title as Emperor of Vietnam in 1438, Lê Thái Tông accused Lê Sát of abuse of power and had

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markets. In Tonkin, trading conditions also deteriorated rapidly. Subsequently, natural disasters ravaged the economy of the country and a wave of successive famines discouraged local craftsmen from producing goods for export. Worse still, after the protracted civil war with the southern Vietnamese

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As they fell into disrepair, disastrous flooding and famine resulted, unleashing great numbers of starving and landless people to wander aimlessly about the countryside. The widespread suffering in North Vietnam led to numerous peasant revolts between 1730 and 1770, notable the peasant rebellion of

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however, the northern army managed to defeat the Nguyễn army. The Nguyễn were also further weakened by a division between their two top generals who refused to cooperate with each other. In 1656 the Nguyễn army was driven back all the way to their original territories. Trịnh Tạc tried to break the

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in 1465, the noble families from Thanh Hóa province lost their leader. Soon they were mostly relegated to secondary positions in the new Confucian government of Thánh Tông. However, they still retained control over Vietnam's armies as the old general, Đinh Liệt, was still in command of the army. In

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Lonely Planet Vietnam 10 -Nick Ray, Yu-Mei Balasingamchow, Iain Stewart – 2009 Page 30 "In 1418 wealthy philanthropist Le Loi sparked the Lam Son Uprising by refusing to serve as an official for the Chinese Ming dynasty. By 1428, local rebellions had erupted in several regions and Le Loi travelled

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In 1637, the Dutch successfully established commercial and diplomatic relations with Tonkin and maintained their trading station in Đông Kinh until 1700. The lucrative Dutch ‘Vietnamese-silk-for-Japanese-silver trade‘ later also attracted the English and the French to Tonkin in 1672 and early 1682

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were declining, the imperial examinations began having surplus graduates, downgrading quality of jinshi and mandarin, corruptions, the court prefer children of noble families to be mandarins that take check, thus made the downfall of Confucian examination system in Vietnam in the late 18th century

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Landless peasants accounted for most of the initial support for the various rebellions, but they were often joined later by craftsmen, fishermen, miners, and traders, who had been taxed out of their occupations. Some of these movements enjoyed limited success for a short time, but it was not until

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In 1633 the Trịnh tried attacking the Nguyễn by sea to avoid costly assaults on the great walls. However, the Trịnh fleet was defeated by the Nguyễn fleet at the battle of Nhat-Le. Around 1635 the Trịnh decided to emulate the Nguyễn and sought military aid from the Europeans. Trịnh Tráng hired the

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rebelled against Mạc Đăng Dung and set up their own government. Vu Van Uyen and his family rules were called Bầu lords. In 1534, after Nguyễn Kim forces recaptured Thanh Hóa, Vũ Văn Uyên declared allied with Lê loyalists and Ming army to fought against the Mạc dynasty. But Mạc Đăng Dung himself in

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hierarchy as well as making several more trips to Vietnam. However, since 1910, Latinized chữ Quốc ngữ was adopted by the French governor as the main writing system of Vietnam, while chữ Hán and chữ Nôm fell into decline. Vietnamese Christianity developed and became stronger before it was cracked

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The French later supported the use of chữ Quốc ngữ, which, because of its simplicity, led to a high degree of literacy and a flourishing of Vietnamese literature. After being expelled from Vietnam, Rhodes spent the next thirty years seeking support for his missionary work from the Vatican and the

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chroniclers as being deeply contrasted to his predecessors Lê Thánh Tông, Lê Hiến Tông and Lê Túc Tông, who closely followed Neo-Confucianist principles in governing the nation. The first thing the new emperor did was to take revenge against those who had barred him from the throne by having them

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in 1446; second, the Dowager Empress ordered the execution of Trịnh Khả, for reasons lost to history, in 1451. In 1453 at the age of twelve, Lê Nhân Tông was formally given the title of Emperor. This was unusual as according to custom, youths could not ascend the throne till the age of 16. It may

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In 1594, the Imperial court allowed a Western presence in the capital, and encouraged Dutch, Spanish and the British to open trading ports. In 1616, the British established a factory in Đông Kinh, but their business ended in failure due to the pressures from the Lê court, and finally withdrew in

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Mạc Đăng Dung's seizure of the throne prompted other families of the aristocracy, notably the Nguyễn and Trịnh, to rush to the support of the Lê loyalists. With the usurpation of the throne, the civil war broke out anew. Again the Nguyễn and the Trịnh gathered an army and fought against Mạc Đăng

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In 1459, Lê Nhân Tông's older brother, Nghi Dân, plotted with a group of followers to kill the Emperor. On October 28, the plotters with some 100 "shiftless men" infiltrated the palace and murdered the Emperor (he was just 18). The next day, facing certain execution the Dowager Empress committed

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Asia: Local Studies / Global Themes – Volume 3 Hue-Tam Ho Tai – 2001 – Page 91 "... an anti-Ming resistance — the Lam Son uprising, begun in 1418 — and the two men became the movement's key exponents. As emperor (1428–33), Le Loi would retain Nguyen Trai as his chief official; thereafter, their

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villages produced famous high-quality pottery and dishes. With Tomé Pires noting in 1515 "They have porcelain and pottery-some of them great value-and these go from there to China to be sold.Chinese and Japanese traders came to Đông Kinh to buy both high quality silk and raw silk. Besides silk

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that began at the end of the 17th century did not, however, mark the beginning of a period of peace and prosperity. Instead the decades of continual warfare between the two families had left the ruists and peasantry in a weakened state, the victim of taxes levied to support the courts and their

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for nearly one fourth of a century. After years of serving the Vietnamese as a eunuch slave in the palace, he was promoted to a position with real power after the death of the Vietnamese ruler in 1497 to a military position in northern Vietnam as military superintendent since his service in the

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slaves to the Vietnamese. It has been speculated by modern historians that Chinese who were captured and castrated by the Vietnamese were involved in regular trade between China and Vietnam instead of being blown off course, and that they were punished after a Vietnamese crackdown on trade with

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Bruce M. Lockhart, William J. Duiker -The A to Z of Vietnam 2010– Page 211 "Lê Uy Mục (1488–1509). Seventh emperor (r. 1505–1509) of the Lê dynasty. Lê Uy Mục quickly showed himself to be a ruthless ruler, murdering his grandmother and two of his ministers. His unpopularity led to the popular

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was appointed as governor of the southern provinces in 1572, millions migrated south, resulting in new cities and harbors along the coastline. For centuries the Nguyễn dynasty's economy mostly depended on handicraft and industrial manufacture but also international trade. Until the later 18th

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Korea. Hideyoshi hoped that a three-pronged attack on the Ming dynasty—with Japan from the north, Vietnam to the south, and other Southeast Asian nations to the southwest—would weaken the Ming army and allow the attackers to prevail. Although some officials supported the plan, the Lê emperor

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Simplified Chinese:○满剌加国使臣端亚妈剌的那查等奏成化五年本国使臣微者然那入贡还至当洋被风漂至安南国微者然那与其傔从俱为其国所杀其余黥为官奴而幼者皆为所害又言安南据占城城池欲并吞满剌加之地本国以皆为王臣未敢兴兵与战适安南使臣亦来朝端亚妈剌的那查乞与廷辨兵部尚书陈钺以为此已往事不必深校宜戒其将来上乃因安南使臣还谕其王黎灏曰尔国与满剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦结好藩屏王室岂可自恃富强以干国典以贪天祸满剌加使臣所奏朝廷虽未轻信尔亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其国复谕满剌加使臣曰自古圣王之驭四夷不追咎于既往安南果复侵陵尔国宜训练士马以御之 Traditional

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The art forms of that time prospered and produced items of great artistic value, despite the upheavals and wars. Woodcarving was especially highly developed and produced items that were used for daily use or worship. Many of these items can be seen in the National Museum in Hanoi.

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While the Trịnh ruled over a much more populous territory, the Nguyễn had several advantages. First, they were on the defensive and as such were more motivated to fight. Second, the Nguyễn were able to take advantage of their contacts with the Europeans, specifically the

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rulers of the country and continue the war with the Mạc. The war has three actual fighting periods: 1533–1537, 1551–1564 and 1584–1592. During the early confront period, the Lê dynasty introduced personnel firearm like matchlocks into their army and surprised the Mạc

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With the Emperor's sudden death at a young age, his infant heir Bang Co was made emperor - although he was the second son of his father, his older brother Nghi Dân had been officially passed over due to his mother's low social status. Bang Co assumed the throne as

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Nguyễn Nhạc, after having heard of Nguyễn Huệ's insubordination, hastily marched to Thăng Long and ordered all Tây Sơn troops to withdraw. However they intentionally left Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh behind. Chỉnh chased after them and then stayed in his hometown in Nghệ An.

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to make European cannons and ships for his army. In 1642–43, the Trịnh army attacked the Nguyễn walls. With the aid of the Dutch cannons, the Trịnh army broke through the first wall but failed to break through the second. At sea, the Trịnh, with their Dutch ships

3495:. They adopted Qing clothing and adopt the queue hairstyle, effectively becoming naturalized subjects of the Qing dynasty affording them protection against Vietnamese demands for extradition. From this point on, Lê Chiêu Thống failed to receive support from the 7195: 7410:

Chinese:○滿剌加國使臣端亞媽剌的那查等奏成化五年本國使臣微者然那入貢還至當洋被風漂至安南國微者然那與其傔從俱為其國所殺其餘黥為官奴而幼者皆為所害又言安南據占城城池欲併吞滿剌加之地本國以皆為王臣未敢興兵與戰適安南使臣亦來朝端亞媽剌的那查乞與廷辨兵部尚書陳鉞以為此已往事不必深校宜戒其將來上乃因安南使臣還諭其王黎灝曰爾國與滿剌加俱奉正朔宜修睦結好藩屏王室豈可自恃富強以幹國典以貪天禍滿剌加使臣所奏朝廷雖未輕信爾亦宜省躬思咎畏天守法自保其國複諭滿剌加使臣曰自古聖王之馭四夷不追咎于既往安南果複侵陵爾國宜訓練士馬以禦之

2177:) with the help of the local raiders led by Nghiễm Sinh Tượng were suppressed by the Imperial army. The Lê dynasty started treating hostilely to the ethnic minorities in western region. On a stone monument that was carved in 1439 under Thái Tông's reign said 3507:

let them bring Lê Chiêu Thống's remains back to Vietnam and the emperor agreed. The Jiaqing Emperor also freed all the followers of Lê Chiêu Thống who were imprisoned in China to go back to Vietnam. Lê Chiêu Thống's remains are buried in Bàn Thạch village,

4495: 4066: 6541:

H. K. Chang – From Movable Type Printing to the World Wide Web 2007 Page 128 "However, in 1418, another leader, Lê Lợi, staged an uprising, which led in 1428 to the establishment of the Lê dynasty, from which time Vietnam broke free of China and became

4563:

Before 1527, the Imperial court restricted people from foreign trade, mainly focused on agriculture and the local market trade. The period from 1505 to 1527 was politically unstable which disrupted the economy. There were a series of severe famines in

7690:

nickname given to ...He was assassinated by his cousin in 1509, who then seized the throne under the dynastic title of Tương Dực. ... that Vietnam had enjoyed during the 15th century and paved the way for the usurpation of the throne by Mạc Đăng Dung.

4126: 2870:, the Revival Lê dynasty eventually recaptured three-quarters of their former kingdom. Inasmuch as the Mac dynasty ruled the northern portion of Đại Việt while the Lê dynasty ruled the remainder of the country, this time became known as the period of 2330:" built in all the provinces. There, Confucius was venerated and classic works on Confucianism could be found. He also halted the building of any new Buddhist or Taoist temples and ordered that monks were not to be allowed to purchase any new land. 3003:

In 1620, Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên officially refused to send taxes to the court in Hanoi. A formal demand was made to the Nguyễn to submit to the authority of the court, and it was formally refused. In 1623 Trịnh Tùng died and was succeeded by his son

6972:

Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations Ngọg Huy Nguy~en ... In 1464 Emperor Lê Thánh Tông warned people against reckless selfcastration ( TT 3 : 189 )

3836:

region under lord Nguyễn Hoàng. After the Lê–Mạc War ended and peace was restored in 1593, more missionaries from Spain, Portugal France, Italy and Poland came to Vietnam to spread Christianity. The best known of the early missionaries was

4468: 4243: 6568:

2003– Page 27 "Le Loi led a successful ten-year (1418–1428) uprising against the Chinese. According to legend, Le Loi returned the sword that gave him victory to Hoan Kiem Lake (now the center of Hanoi), where it was retrieved by a giant

4927:

by ship to establish Vietnamese administrative institutions in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement of

4658: 4090: 3332: 2314: 2931:

In 1597, the Ming dynasty recognized the legitimacy of the Lê monarch. However, the Ming recorded that the Lê rulers were very dissatisfied to the Ming Empire because the Chinese also concurrently supported the Mạc dynasty. In 1589,

2771:, being a scholar-official who had effectively controlled the Lê for a decade, murdered all the Lê imperial family member then proclaimed himself the new Emperor of Vietnam on 15 June 1527, ending (so he thought) the Lê dynasty (see 7327:

Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society from Dalrymple's "Oriental Repertory," and the "Asiatic Researches" and "Journal" of the Asiatic Society of Bengal, Volume

2377:) and Vietnam happened during this time. Early accounts recorded that the Vietnamese captured Chinese whose ships had blown off course and detained them. Young Chinese men were selected by the Vietnamese for castration to become 6941:

D. Homosexuality and Vietnamese Law Proschan (Aronson 1999; "Frank" 2000) writes that neither homosexual identity nor behaviors had ... a prohibition of castration and selfcastration (Le Code, Article 305; Nguyen Code, Article

4232: 2365:

Article 344 of the Nguyen dynasty code and Article 305 of the Le dynasty code both forbade self-castration and castration of Vietnamese men. Self-castration of Vietnamese men was banned by Lê Thánh Tông, the emperor, in 1464.

2218:

Shortly after the Emperor left Trãi's home to continue his tour of the western province, he fell ill and died. At the time the powerful nobles in the court argued that the Emperor had been poisoned to death. Nguyễn Trãi was

2654:, led by Đoàn Thế Nùng against the government. Lê Thuần sent troops to Cao Bằng, defeating and killing Đoàn Thế Nùng along with 500 rebels. However, he fell gravely ill and died just six months after assuming the throne. 8822: 4607:(landlords). The economy was devastated in some regions of the country due to two long civil wars, however, in most parts of the country which were unaffected, peace were maintained for a long time, which saw a rise of 3404:, along with their supporters marched into Thăng Long and demanded Chiêu Thống to reinstall Trịnh lord. Chiêu Thống, whose father was killed by Trịnh Sâm, reluctantly agreed and assigned Trịnh Bồng as Prince of Yến Đô ( 7199: 4618:

In contrast to the overpopulation of the Red River Delta, the Thuan Hoa and Quang Nam region were not as dense. Vietnamese people had begun settling in the conquered Cham region at least since the 15th century. After

4186: 4837:

trade conduit between Europe, China, India, and Japan, especially for the ceramic industry. Shipwreck discoveries have shown that Vietnamese and Asian ceramics were transported from Hội An to as far as Sinai, Egypt.

3259:

fort in 1773, gave them financial and manpower support, thus made the rebellion and became widespread. In 1774, Trịnh army from the north launched an offensive against the Nguyễn. Unable to fight two-front war, Lord

2949:

and his ministers recognized the overwhelming strength of the Ming empire; the Lê ministers further viewed Japan and other Southeast Asian nations as "barbarians" and formally refused the Japanese lord's invitation.

6585:(A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of California State University, Fullerton ____________________________________ In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in History). pp. 1–153. 2817:

summoned the people who were still loyal to the Lê emperor and formed a new army to begin a revolt against Mạc Đăng Dung. Subsequently, Nguyễn Kim returned to Đại Việt and led the Lê loyalists in a sixty-year-long

2910:

and launched a large-scale offensive against the Mạc army in January 1592. Unable to resist the forces of the Lê loyalists, in December 1592 the Mạc dynasty retreated to the north and established a new capital at

2767:. In reality, the new Emperor had no power. Three years after Mạc's forces killed his older brother Lê Chiêu Tông, was pressured from Mạc Đăng Dung, in Bắc Sứ garden, Lê Cung Hoàng hanged himself on 18 June 1527. 4170: 1125:, wished to end the war with Vietnam, but his advisors urged one more effort to subdue the rebellious province. Consequently, the Ming sent a large army of approximately 100,000 men to Vietnam. After the pivotal 3551:

was popular among civilians. An imperial edict was issued by Vietnam in 1474 forbidding Vietnamese from adopting foreign languages, hairstyles and clothes like that of the Laos, Chams or the Ming "Northerners".

3422:). Emperor Chiêu Thống then sent a secret order to Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh to come and save him. In 1787, Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh marched North, defeated Trịnh Bồng and his supporters, ended the 242 years rule of Trịnh clan. 2164:

In January 1436, the emperor ordered to make roads and canals from northwest region to the capital for showing the superior power of the Imperial court to the local tribes men. From 1437 to 1441, tribe men from

4715:

However, by the last quarter of the 17th century, Tonkin was no longer a profitable trading place. Vietnamese silk no longer reaped a handsome profit in Japan and Vietnamese ceramics proved unmarketable in the

2294:

philosophy and the key idea that the government should be run by men of noble character as opposed to men from noble families. This meant that he needed to take power away from the ruling families (mostly from

4227: 2763:

aristocracy were eager to fill. Soon after Lê Chiêu Tông fled south with the Trịnh and the Nguyễn in 1522, Mạc Đăng Dung proclaimed the Emperor's younger brother, Lê Xuân, as the new Emperor under the name

6555:

Volume 1 – 2003 "The Lam Sơn uprising, 1418–1428, is one of the greatest historical events in Vietnamese history, when a small country tried to gain independence from the firm grab of a bigger neighbor".

2431:

China. Wei Chen planned to sell him back to the Vietnamese but told them the amount they were offering was too little and demanded more however before they could agree on a price, Wu was rescued by the

3220:

most of the uprisings were conservative, in that the leaders supported the restoration of the Lê dynasty. They did, however, put forward demands for land reform, more equitable taxes, and rice for all.

3728: 2447:) a Chinese ship blew off course onto the shore. The Chinese were detained and not allowed to return to China as ordered by Le Thanh Tong. This incident may be the same one where Wu Rui was captured. 9301:

Whitmore, John K. (2011). "Chapter 6 Vân Đồn, the 'Mạc Gap,' and the End of the Jiaozhi Ocean System: Trade and State in Đại Việt, Circa 1450–1550". In Cooke, Nola; Li, Tana; Anderson, James (eds.).

3987: 4712:

respectively. The British imported Vietnamese silk around the 1670s, but not regularly. The city had a Chinatown, as well as factories owned by the Dutch and English companies along the Red river.

3609: 2250:. The next 17 years were good years for Vietnam – there were no great troubles either internally or externally. Two things of note occurred: first, the Vietnamese sent an army south to attack the 5801:

Vĩnh Tộ (永祚 9/1619 – 1628), Đức Long (德隆 1629 – 1634), Dương Hòa (陽和 1635 – 9/1643), Khánh Đức (慶德 10/1649 – 1652), Thịnh Đức (盛德 1653 – 1657), Vĩnh Thọ (永壽 1658 – 8/1662), Vạn Khánh (萬慶 9/1662)

7279:

Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993). "DVSK Bản Kỷ Thực Lục 12: Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472) ... Phần 1(Đại Việt Sử Ký Bản Kỷ Thực Lục Quyển XII Kỷ Nhà Lê Thánh Tông Thuần Hoàng Đế)".

3283:, he soon recruited his army by enlisted French, Cambodian troops and weapons, but mostly were defeated by the superior and more numerous Tây Sơn rebels four times, and Ánh went into exile in 6960:. The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Văn Tài Tạ. Ohio University Press. p. 174. 3603:

with long skirts. The partition between two families over the country too long so caused the some major differences in Vietnamese dialect and culture between Northern and Southern Vietnamese.

3704: 8628:그런데 이기빈과 문희현 등은 처음에는 예우하면서 여러 날 접대하다가 배에 가득 실은 보화를 보고는 도리어 재물에 욕심이 생겨 꾀어다가 모조리 죽이고는 그 물화를 몰수하였는데, 무고한 수백 명의 인명을 함께 죽이고서 자취를 없애려고 그 배까지 불태우고서는 끝내는 왜구를 잡았다고 말을 꾸며서 군공을 나열하여 거짓으로 조정에 보고했습니다.…… 8216: 4114: 3808: 2303:.In 1467, Lê Thánh Tông changed the name of the state to "Thiên Nam" (Heavenly South) to make the parallel position with their northern neighbor and shared classical culture more explicit. 1865: 6497: 4480: 4511: 4337: 3176:

partition of the empire, both the ruling families of the two realms claimed to be loyal subjects under the authority of the singular imperial Lê family, and their territories were

1090:

swearing commentary in Lũng Nhai, Thanh Hoá in winter 1416, with other 18 men, all swore will fought against the Ming Chinese, restore the Vietnamese independence and sovereignty.

