536:
79:
902:
106:
60:
733:
617:
17:
95:
185:, both of about the 320s. In contrast, the floors of Early Christian churches contained very little figurative art, no doubt largely because it was considered inappropriate to walk on sacred images. The church floors are mostly geometrical, with small images in compartments of animals and the like, whereas the most important villa floors may contain huge scenes with many figures. The major surviving exception is the floor of the Cathedral at
722:
443:
829:
938:, but towards the end of the 13th century Rome was once again able to produce fine mosaics with local teams. From this period, the artists responsible for their design begin to be known; they were primarily painters, and presumably mainly responsible for the design, working with specialist teams of mosaicists. The most significant of this first period are
265:
in compartments in a geometric framework in some sections, and in arrangements of foliage in others. Despite the efforts of art historians to extract
Christian symbolism from these components, the assembly is essentially derived from pagan decorative schemes for grand buildings. The work is of very
743:
By about the 10th century, the ability to produce high-quality mosaic work had been lost in Italy, and the best work was created by teams despatched by
Byzantine Emperors as diplomatic favours. In the late 11th century local craftsmanship began to revive, no doubt with some initial Byzantine input.
883:
in Venice was begun in 1061, and its walls have been entirely decorated with mosaic, often replaced, with work continuing until the 17th century. St Mark's is the largest of the remaining handful of buildings, in
Ravenna, Sicily, Turkey and Greece, which retain the unique impact of a full mosaic
884:
interior. Some traces of mosaic from before a devastating fire in 1106 probably remain, but the majority of the original mosaics date from the following three centuries, though often heavily restored or entirely redone as copies. They move from a
Byzantinesque style to a more
632:
Four churches in Rome have mosaics of saints near where their relics were held; these all show an abandonment of classical illusionism for large-eyed figures floating in space. Rome had been in
Byzantine hands from 536-545, which may explain the change. They are
473:, before returning to the small-town status that has preserved its church buildings so well, though the palaces of the rulers and court have all been lost. Eight early Christian monuments of Ravenna, all with significant mosaics, are on the
894:
believes that the early mosaics were created by local workshops aware of recent
Byzantine work, and perhaps including, or trained by, Greeks. Whatever there may once have been, hardly any other mosaic work remains in the city.
46:
and many
Italian mosaics were probably made by imported Greek-speaking artists and craftsmen, there are surprisingly few significant mosaics remaining in the core Byzantine territories. This is especially true before the
815:
have the only significant panels of secular mosaics to survive from the period, probably both of around 1170, both of which show considerable
Islamic influence, though that may reflect the Byzantine style for such work.
752:, was abbot, had all disappeared (except for small fragments) long before the abbey was destroyed by an American air raid in 1944. Their style was probably similar to the remaining sections of the scheme at
424:. Both registers have grassy ground-levels, the upper one with rocks and plants, and two palm trees at the extreme sides. The faces are elongated in the Byzantine manner, and St Theodore wears
569:
with a beardless Christ in white robes flanked by the apostles, as part of a much larger scheme, now remaining only in fragments. In one area the mosaic has fallen away to reveal the
535:
796:
in 1132. Initially Greek craftsmen were imported, but later work appears to have been done, in a rather less refined style, by local craftsmen in the 1160s and 1170s.;
701:(commissioned between 828 and 848) all have semi-domes following that of Santi Cosma e Damiano (526-30 - above) with Saints Peter and Paul presenting martyrs and the
366:
retains a similar apse mosaic, now a reworking of 1299, following the 5th-century original. The triumphal arch has the earliest surviving monumental cycle of the
685:
had religious mosaics in its apse-like semi-dome which survive, now