4655:

textiles that were made in villages, the majority of them were produced in state-owned factories in Đông Kinh, this was produced for the imperial family, noblemen and foreigners.

5030: 8826: 3429:

to invade Bắc Hà under the pretense of punishing Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh for insubordination. Nhậm captured and executed Chỉnh in January 1788, emperor Chiêu Thống fled to the east of

4434:: a category only slightly higher than a chieftaincy. After 1540, the Ming received tribute from both the Lê dynasty and the Mạc, a state of affairs that continued through the 4355: 3621: 4960:). Initially called Gia Dinh, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century. At the time, the population of Gia Định was around 200,000 people with 35,000 households. 2859: 1129:

in October 1426, the Ming dynasty withdrew by 1428. By early 1427, Lê Lợi's forces had controlled most of northern Vietnam, advancing as far as the southern tip of modern-day

198: 3645: 4555:

by 1680. Fighting among the Europeans and opposition by the Vietnamese made the enterprises unprofitable, however, and all of the foreign trading posts were closed by 1800.

2454:

were attacked and captured in 1469 by Vietnamese navy as they were returning to Malacca from China. The Vietnamese enslaved and castrated the young from among the captured.

8319: 4708:

which carried a large heap of treasure and money. The Koreans killed all the sailors, looted the treasures on board and then falsely reported the ship "was a pirate ship".

2255:

have been done to remove Nguyễn Thi Anh from power, but if that was the reason, it failed and the Dowager Empress still controlled the government up until a coup in 1459.

1106: 3688: 3160: 5112: 3471:

of the Qing Empire under the pretense of restoring Lê dynasty dispatched a large force of 200,000 soldiers, to invade Northern Vietnam, captured the capital Thăng Long.

7036:此外,沿海平民在海上航行或捕撈漁獵,遇風漂流至越南者時有發生。如成化十三年, 廣東珠池奉御陳彜奏:南海縣民遭風飄至安南被編入軍隊及被閹禁者超過 100 人。5成化中, 海南文昌人吳瑞與同鄉劉求等 13 人到欽州做生意,遇風飄至安南,當局將他們"俱發屯田, 以瑞獨少,宮之"。6... 6《明孝宗實錄》卷一百五十三,弘治十二年八月辛卯。 6151: 4259: 3086:

After the first campaign, the Nguyễn built two massive fortified lines which stretched a few miles from the sea to the central highlands. The walls were built north of

2704: 1017:, nearly reaching Vietnam's modern borders by the time of the Tây Sơn uprising. It also saw massive changes to Vietnamese society: the previously Buddhist state became 8570: 5811:

broke out in 1627. Became Emperor regent in 1643 when his son Lê Duy Hựu was enthroned. Second rule from 1649 after his son's death. Trịnh Lords were de facto rulers.

679: 650: 636: 5435: 3676: 2877:

In 1545, Nguyễn Kim was poisoned by Dương Chấp Nhất, a surrendered general of the Mạc dynasty. The power of imperial court was then passed to Nguyễn Kim's son-in-law

6775: 2834:. Many Ming officials like Mao Bowen showed strong supports for the Lê loyalists and urged Jiajing Emperor for prepare a military campaign. The Ming Emperor agreed. 1109:(Liang Juihu) to the north. From their new base in high-density population Nghệ An, Lê Lợi's rebel forces captured the territory in modern-day central Vietnam, from 3825: 5392: 8402: 8800: 3381:) that would help them gain support from Bắc Hà people. Trịnh army and the Three Prefectures Army were quickly defeated. Trịnh Tông committed suicide. Emperor 3308: 1126: 4781:

but was annexed by Đại Việt by Emperor Thánh Tông. It was opened for foreign merchants for trade and settlement. In 1535 Portuguese explorer and sea captain

1118: 3580: 2369:

The Vietnamese under Emperor Le Thanh Tong cracked down on foreign contacts and enforced an isolationist policy. A large amount of trade between Guangdong (

1025:

and laws. Their long-lasting rule was attributed to the popularity of the early emperors. Lê Lợi's liberation of the country from 20 years of Ming rule and

9495: 9228: 7933: 2981:, which had been newly acquired from the Khmers. Duong's followers named their settlement as "Minh Huong", to recall their allegiance to the Ming dynasty. 7346:

Miscellaneous papers relating to Indo-China and Indian archipelage: reprinted for the Straits Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society. Second Series, Volume 1

2319: 9741: 9736: 7249: 980:

usurped the throne; when the Lê dynasty was restored in 1533, the Mạc fled to the far north and continued to claim the throne during the period known as

8672:

Letters written by the English residents in Japan, 1611–1623, with other documents on the English trading settlement in Japan in the seventeenth century

7222: 2709: 5316: 3397: 64: 57: 1156:

In 1428, Lê Lợi established the Lê dynasty and took the reign name Lê Thái Tổ, receiving recognition and formal protection from the Ming dynasty in a

6957:

The Lê Code: Law in Traditional Vietnam : a Comparative Sino-Vietnamese Legal Study with Historical-juridical Analysis and Annotations, Volume 2

4293:

From 1486, every mandarin candidates must participated both first and second session to approve the chain. The Le's examination system reflected the

3821: 3163:. The attack, like all the previous attacks on the Nguyễn walls, failed. This time the two sides agreed to a peace. With the Qing dynasty under the 984:. The restored Lê emperors held no real power, and by the time the Mạc dynasty was finally eradicated in 1677, actual power lay in the hands of the 5020:

Thống Thiên Khải Vận Thánh Đức Thần Công Duệ Văn Anh Vũ Khoan Minh Dũng Trí Hoàng Nghĩa Chí Minh Đại Hiếu Cao Hoàng đế (統天啟運聖德神功睿文英武寬明勇智弘義至明大孝高皇帝)

9572: 5406: 4650:-cobalt decoration or dishes with peony sprays painted in underglaze-cobalt were considered as good as Chinese products. Vietnamese ceramics from 5953: 5439: 4430: 4051: 3907: 3123: 9579: 3806:

European missionaries had occasionally visited Vietnam for short periods of time, with little impact, beginning in the early sixteenth century.

8889: 6501: 5158:

ruled as regent and was de facto ruler from 1444 to 1454. War with Champa in 1446. Both the Empress Regent and Nhân Tông were murdered by Duke

4569: 3756: 3131:

The Nguyễn launched their own invasion of northern Vietnam in 1653. The Nguyễn army went north and defeated the weakened Trịnh army, capturing

8651: 8934: 8839: 6819: 5372: 2471: 2440: 2413:(吳瑞) was selected by the Vietnamese court for castration since he was the only young man in among the thirteen and he became a eunuch at the 2337:

oligarchy of Dai Viet's southern region with a corps of bureaucrats selected through the Confucian civil service examinations. Following the

2212: 2505: 9701: 9139:

Taouti, Seddik (1985). "The Forgotten Muslims of Kampuchea and Viet Nam". In Datuk Ahmad Ibrahim; Yasmin Hussain; Siddique, Sharon (eds.).

6777:"...Our Thái tổ majesty just had retaken the Tianxia, the country was not recovered, and Hãn, Xảo wanted to conspired against the court..." 2143: 8690:

2002 Page 28 "At the time Pina wrote, early 1623, the Jesuits had two main residences, one in Hội An in Quàng Nam, the other at Quy Nhon."

6582:

MING CHINA IN VIETNAM AND VALOIS FRANCE IN ITALY: POLITICAL ACTORS AND PUBLIC NARRATIVES OF INVASION AND OCCUPATION IN THE PREMODERN WORLD

5613:

sent 110,000 soldiers to help the Lê family restore the throne in 1536 but Mạc Đăng Dung made a pact with the Ming in 1540, beginning the

6226: 559: 356: 2899:

Map of Vietnam showing the Mạc controlled territories (green) and the Lê-Nguyễn-Trịnh alliance controlled territories (blue) circa 1570.

2274:

of the noble families and reduced the degree of corruption in the government. He built temples to Confucius throughout the provinces of

899:, having ruled from 1428 to 1789, with an interregnum between 1527 and 1533. The Lê dynasty is divided into two historical periods: the 5050: 4884:

in Vietnam to settle in the area of Prey Nokor and to set up a customs house there. Increasing waves of Vietnamese settlers, which the

3667: 981: 9595: 5624: 5410: 3579:) decreed that both men and women at his court wear trousers and a gown with buttons down the front. That the Nguyễn Lords introduced 7013: 2871: 2796: 1819: 8230: 5434:

Lê Quang Trị was installed amidst a political dispute, he kept the throne for only three days in May 1516 and was killed by general

9488: 5243:(1478-1480) . Major administrative, education, economic and legal reforms. Hồng Đức era was viewed as the apex of the House of Lê. 2475:(大越史記全書), was compiled and finished in 1479. The 15-volume book covered the entirety of Vietnamese history at that point, from the 2166: 1021:

after the preceding 20 years of Ming rule. The Lê emperors instituted many changes modeled after the Chinese system, including the

1117:. By August 1426, the Lam Sơn rebellion launched an offensive to the north with new forces against a fresh Ming army commanded by 9721: 8366: 6922: 4138: 8304: 5261:

Thể Thiên Ngưng Đạo Mậu Đức Chí Nhân Chiêu Văn Thiệu Vũ Tuyên Triết Khâm Thành Chương Hiếu Duệ Hoàng Đế (體天凝道懋德至仁昭文紹武宣哲欽聖彰孝睿皇帝)

5085:

Kế Thiên Thể Đạo Hiển Đức Thánh Công Khâm Minh Văn Tư Anh Duệ Triết Chiêu Hiến Kiến Trung Văn Hoàng đế (繼天體道顯德功欽明文思英睿仁哲昭憲建中文皇帝)

4888:

could not impede because it was weakened by war with Thailand, slowly Vietnamized the area. In time, Prey Nokor became known as

9751: 4300:

During the period from 1426 to 1527, the Lê dynasty held 26 Imperial examinations in the capital, graduated 989 tiến sĩ and 20

3151:

In 1672, the Trịnh army made a last effort to conquer the Nguyễn. The attacking army was under the command of Trịnh Tạc's son,

2065: 8391: 8289: 4949: 4501:

Nguyễn Quán Nho (1638–1708), Vietnamese ambassador to Qing China (1674–1681), served as prime minister (1691–1707) under lord

4102: 4003: 3012:

regions, with the Trịnh controlling most of the north and the Nguyễn controlling most of the south; the dividing line was the

2393:

including a young man named Wu Rui were captured by the Vietnamese after their ship was blown off course while traveling from

107: 9363: 9073: 9014: 9003: 8979: 8879: 8428: 8180: 8153: 6739: 6690: 5209:

Sùng Thiên Quảng Vận Cao Minh Quang Chính Chí Đức Đại Công Thánh Văn Thần Vũ Đạt Hiếu Thuần Hoàng đế (崇天廣運高明光正至德大功聖文神武達孝淳皇帝)

3272:

was captured by Trịnh lord. Nguyễn Phúc Thuần later was taken and executed by the Tây Sơn in 1777. The remnant Nguyen led by

1796: 9127: 5055:

Founder of the Later Lê dynasty. Rebelled against Ming rule in 1418. Enthroned as Emperor of Đại Việt in 1428. Re-conquered

3633: 2957:(Dương Ngạn Địch) and his fleet sailed to Vietnam to leave the Qing dynasty in March 1682, first appearing off the coast of 2591:

was captured. Laotians retreated to the jungles, waged two-years guerrilla warfare against the Vietnamese. King of Lan Xang

79: 9711: 4825:

ordered to close all Dutch stores and factories in Hội An, ban the Dutch in trading within Cochinchina as he suspected the

3530: 2522: 2500: 2338: 1542: 1067: 1014: 208: 6929:. Updates by J. Pastoetter; contributor Beldina Opiyo-Omolo (illustrated, revised ed.). A&C Black. p. 1350. 9481: 8970:

The Tay Son Uprising: Society and Rebellion in Eighteenth-Century Vietnam (Southeast Asia: Politics, Meaning, and Memory)

6184: 4691:

was used to refer to Vietnam as a whole). Tonkin had been a major industrial and trading center in Asia until the 1730s.

1562: 1522: 817: 7882: 17: 9731: 9312: 9188: 9169: 9094: 9026: 8536: 8376: 8345:Đào, Phương Bình; Phạm, Tú Châu; Nguyễn, Huệ Chi; Đỗ, Văn Hỷ; Hoàng, Lê; Trần, Thị Băng Thanh; Nguyễn, Đức Vân (1977). 8329: 8240: 7945: 7916: 7480: 7061: 6986: 5488: 4236:"Văn quan vinh quy đồ (文官榮歸圖)", The painting of parade ceremony of new civil mandarin in Nghe An province, 18th century 4078: 2846:

1540 went and surrendered the Ming army, wished for peace. Mạc Đăng Dung ceded the northeast Vietnamese coastal to the

1727: 86: 4805:

who ruled the north. As a result, Hội An flourished as a trading port and became the most important trade port on the

3903: 2220: 9448: 9238: 9052: 8956: 8922: 8899: 8659: 6878: 6612: 6450: 6423: 4893: 4810: 2720:. His rule ended in 1516 when a group officials and generals led by Trịnh Duy Sản stormed the palace and killed him. 2070: 2050: 1936: 1659: 1580: 1105:

citadel in a surprise attack from their base in Laos, leading to the retreat of the ethnic-Vietnamese Ming commander

641: 126: 8792: 4840:

Hội An's importance waned sharply at the end of the 18th century because of the collapse of Nguyễn rule (due to the

3239:

Dissatisfaction against two ruling families Trịnh and Nguyễn spread throughout the country. In 1771, three brothers

2787:. The Trịnh and the Nguyễn were nominally fighting on behalf of the Lê emperor but in reality, for their own power. 2409:'s rule (1464–1487). Twelve of them were enslaved to work as agricultural laborers, while the youngest Chinese man, 2357: 1463: 8346: 7911:. CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 199. 7226: 3791: 2136: 6955: 4694:

The prosperity during the Le dynasty was described through the urbanization in Tonkin through Western narratives:

3882:

The Lê period was the continuously flourishing era of Vietnamese scientific thought and Confucianism scholarship.

3516:. He was posthumously given the title Mẫn Đế (愍帝). Modern descendants of the Lê dynasty live in southern Vietnam. 9746: 9726: 9716: 9384: 8766: 3911: 2713: 2006: 93: 7969:(organized by the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies: 10–11. 7820: 7608: 6754: 6627: 3899: 2422:

guard soldier Dương Tam tri (Yang Sanzhi) (楊三知) told him of an escape route back to China and Wu Rui escaped to

9266: 9148: 6965: 6934: 3927:

the Lê dynasty, various forms of Vietnamese literature and art flourished, including poetry, painting, novels,

2646:, which caused Hiến Tông to perceive him as being far superior to his two older brothers. chose his third son, 2534: 2526: 2496: 2414: 1054: 1010: 204: 9691: 7257: 9696: 4876:

from their brethren in Cambodia proper and resulted in their becoming a minority in the delta. In 1623, King

4765: 4316:

Scholars and administrators who graduated from the imperial examination system during the Lê dynasty include

4039: 3009: 1513: 1405: 822: 6855: 6107: 5116: 3954: 2187:

barbarians were against our assimilation, they need to be exterminated to their roots, and with the Sơn-Man

75: 9756: 9706: 9455: 9403: 6260:

The use of the Classical Chinese language in documents and correspondences is distinct from the use of the

6241: 6218: 4881: 4196:

woodcut painting depicts "Social commentary: Đánh ghen (Jealousy fighting)" in National Museum of Fine Arts

3341: 2990: 2546: 2055: 2026: 1756: 993: 946: 896: 9686: 9159: 8235:. Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 3 Southeast Asia (reprint, revised ed.). BRILL. p. 309. 4317: 3261: 1288: 7425: 7380: 7361: 4920: 4754: 3499:

of China any more. He spent the rest of his life in China, and died in 1793. In 1802, when envoys of the

2129: 2095: 2080: 2075: 2060: 1746: 1532: 1258: 1000:

brothers defeated both the Trịnh and the Nguyễn, ironically in order to restore power to the Lê dynasty.

811: 363: 9433: 7108: 6174:

in 1774. Royal Guards rebellion (1782-1784) after Trịnh Sâm's death led to unrest. Tây Sơn troops under

8305:"After Minh Mang reigned Nguyen Dynasty, why he deported Le royal descendants to the Southern Vietnam?" 7280: 6415: 6116: 5388: 4321: 3568: 3216: 3029: 1599: 325: 9418: 9021:. CHINA SOUTHEAST ASIA History (illustrated, reprint ed.). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 8743:, Nhà xuất bản Văn hóa – thông tin, 2004, p.580; Giáo sư Hoàng Xuân Việt, Nguyễn Minh Tiến hiệu đính, 8621:

Former Jeju pastor Lee Ki-bin and former judge Moon Hee-hyun were condemned by the Ministry of Justice

6312: 4848:, he repaid the French for their aid by giving them exclusive trade rights to the nearby port town of 4209: 3969: 3156: 3017: 2439:

to work as a eunuch in the Ming palace at the Directorate of Ceremonial (silijian taijian 司禮監太監). The

9424: 8371:. Introduction to Asian Civilizations (illustrated ed.). Columbia University Press. p. 87. 4193: 4177: 1395: 220: 4821:. The early Portuguese Jesuits also had one of their two residences at Hội An. In 1640, Nguyễn lord 3887: 2895: 8709: 7256:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành. Archived from 6221:. A second Tây Sơn northern campaign captured Thăng Long in 1787. Chiêu Thống sought help from the 5918: 5808: 5571: 5442:. Lê Do was installed by Trịnh Tuy, he was killed by Chiêu Tông-Mặc Đăng Dung forces in July 1519. 4826: 4688: 3964: 3311:(also known as Hoàng Đình Bảo) as Cán's regent. Trịnh Tông allied with the Three Prefectures Army ( 3107: 2090: 1083: 301: 9556: 7321: 5365: 5357: 4587:

Vietnamese merchants and sailors formed together and built medium-size ships in Hai Mon port (now

4581: 3817: 3287:. The Tây Sơn rebellion were not content to simply conquer the southern provinces of the country. 2978: 2687: 2476: 2310:

Administrative division of Lê dynasty and number of armed forces stationed in each regions in 1471

1472: 1360: 256: 9665: 6204: 5249: 4486: 4333: 4161: 3455:) without Huệ's approval. Nguyễn Huệ accused Nhậm of treason and executed him, took over Bắc Hà. 3386: 2444: 1134: 798: 419: 53: 5073: 4518: 4325: 4025:

Bodhisattva, crimson and gilded wood, Revival Lê dynasty, autumn of Bính Thân year (1656), from

3993:

Woodcut paintings "Thánh Cung vạn tuế" ("Long live his Imperial Majesty") from the 18th-century

9650: 9645: 9625: 9111: 8993: 7980: 7700: 7603: 7472: 7464: 7049: 6654: 6623: 6163: 6062: 6014: 5849: 5519: 5479: 5155: 5125: 4841: 4830: 4717: 4489:, Vietnamese scholar and mathematician served in Lê Thánh Tông's government from 1463 to 1478. 4459: 3167:

serving as mediator, the Trịnh and the Nguyễn finally agreed to end the fighting by making the

2768: 2757: 2681: 2607:

in December 1479, they annexed and incorporated it into Ninh Protectorate (Trấn Ninh) in 1480.

2592: 2247: 1986: 1840: 535: 8232:

China's Encounters on the South and Southwest: Reforging the Fiery Frontier Over Two Millennia

8170: 7904: 7522: 7345: 7326: 7177: 7159: 7088: 6440: 4822: 3533:, people of Đại Việt started to rebuild the country. The dress regulation for emperor and the 3255:

with local peasants' support, revolted against the Nguyễn lord. In 1773, the Tây Sơn captured

2885:. Since then the emperor has only become a figurehead, Trịnh Kiểm and his successors were the 1350: 937:: 茹黎中興; 1533–1789), in which emperors were figures reigned under the auspices of the powerful 488: 9660: 9615: 9541: 9181:

Vua Gia Long và người Pháp: khảo sát về ảnh hưởng của người Pháp trong giai đoạn triều Nguyễn

9063: 7883:""Righteous Yang": Pirate, Rebel, and Hero on the Sino-Vietnamese Water Frontier, 1644– 1684" 7504: 7305: 7220: 7193: 6680: 6122: 5783: 5255: 4829:

was allying with the Trịnh lords to the north. In the 17th century, Polish Jesuit missionary

4612: 4443: 4030: 3382: 3136: 3025: 2912: 2661: 2635: 2631: 2623: 351: 176: 100: 9566: 9536: 5454: 5448: 5203: 4591:) and quickly gained dominance in the South China sea trade route, which mostly sailed from 3974: 3959: 3735: 3567:

with thường (a kind of long skirt). Both male and female had loose long hair. In 1744, Lord

2831: 2819: 2800: 2741: 2729: 2627: 2616: 2518: 2296: 2268: 1689: 1026: 973: 942: 917: 9605: 9465: 9207: 6000: 5714: 5699:

granted their fiefs in Thuận Hóa and Quảng Nam. War of succession between Trịnh Kiểm's son

4892:. Prey Nokor was the most important commercial seaport to the Khmers. The loss of the city 4540: 4329: 4026: 3949: 3895: 3426: 3223: 3189: 3140: 3041: 2946: 1699: 1435: 704: 291: 9620: 9610: 9526: 9521: 8911: 7020: 5818: 5753: 5420: 5387:

Political and education reforms. Late rule marred by various rebellions (Trần Tuân, 1511;

5131: 5079: 3790:

The custom of Vietnamese woman and civil mandarin of the Lê dynasty in 18th century, from

2239: 2232: 1248: 1231: 1094: 8: 9640: 5967: 5557: 5351: 4997: 4945: 4551:

century. The Portuguese, Dutch, English, and French had all established trading posts in

3838: 3484: 3438: 3405: 3364: 3348: 3312: 3240: 3021: 2480: 2327: 1370: 1175: 930: 922: 904: 884: 860: 383: 340: 287: 9561: 9546: 9015:"8 EPIDEMICS, TRADE, AND LOCAL WORSHIP IN VIETNAM, LEIZHOU PENINSULA, AND HAINAN ISLAND" 8872:

The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History

7934:"8 Epidemics, Trade, and Local Worship in Vietnam, Leizhou peninsula, and Hainan island" 7905:"8 Epidemics, Trade, and Local Worship in Vietnam, Leizhou peninsula, and Hainan island" 6823: 6580: 5696: 5402: 5286: 4794: 4782: 4620: 3663: 3542: 3091: 2665: 2647: 2510: 2275: 1619: 1552: 1048: 1043: 765: 505: 180: 31: 9590: 9585: 9437: 9372: 8989: 8968: 8945: 6387: 6214: 6175: 5999:安南国王 (King of Annam) for Dụ Tông in 1718. Trịnh Lords were de facto rulers. Deposed by 5649: 5577: 5494: 5345:

Rule is deeply unpopular. Labelled by the Ming dynasty as the Evil king/Quỷ vương (鬼王)

4901: 4885: 4667:

1720. During the 17th and 18th century, Westerners commonly used the name Tonkin (from

4633: 4565: 4342: 4310: 3936: 3871: 3500: 3401: 3352: 3304: 3277: 3252: 3248: 3051: 2933: 2878: 2823: 2784: 2764: 2728:

At 14 years old, nephew of Lê Tương Dực, prince Lê Y, was enthroned as the new emperor

2432: 2282:. Thánh Tông was strongly influenced by his Confucian teachers and he resolved to make 1736: 1709: 1267: 911:: 朝黎初, or Vietnamese: nhà Lê sơ, chữ Nôm: 茹黎初; 1428–1527) before the usurpation by the 474: 407: 395: 9398: 7778: 6721: 6084:Ôn Gia Trang Túc Khải Túy Minh Mẫn Khoan Hồng Uyên Duệ Huy Hoàng đế (溫嘉莊肅愷悌通敏寬洪淵睿徽皇帝) 5973:

Thuần Chính Huy Nhu Ôn Giản Từ Tường Khoan Huệ Tôn Mẫu Hòa Hoàng đế (純正徽柔溫簡慈祥寬惠遜敏和皇帝)

5292:

Chiêu Nghĩa Hiển Nhân Ôn Cung Uyên Mặc Hiếu Doãn Cung Khâm Hoàng đế (昭義顯仁溫恭淵默惇孝允恭欽皇帝)

5108: 4599:

to sell silk and ceramics. Some of them eventually reached Egypt and Greece under the

4156:

The Lacquer wood painting at Vua Rộc temple, dedicated to general Đoàn Thượng Công of

3883: 3682:

North Vietnamese (left) and South Vietnamese (right) under Lê dynasty in 17th century.

3592: 3556: 3356: 3351:

wanted to recover the old territory of Nguyễn lords captured by the Trịnh. He ordered

3005: 2174: 1889: 945:(1533–1592) in which two dynasties battled for legitimacy in northern Vietnam and the 9359: 9308: 9289:, Asia Research Institute and the Singapore E-Press, National University of Singapore 9262: 9234: 9194: 9184: 9165: 9144: 9090: 9083:

Shin, Leo K. (2007). "5 Ming China and Its Border with Annam". In Lary, Diana (ed.).

9069: 9048: 9022: 8999: 8975: 8952: 8918: 8895: 8875: 8671: 8655: 8532: 8424: 8372: 8325: 8236: 8176: 8149: 7941: 7912: 7476: 7057: 6961: 6930: 6874: 6790: 6735: 6686: 6608: 6446: 6419: 6347: 6166:

broke out in Cochinchina in 1771, weakening the Nguyễn Lords. Trịnh Sâm attacked the

5890:

Khoan Minh Mẫn Đạt Anh Quả Huy Nhu Khắc Nhân Đốc Nghĩa Mỹ Hoàng đế (寬明敏達英果徽柔克仁篤義美皇帝)

5874: 5704: 5438:. From September 1518 to March 1519, Lê Bảng was installed and killed by the warlord 4957: 4869: 4544: 4368: 3846: 3564: 3547: 3480: 3244: 3144: 2584: 2542: 2451: 2370: 2350: 2243: 2016: 1778: 1495: 1079: 335: 317: 260: 9655: 9413: 9065:

Ethnic Groups of Cambodia Vol 3: Profile of Austro-Thai and Sinitic-Speaking Peoples

6307: 6147: 6078: 5700: 5614: 3483:, while lower ranking loyalists were sent to cultivate government land and join the 3434: 3273: 3132: 2903: 2851:

cooperated with the Trịnh. Bầu Lords lasted for nearly 200 years from 1527 to 1699.

2318:

Vietnamese territory (Dark red) and temporary occupied territory (light red) during

1415: 1308: 9630: 9600: 9531: 9473: 9342: 9119: 8938:(in Vietnamese) (Nội các quan bản ed.), Hanoi: Social Science Publishing House 8675: 7708: 7285:. Viện Khoa Học Xã Hội Việt Nam dịch. Nhà xuất bản Khoa Học Xã Hội (Hà Nội) ấn hành 6727: 6705:

Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, University of Tokyo's Toyo Cultural Research Institute, p，546－548

6662: 6339: 5949: 5884: 5692: 5667: 5169: 5159: 5060: 4953: 4905: 4806: 4798: 4738: 4680: 4552: 4305: 4274:

In late 1426, Lê Lợi held a small Confucian examination in Đông Kinh, graduated 30

3891: 3842: 3468: 3307:, who was demoted after his failed coup d'état attempt in 1780. Trịnh Sâm assigned 3207: 3063: 2998: 2717: 2676: 2643: 2406: 2326:

Thánh Tông encouraged the spread of Confucian values throughout Vietnam by having "

2291: 2085: 1829: 1767: 1639: 1425: 1114: 1075: 989: 954: 686: 321: 188: 9551: 6159: 5957: 5653: 5322: 4722: 4502: 3928: 3906:

was a famous Vietnamese doctor and pharmacist with his full collection 28-volumes

3300: 3296: 3152: 2695: 2672: 2657: 2469:

Under the order of Lê Thánh Tông, the official historical text of the Lê dynasty,

2345: 2157:

him executed. In December 1435, Thái Tông ordered general Tư Mã Tây to subdue the

1996: 1445: 9635: 9302: 9256: 9084: 8526: 8418: 6731: 6640: 6409: 6378:

Baldanza, Kathlene (2014). "Perspectives on the 1540 Mac Surrender to the Ming".

6167: 6155: 6103: 6033: 5924: 5743: 5606: 5543: 5232: 5107:(1437-1441). Died mysteriously while visiting the Lychee garden (Lệ Chi Viên) of 4983: 4877: 4814: 4802: 4672: 4413: 4388: 4376: 4372: 4022: 3898:

was a poet, encyclopedist, and government official, author of the geography book

3588: 3584: 3572: 3560: 3504: 3199: 2994: 2954: 2907: 2882: 2827: 2772: 2753: 2736:(then called Đông Đô) and fled south, with the Emperor "under their protection". 2708:(九重臺, trans. "Nine-Leveled Tower"), designed by the emperor's favoured architect 2691: 2669: 2538: 2462: 2423: 2410: 2405:), after which they ended up near the coast of Vietnam, in the 1460s, during the 2283: 2208: 2204: 2161:

chief Cầm Quý who having a ten-thousand army of raiders in the northwest region.

1679: 1157: 985: 977: 950: 938: 912: 668: 600: 462: 430: 184: 8324:(in Vietnamese). Vietnam: Công Ty Văn Hóa và Truyền Thông Nhã Nam. p. 156. 7766: 7661: 7659: 7634: 7632: 4941: 4180:

woodcut painting depicts Cá chép (Carp) displays in National Museum of Fine Arts

2805:

The Lê loyalists under Lê Ninh, a descendant of the Imperial family, escaped to

2419: 1609: 9346: 7221:

PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (22 April 2013).

7194:

PGS.TSKH Nguyễn Hải Kế(Associate Professor Dr. Nguyen Hai Ke) (28 March 2013).

5992: 5759:

Hiển Nhân Dụ Khánh Tuy Phúc Huệ Hoàng đế (显仁裕庆绥福惠皇帝), Giản Huy Hoàng đế (簡輝皇帝)

5739: 5602: 5197: 4733: 4651: 4643: 4639: 4600: 4451: 4421: 4392: 3862: 3596: 3164: 2814: 2780: 2600: 2486: 2306: 2170: 2119: 2100: 1879: 1649: 1122: 450: 309: 251: 9198: 7437: 7393:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 203-大明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之二百十九" 7392: 7121:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 47-明实录孝宗实录-- > 146-明孝宗敬皇帝实录卷之一百五十三" 7120: 6923:"Vietnam (Cộng hoà Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam) (Socialist Republic of Vietnam)" 6261: 3854: 3850: 3784: 3772: 3446: 3413: 3372: 3320: 3047: 1589: 1205: 1101:(Lunar New Year) in February 1418. In November 1424, the Lam Sơn captured the 934: 926: 908: 892: 876: 868: 9680: 8443:

History of Vietnam from the beginning to early 19th century, Đào Duy Anh 2002

7656: 7629: 7613: 6351: 5657: 4904:. Subsequently, the only remaining Khmers' sea access was the south-westerly 4818: 4774: 4742: 4662:

Map of Đông Kinh (Hanoi) in 1490, drawn during Hồng Đức reign (Lê Thánh Tông)

4577: 4439: 4286: 4280: 3944: 3915: 3867: 3829: 3576: 3269: 3148:

walls of the Nguyễn in 1661 but this attack, like so many before it, failed.

3037: 3033: 2966: 2962: 2842: 2588: 1851: 1805: 1022: 283: 232: 9516: 7963:"Epidemics in late pre-modern Vietnam and their links with her neighbours 1" 7868:"Before the Imjin War, Japan wanted to attack the Ming dynasty with Vietnam" 7438:"首页 > 06史藏-1725部 > 03别史-100部 > 49-明实录宪宗实录-- > 106-明宪宗纯皇帝实录卷之一百六" 6990: 6442:

Religion of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of beliefs and practices

5035: 5023: 4409: 4157: 4060:(mythological beast) figurines, crimson and gilded wood, eighteenth century. 2699: 1629: 1485: 1151: 996:. The Lê dynasty officially ended in 1789, when the peasant uprising of the 965: 788: 522: 501: 9212:

ChinaKnowledge.de - An Encyclopaedia on Chinese History, Literature and Art

7527: 7509: 7350: 7332: 7310: 7182: 7164: 7093: 6222: 5877:'s daughter. Died at age 17 without an heir. Trịnh Tạc was de facto ruler. 5776:

Deposed and forced to commit suicide by Trịnh Tùng following a court plot.

5610: 5056: 4913: 4909: 4897: 4873: 4749: 4608: 4573: 4435: 4417: 3538: 3496: 3464: 3265: 2974: 2916: 2847: 2651: 2639: 2571:

From 1478 to 1480, Lê Thánh Tông led an expedition against the kingdoms of

2492: 2287: 2279: 2190: 1976: 1966: 1191: 1071: 1059: 1018: 1005: 997: 969: 961: 655: 305: 238: 226: 8947:

The Harper Encyclopedia of Military History: From 3500 B.C. to the Present

7369: 6343: 5310:

Reigned for six months (July 1504 - January 1505) before dying of illness

4789:, tried to establish a major trading centre at the port village of Faifo. 4396: 3509: 3385:

died of old age shortly after and passed the throne to Lê Duy Kỳ (emperor

3355:

and Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh to undertake the task. Nhạc warned Huệ not to attack

2937: 2863: 2426:

after walking for 9 days through the mountains. The local ethnic minority

2334: 2300: 1110: 9339:

Lịch Sử Việt Nam: Volume 4, History of Vietnam from XVII to XVIII century

8751:, Ho Chi Minh City, Công ty Văn hóa Hương Trang, pp.31–33; Helen Jarvis, 5538: 5236: 4978: 4860: 4705: 4676: 4455: 3994: 3587:

court (southern court) were thus distinguished from the courtiers of the

3534: 3228: 3080: 3013: 2867: 2855: 2806: 2604: 2182: 1907: 1298: 1102: 509: 7867: 6391: 5908:

Adopted by Trịnh Tạc at early age. Enthroned when he was 10 and died of

5795:

Son of Emperor Kính Tông and Empress Ngọc Trinh, Trịnh Tùng's daughter.

5601:

Escaped from house arrest to Laos in 1527. In 1533, Lê loyalists led by

5064: 4228:

Stone stele records of imperial examinations of the Lê and Mạc dynasties

3833: 3256: 2940:, asking the Vietnamese to join Japan's alliance against Ming China and 2838: 8614: 7582: 4933: 4790: 4758: 4647: 4522: 4301: 3750:

Paintings of activities of Vietnamese people in the Revival Lê dynasty.

3430: 3168: 2458: 2386: 1381: 1329: 1319: 8770: 8143: 4420:

in exchange for the recognition and formal protection of his kingdom.

2702:. The most notable of those places was one known to the Vietnamese as 2565: 2562: 9341:, Institute of History of Vietnam: Social Science, pp. 212–265, 8255: 6154:(1767-1769). Relationship with the Trịnh Lordship deteriorated after 5685:

Thiên Hựu (天祐 1557), Chính Trị (正治 1558 – 1571), Hồng Phúc (洪福 1572)

5137:

Khâm Văn Nhân Hiếu Tuyên Minh Thông Duệ Tuyên Hoàng đế (欽文仁孝宣明聰睿宣皇帝)

4588: 4535:

Vietnamese historiography notes that contact between Vietnam and the

3172:

the Nguyễn was strongly fortified yet remained peaceful. Despite the

2970: 2398: 1340: 1161: 972:

army from Vietnam. The dynasty reached its peak during the reign of

345: 9284: 7962: 6607:. The Encycloaedia Britannica. Micropedia, Volume VI, 15th Edition. 6020:

Son of Emperor Dụ Tông and Empress Ngọc Trang, aunt of Trịnh Cương.

4923:, a Vietnamese noble and explorer, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of 3940: 3479:

where he was appointed a Chinese mandarin of the fourth rank in the

3236:

1771 that any of the peasant revolts had a lasting national impact.

3066:, were invented and widespread in Vietnam during the 16–17th century 1235: 42: 7736:

In Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

5707:. Anh Tông plotted against the Trịnh and was killed by Trịnh Tùng. 5240: 5104: 4845: 4817:, is known to have made one trading mission to Hội An in 1617 on a 4704:

army encountered a Vietnamese merchant ship from Tonkin wrecked in

4536: 4380: 4364: 3492: 3425:

In late 1787, Nguyễn Huệ, no longer served under Nguyễn Nhạc, sent

3139:. In the following year, Trịnh Tráng died as Nguyễn forces entered 2887: 2572: 2554: 2550: 2390: 2194: 1385: 1278: 1223: 1160:.In 1429, he introduced the Thuận Thiên code, largely based on the 941:. The Revival Lê dynasty was marked by two lengthy civil wars: the 745: 313: 271: 7278: 7247: 6844:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên, 1993, volume XI, p. 397–403. 3918:

to Đại Việt in 1516, and was adopted by the Lê army by the 1530s.

7532: 6171: 5909: 5529:

Emperors of the Restored Period (Lê Trung Hưng) from 1533 to 1789

4924: 4868:

Beginning in the early 17th century, colonization of the area by

4849: 4786: 4596: 3695: 3513: 3488: 3476: 3087: 2436: 2402: 1956: 1137:

as a puppet king of Annam who nominally ruled from 1426 to 1428.

1130: 1121:

in charge of defending northern Vietnam. The new Ming ruler, the

1098: 769: 733: 8931: 8917:. England: London : Printed for James and John Knapton ... 7677: 7665: 7650: 7638: 7623: 6896:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

6723:

Ming China and Vietnam: Negotiating Borders in Early Modern Asia

6484: 6438: 5991:

The Lê court recognized the Manchu Qing legitimates over China,

5011: 4057: 3932: 3722:

Nguyen Quy Kinh (1693–1766), imperial tutor to the crown prince.

2830:

of the Ming dynasty to send an army to fight against the Mạc to

1058:(平吳大誥), a proclamation hymn of Vietnamese independence from the 8365:

Dutton, George; Werner, Jayne; Whitmore, John K., eds. (2012).

8354:. Vol. 1. Hanoi: Nhà xuất bản Khoa học Xã hội. p. 58. 6217:'s supervision. Defeated pro-Trịnh forces with help of warlord 5228: 4937: 4889: 4778: 4701: 4384: 4360: 4275: 4266: 4250: 3113: 2958: 2941: 2694:

Tương Dực Hoàng đế (襄翼皇帝), proved to be just as bad a ruler as

2514: 2394: 2378: 2374: 2251: 1946: 1926: 1087: 348: 6927:

The Continuum Complete International Encyclopedia of Sexuality

6665:: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House. pp. 212–213. 4952:. The citadel was later destroyed by the French following the 4880:

of Cambodia (1618–28) allowed Vietnamese refugees fleeing the

4474:

Vietnamese delegation in Beijing street (Source: "平定西域献俘礼图卷".)

3143:. Under the leadership of Trịnh Tráng's successor the capable 3097: 2790: 2158: 992:

in the South, both ruling in the name of the Lê emperor while

6835:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên, 1993, volume XI, p. 392 6330:

Womack, B. (2012). "Asymmetry and China's Tributary System".

4592: 3344:, after hearing about Tố Lý's death, took refuge in Tây Sơn. 3128:

the door open for the Nguyễn to finally go on the offensive.

3070: 2920: 2733: 2596: 2576: 1916: 835: 737: 8825:. Website Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. 22 May 2014. Archived from 7779:

Perspectives on the 1540 Mac Surrender to the Ming (in PDF).

6989:. 國學網－－中國經濟史論壇(China Economic History Forum). Archived from 5738:

Installed by Trịnh Tùng when he was 5 years old. Recaptured

4221: 3820:. From 1580 to 1586, two Portuguese and French missionaries 3194: 3101:

Partition of Vietnam in the 1650s, amid the Trịnh-Nguyễn war

3058: 2487:

Hồng Đức's campaigns against Champa and Lan Xang (1471–1480)

2418:

palace was apparently valued by the Vietnamese. However the

2278:. In nearly all respects, his reforms mirrored those of the 8688:

Portuguese pioneers of Vietnamese linguistics prior to 1650

7223:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG" 7196:"CÓ MỘT VÂN ĐỒN Ở GIỮA YÊN BANG, YÊN QUẢNG KHÔNG TĨNH LẶNG" 6726:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 204–210. 4929: 4294: 3666:

delegates under Lê dynasty to Qing China in 1750s (source:

3359:. However, Chỉnh convinced Huệ to do so, under the slogan " 3284: 2810: 2580: 2427: 741: 30:

For the earlier Lê dynasty who ruled from 980 to 1009, see

9307:(illustrated ed.). University of Pennsylvania Press. 9286:

Southeast Asia in the Ming Shi-lu: an open access resource

9143:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. pp. 193–202. 8144:

Naval Intelligence Division (Anh Quốc) (11 January 2013).

7769:(1821), Lịch triều hiến chương loại chí, volume 1, p. 402. 7544: 7019:. 廣東省社會科學院歷史研究所南開大學中國社會歷史研究中心. p. 12. Archived from 5952:

in Cochinchina over, the last remnants of Mạc dynasty and

5720:

Tích Thuần Cương Chính Dũng Quả Nghị Hoàng đế (積純剛正勇果毅皇帝)

3396:

After Tây Sơn's withdrawal, members of Trịnh clan, namely

2599:. Some of the Vietnamese army had reached the kingdom of 2443:

records that in 1467 in An Bang province of Dai Viet (now

9045:

The Vietnamese response to French intervention, 1862–1874

8417:

Andaya, Barbara Watson; Andaya, Leonard Y. (2015-02-19).

7711:: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House. p. 248. 7250:"Phần 26 (Bản kỷ thực lục Q2(a) Nhà Hậu Lê (1460–1472).)" 5617:. Chiêu Tông ruled from his court in Vạn Lại, Thanh Hóa. 4801:

were far more interested in commercial activity than the

4679:

was used to refer to Southern Vietnam, then ruled by the

4646:, these exports include Tonkinese octagonal bottles with 3943:. Many writers wrote in chữ Hán or chữ Nôm; for example, 3886:

was a 15th-century Lê official, author of geography book

2333:

Lê Thánh Tông introduced reforms designed to replace the

1220:

Lê Lợi's reign would be short-lived, as he died in 1433.

8528:

Silk for Silver: Dutch-Vietnamese Relations; 1637 – 1700

7989: 5902:

Dương Đức (陽德 1672 – 1674), Đức Nguyên (德元 1674 – 1675)

4969:

Emperors of the Initial Period (Lê Sơ) from 1428 to 1527

2619:, the Lê dynasty fell into a swift decline (1497–1527). 2199:

barbaric raiders, we need to eliminated all of them,..."

1133:. Following negotiations with the Ming, Lê Lợi selected 8500:

Phạm Công Trứ, 1993, Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, volume 15

5985:

Vĩnh Thịnh (永盛 1706 – 1719), Bảo Thái (保泰 1720 – 1729)

5771:

Thận Đức (慎德 1600 – 1601), Hoằng Định (弘定 1601 – 1619)

5732:

Gia Thái (嘉泰 1573 – 1577), Quang Hưng (光興 1578 – 1599)

4539:

or Vatican was established during the reign of emperor

3857:

continued to be used by the court and the bureaucracy.

3537:

was learned from the previous dynasties of Vietnam and

3503:

visited China, Lê dynasty loyalists requested that the

3463:

Lê Chiêu Thống sent envoy to the Imperial court of the

9230:

The Ethnic Chinese and Economic Development in Vietnam

8392:

Hội đồng Giám mục Việt Nam: Nhật ký Ad Limina 5.3.2018

7801: 7594:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, volume XIII 6925:. In Francoeur, Robert T.; Noonan, Raymond J. (eds.). 6439:

J. Gordon Melton, Martin Baumann (21 September 2010).

6178:

began northern campaign, captured Thăng Long in 1786.

5942:

Vĩnh Trị (永治 1676 – 1680), Chính Hoà (正和 1680 – 1705)

5391:, 1516) and political crises. Assassinated by general 5149:

Thái Hòa (太和 1443 – 1453), Diên Ninh (延寧 1454 – 1459)

5097:

Thiệu Bình (紹平 1434 – 1439), Đại Bảo (大寶 1440 – 1442)

4253:(進士) parade when successfully passing the examination. 3627:

A Vietnamese lady in Northern Vietnam, 1600s painting.

3615:

Vietnamese people in 1645 through a Japanese painting.

1009:

expansion of Vietnam's borders southwards through the

915:, in which emperors ruled in their own right, and the 357:

Rump state under Qing dynasty's protection (1788–1789)

7890:

Cross-Currents: East Asian History and Culture Review

7248:

Lê Văn Hưu; Phan Phu Tiên; Ngô Sĩ Liên, eds. (1993).

6229:

in 1789. Went to asylum and died in Beijing in 1793.

4547:

that is held in a Vatican library in the modern day.

4442:

reclassified Annam as an independent kingdom, giving

3475:

ended after ruling Vietnam for 356 years. He went to

3264:

lost the control of Cochinchina, fled by ship to the

9503: 9258:

The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)

8793:"Ho Chi Minh City and around Guide – Vietnam Travel" 8364: 7523:

The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)

7505:

The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)

7306:

The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty (Ming Tai Huan Kuan)

7082: 7080: 6678: 5221:

Quang Thuận (光順 1460–1469), Hồng Đức (洪德 1470–1497)

4580:) that occurred in 1517 to 1521 during the reign of 4462:

through a successful Vietnamese diplomatic mission.

3155:, while the defending army was under the command of 8420:

A History of Early Modern Southeast Asia, 1400-1830

6198:Son of Crown Prince Lê Duy Vĩ of Emperor Hiển Tông 6158:'s death in 1767. Crown prince Lê Duy Vĩ killed by 5679:Descendant of Lê Trừ, the second brother of Lê Lợi 5660:from Mạc in 1553. Trung Tông died without an heir. 5115:, resulting in Nguyễn Trãi's accusation and death ( 3651:

The Vietnamese hunters (Hmong ethnic) in Lê dynasty

976:and declined after his death in 1497. In 1527, the 175:Map of Đại Việt in 1770 under the reign of emperor 9134:(in Vietnamese). Sài Gòn: Nhà xuất bản Văn Sử Học. 8967: 8944: 8910: 7798:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám Cương mục, volume 27. 6553:Hào kiệt Lam Sơn: trường thiên tiểu thuyết lịch sử 4671:) to refer to northern Vietnam, then ruled by the 4269:and soldiers in Lê dynasty, 18th century painting. 3816:in the first year of Nguyên Hoà Emperor (1533) in 2262: 2223:, the normal punishment for treason at that time. 1097:("blue mountain") campaign began on the day after 1086:were crushed by the Ming army. He joined a secret 9126: 8988: 8168: 8131: 7538: 7153: 7151: 7077: 6920: 6868: 6273:Especially when referring to the dynasty and era. 4793:was founded as a trading port by the Nguyễn Lord 4615:in Vietnam around the late 16th to 18th century. 3914:. Matchlock firearms technology also spread from 3299:died and passed the throne to his 5-year-old son 2541:, ending independent Cham rule in the south. The 2226: 2173:, raided in Thanh Hóa and southern Hưng Hóa (now 1242: 1070:, Lê Lợi led an uprising against the rule of the 9678: 8894:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 113–119. 8745: 8737: 8423:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 125–126. 8228: 6036:. Posthumously named by the condescending title 3710:Two women and a child in Hanoi, c. 18th century. 3519: 2716:, a northerner who claimed to be an heir of the 2642:due to his deep interest in intellectuality and 1210: 1196: 1180: 152: 146: 9337:Trần, Thị Vinh (2017), Nguyễn, Ngọc Mão (ed.), 8344: 8109:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 138–141. 4521:, the mandarin who led the diplomatic visit to 3812:recorded the first Christian missionary's name 3801: 3458: 1037: 9110: 8891:A History of Vietnam: From Hong Bang to Tu Duc 8524: 8229:Anderson, James A.; Whitmore, John K. (2014). 8104: 7699: 7148: 6873:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 83–84. 6653: 6373: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6365: 6363: 6361: 2923:as a tributary nation against the Lê dynasty. 2747: 2610: 2361:Imperial seal of the Lê dynasty, 1479 version. 960:The dynasty officially began in 1428 with the 9489: 9116:Việt Nam sử lược (A Brief History of Vietnam) 8591:Bruce McFarland Lockhart, William J. Duiker, 8560:List of prefectures and villages, page 95-98. 6715: 6713: 6711: 6332:The Chinese Journal of International Politics 5912:5 years later. Trịnh Tạc was de facto ruler. 5506:Son of Lê Sùng, brother of Emperor Tương Dực 5466:Son of Lê Sùng, brother of Emperor Tương Dực 4872:settlers gradually isolated the Khmer of the 4045:Wooden art pieces of the seventeenth century. 2854:In 1542, Lê army from Muang Phuan recaptured 2668:, he succeeded the throne, later known under 2435:magistrate Li Guangning and then was sent to 2137: 604: 203:New territory of Đại Việt (dark green) after 27:Imperial dynasty in Vietnam from 1428 to 1789 9122:: Ho Chi Minh City General Publishing House. 9061: 8951:(Fourth ed.). New York: HarperCollins. 8626: 8416: 8302: 8274: 8272: 8270: 8268: 8266: 7733: 7722:Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation 7550: 7056:. Vancouver, Canada: UBC Press. p. 91. 6909:Vietnam, Trials and Tribulations of a Nation 6303: 6301: 6299: 4359:Tributary envoys and foreign dignitaries of 2906:succeed his father in 1570, established the 2587:. Laotians were overwhelmed, their capital 9358:, Imperial library of Vietnam: Lê Dynasty, 8943:Dupuy, R. Ernest; Dupuy, Trevor N. (1993). 8913:A supplement to the Voyages Round the World 8290:"Con trai vua Lê Thế Tông ở đất Thanh Châu" 7471:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. p. 7462: 6674: 6672: 6566:Vietnam: Journeys of Body, Mind, and Spirit 6358: 6325: 6323: 6321: 6264:writing system for the Vietnamese language. 4627: 3032:), which was imposed as the border between 2862:surrendered. After capturing the region of 2791:Southern and Northern Dynasties (1533–1597) 2553:(now Nha Trang) with many Chams fleeing to 2221:executed as were his three entire relations 1234:commemorating a campaign against rebels in 1140: 9742:States and territories established in 1533 9737:States and territories established in 1428 9496: 9482: 9226: 9019:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 9017:. In Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (eds.). 8942: 8595:, Scarecrow Press, 2010, pages 40, 365–366 7995: 7985:(R.229 • NLVNPF-0744 ed.). p. 2. 7967:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 7938:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 7909:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 7907:. In Mair, Victor H; Kelley, Liam (eds.). 7160:Imperial China and Its Southern Neighbours 6708: 6403: 6401: 4543:(1572–1599) through a diplomacy letter in 4216:" displays in National Museum of Fine Arts 3668:Ten Thousand Nations Coming to Pay Tribute 2984: 2926: 2246:and the child's mother, the young Empress 2144: 2130: 197: 169: 9354:Ngô, Sĩ Liên (1993), Đào, Duy Anh (ed.), 9178: 9062:Schliesinger, Joachim (11 January 2015). 8616:사헌부에서 전 제주 목사 이기빈과 전 판관 문희현의 치죄를 청하여 윤허하다 8263: 8119: 6898:. Cambridge University Press. p. 84. 6498:"Open Doors International : Vietnam" 6296: 5279:Maintained the works of the Hồng Đức era 4222:Education and imperial examination system 4009:Ceramic stoneware vase, fifteenth century 3877: 3698:playing house in Tonkin, c. 18th century. 127:Learn how and when to remove this message 9300: 9233:. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. 9205: 9183:(in Vietnamese). Nhà xuất bản Hồng Đức. 8974:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 8010: 8008: 8006: 8004: 7940:. Flipside Digital Content Company Inc. 7748:Ming shilu, volume 198, Mao Bayu's story 7738:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7225:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from 7198:. 广州日报大洋网(www.dayoo.com). Archived from 6893: 6853: 6783: 6719: 6669: 6630:, vol. I, part. III, sec. XIV(1418–1427) 6407: 6377: 6318: 6282:Especially when referring to the family. 5746:in 1592. Trịnh Tùng was de facto ruler. 4859: 4764: 4753:Japanese merchant pay tribute to prince 4748: 4732: 4725:(r. 1682–1709) succeeded to the throne. 4657: 4354: 4231: 4144:Celadon dish from Chu Đậu, 15th century. 3467:to ask for aid against the Tây Sơn. The 3331: 3222: 3206:The stalemate between the Trịnh and the 3193: 3096: 3069: 3057: 3046: 2894: 2779:Dung, this time under the leadership of 2740:Trịnh and the Nguyễn on the other side. 2504: 2415:Vietnamese imperial palace in Thang Long 2389:recorded that thirteen Chinese men from 2356: 2313: 2305: 1222: 1074:in 1418, after resistance forces of two 1047: 8908: 8887: 8869: 8520: 8518: 8516: 8514: 8512: 8510: 8508: 8506: 8489:Biên Niên Lịch sử Cổ Trung Đại Việt Nam 8287: 7807: 6953: 6398: 5605:installed Lê Ninh as Emperor in-exile. 5478:Rule plagued by civil war. Murdered by 4558: 3524: 2664:. In 1505, as older brother of Emperor 2349:the same year, Vietnam was attacked by 14: 9679: 9157: 9138: 9042: 8965: 8654:, University Press of Kentucky, 1999, 8412: 8410: 8217:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 8195: 8017: 7880: 7822:Matchlock firearms of the Ming Dynasty 7757:Đại Việt sử ký bản kỉ tục biên, vol 16 7465:"Ming China and Its Border with Annam" 7050:"Ming China and Its Border with Annam" 6856:"Nomadic people in Vietnamese history" 6472: 6329: 6162:who planned to abolish the Lê Throne. 5652:as de facto ruler. Lê army recaptured 4844:). Then, with the triumph of Emperor 4813:, the English sailor and confidant of 4212:woodcut painting depicts Five Tigers " 3921: 3809:Khâm định Việt sử Thông giám cương mục 3778:The Vietnamese civilians in Lê dynasty 3762:Court dress during the late Lê dynasty 2826:sent two envoys to Beijing to ask the 1015:expedition into today Laos and Myanmar 855:, also known in historiography as the 63:Please improve this article by adding 9477: 8932:Đại Việt's Office of History (1993), 8001: 7861: 7859: 7857: 6806: 6804: 6802: 6800: 5191:Deposed and killed by the ministers. 4108:Ceramic Lion bush, sixteenth century. 4096:Buddhanandi statue of the Lê dynasty. 4072:Nghê decorate in seventeenth century. 3336:Army of Le dynasty, late 18th century 3290: 3180:all under the same empire, Đại Việt. 2723: 2549:(modern day Phan Rang–Tháp Chàm) and 2537:Champa and captured the Cham capital 1145: 9336: 9282: 9261:(illustrated ed.). SUNY Press. 9254: 9132:Lịch sử Nội Chiến Việt Nam 1771–1802 9082: 8842:, Kỷ Nhà Lê, Kính Tông Huệ Hoàng Đế. 8582:History of Vietnam, 2017, p. 262-264 8503: 8461:History of Vietnam, 2017, p. 567-572 8317: 7865: 7565: 7563: 7561: 7559: 7421: 7365: 7104: 7047: 4458:gave the title An Nam Quốc Vương to 4350: 3531:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam 3183: 3020:. This border was very close to the 2660:(黎威穆) was the second son of Emperor 2630:'s 14 sons, succeeded his father as 2545:was reduced to a small enclave near 1866:Provisional Revolutionary Government 1477: 1068:Fourth Chinese domination of Vietnam 815:Titles given by the Chinese empires: 812:Emperor of Đại Việt/King of Đại Việt 36: 9702:Former countries in Chinese history 9353: 9141:Readings on Islam in Southeast Asia 9089:(illustrated ed.). UBC Press. 8407: 8169:Hugh Dyson Walker (November 2012). 6984: 6791:"Lê, Lợi King of Vietnam 1385–1433" 6647: 6578: 4963: 3977:wrote in both chữ Hán and chữ Nôm. 3054:illustration, warship of Lê dynasty 2675:(威穆皇帝). Lê Uy Mục was portrayed by 1011:domination of the Kingdom of Champa 949:(1627–1672, 1774–1777) between the 24: 9330: 9012: 8739:Vương miện lưu đày: truyện lịch sử 8710:"Misje Jezuici: Wojciech Męciński" 8452:History of Vietnam, 2017, volume 3 7960: 7931: 7902: 7854: 7789:Đại Việt Sử Ký toàn thư, volume 16 6797: 4757:at Governor house of Quang Nam in 2513:(red) and vassals (light red) and 25: 9768: 9378: 9304:The Tongking Gulf Through History 8803:from the original on 5 March 2016 7678:Đại Việt's Office of History 1993 7666:Đại Việt's Office of History 1993 7651:Đại Việt's Office of History 1993 7639:Đại Việt's Office of History 1993 7624:Đại Việt's Office of History 1993 7556: 7178:The Tongking Gulf Through History 7089:The Tongking Gulf Through History 6921:Pastoetter, Ph.D., Jakob (2004). 6485:Đại Việt's Office of History 1993 4900:cut off Cambodia's access to the 4737:Japanese merchant pay tribute to 3276:with help from the French priest 2953:The Ming loyalist Chinese pirate 642:Fourth Era of Northern Domination 9356:Đại Việt Sử Ký toàn thư: Book XI 9086:The Chinese State at the Borders 8845: 8833: 8823:"Lịch sử hình thành đất Sài Gòn" 8815: 8785: 8758: 8729: 8716: 8702: 8693: 8680: 8665: 8644: 8641:History of Vietnam, 2017, p. 240 8635: 8607: 8604:William Dampier, 1688, p. 70–88. 8598: 8585: 8576: 8563: 8554: 8545: 8494: 8482: 8473: 8464: 8455: 8446: 8437: 8396: 8385: 8358: 8338: 8311: 8303:Lê Tiên Long (9 December 2018). 8296: 8281: 8249: 8222: 8210: 8201: 8189: 8162: 8137: 8125: 8113: 8098: 8089: 8080: 8071: 8062: 8053: 8044: 7469:The Chinese State at the Borders 7054:The Chinese State at the Borders 6183: 6115: 5917: 5842:Trịnh Tráng was de facto ruler. 5570: 5487: 5447: 5350: 5315: 5248: 5196: 5124: 5072: 5010: 4833:was believed to visited Hội An. 4510: 4494: 4479: 4467: 4258: 4242: 4201: 4185: 4169: 4149: 4137: 4125: 4120:Imperial dish of the Lê dynasty. 4113: 4101: 4089: 4077: 4065: 4050: 4038: 4014: 4002: 3986: 3792:Portraits of Periodical Offering 3783: 3771: 3755: 3743: 3727: 3715: 3703: 3687: 3675: 3656: 3644: 3632: 3620: 3608: 3361:Destroy the Trịnh and aid the Lê 3074:Vietnamese swords in Lê dynasty 2501:Vietnamese-Laotian War (1479–80) 2461:reported that some Chinese from 2113: 1810:(Democratic Republic of Vietnam) 1277: 713: 695: 677: 648: 634: 601:Copper-alloy and zinc cash coins 431:Military dictators & Regents 41: 8995:Encyclopedia of Global Religion 8368:Sources of Vietnamese Tradition 8035: 8026: 7973: 7954: 7925: 7896: 7881:Antony, Robert J. (June 2014). 7874: 7845: 7836: 7813: 7792: 7783: 7772: 7760: 7751: 7742: 7727: 7715: 7693: 7683: 7671: 7644: 7617: 7597: 7588: 7576: 7514: 7496: 7456: 7430: 7415: 7385: 7374: 7355: 7337: 7315: 7297: 7272: 7241: 7214: 7187: 7169: 7139: 7113: 7098: 7041: 7011: 7005: 6978: 6947: 6914: 6911:D. R. SarDesai, ppg 35–37, 1988 6902: 6887: 6862: 6847: 6838: 6829: 6813: 6769: 6760: 6748: 6699: 6682:The Eunuchs in the Ming Dynasty 6633: 6617: 6598: 6589: 6572: 6558: 6545: 6535: 6525: 6515: 6490: 6276: 6071:Trịnh Giang was de facto ruler 4950:Nguyễn Ánh's French mercenaries 4084:Dragon of the Later Lê dynasty. 3912:traditional Vietnamese medicine 3734:Commoners and mandarins of the 3303:instead of his 19-year-old son 2936:sent envoys to the Lê court in 2872:Northern and Southern dynasties 2797:Southern and Northern Dynasties 2263:Lê Thánh Tông (ruled 1460–1497) 2242:(黎仁宗) but the real rulers were 982:Southern and Northern Dynasties 9722:1533 establishments in Vietnam 9255:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (1996). 9164:. Cambridge University Press. 8874:, Princeton University Press, 6478: 6466: 6432: 6267: 6254: 6110:(retired emperor) of Vietnam. 5995:sent envoy and gave the title 5956:were conquered. Trịnh Tạc and 5235:in 1471. Victorious wars with 4687:, from the name of the former 3451: 3418: 3377: 3325: 2881:who became the founder of the 2450:Several Malay envoys from the 2227:Lê Nhân Tông (ruled 1442–1459) 1820:Provisional Central Government 1243:Lê Thái Tông (ruled 1433–1442) 1211: 1197: 1127:Battle of Tốt Động – Chúc Động 895:: 大越), was the longest-ruling 548:• Recapture of Đông Kinh 13: 1: 9752:Tributaries of Imperial China 9430:on Leipzig University Library 8862: 8747:Tìm hiểu lịch sử chữ quốc ngữ 7539:Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011 6679:Shih-shan Henry Tsai (1996). 6532:the countryside to rally ..." 5873:Married to Empress Ngọc Áng, 4777:river was originally part of 3545:, cross-collared robe called 3520:Culture, society, and science 3028:located just to the south in 2517:(purple) during the reign of 1003:The Lê dynasty continued the 65:secondary or tertiary sources 9404:Resources in other libraries 8855:, book 2 (volume 1, p. 175). 8755:, Clio Press, 1997, p.xxiii. 8278:Trần Trọng Kim, pp. 372–373. 8257:Annam and its Minor Currency 8175:. AuthorHouse. p. 298. 7961:Li, Tana (28–29 June 2012). 6732:10.1017/cbo9781316440551.013 6685:. SUNY Press. pp. 15–. 6289: 6242:List of Vietnamese dynasties 6040:(Duke of Ambiguous Virtues) 3802:Introduction of Christianity 3555:Before 1744, people of both 3459:Lê Chiêu Thống fled to China 2837:In 1527, the Vũ Văn clan in 1937:Cát Tiên archaeological site 1038:Lam Sơn uprising (1418–1427) 7: 9712:1428 establishments in Asia 9161:A History of the Vietnamese 8992:; Roof, Wade Clark (2011). 8699:Đào Trinh Nhất 2015, p. 47. 8569:Đại Việt địa dư toàn biên, 7936:. In Mair, Victor H (ed.). 7014:"貿易、移殖與文化交流:15–17 世紀廣東人與越南" 6894:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). 6720:Baldanza, Kathlene (2016). 6235: 6102:Forced to abdicate by Lord 4855: 4769:Hội An port in 18th century 4450:(安南国王) again. In 1667, the 4395:to the Lê dynasty court in 2748:Usurpation of Mạc Đăng Dung 2611:Decline of the Early period 2213:Complete Annals of Đại Việt 1870:(Republic of South Vietnam) 179:. Dark green: Territory of 10: 9773: 8148:. Routledge. p. 176. 7851:Phan Huy Chú, pp. 260–261. 7842:Trịnh Như Tấu, 1993 p. 19. 6954:Nguy~en, Ngọg Huy (1987). 6869:Kathlene Baldanza (2016). 6854:ereka.vn (13 April 2018). 6522:relationship was made ..." 6416:Cambridge University Press 6408:Holcombe, Charles (2017). 6227:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 6134:Son of Emperor Thuần Tông 6090:Son of Emperor Thuần Tông 5636:Son of Emperor Trang Tông 5589:Son of Emperor Chiêu Tông 5522:, forced to hang himself. 5267:Son of Emperor Thánh Tông 5186:Thiên Hưng (天興 1459-1460) 5029:Son of Lê Khoáng, Head of 4631: 4225: 3908:Hải Thượng y tông tâm lĩnh 3481:Han Yellow Bordered Banner 3340:Hoàng Tố Lý's subordinate 3187: 2988: 2794: 2751: 2527:Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) 2497:Cham–Vietnamese War (1471) 2490: 2266: 2230: 1600:Anarchy of the 12 Warlords 1246: 1230:, carved texts by Emperor 1149: 1041: 1032: 560:Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa 29: 9732:Former monarchies of Asia 9512: 9462: 9453: 9445: 9427:History of the Lê Dynasty 9399:Resources in your library 9206:Theobald, Ulrich (2018). 8909:Dampier, William (1688). 8627: 8403:Franco-Vietnamese schools 8288:Thái Mỹ (24 April 2019). 7724:D. R. SarDesai, p37, 1988 6826:, 1993, volume XI, p. 391 6766:Ngô Sĩ Liên 1993, pp 361. 6579:Low, Joey (Spring 2018). 6445:. Abc-Clio. p. 426. 6032:Deposed by and killed by 5936:Son of Emperor Thần Tông 5896:Son of Emperor Thần Tông 5861:Son of Emperor Thần Tông 5830:Son of Emperor Thần Tông 5798:1619–1643, 1649–1662 (16) 5333:Son of Emperor Hiến Tông 5298:Son of Emperor Hiến Tông 5231:and captured its capital 5215:Son of Emperor Thái Tông 5180:Son of Emperor Thái Tông 5143:Son of Emperor Thái Tông 4728: 4530: 4399:. (16th-century painting) 4309:until the established of 4297:'s imperial examination. 3347:In 1786, king of Tây Sơn 1204: 1190: 1181: 1174: 1169: 841: 831: 804: 794: 784: 776: 760: 755: 729: 613: 605: 596: 592: 582: 578: 573: 569: 556: 546: 532: 519: 498: 494: 484: 480: 468: 456: 446:• 1533–1545 (first) 444: 440: 429: 425: 413: 401: 389: 379:• 1428–1433 (first) 377: 373: 362: 331: 297: 278: 267: 254:(1428–1527 and 1592–1789) 247: 216: 196: 168: 161: 147: 141: 9425:Hoàng Lê Nhất Thống Chí 9043:McLeod, Mark W. (1991). 8615: 8318:Trần, Quang Đức (2013). 8172:East Asia: A New History 7870:(in Simplified Chinese). 7052:. In Lary, Diana (ed.). 6247: 6225:but was defeated in the 5765:Son of Emperor Thế Tông 4628:Đông Kinh and urban life 4403: 4160:in Kien Xuong district, 3433:. Vũ Văn Nhậm installed 1533:Trung sisters' rebellion 1141:Early period (1428–1527) 470:• 1787–1788 (last) 415:• 1786–1789 (last) 302:Vietnamese folk religion 9419:Encyclopædia Britannica 8966:Dutton, George (2006). 8935:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 8888:Chapuis, Oscar (1995). 8870:Andrade, Tonio (2016), 8840:Đại Việt Sử ký toàn thư 8525:Hoàng Anh Tuấn (2007). 8105:Chapuis, Oscar (1995). 7866:原文網址 (12 August 2016). 7467:. In Diana Lary (ed.). 7282:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư 7254:Đại Việt Sử Ký Toàn Thư 6820:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 6313:Encyclopædia Britannica 6056:Son of Emperor Dụ Tông 5979:Son of Emperor Hy Tông 5091:Son of Emperor Thái Tổ 5067:from local chieftains. 4864:Map of Gia Định in 1790 4718:insular Southeast Asian 3437:as Country Supervisor ( 3202:gives an audience 1684. 2985:Trịnh–Nguyễn contention 2927:Restored Lê (1533–1789) 2813:). Marquis of An Thanh 2533:In 1471, Lê Thánh Tông 2479:to the enthronement of 2472:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 2441:Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư 2027:Principality of Hà Tiên 925:: triều Lê Trung hưng, 9747:Military dictatorships 9727:1789 disestablishments 9717:1527 disestablishments 9158:Taylor, K. W. (2013). 8746: 8738: 8593:The A to Z of Viêt Nam 8132:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 1973 7982:公餘捷記 • Công dư tiệp ký 6871:Ming China and Vietnam 6595:Chan Chung Jin, p. 149 6411:A History of East Asia 5960:were de facto rulers. 5930:Chương Hoàng đế (章皇帝) 5375:of Emperor Thánh Tông 5117:Mystery of Lệ Chi Viên 4882:Trịnh–Nguyễn civil war 4865: 4770: 4762: 4746: 4741:at private mansion in 4663: 4613:pre-capitalism society 4424:gave Lê Lợi the title 4414:tributary relationship 4400: 4237: 3878:Science and Philosophy 3442: 3409: 3368: 3337: 3316: 3232: 3203: 3102: 3075: 3067: 3055: 2900: 2832:restore the Lê dynasty 2593:Chakkaphat Phaen Phaeo 2530: 2401:'s Qin subprefecture ( 2362: 2323: 2311: 1908:Non-Vietnamese history 1660:4th Chinese domination 1563:3rd Chinese domination 1543:2nd Chinese domination 1523:1st Chinese domination 1239: 1158:tributary relationship 1063: 888: 872: 864: 153: 52:relies excessively on 9047:. New York: Praeger. 8998:. SAGE Publications. 8086:Dutton (2006), p. 236 7734:Baldanza, K. (2016). 7175:Cooke (2011), p. 108 7145:《明孝宗实录》卷一五三，弘治十二年八月辛卯 7086:Cooke (2011), p. 109 7048:Shin, Leo K. (2007). 6146:Rebellions by Prince 5824:Thuận Hoàng đế (順皇帝) 5726:Son Emperor Anh Tông 5175:Thiên Hưng Đế (天興帝) 5111:with Trãi's mistress 5088:Lê Nguyên Long (黎元龍) 5049:Vĩnh Lăng Mausoleum, 4863: 4768: 4752: 4736: 4661: 4358: 4235: 4226:Further information: 3845:) first developed by 3583:. The members of the 3335: 3226: 3197: 3100: 3073: 3061: 3050: 3040:during the 1954–1975 3010:northern and southern 2898: 2508: 2360: 2328:temples of literature 2317: 2309: 1856:(Republic of Vietnam) 1773:1887–1945 / 1945–1954 1761:1883–1945 / 1946–1948 1751:1883–1945 / 1945–1948 1741:1862–1945 / 1945–1949 1226: 1051: 871:: 朝後黎 or Vietnamese: 521:• Coronation of 352:military dictatorship 292:Other local languages 279:Common languages 9697:Vietnamese dynasties 9283:Wade, Geoff (2005), 8773:on 29 September 2008 8764:The first settlers, 8107:A History of Vietnam 7569:Manlch, M.L. (1967) 7463:Leo K. Shin (2007). 7260:on 21 September 2013 6128:Vĩnh Hoàng đế (永皇帝) 6050:Giản Hoàng đế (簡皇帝) 5789:Uyên Hoàng đế (淵皇帝) 5673:Tuấn Hoàng đế (峻皇帝) 5500:Cung Hoàng đế (恭皇帝) 5460:Thần Hoàng đế (神皇帝) 5362:Linh Ẩn vương (靈隱王) 4944:was built by Victor 4559:Economic development 3826:Grégoire de la Motte 3694:Confucian class and 3525:Clothing and customs 3042:Partition of Vietnam 3022:Seventeenth parallel 2822:. In 1536 and 1537, 2457:A 1472 entry in the 2385:A 1499 entry in the 2320:invasion of Lan Xang 1841:North–South division 1690:Later Lê Restoration 1396:Phùng Nguyên culture 183:under controlled by 9757:Confucian dynasties 9707:1428 establishments 9449:Fourth Chinese rule 9227:Khánh Trần (1993). 8990:Juergensmeyer, Mark 8829:on 1 February 2010. 8551:HA. Tuấn 2007, p.26 7680:, pp. 568–569. 7668:, pp. 566–568. 7626:, pp. 526–527. 7157:Li (2015), p. 202 6344:10.1093/cjip/pos003 6192:Mẫn Hoàng đế (愍皇帝) 6170:realm and captured 6053:Lê Duy Tường (黎維祥) 5976:Lê Duy Đường (黎維禟) 5855:Mục Hoàng đế (穆皇帝) 5648:Vạn Lại court with 5212:Lê Tư Thành (黎思誠) 4946:Olivier de Puymanel 4761:, late 17th century 4745:, late 17th century 4448:"An Nam Quốc Vương" 4426:"An Nam Quốc Vương" 4132:Horse figure, 1720. 3922:Literature and arts 3839:Alexandre de Rhodes 3639:Southern Vietnamese 3485:Green Standard Army 3268:. Nguyễn's capital 3018:Quảng Bình Province 2775:for more details). 2445:Quảng Ninh Province 2382:foreign countries. 2066:Historical capitals 1987:Nung-Zhuang kingdom 1334:12,000 BC–10,000 BC 1313:20,000 BC–12,000 BC 1176:Vietnamese alphabet 994:fighting each other 968:after he drove the 933:nhà Lê trung hưng, 879:: 茹後黎), officially 538:usurped the throne 341:Government in exile 9692:Revival Lê dynasty 9456:Dynasty of Vietnam 9438:GlobalSecurity.org 9179:Thụy Khuê (2017). 8724:Nguyen Cochinchina 8207:Buttinger, p. 234. 8122:, pp. 140–142 7825:, 10 November 2014 7641:, pp. 541–543 7585:, volume 3, p. 111 7202:on 2 December 2013 6985:黄啟臣 (2008-03-16). 6779:, Nguyễn Trực 1441 6475:, pp. 197–198 6131:Lê Duy Diêu (黎維祧) 6087:Lê Duy Thận (黎維祳) 5676:Lê Duy Bang (黎維邦) 5630:Vũ Hoàng đế (武皇帝) 5583:Dụ Hoàng đế (裕皇帝) 5512:Thống Nguyên (統元) 5327:Mẫn Lệ công (愍厲公) 5103:Campaigns against 5100:Hựu Lăng, Lam Kinh 4866: 4771: 4763: 4755:Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên 4747: 4664: 4634:Old Quarter, Hanoi 4401: 4238: 4164:, 18th century AD. 4162:Thái Bình Province 3970:Cung oán ngâm khúc 3904:Hải Thượng Lãn Ông 3736:Revival Lê dynasty 3338: 3291:End of the dynasty 3278:Pigneau de Behaine 3233: 3231:with cannons model 3204: 3103: 3076: 3068: 3064:Jiaozhi arquebuses 3056: 3030:Quảng Trị Province 3024:(in actuality the 2934:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 2901: 2742:Thanh Hóa Province 2724:Crisis and revolts 2615:With the death of 2531: 2523:White Elephant War 2521:(1460–1497) after 2363: 2344:With the death of 2324: 2312: 2297:Thanh Hóa province 2120:Vietnam portal 1737:French Cochinchina 1355:10,000 BC–8,000 BC 1240: 1146:Lê Lợi (1428–1433) 1064: 1052:The first page of 918:Revival Lê dynasty 901:Initial Lê dynasty 897:Vietnamese dynasty 205:invasion of Champa 9674: 9673: 9472: 9471: 9463:Succeeded by 9385:Library resources 9365:978-5-020-18267-7 9347:893-5-075-40833-3 9214:. Ulrich Theobald 9128:Tạ Chí Đại Trường 9118:(in Vietnamese). 9075:978-1-63323-240-2 9013:Li, Tana (2015). 9005:978-1-4522-6656-5 8981:978-0-8248-2984-1 8881:978-0-691-13597-7 8853:Lịch triều tạp kỷ 8430:978-0-521-88992-6 8182:978-1-4772-6516-1 8155:978-1-136-20911-6 7996:Khánh Trần (1993) 7932:Li, Tana (2016). 7903:Li, Tana (2015). 7707:(in Vietnamese). 7551:Schliesinger 2015 7381:《大明憲宗純皇帝實錄卷之二百十九》 6987:"明代广东海上丝绸之路的高度发展" 6741:978-1-316-44055-1 6692:978-0-7914-2687-6 6661:(in Vietnamese). 6233: 6232: 6164:Tây Sơn Rebellion 6108:Thái thượng hoàng 5997:An Nam quốc vương 5933:Lê Duy Cáp (黎維祫) 5893:Lê Duy Cối (黎維禬) 5827:Lê Duy Hựu (黎維祐) 5762:Lê Duy Tân (黎維新) 5723:Lê Duy Đàm (黎維潭) 5526: 5525: 5472:Quang Thiệu (光紹) 5140:Lê Bang Cơ (黎邦基) 5046:Thuận Thiên (順天) 4958:Citadel of Saigon 4886:Cambodian kingdom 4842:Tây Sơn Rebellion 4831:Wojciech Męciński 4545:Classical Chinese 4438:. From 1647, the 4351:Foreign relations 4318:Nguyễn Bỉnh Khiêm 4031:Bắc Ninh Province 3868:Emperor Minh Mạng 3847:Francisco de Pina 3569:Nguyễn Phúc Khoát 3563:(the south) wore 3529:After ending the 3369:Diệt Trịnh phù Lê 3262:Nguyễn Phúc Thuần 3184:Tây Sơn rebellion 3161:Nguyễn Phúc Thuận 3090:near the city of 2915:allying with the 2913:Cao Bằng Province 2585:Northern Thailand 2543:Kingdom of Champa 2477:Hồng Bàng dynasty 2452:Malacca sultanate 2371:Leizhou Peninsula 2154: 2153: 2035: 2034: 2017:Sip Song Chau Tai 1898: 1897: 1871: 1857: 1811: 1787: 1786: 1779:Empire of Vietnam 1718: 1717: 1571: 1570: 1504: 1503: 1473:Hồng Bàng dynasty 1454: 1453: 1440:(1,000 BC–200 AD) 1430:(1,000 BC–100 AD) 1410:1,500 BC–1,000 BC 1400:2,000 BC–1,500 BC 1375:4,000 BC–3,000 BC 1365:8,000 BC–6,000 BC 1361:Quỳnh Văn culture 1218: 1217: 988:in the North and 953:in North and the 947:Trịnh–Nguyễn Wars 849: 848: 751: 750: 725: 724: 721: 720: 661: 660: 506:Lam Sơn rebellion 458:• 1545–1787 433:(de facto rulers) 403:• 1533–1548 391:• 1522–1527 336:Absolute monarchy 326:Roman Catholicism 288:Middle Vietnamese 181:Later Lê dynasty 137: 136: 129: 111: 16:(Redirected from 9764: 9687:Later Lê dynasty 9506:Later Lê dynasty 9504:Emperors of the 9498: 9491: 9484: 9475: 9474: 9446:Preceded by 9443: 9442: 9369: 9350: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9297: 9296: 9294: 9279: 9277: 9275: 9251: 9249: 9247: 9223: 9221: 9219: 9202: 9175: 9154: 9135: 9123: 9120:Ho Chi Minh City 9107: 9105: 9103: 9079: 9058: 9039: 9037: 9035: 9009: 8985: 8973: 8962: 8950: 8939: 8928: 8916: 8905: 8884: 8856: 8849: 8843: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8819: 8813: 8812: 8810: 8808: 8789: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8778: 8769:. Archived from 8762: 8756: 8749: 8741: 8733: 8727: 8722:Li Tana (1998). 8720: 8714: 8713: 8706: 8700: 8697: 8691: 8684: 8678: 8676:Internet Archive 8669: 8663: 8650:Spencer Tucker, 8648: 8642: 8639: 8633: 8632: 8630: 8629: 8611: 8605: 8602: 8596: 8589: 8583: 8580: 8574: 8567: 8561: 8558: 8552: 8549: 8543: 8542: 8522: 8501: 8498: 8492: 8486: 8480: 8477: 8471: 8468: 8462: 8459: 8453: 8450: 8444: 8441: 8435: 8434: 8414: 8405: 8400: 8394: 8389: 8383: 8382: 8362: 8356: 8355: 8353: 8342: 8336: 8335: 8315: 8309: 8308: 8307:(in Vietnamese). 8300: 8294: 8293: 8292:(in Vietnamese). 8285: 8279: 8276: 8261: 8253: 8247: 8246: 8226: 8220: 8219:, volume 45 – 47 8214: 8208: 8205: 8199: 8193: 8187: 8186: 8166: 8160: 8159: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8123: 8117: 8111: 8110: 8102: 8096: 8093: 8087: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8069: 8066: 8060: 8057: 8051: 8048: 8042: 8039: 8033: 8030: 8024: 8021: 8015: 8012: 7999: 7993: 7987: 7986: 7977: 7971: 7970: 7958: 7952: 7951: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7900: 7894: 7893: 7887: 7878: 7872: 7871: 7863: 7852: 7849: 7843: 7840: 7834: 7833: 7832: 7830: 7817: 7811: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7787: 7781: 7776: 7770: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7749: 7746: 7740: 7739: 7731: 7725: 7719: 7713: 7712: 7709:Ho Chi Minh City 7705:Việt Nam sử lược 7697: 7691: 7687: 7681: 7675: 7669: 7663: 7654: 7648: 7642: 7636: 7627: 7621: 7615: 7609:Việt Nam sử lược 7601: 7595: 7592: 7586: 7580: 7574: 7573:, pages 126–129. 7567: 7554: 7548: 7542: 7536: 7530: 7518: 7512: 7500: 7494: 7493: 7491: 7489: 7460: 7454: 7453: 7451: 7449: 7442:明實錄 (Ming Shilu) 7434: 7428: 7419: 7413: 7412: 7406: 7404: 7397:明實錄 (Ming Shilu) 7389: 7383: 7378: 7372: 7359: 7353: 7341: 7335: 7319: 7313: 7301: 7295: 7294: 7292: 7290: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7245: 7239: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7207: 7191: 7185: 7173: 7167: 7155: 7146: 7143: 7137: 7136: 7134: 7132: 7125:明實錄 (Ming Shilu) 7117: 7111: 7102: 7096: 7084: 7075: 7074: 7072: 7070: 7045: 7039: 7038: 7033: 7031: 7025: 7018: 7009: 7003: 7002: 7000: 6998: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6899: 6891: 6885: 6884: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6851: 6845: 6842: 6836: 6833: 6827: 6817: 6811: 6808: 6795: 6794: 6787: 6781: 6773: 6767: 6764: 6758: 6755:Việt Nam sử lược 6752: 6746: 6745: 6717: 6706: 6703: 6697: 6696: 6676: 6667: 6666: 6663:Ho Chi Minh City 6659:Việt Nam sử lược 6651: 6645: 6637: 6631: 6628:Việt Nam sử lược 6621: 6615: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6576: 6570: 6562: 6556: 6549: 6543: 6539: 6533: 6529: 6523: 6519: 6513: 6512: 6510: 6509: 6500:. Archived from 6494: 6488: 6482: 6476: 6470: 6464: 6463: 6461: 6459: 6436: 6430: 6429: 6405: 6396: 6395: 6375: 6356: 6355: 6327: 6316: 6305: 6283: 6280: 6274: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6219:Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh 6213:Enthroned under 6195:Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祁) 6187: 6150:(1740-1770) and 6119: 6026:Vĩnh Khánh (永慶) 5921: 5858:Lê Duy Vũ (黎維禑) 5809:Trịnh-Nguyễn War 5792:Lê Duy Kỳ (黎維祺) 5642:Thuận Bình (顺平) 5595:Nguyên Hòa (元和) 5574: 5533: 5532: 5491: 5451: 5381:Hồng Thuận (洪順) 5354: 5339:Đoan Khánh (端慶) 5319: 5273:Cảnh Thống (景統) 5252: 5200: 5156:Empress Tuyên Từ 5128: 5076: 5039: 5014: 4973: 4972: 4964:List of emperors 4954:Battle of Kỳ Hòa 4906:Gulf of Thailand 4807:East Vietnam Sea 4783:António de Faria 4773:The area of the 4689:Chinese province 4519:Phùng Khắc Khoan 4514: 4498: 4483: 4471: 4346: 4326:Phùng Khắc Khoan 4306:Neo-Confucianism 4304:. By the 1750s, 4262: 4246: 4205: 4189: 4173: 4153: 4141: 4129: 4117: 4105: 4093: 4081: 4069: 4054: 4042: 4018: 4006: 3990: 3965:Nguyễn Gia Thiều 3950:The Tale of Kiều 3900:Phủ biên tạp lục 3892:Neo-Confucianist 3787: 3775: 3759: 3747: 3731: 3719: 3707: 3691: 3679: 3660: 3648: 3636: 3624: 3612: 3559:(the north) and 3543:later Lê dynasty 3469:Qianlong Emperor 3454: 3453: 3421: 3420: 3380: 3379: 3342:Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh 3328: 3327: 3141:Nghệ An Province 3137:Hà Tĩnh Province 2991:Trịnh–Nguyễn War 2677:Neo-Confucianist 2644:Neo-Confucianism 2626:, the eldest of 2595:seek refugee in 2407:Chenghua Emperor 2292:Neo-Confucianist 2146: 2139: 2132: 2118: 2117: 2116: 1913: 1912: 1869: 1855: 1830:State of Vietnam 1809: 1802: 1801: 1768:French Indochina 1733: 1732: 1670:Later Lê dynasty 1630:Later Lý dynasty 1620:Early Lê dynasty 1586: 1585: 1553:Early Lý dynasty 1519: 1518: 1479: 1469: 1468: 1436:Sa Huỳnh culture 1426:Dong Son culture 1406:Đồng Đậu culture 1294: 1293: 1281: 1271: 1253: 1252: 1214: 1213: 1200: 1199: 1186: 1185: 1167: 1166: 1055:Bình Ngô đại cáo 1044:Lam Sơn uprising 857:Later Lê dynasty 818:King of Giao Chỉ 753: 752: 717: 716: 699: 698: 681: 680: 665: 664: 652: 651: 638: 637: 631: 630: 615: 614: 608: 607: 268:Capital-in-exile 209:invasion of Laos 201: 173: 156: 150: 149: 139: 138: 132: 125: 121: 118: 112: 110: 69: 45: 37: 32:Early Lê dynasty 21: 18:Later Lê dynasty 9772: 9771: 9767: 9766: 9765: 9763: 9762: 9761: 9677: 9676: 9675: 9670: 9508: 9502: 9468: 9466:Tây Sơn dynasty 9459: 9451: 9410: 9409: 9408: 9393: 9392: 9388: 9381: 9366: 9333: 9331:Further reading 9328: 9319: 9317: 9315: 9292: 9290: 9273: 9271: 9269: 9245: 9243: 9241: 9217: 9215: 9191: 9172: 9151: 9101: 9099: 9097: 9076: 9055: 9033: 9031: 9029: 9006: 8982: 8959: 8925: 8902: 8882: 8865: 8860: 8859: 8850: 8846: 8838: 8834: 8821: 8820: 8816: 8806: 8804: 8791: 8790: 8786: 8776: 8774: 8765: 8763: 8759: 8734: 8730: 8721: 8717: 8708: 8707: 8703: 8698: 8694: 8686:Roland Jacques 8685: 8681: 8670: 8666: 8649: 8645: 8640: 8636: 8617: 8613: 8612: 8608: 8603: 8599: 8590: 8586: 8581: 8577: 8571:Nguyễn Văn Siêu 8568: 8564: 8559: 8555: 8550: 8546: 8539: 8523: 8504: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8483: 8478: 8474: 8469: 8465: 8460: 8456: 8451: 8447: 8442: 8438: 8431: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8397: 8390: 8386: 8379: 8363: 8359: 8351: 8348:Thơ văn Lý Trần 8343: 8339: 8332: 8316: 8312: 8301: 8297: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8264: 8254: 8250: 8243: 8227: 8223: 8215: 8211: 8206: 8202: 8194: 8190: 8183: 8167: 8163: 8156: 8142: 8138: 8130: 8126: 8118: 8114: 8103: 8099: 8094: 8090: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8072: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8054: 8049: 8045: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8022: 8018: 8013: 8002: 7994: 7990: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7959: 7955: 7948: 7930: 7926: 7919: 7901: 7897: 7885: 7879: 7875: 7864: 7855: 7850: 7846: 7841: 7837: 7828: 7826: 7819: 7818: 7814: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7784: 7777: 7773: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7743: 7732: 7728: 7720: 7716: 7698: 7694: 7688: 7684: 7676: 7672: 7664: 7657: 7649: 7645: 7637: 7630: 7622: 7618: 7602: 7598: 7593: 7589: 7581: 7577: 7571:History of Laos 7568: 7557: 7549: 7545: 7541:, p. 1210. 7537: 7533: 7519: 7515: 7501: 7497: 7487: 7485: 7483: 7461: 7457: 7447: 7445: 7436: 7435: 7431: 7420: 7416: 7402: 7400: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7379: 7375: 7360: 7356: 7342: 7338: 7320: 7316: 7302: 7298: 7288: 7286: 7277: 7273: 7263: 7261: 7246: 7242: 7232: 7230: 7229:on 27 July 2013 7219: 7215: 7205: 7203: 7192: 7188: 7174: 7170: 7156: 7149: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7128: 7119: 7118: 7114: 7103: 7099: 7085: 7078: 7068: 7066: 7064: 7046: 7042: 7029: 7027: 7023: 7016: 7010: 7006: 6996: 6994: 6983: 6979: 6968: 6952: 6948: 6937: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6892: 6888: 6881: 6867: 6863: 6852: 6848: 6843: 6839: 6834: 6830: 6818: 6814: 6809: 6798: 6789: 6788: 6784: 6774: 6770: 6765: 6761: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6718: 6709: 6704: 6700: 6693: 6677: 6670: 6652: 6648: 6641:History of Ming 6638: 6634: 6622: 6618: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6577: 6573: 6564:Laurel Kendall 6563: 6559: 6550: 6546: 6540: 6536: 6530: 6526: 6520: 6516: 6507: 6505: 6496: 6495: 6491: 6487:, pp. 509. 6483: 6479: 6471: 6467: 6457: 6455: 6453: 6437: 6433: 6426: 6406: 6399: 6376: 6359: 6328: 6319: 6306: 6297: 6292: 6287: 6286: 6281: 6277: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6238: 6140:Cảnh Hưng (景興) 6047:Thuần Tông (純宗) 5836:Phúc Thái (福泰) 5691:Vạn Lại court. 5607:Jiajing Emperor 5544:Posthumous name 5426: 5419:Descendants of 5409: 5405: 5233:Vijaya (Champa) 5033: 4984:Posthumous name 4966: 4940:citadel called 4921:Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh 4894:and the rest of 4878:Chey Chettha II 4858: 4823:Nguyễn Phúc Lan 4815:Tokugawa Ieyasu 4731: 4636: 4630: 4568:prefecture and 4561: 4533: 4526: 4515: 4506: 4499: 4490: 4484: 4475: 4472: 4406: 4353: 4340: 4338:Nguyễn Đăng Đạo 4270: 4263: 4254: 4247: 4230: 4224: 4217: 4206: 4197: 4190: 4181: 4174: 4165: 4154: 4145: 4142: 4133: 4130: 4121: 4118: 4109: 4106: 4097: 4094: 4085: 4082: 4073: 4070: 4061: 4055: 4046: 4043: 4034: 4027:Bút Tháp Temple 4023:Avalokiteshvara 4019: 4010: 4007: 3998: 3991: 3924: 3880: 3822:Luis de Fonseca 3804: 3799: 3798: 3797: 3796: 3795: 3788: 3780: 3779: 3776: 3763: 3760: 3751: 3748: 3739: 3732: 3723: 3720: 3711: 3708: 3699: 3692: 3683: 3680: 3671: 3661: 3652: 3649: 3640: 3637: 3628: 3625: 3616: 3613: 3527: 3522: 3505:Jiaqing Emperor 3461: 3450: 3417: 3376: 3324: 3293: 3192: 3190:Tây Sơn dynasty 3186: 3157:Nguyễn Phúc Tần 3001: 2989:Main articles: 2987: 2929: 2860:Dương Chấp Nhất 2828:Jiajing Emperor 2803: 2795:Main articles: 2793: 2760: 2752:Main articles: 2750: 2726: 2692:posthumous name 2673:Uy Mục hoàng đế 2670:posthumous name 2613: 2509:Areas ruled by 2503: 2491:Main articles: 2489: 2271: 2265: 2235: 2229: 2203:According to a 2175:Sơn La province 2150: 2114: 2112: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2045: 2037: 2036: 1910: 1900: 1899: 1868: 1854: 1808: 1799: 1789: 1788: 1730: 1720: 1719: 1700:Tây Sơn dynasty 1583: 1573: 1572: 1516: 1506: 1505: 1466: 1456: 1455: 1351:Bắc Sơn culture 1291: 1269: 1262: 1251: 1245: 1228:Quế Lâm Ngự Chế 1183: 1154: 1148: 1143: 1084:Trần Quý Khoáng 1046: 1040: 1035: 907:: triều Lê sơ, 827: 816: 814: 744: 740: 736: 714: 709:Tây Sơn dynasty 708: 696: 690: 678: 672: 649: 635: 585: 565:30 January 1789 562: 549: 539: 525: 512: 471: 459: 447: 416: 404: 392: 380: 355: 344: 339: 290: 286: 255: 221:Tributary state 212: 192: 191:in light green. 163: 157: 151: 144: 133: 122: 116: 113: 70: 68: 62: 58:primary sources 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 9770: 9760: 9759: 9754: 9749: 9744: 9739: 9734: 9729: 9724: 9719: 9714: 9709: 9704: 9699: 9694: 9689: 9672: 9671: 9669: 9668: 9666:Lê Chiêu Thống 9663: 9658: 9653: 9648: 9643: 9638: 9633: 9628: 9623: 9618: 9613: 9608: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9588: 9583: 9576: 9569: 9564: 9559: 9554: 9549: 9544: 9539: 9534: 9529: 9524: 9519: 9513: 9510: 9509: 9501: 9500: 9493: 9486: 9478: 9470: 9469: 9464: 9461: 9452: 9447: 9441: 9440: 9431: 9422: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9395: 9394: 9383: 9382: 9380: 9379:External links 9377: 9376: 9375: 9370: 9364: 9351: 9332: 9329: 9327: 9326: 9314:978-0812243369 9313: 9298: 9280: 9267: 9252: 9239: 9224: 9203: 9190:978-6049517655 9189: 9176: 9171:978-0521875868 9170: 9155: 9149: 9136: 9124: 9112:Trần Trọng Kim 9108: 9096:978-0774813334 9095: 9080: 9074: 9068:. Booksmango. 9059: 9053: 9040: 9028:978-9814620536 9027: 9010: 9004: 8986: 8980: 8963: 8957: 8940: 8929: 8923: 8906: 8900: 8885: 8880: 8866: 8864: 8861: 8858: 8857: 8851:Ngô Cao Lãng, 8844: 8832: 8814: 8784: 8757: 8728: 8715: 8701: 8692: 8679: 8664: 8643: 8634: 8606: 8597: 8584: 8575: 8562: 8553: 8544: 8538:978-9004156012 8537: 8502: 8493: 8481: 8472: 8463: 8454: 8445: 8436: 8429: 8406: 8395: 8384: 8378:978-0231511100 8377: 8357: 8337: 8331:978-1629883700 8330: 8321:Ngàn năm áo mũ 8310: 8295: 8280: 8262: 8248: 8242:978-9004282483 8241: 8221: 8209: 8200: 8188: 8181: 8161: 8154: 8136: 8124: 8120:Thụy Khuê 2017 8112: 8097: 8088: 8079: 8070: 8068:Weiss, p. 176. 8061: 8052: 8043: 8034: 8025: 8023:Dupuy, p. 596. 8016: 8014:Dupuy, p. 653. 8000: 7988: 7972: 7953: 7947:978-9814620550 7946: 7924: 7918:978-9814620536 7917: 7895: 7873: 7853: 7844: 7835: 7812: 7810:, p. 169. 7800: 7791: 7782: 7771: 7759: 7750: 7741: 7726: 7714: 7701:Trần Trọng Kim 7692: 7682: 7670: 7655: 7643: 7628: 7616: 7604:Trần Trọng Kim 7596: 7587: 7575: 7555: 7543: 7531: 7513: 7495: 7482:978-0774813334 7481: 7455: 7429: 7414: 7384: 7373: 7354: 7336: 7314: 7296: 7271: 7240: 7213: 7186: 7168: 7147: 7138: 7112: 7097: 7076: 7063:978-0774813334 7062: 7040: 7004: 6977: 6966: 6946: 6935: 6913: 6901: 6886: 6879: 6861: 6846: 6837: 6828: 6812: 6796: 6782: 6768: 6759: 6747: 6740: 6707: 6698: 6691: 6668: 6655:Trần Trọng Kim 6646: 6632: 6624:Trần Trọng Kim 6616: 6597: 6588: 6571: 6557: 6544: 6534: 6524: 6514: 6489: 6477: 6465: 6451: 6431: 6424: 6397: 6386:(2): 115–146. 6357: 6317: 6294: 6293: 6291: 6288: 6285: 6284: 6275: 6266: 6252: 6251: 6249: 6246: 6245: 6244: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6230: 6211: 6210:Hoa Dương lăng 6208: 6202: 6201:1786–1789 (26) 6199: 6196: 6193: 6190: 6188: 6180: 6179: 6152:Phạm Công Chất 6144: 6143:Bàn Thạch lăng 6141: 6138: 6137:1740–1786 (25) 6135: 6132: 6129: 6126: 6120: 6112: 6111: 6100: 6097: 6096:Vĩnh Hựu (永佑) 6094: 6093:1735–1740 (24) 6091: 6088: 6085: 6082: 6076: 6073: 6072: 6069: 6066: 6060: 6059:1732–1735 (23) 6057: 6054: 6051: 6048: 6045: 6042: 6041: 6030: 6027: 6024: 6023:1732–1735 (22) 6021: 6018: 6012: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6004: 5993:Kangxi Emperor 5989: 5986: 5983: 5982:1705–1729 (21) 5980: 5977: 5974: 5971: 5965: 5962: 5961: 5946: 5943: 5940: 5939:1675–1705 (20) 5937: 5934: 5931: 5928: 5922: 5914: 5913: 5906: 5903: 5900: 5899:1671–1675 (19) 5897: 5894: 5891: 5888: 5882: 5879: 5878: 5871: 5868: 5867:Cảnh Trị (景治) 5865: 5864:1662–1671 (18) 5862: 5859: 5856: 5853: 5847: 5844: 5843: 5840: 5837: 5834: 5833:1643–1649 (17) 5831: 5828: 5825: 5822: 5816: 5813: 5812: 5805: 5804:Quần Ngọc lăng 5802: 5799: 5796: 5793: 5790: 5787: 5781: 5778: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5768:1599–1619 (15) 5766: 5763: 5760: 5757: 5751: 5748: 5747: 5736: 5733: 5730: 5727: 5724: 5721: 5718: 5712: 5709: 5708: 5689: 5686: 5683: 5682:1556–1573 (13) 5680: 5677: 5674: 5671: 5665: 5662: 5661: 5646: 5643: 5640: 5639:1548–1556 (12) 5637: 5634: 5633:Lê Huyên (黎暄) 5631: 5628: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5599: 5596: 5593: 5592:1533–1548 (11) 5590: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5575: 5567: 5566: 5563: 5560: 5555: 5552: 5549: 5548:Personal name 5546: 5541: 5536: 5524: 5523: 5518:Propped up by 5516: 5515:Hoa Dương lăng 5513: 5510: 5509:1522–1527 (10) 5507: 5504: 5501: 5498: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5476: 5475:Vĩnh Hưng Lăng 5473: 5470: 5467: 5464: 5461: 5458: 5452: 5444: 5443: 5432: 5430: 5428: 5423: 5417: 5415: 5413: 5400: 5397: 5396: 5385: 5382: 5379: 5376: 5371:Son of Prince 5369: 5363: 5360: 5355: 5347: 5346: 5343: 5340: 5337: 5334: 5331: 5328: 5325: 5320: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5305: 5304:Tự Hoàng (嗣皇) 5302: 5299: 5296: 5295:Lê Thuần (黎㵮) 5293: 5290: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5277: 5274: 5271: 5268: 5265: 5262: 5259: 5253: 5245: 5244: 5225: 5222: 5219: 5216: 5213: 5210: 5207: 5201: 5193: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5181: 5178: 5176: 5173: 5167: 5164: 5163: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5144: 5141: 5138: 5135: 5129: 5121: 5120: 5101: 5098: 5095: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5053: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5027: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5007: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4988:Personal name 4986: 4981: 4976: 4965: 4962: 4857: 4854: 4785:, coming from 4730: 4727: 4644:Safavid Empire 4640:Ottoman Empire 4629: 4626: 4560: 4557: 4532: 4529: 4528: 4527: 4516: 4509: 4507: 4500: 4493: 4491: 4487:Lương Thế Vinh 4485: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4466: 4452:Kangxi Emperor 4422:Xuande Emperor 4412:established a 4405: 4402: 4352: 4349: 4334:Lương Thế Vinh 4322:Nguyễn Thị Duệ 4311:Nguyễn dynasty 4272: 4271: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4248: 4241: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4218: 4207: 4200: 4198: 4191: 4184: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4166: 4155: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4124: 4122: 4119: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4088: 4086: 4083: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4064: 4062: 4056: 4049: 4047: 4044: 4037: 4035: 4020: 4013: 4011: 4008: 4001: 3999: 3992: 3985: 3960:Chinh phụ ngâm 3923: 3920: 3879: 3876: 3874:in the 1820s. 3872:Nguyễn dynasty 3863:Roman Catholic 3803: 3800: 3789: 3782: 3781: 3777: 3770: 3769: 3768: 3767: 3766: 3765: 3764: 3761: 3754: 3752: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3733: 3726: 3724: 3721: 3714: 3712: 3709: 3702: 3700: 3693: 3686: 3684: 3681: 3674: 3672: 3662: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3643: 3641: 3638: 3631: 3629: 3626: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3607: 3526: 3523: 3521: 3518: 3501:Nguyễn dynasty 3460: 3457: 3292: 3289: 3227:Tây Sơn large 3217:Nguyễn Hữu Cầu 3188:Main article: 3185: 3182: 3165:Kangxi Emperor 3159:'s son Prince 2986: 2983: 2928: 2925: 2858:. Mạc general 2792: 2789: 2749: 2746: 2725: 2722: 2612: 2609: 2488: 2485: 2286:more like the 2267:Main article: 2264: 2261: 2252:Champa kingdom 2248:Nguyễn Thị Anh 2231:Main article: 2228: 2225: 2171:Annamite Range 2152: 2151: 2149: 2148: 2141: 2134: 2126: 2123: 2122: 2109: 2108: 2104: 2103: 2101:Indochina Wars 2098: 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2043: 2042: 2039: 2038: 2033: 2032: 2029: 2023: 2022: 2019: 2013: 2012: 2009: 2007:Jarai kingdoms 2003: 2002: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1989: 1983: 1982: 1979: 1973: 1972: 1969: 1963: 1962: 1959: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1939: 1933: 1932: 1929: 1923: 1922: 1919: 1911: 1906: 1905: 1902: 1901: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1886: 1885: 1882: 1880:Subsidy period 1876: 1875: 1872: 1862: 1861: 1858: 1848: 1847: 1844: 1836: 1835: 1832: 1826: 1825: 1822: 1816: 1815: 1812: 1800: 1795: 1794: 1791: 1790: 1785: 1784: 1781: 1775: 1774: 1771: 1763: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1752: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1739: 1731: 1726: 1725: 1722: 1721: 1716: 1715: 1712: 1710:Nguyễn dynasty 1706: 1705: 1702: 1696: 1695: 1692: 1686: 1685: 1682: 1676: 1675: 1672: 1666: 1665: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1652: 1646: 1645: 1642: 1636: 1635: 1632: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1616: 1615: 1612: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1592: 1584: 1579: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1568: 1565: 1559: 1558: 1555: 1549: 1548: 1545: 1539: 1538: 1535: 1529: 1528: 1525: 1517: 1512: 1511: 1508: 1507: 1502: 1501: 1498: 1492: 1491: 1488: 1482: 1481: 1475: 1467: 1462: 1461: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1451: 1448: 1442: 1441: 1438: 1432: 1431: 1428: 1422: 1421: 1418: 1416:Gò Mun culture 1412: 1411: 1408: 1402: 1401: 1398: 1392: 1391: 1389: 1377: 1376: 1373: 1371:Đa Bút culture 1367: 1366: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1353: 1347: 1346: 1344: 1336: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1325: 1323: 1315: 1314: 1311: 1309:Sơn Vi culture 1305: 1304: 1302: 1292: 1287: 1286: 1283: 1282: 1274: 1273: 1264: 1263: 1256: 1247:Main article: 1244: 1241: 1216: 1215: 1208: 1202: 1201: 1194: 1188: 1187: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1150:Main article: 1147: 1144: 1142: 1139: 1123:Xuande Emperor 1042:Main article: 1039: 1036: 1034: 1031: 957:of the South. 847: 846: 843: 839: 838: 833: 829: 828: 826: 825: 820: 808: 806: 802: 801: 799:Lê Chiêu Thống 796: 792: 791: 786: 782: 781: 778: 774: 773: 762: 758: 757: 749: 748: 731: 727: 726: 723: 722: 719: 718: 711: 701: 700: 693: 683: 682: 675: 662: 659: 658: 653: 645: 644: 639: 627: 626: 621: 611: 610: 598: 594: 593: 590: 589: 586: 583: 580: 579: 576: 575: 571: 570: 567: 566: 563: 557: 554: 553: 550: 547: 544: 543: 540: 533: 530: 529: 526: 520: 517: 516: 513: 499: 496: 495: 492: 491: 486: 485:Historical era 482: 481: 478: 477: 472: 469: 466: 465: 460: 457: 454: 453: 448: 445: 442: 441: 438: 437: 434: 427: 426: 423: 422: 420:Lê Chiêu Thống 417: 414: 411: 410: 405: 402: 399: 398: 393: 390: 387: 386: 381: 378: 375: 374: 371: 370: 367: 360: 359: 333: 329: 328: 310:state ideology 299: 295: 294: 280: 276: 275: 269: 265: 264: 249: 245: 244: 243: 242: 236: 230: 218: 214: 213: 202: 194: 193: 174: 166: 165: 159: 158: 145: 142: 135: 134: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9769: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9750: 9748: 9745: 9743: 9740: 9738: 9735: 9733: 9730: 9728: 9725: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9713: 9710: 9708: 9705: 9703: 9700: 9698: 9695: 9693: 9690: 9688: 9685: 9684: 9682: 9667: 9664: 9662: 9659: 9657: 9654: 9652: 9651:Lê Thuần Tông 9649: 9647: 9646:Lê Duy Phường 9644: 9642: 9639: 9637: 9634: 9632: 9629: 9627: 9626:Lê Huyền Tông 9624: 9622: 9619: 9617: 9614: 9612: 9609: 9607: 9604: 9602: 9599: 9597: 9596:Lê Trung Tông 9594: 9592: 9591:Lê Trang Tông 9589: 9587: 9586:Lê Cung Hoàng 9584: 9582: 9581: 9577: 9575: 9574: 9570: 9568: 9567:Lê Chiêu Tông 9565: 9563: 9560: 9558: 9555: 9553: 9550: 9548: 9545: 9543: 9540: 9538: 9537:Lê Thánh Tông 9535: 9533: 9530: 9528: 9525: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9515: 9514: 9511: 9507: 9499: 9494: 9492: 9487: 9485: 9480: 9479: 9476: 9467: 9458: 9457: 9450: 9444: 9439: 9435: 9432: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9421: 9420: 9415: 9412: 9411: 9405: 9402: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9391: 9386: 9374: 9371: 9367: 9361: 9357: 9352: 9348: 9344: 9340: 9335: 9334: 9316: 9310: 9306: 9305: 9299: 9288: 9287: 9281: 9270: 9264: 9260: 9259: 9253: 9242: 9240:9789813016675 9236: 9232: 9231: 9225: 9213: 9209: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9192: 9186: 9182: 9177: 9173: 9167: 9163: 9162: 9156: 9152: 9146: 9142: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9125: 9121: 9117: 9113: 9109: 9098: 9092: 9088: 9087: 9081: 9077: 9071: 9067: 9066: 9060: 9056: 9054:0-275-93562-0 9050: 9046: 9041: 9030: 9024: 9020: 9016: 9011: 9007: 9001: 8997: 8996: 8991: 8987: 8983: 8977: 8972: 8971: 8964: 8960: 8958:0-06-270056-1 8954: 8949: 8948: 8941: 8937: 8936: 8930: 8926: 8924:9780665295362 8920: 8915: 8914: 8907: 8903: 8901:0-313-29622-7 8897: 8893: 8892: 8886: 8883: 8877: 8873: 8868: 8867: 8854: 8848: 8841: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8818: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8788: 8772: 8768: 8767:"HCM CityWeb" 8761: 8754: 8750: 8748: 8742: 8740: 8732: 8725: 8719: 8711: 8705: 8696: 8689: 8683: 8677: 8674: at the 8673: 8668: 8661: 8660:0-8131-0966-3 8657: 8653: 8647: 8638: 8631: 8622: 8618: 8610: 8601: 8594: 8588: 8579: 8572: 8566: 8557: 8548: 8540: 8534: 8530: 8529: 8521: 8519: 8517: 8515: 8513: 8511: 8509: 8507: 8497: 8490: 8485: 8476: 8467: 8458: 8449: 8440: 8432: 8426: 8422: 8421: 8413: 8411: 8404: 8399: 8393: 8388: 8380: 8374: 8370: 8369: 8361: 8350: 8349: 8341: 8333: 8327: 8323: 8322: 8314: 8306: 8299: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8273: 8271: 8269: 8267: 8260:, chapter 16. 8259: 8258: 8252: 8244: 8238: 8234: 8233: 8225: 8218: 8213: 8204: 8197: 8192: 8184: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8165: 8157: 8151: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8128: 8121: 8116: 8108: 8101: 8095:Kohn, p. 523. 8092: 8083: 8074: 8065: 8056: 8050:Wiest, p. 23. 8047: 8041:Hoang, p. 83. 8038: 8029: 8020: 8011: 8009: 8007: 8005: 7998:, p. 15. 7997: 7992: 7984: 7983: 7976: 7968: 7964: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7939: 7935: 7928: 7920: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7899: 7891: 7884: 7877: 7869: 7862: 7860: 7858: 7848: 7839: 7824: 7823: 7816: 7809: 7804: 7795: 7786: 7780: 7775: 7768: 7763: 7754: 7745: 7737: 7730: 7723: 7718: 7710: 7706: 7702: 7696: 7686: 7679: 7674: 7667: 7662: 7660: 7653:, p. 544 7652: 7647: 7640: 7635: 7633: 7625: 7620: 7614: 7611: 7610: 7605: 7600: 7591: 7584: 7579: 7572: 7566: 7564: 7562: 7560: 7553:, p. 18. 7552: 7547: 7540: 7535: 7529: 7526:, p. 245, at 7525: 7524: 7520:Tsai (1996), 7517: 7511: 7507: 7506: 7502:Tsai (1996), 7499: 7484: 7478: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7459: 7443: 7439: 7433: 7427: 7423: 7418: 7411: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7382: 7377: 7371: 7367: 7363: 7358: 7352: 7349:, p. 252, at 7348: 7347: 7343:Rost (1887), 7340: 7334: 7331:, p. 252, at 7330: 7329: 7323: 7318: 7312: 7308: 7307: 7303:Tsai (1996), 7300: 7284: 7283: 7275: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7244: 7228: 7224: 7217: 7201: 7197: 7190: 7184: 7181:, p. 108, at 7180: 7179: 7172: 7166: 7163:, p. 202, at 7162: 7161: 7154: 7152: 7142: 7126: 7122: 7116: 7110: 7106: 7101: 7095: 7092:, p. 109, at 7091: 7090: 7083: 7081: 7065: 7059: 7055: 7051: 7044: 7037: 7026:on 2013-05-29 7022: 7015: 7008: 6993:on 2013-09-21 6992: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6950: 6943: 6938: 6932: 6928: 6924: 6917: 6910: 6905: 6897: 6890: 6882: 6880:9781316440551 6876: 6872: 6865: 6857: 6850: 6841: 6832: 6825: 6821: 6816: 6807: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6792: 6786: 6780: 6778: 6772: 6763: 6756: 6751: 6743: 6737: 6733: 6729: 6725: 6724: 6716: 6714: 6712: 6702: 6694: 6688: 6684: 6683: 6675: 6673: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6650: 6643: 6642: 6636: 6629: 6625: 6620: 6614: 6613:0-85229-339-9 6610: 6606: 6601: 6592: 6584: 6583: 6575: 6567: 6561: 6554: 6551:Ngọc Đĩnh Vũ 6548: 6542:independent". 6538: 6528: 6518: 6504:on 2007-12-14 6503: 6499: 6493: 6486: 6481: 6474: 6469: 6454: 6452:9781598842043 6448: 6444: 6443: 6435: 6427: 6425:9781107118737 6421: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6389: 6385: 6381: 6374: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6364: 6362: 6353: 6349: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6315: 6314: 6309: 6304: 6302: 6300: 6295: 6279: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6253: 6243: 6240: 6239: 6228: 6224: 6220: 6216: 6212: 6209: 6206: 6203: 6200: 6197: 6194: 6191: 6189: 6186: 6182: 6181: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6149: 6145: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6133: 6130: 6127: 6124: 6121: 6118: 6114: 6113: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6092: 6089: 6086: 6083: 6080: 6077: 6075: 6074: 6070: 6068:Bình Ngô Lăng 6067: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6055: 6052: 6049: 6046: 6044: 6043: 6039: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6025: 6022: 6019: 6016: 6015:Lê Duy Phường 6013: 6011: 6009: 6007: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5987: 5984: 5981: 5978: 5975: 5972: 5969: 5966: 5964: 5963: 5959: 5955: 5951: 5948:War with the 5947: 5944: 5941: 5938: 5935: 5932: 5929: 5926: 5923: 5920: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5907: 5904: 5901: 5898: 5895: 5892: 5889: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5880: 5876: 5872: 5869: 5866: 5863: 5860: 5857: 5854: 5851: 5848: 5846: 5845: 5841: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5829: 5826: 5823: 5820: 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5806: 5803: 5800: 5797: 5794: 5791: 5788: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5775: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5764: 5761: 5758: 5755: 5752: 5750: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5735:Hoa Nhạc lăng 5734: 5731: 5728: 5725: 5722: 5719: 5716: 5713: 5711: 5710: 5706: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5690: 5687: 5684: 5681: 5678: 5675: 5672: 5669: 5666: 5664: 5663: 5659: 5655: 5651: 5647: 5644: 5641: 5638: 5635: 5632: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5620: 5616: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5600: 5597: 5594: 5591: 5588: 5586:Lê Ninh (黎寧) 5585: 5582: 5579: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5568: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5553: 5550: 5547: 5545: 5542: 5540: 5537: 5535: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5521: 5520:Mạc Đăng Dung 5517: 5514: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503:Lê Xuân (黎椿) 5502: 5499: 5496: 5493: 5490: 5486: 5485: 5481: 5480:Mạc Đăng Dung 5477: 5474: 5471: 5469:1517–1522 (9) 5468: 5465: 5462: 5459: 5456: 5453: 5450: 5446: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5436:Trịnh Duy Đại 5433: 5431: 5429: 5424: 5422: 5418: 5416: 5414: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5398: 5394: 5393:Trịnh Duy Sản 5390: 5386: 5383: 5380: 5378:1509–1516 (8) 5377: 5374: 5370: 5367: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5353: 5349: 5348: 5344: 5341: 5338: 5336:1504–1509 (7) 5335: 5332: 5330:Lê Tuấn (黎濬) 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5318: 5314: 5313: 5309: 5306: 5303: 5301:1504–1505 (6) 5300: 5297: 5294: 5291: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5272: 5270:1497–1504 (5) 5269: 5266: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5238: 5234: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5220: 5217: 5214: 5211: 5208: 5205: 5202: 5199: 5195: 5194: 5190: 5188: 5185: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154: 5151: 5148: 5146:1442–1459 (3) 5145: 5142: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5127: 5123: 5122: 5118: 5114: 5113:Nguyễn Thị Lộ 5110: 5106: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5090: 5087: 5084: 5081: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5066: 5062: 5058: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4993: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4974: 4971: 4970: 4961: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4948:, one of the 4947: 4943: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4926: 4922: 4917: 4915: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4879: 4875: 4871: 4862: 4853: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4838: 4834: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4820: 4819:Red Seal Ship 4816: 4812: 4811:William Adams 4808: 4804: 4800: 4797:in 1570. The 4796: 4792: 4788: 4784: 4780: 4776: 4767: 4760: 4756: 4751: 4744: 4740: 4735: 4726: 4724: 4719: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4700:In 1612, the 4698: 4697: 4692: 4690: 4686: 4682: 4678: 4674: 4670: 4660: 4656: 4653: 4649: 4645: 4641: 4635: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4585: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4571: 4567: 4556: 4554: 4548: 4546: 4542: 4538: 4524: 4520: 4513: 4508: 4504: 4497: 4492: 4488: 4482: 4477: 4470: 4465: 4464: 4463: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4449: 4445: 4441: 4440:Southern Ming 4437: 4433: 4432: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4398: 4394: 4390: 4386: 4382: 4378: 4374: 4370: 4366: 4362: 4357: 4348: 4344: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4323: 4319: 4314: 4312: 4307: 4303: 4298: 4296: 4291: 4289: 4288: 4283: 4282: 4277: 4268: 4261: 4256: 4252: 4245: 4240: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4215: 4211: 4208:17th-century 4204: 4199: 4195: 4192:17th-century 4188: 4183: 4179: 4176:17th-century 4172: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4152: 4147: 4140: 4135: 4128: 4123: 4116: 4111: 4104: 4099: 4092: 4087: 4080: 4075: 4068: 4063: 4059: 4053: 4048: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4017: 4012: 4005: 4000: 3996: 3989: 3984: 3983: 3982: 3978: 3976: 3975:Lê Thánh Tông 3972: 3971: 3966: 3962: 3961: 3956: 3955:Đoàn Thị Điểm 3952: 3951: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3919: 3917: 3916:Mughal Empire 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3890:, also was a 3889: 3885: 3875: 3873: 3869: 3864: 3858: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3810: 3793: 3786: 3774: 3758: 3753: 3746: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3725: 3718: 3713: 3706: 3701: 3697: 3690: 3685: 3678: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3659: 3654: 3647: 3642: 3635: 3630: 3623: 3618: 3611: 3606: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3550: 3549: 3544: 3541:of China. In 3540: 3536: 3532: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3506: 3502: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3472: 3470: 3466: 3456: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3394: 3390: 3388: 3384: 3374: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3343: 3334: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3288: 3286: 3282: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3230: 3225: 3221: 3218: 3212: 3209: 3201: 3196: 3191: 3181: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3166: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3149: 3146: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3124:Woekende Book 3120: 3116: 3115: 3109: 3099: 3095: 3093: 3089: 3084: 3082: 3072: 3065: 3060: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3038:South Vietnam 3035: 3034:North Vietnam 3031: 3027: 3026:Bến Hải River 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2982: 2980: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2967:south Vietnam 2964: 2963:north Vietnam 2960: 2956: 2951: 2948: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2924: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2909: 2905: 2897: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2884: 2880: 2875: 2873: 2869: 2865: 2861: 2857: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2841:and northern 2840: 2835: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2802: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2782: 2776: 2774: 2770: 2769:Mạc Đăng Dung 2766: 2765:Lê Cung Hoàng 2759: 2758:Mạc Đăng Dung 2755: 2745: 2743: 2737: 2735: 2731: 2730:Lê Chiêu Tông 2721: 2719: 2718:House of Trần 2715: 2711: 2707: 2706: 2705:Cửu Trùng Đài 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2683: 2682:Mạc Đăng Dung 2678: 2674: 2671: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2653: 2649: 2645: 2641: 2637: 2633: 2629: 2628:Lê Thánh Tông 2625: 2620: 2618: 2617:Lê Thánh Tông 2608: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2589:Luang Prabang 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2560: 2556: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2536: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2519:Lê Thánh Tông 2516: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2498: 2494: 2484: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2473: 2467: 2464: 2460: 2455: 2453: 2448: 2446: 2442: 2438: 2434: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2416: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2383: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2367: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2340: 2339:Chinese model 2336: 2331: 2329: 2321: 2316: 2308: 2304: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2270: 2269:Lê Thánh Tông 2260: 2256: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2241: 2234: 2224: 2222: 2216: 2214: 2210: 2206: 2201: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2162: 2160: 2147: 2142: 2140: 2135: 2133: 2128: 2127: 2125: 2124: 2121: 2111: 2110: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2048: 2041: 2040: 2030: 2028: 2025: 2024: 2020: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2010: 2008: 2005: 2004: 2000: 1998: 1995: 1994: 1990: 1988: 1985: 1984: 1980: 1978: 1975: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1965: 1964: 1960: 1958: 1955: 1954: 1950: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1924: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1914: 1909: 1904: 1903: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1887: 1883: 1881: 1878: 1877: 1873: 1867: 1864: 1863: 1859: 1853: 1852:South Vietnam 1850: 1849: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1838: 1837: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1823: 1821: 1818: 1817: 1813: 1807: 1806:North Vietnam 1804: 1803: 1798: 1793: 1792: 1782: 1780: 1777: 1776: 1772: 1770: 1769: 1765: 1764: 1760: 1758: 1757:French Tonkin 1755: 1754: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1698: 1697: 1693: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1677: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1667: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1651: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1641: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1621: 1618: 1617: 1613: 1611: 1608: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1576: 1566: 1564: 1561: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1551: 1550: 1546: 1544: 1541: 1540: 1536: 1534: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1524: 1521: 1520: 1515: 1510: 1509: 1500:204 BC–111 BC 1499: 1497: 1496:Triệu dynasty 1494: 1493: 1490:257 BC–179 BC 1489: 1487: 1484: 1483: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1465: 1460: 1459: 1449: 1447: 1446:Óc Eo culture 1444: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1434: 1433: 1429: 1427: 1424: 1423: 1419: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1409: 1407: 1404: 1403: 1399: 1397: 1394: 1393: 1390: 1388: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1378: 1374: 1372: 1369: 1368: 1364: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1354: 1352: 1349: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1337: 1333: 1331: 1328: 1327: 1324: 1322: 1321: 1317: 1316: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1306: 1303: 1301: 1300: 1296: 1295: 1290: 1285: 1284: 1280: 1276: 1275: 1272: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1250: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1209: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1193: 1189: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1168: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1153: 1138: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1107:Lương Nhữ Hốt 1104: 1100: 1096: 1091: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1061: 1057: 1056: 1050: 1045: 1030: 1028: 1027:Lê Thánh Tông 1024: 1023:civil service 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1001: 999: 995: 991: 987: 983: 979: 975: 974:Lê Thánh Tông 971: 967: 963: 958: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919: 914: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 862: 858: 854: 844: 840: 837: 834: 830: 824: 823:King of Annam 821: 819: 813: 810: 809: 807: 803: 800: 797: 793: 790: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 754: 747: 743: 739: 735: 732: 730:Today part of 728: 712: 710: 707: 703: 702: 694: 692: 689: 685: 684: 676: 674: 671: 667: 666: 663: 657: 654: 647: 646: 643: 640: 633: 632: 629: 628: 625: 622: 620: 617: 616: 612: 602: 599: 595: 591: 587: 581: 577: 572: 568: 564: 561: 555: 552:December 1592 551: 545: 541: 537: 536:Mạc Đăng Dung 531: 528:29 April 1428 527: 524: 518: 514: 511: 507: 503: 497: 493: 490: 487: 483: 479: 476: 473: 467: 464: 461: 455: 452: 449: 443: 439: 435: 432: 428: 424: 421: 418: 412: 409: 408:Lê Trang Tông 406: 400: 397: 396:Lê Cung Hoàng 394: 388: 385: 382: 376: 372: 368: 365: 361: 358: 353: 350: 347: 342: 337: 334: 330: 327: 323: 319: 315: 311: 307: 303: 300: 296: 293: 289: 285: 281: 277: 273: 270: 266: 263:) (1543–1592) 262: 258: 253: 250: 246: 240: 237: 234: 233:Southern Ming 231: 228: 225: 224: 222: 219: 215: 210: 206: 200: 195: 190: 186: 182: 178: 172: 167: 160: 155: 154:Đại Việt Quốc 140: 131: 128: 120: 117:December 2020 109: 106: 102: 99: 95: 92: 88: 85: 81: 78: – 77: 73: 72:Find sources: 66: 60: 59: 55: 50:This article 48: 44: 39: 38: 33: 19: 9661:Lê Hiển Tông 9621:Lê Chân Tông 9616:Lê Thần Tông 9611:Lê Kính Tông 9578: 9571: 9562:Lê Quang Trị 9557:Lê Tương Dực 9542:Lê Hiến Tông 9527:Lê Nhân Tông 9522:Lê Thái Tông 9505: 9454: 9426: 9417: 9389: 9355: 9338: 9318:. Retrieved 9303: 9291:, retrieved 9285: 9272:. Retrieved 9257: 9244:. Retrieved 9229: 9216:. Retrieved 9211: 9180: 9160: 9140: 9131: 9115: 9100:. Retrieved 9085: 9064: 9044: 9032:. Retrieved 9018: 8994: 8969: 8946: 8933: 8912: 8890: 8871: 8852: 8847: 8835: 8827:the original 8817: 8805:. Retrieved 8797:Rough Guides 8796: 8787: 8777:25 September 8775:. Retrieved 8771:the original 8760: 8752: 8744: 8736: 8731: 8723: 8718: 8704: 8695: 8687: 8682: 8667: 8646: 8637: 8624: 8620: 8609: 8600: 8592: 8587: 8578: 8565: 8556: 8547: 8531:. Brill Co. 8527: 8496: 8491:1987, p. 308 8488: 8484: 8475: 8466: 8457: 8448: 8439: 8419: 8398: 8387: 8367: 8360: 8347: 8340: 8320: 8313: 8298: 8283: 8256: 8251: 8231: 8224: 8212: 8203: 8191: 8171: 8164: 8145: 8139: 8134:, p. 91 8127: 8115: 8106: 8100: 8091: 8082: 8077:Kim, p. 359. 8073: 8064: 8055: 8046: 8037: 8032:Reid p. 230. 8028: 8019: 7991: 7981: 7975: 7966: 7956: 7937: 7927: 7908: 7898: 7889: 7876: 7847: 7838: 7827:, retrieved 7821: 7815: 7808:Andrade 2016 7803: 7794: 7785: 7774: 7767:Phan Huy Chú 7762: 7753: 7744: 7735: 7729: 7721: 7717: 7704: 7695: 7685: 7673: 7646: 7619: 7607: 7599: 7590: 7578: 7570: 7546: 7534: 7528:Google Books 7521: 7516: 7510:Google Books 7508:, p. 16, at 7503: 7498: 7486:. Retrieved 7468: 7458: 7446:. Retrieved 7444:(in Chinese) 7441: 7432: 7417: 7408: 7401:. Retrieved 7399:(in Chinese) 7396: 7387: 7376: 7357: 7351:Google Books 7344: 7339: 7333:Google Books 7325: 7317: 7311:Google Books 7309:, p. 15, at 7304: 7299: 7287:. Retrieved 7281: 7274: 7262:. Retrieved 7258:the original 7253: 7243: 7231:. Retrieved 7227:the original 7216: 7204:. Retrieved 7200:the original 7189: 7183:Google Books 7176: 7171: 7165:Google Books 7158: 7141: 7129:. Retrieved 7127:(in Chinese) 7124: 7115: 7100: 7094:Google Books 7087: 7067:. Retrieved 7053: 7043: 7035: 7028:. Retrieved 7021:the original 7007: 6995:. Retrieved 6991:the original 6980: 6971: 6956: 6949: 6940: 6926: 6916: 6908: 6904: 6895: 6889: 6870: 6864: 6849: 6840: 6831: 6815: 6785: 6776: 6771: 6762: 6750: 6722: 6701: 6681: 6658: 6649: 6639: 6635: 6619: 6604: 6600: 6591: 6581: 6574: 6565: 6560: 6552: 6547: 6537: 6527: 6517: 6506:. Retrieved 6502:the original 6492: 6480: 6468: 6456:. Retrieved 6441: 6434: 6410: 6383: 6379: 6338:(1): 37–54. 6335: 6331: 6311: 6278: 6269: 6256: 6223:Qing dynasty 6038:Hôn Đức công 6037: 5996: 5950:Nguyễn Lords 5905:Phúc An lăng 5839:Hoa Phố lăng 5729:1573–99 (14) 5697:Nguyễn Hoàng 5611:Ming dynasty 5528: 5527: 5421:Lê Thái Tông 5403:Lê Quang Trị 5358:Lê Tương Dực 5017:Thái Tổ (太祖) 4968: 4967: 4918: 4910:Kampong Saom 4898:Mekong Delta 4874:Mekong Delta 4867: 4839: 4835: 4799:Nguyễn lords 4795:Nguyễn Hoàng 4772: 4739:Nguyễn lords 4714: 4710: 4699: 4695: 4693: 4684: 4681:Nguyễn lords 4668: 4665: 4637: 4621:Nguyễn Hoàng 4617: 4609:urbanization 4604: 4586: 4582:Lê Tương Dực 4572:prefecture ( 4562: 4549: 4534: 4517:Portrait of 4447: 4436:Qing dynasty 4429: 4425: 4418:Ming dynasty 4407: 4315: 4302:trạng nguyên 4299: 4292: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4249:portrait of 4213: 3979: 3968: 3958: 3948: 3925: 3881: 3859: 3843:chữ Quốc ngữ 3813: 3807: 3805: 3601:áo giao lĩnh 3600: 3599:), who wore 3554: 3548:áo giao lĩnh 3546: 3539:Ming dynasty 3528: 3473: 3462: 3424: 3410:Yến Đô vương 3395: 3391: 3360: 3346: 3339: 3317:Tam phủ quân 3294: 3280: 3266:Mekong delta 3238: 3234: 3213: 3208:Nguyễn lords 3205: 3177: 3173: 3150: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3112: 3104: 3085: 3077: 3002: 2999:Nguyễn lords 2975:Mekong delta 2952: 2930: 2917:Ming dynasty 2902: 2886: 2876: 2853: 2848:Ming dynasty 2836: 2804: 2777: 2761: 2738: 2727: 2703: 2688:Lê Tương Dực 2686: 2662:Lê Hiến Tông 2656: 2640:crown prince 2636:Lê Hiến Tông 2632:Lê Hiến Tông 2621: 2614: 2570: 2558: 2532: 2470: 2468: 2456: 2449: 2384: 2368: 2364: 2343: 2332: 2325: 2288:Ming dynasty 2280:Ming dynasty 2272: 2257: 2240:Lê Nhân Tông 2236: 2233:Lê Nhân Tông 2217: 2202: 2198: 2186: 2178: 2169:crossed the 2163: 2155: 1977:Dali Kingdom 1967:Khmer Empire 1894:1986–present 1839: 1766: 1747:French Annam 1669: 1640:Trần dynasty 1610:Đinh dynasty 1527:111 BC–40 AD 1486:Thục dynasty 1420:1,000–800 BC 1380: 1339: 1318: 1297: 1249:Lê Thái Tông 1232:Lê Thái Tông 1227: 1219: 1184:Hậu Lê triều 1155: 1092: 1076:Trần dynasty 1072:Ming dynasty 1065: 1060:Ming dynasty 1053: 1004: 1002: 990:Nguyễn lords 962:enthronement 959: 955:Nguyễn lords 939:Trịnh family 916: 900: 880: 865:triều Hậu Lê 856: 852: 850: 780:15th century 705: 691:Nguyễn lords 687: 669: 656:Ming Dynasty 624:Succeeded by 623: 618: 584:• 1490 542:15 June 1527 508:against the 489:Early modern 354:(1533–1788) 343:(1531–1540) 306:Confucianism 207:in 1471 and 189:Nguyễn lords 177:Lê Hiển Tông 123: 114: 104: 97: 90: 83: 76:"Lê dynasty" 71: 51: 9631:Lê Gia Tông 9606:Lê Thế Tông 9601:Lê Anh Tông 9547:Lê Túc Tông 9532:Lê Nghi Dân 8807:27 February 8198:, p. 9 8196:McLeod 1991 7892:(11): 4–30. 7829:25 February 7362:Wade (2005) 7322:Rost (1887) 6824:Ngô Sĩ Liên 6793:. worldcat. 6473:Taouti 1985 6205:Chiêu Thống 6156:Trịnh Doanh 6106:. The last 6104:Trịnh Doanh 6099:Phù Lê lăng 6034:Trịnh Giang 6001:Trịnh Cương 5744:Mạc dynasty 5693:Nguyễn clan 5539:Temple name 5384:Nguyên Lăng 5237:Muang Phuan 5218:1460–97 (4) 5170:Lê Nghi Dân 5160:Lê Nghi Dân 5109:Nguyễn Trãi 5094:1433–42 (2) 5061:Thái Nguyên 5034: [ 4979:Temple name 4803:Trịnh lords 4706:Jeju Island 4677:Cochinchina 4673:Trịnh lords 4541:Lê Thế Tông 4456:Qing empire 4431:dutongshisi 4341: [ 3884:Nguyễn Trãi 3866:down on by 3589:Trịnh Lords 3581:áo ngũ thân 3565:giao lãnh y 3535:bureaucracy 3497:Qing Empire 3465:Qing Empire 3427:Vũ Văn Nhậm 3387:Chiêu Thống 3349:Nguyễn Nhạc 3309:Hoàng Tố Lý 3281:(Bá Đa Lộc) 3251:in An Khê, 3241:Nguyễn Nhạc 3119:Nachtegaels 3014:Gianh River 3006:Trịnh Tráng 2995:Trịnh lords 2908:Trịnh lords 2883:Trịnh lords 2807:Muang Phuan 2773:Mạc dynasty 2754:Mạc dynasty 2666:Lê Túc Tông 2648:Lê Túc Tông 2605:Muang Phuan 2211:version of 2183:Muang Phuan 2071:Immigration 2051:Agriculture 1680:Mạc dynasty 1590:Ngô dynasty 1299:Paleolithic 1289:Prehistoric 1268:History of 1066:During the 986:Trịnh lords 978:Mạc dynasty 951:Trịnh lords 931:Vietnamese: 929:: 朝黎中興, or 913:Mạc dynasty 795:Final ruler 764:Kingdom of 673:Mạc dynasty 619:Preceded by 510:Ming Empire 463:Trịnh lords 338:(1428–1527) 274:(1531–1540) 241:(1662–1789) 235:(1644–1662) 229:(1428–1644) 185:Trịnh lords 9681:Categories 9641:Lê Dụ Tông 9636:Lê Hy Tông 9580:Thiên Hiến 9517:Lê Thái Tổ 9460:1428–1789 9434:Lê Dynasty 9414:Lê dynasty 9390:Lê dynasty 9293:6 November 9268:0791426874 9199:1079783921 9150:9971988089 8863:References 8735:Mai Thục, 8146:Indo-China 8059:Li, p. 96. 7583:Ming Shilu 7424:, p. 7368:, p. 7107:, p. 6967:0821406302 6936:0826414885 6508:2007-03-29 6380:Asia Major 6215:Nguyễn Huệ 6176:Nguyễn Huệ 6168:Đàng Trong 6148:Lê Duy Mật 5850:Huyền Tông 5701:Trịnh Tùng 5688:Bố Vệ lăng 5650:Trịnh Kiểm 5625:Trung Tông 5615:Lê-Mạc war 5603:Nguyễn Kim 5578:Trang Tông 5495:Cung Hoàng 5463:Lê Y (黎椅) 5455:Chiêu Tông 5427:1518-1519 5227:Conquered 5224:Chiêu Lăng 5204:Thánh Tông 4936:. A large 4934:Hoa people 4870:Vietnamese 4809:. Captain 4648:underglaze 4632:See also: 4523:Ming China 4446:the title 4330:Lê Quý Đôn 4287:Hương cống 4265:Parade of 4210:Hàng Trống 4158:Lý dynasty 4021:Statue of 3896:Lê Quý Đôn 3888:Dư địa chí 3828:worked in 3593:Đàng Ngoài 3585:Đàng Trong 3573:Đàng Trong 3561:Đàng Trong 3557:Đàng Ngoài 3439:Vietnamese 3435:Lê Duy Cận 3431:Hong River 3406:Vietnamese 3402:Trịnh Bồng 3365:Vietnamese 3353:Nguyễn Huệ 3313:Vietnamese 3305:Trịnh Tông 3274:Nguyễn Ánh 3249:Nguyễn Huệ 3200:Lê Hy Tông 3169:Linh River 3133:Quảng Bình 3081:Portuguese 3062:Goa style 2955:Yang Yandi 2947:Quang Hưng 2904:Trịnh Tùng 2879:Trịnh Kiểm 2824:Nguyên Hòa 2815:Nguyễn Kim 2801:Lê–Mạc War 2785:Trịnh Kiểm 2781:Nguyễn Kim 2700:Thăng Long 2547:Panduranga 2481:Lê Thái Tổ 2459:Ming Shilu 2387:Ming Shilu 1650:Hồ dynasty 1450:(1–630 AD) 1330:Hoabinhian 1320:Mesolithic 1182:nhà Hậu Lê 1170:Lê dynasty 943:Lê–Mạc War 923:Vietnamese 905:Vietnamese 885:Vietnamese 873:nhà Hậu Lê 861:Vietnamese 853:Lê dynasty 842:Deposition 836:Thăng Long 574:Population 475:Nguyễn Huệ 451:Nguyễn Kim 384:Lê Thái Tổ 366:(Hoàng đế) 332:Government 87:newspapers 54:references 9656:Lê Ý Tông 9552:Lê Uy Mục 9320:4 January 9274:5 January 9208:"Vietnam" 9102:4 January 9034:5 January 8652:"Vietnam" 7612:, p. 102 7488:5 January 7448:5 January 7422:Wade 2005 7366:Wade 2005 7131:5 January 7105:Wade 2005 7069:5 January 7030:5 January 6352:1750-8916 6290:Citations 6172:Thuận Hóa 6160:Trịnh Sâm 6123:Hiển Tông 5988:Kim Thạch 5958:Trịnh Căn 5954:Bầu lords 5875:Trịnh Tạc 5819:Chân Tông 5784:Thần Tông 5754:Kính Tông 5742:from the 5740:Đông Kinh 5705:Trịnh Cối 5658:Quảng Nam 5654:Thuận Hóa 5645:Diên lăng 5598:Cảnh lăng 5440:Trịnh Tuy 5323:Lê Uy Mục 5307:Kính Lăng 5264:Lê Tranh 5256:Hiến Tông 5183:1459-1460 5132:Nhân Tông 5080:Thái Tông 5043:1429–1433 5040:Circuit. 4919:In 1698, 4908:(that is 4775:Quảng Nam 4723:Trịnh Căn 4669:Đông Kinh 4652:Bát Tràng 4589:Hai Phong 4578:Bắc Giang 4566:Hải Dương 4503:Trịnh Căn 4460:Lê Duy Vũ 4444:Lê Duy Kỳ 4416:with the 4408:In 1428, 4397:Thanh Hóa 3945:Nguyễn Du 3937:cải lương 3929:hát tuồng 3894:scholar. 3830:Quảng Nam 3597:Đông Kinh 3510:Thanh Hóa 3443:Giám quốc 3383:Cảnh Hưng 3301:Trịnh Cán 3297:Trịnh Sâm 3295:In 1782, 3253:Bình Định 3245:Nguyễn Lữ 3153:Trịnh Căn 3145:Trịnh Tạc 3052:Mông Đồng 2971:Quang Nam 2938:Thanh Hoá 2864:Thanh Hóa 2820:civil war 2710:Vũ Như Tô 2696:Lê Uy Mục 2658:Lê Uy Mục 2579:in today 2535:conquered 2433:Pingxiang 2399:Guangdong 2346:Nguyễn Xí 2335:Thanh Hoá 2301:Thanh Hóa 2290:with its 2244:Trịnh Khả 2056:Dynasties 2031:1707–1832 2021:1600–1954 2011:1100–1904 2001:1061–1432 1997:Ngưu Hống 1991:1042–1052 1884:1975–1986 1874:1969–1976 1860:1955–1975 1846:1954–1976 1834:1949–1955 1824:1948–1949 1814:1945–1976 1714:1802–1945 1704:1778–1802 1694:1533–1789 1684:1527–1592 1674:1428–1527 1664:1407–1427 1654:1400–1407 1644:1225–1400 1634:1009–1225 1514:Dominated 1386:Iron Ages 1341:Neolithic 1162:Tang Code 1119:Wang Tong 1111:Thanh Hoá 1080:Trần Ngỗi 1019:Confucian 832:Estate(s) 588:7,700,000 515:1418–1427 346:Monarchic 298:Religion 252:Đông Kinh 223:of China 164:1533–1789 162:1428–1527 9246:26 April 9130:(1973). 9114:(2005). 8801:Archived 8753:Cambodia 8573:, p. 364 8470:《明史·安南傳》 7703:(2005). 6810:Theobald 6757:, p. 96. 6657:(2005). 6569:turtle". 6458:13 April 6392:44740553 6236:See also 6063:Long Đức 5945:Phú lăng 5885:Gia Tông 5715:Thế Tông 5668:Anh Tông 5558:Era name 5551:Lineage 5482:in 1525 5389:Trần Cảo 5287:Túc Tông 5241:Lan Xang 5152:Mục Lăng 5105:Lan Xang 5065:Lai Châu 5057:Cao Bằng 5051:Lam Kinh 4998:Era name 4991:Lineage 4942:Gia Định 4902:East Sea 4856:Gia Định 4846:Gia Long 4743:Phú Xuân 4574:Bắc Ninh 4570:Kinh Bắc 4553:Phổ Hiền 4537:Holy See 4525:in 1597. 4381:Cambodia 4365:Lan Xang 3834:Quy Nhơn 3818:Nam Định 3664:Đại Việt 3577:Phú Xuân 3493:Zhejiang 3398:Trịnh Lệ 3270:Phú Xuân 3257:Quy Nhơn 3198:Emperor 3174:de facto 3092:Đồng Hới 2979:Đồng Nai 2973:and the 2888:de facto 2843:Hưng Hóa 2839:Hà Giang 2714:Trần Cảo 2652:Cao Bằng 2573:Lan Xang 2559:đồn điền 2555:Cambodia 2551:Kauthara 2511:Đại Việt 2493:Nam tiến 2424:Longzhou 2420:Lạng Sơn 2391:Wenchang 2351:Ryukyuan 2284:Việt Nam 2276:Đại Việt 2179:"Bồn-Man 2081:Monarchs 2076:Military 2044:By topic 1981:937–1253 1971:802–1431 1931:192–1832 1797:Republic 1728:Colonial 1624:980–1009 1581:Dynastic 1259:a series 1257:Part of 1135:Trần Cảo 1078:princes 1006:Nam tiến 889:Đại Việt 881:Đại Việt 766:Đại Việt 746:Cambodia 597:Currency 314:Buddhism 284:Văn ngôn 282:Written 272:Xam Neua 257:Tây Kinh 211:in 1479. 143:Đại Việt 9573:Đại Đức 9218:27 June 8712:. 2012. 8662:, p. 22 8623:], 7426:2078/79 7403:26 July 7370:3785/86 7289:26 July 7264:26 July 7233:26 July 7206:26 July 7109:2704/05 6997:26 July 6310:at the 6262:Chữ Nôm 5968:Dụ Tông 5925:Hy Tông 5910:cholera 5870:An Lăng 5695:led by 5565:Events 5407:Lê Bảng 5366:Lê Oanh 5342:An Lăng 5276:Dụ Lăng 5031:Lam Sơn 5005:Events 4850:Đà Nẵng 4787:Da Nang 4675:(while 4605:địa chủ 4601:Ottoman 4597:Malacca 4454:of the 4373:Myanmar 4281:Sinh đồ 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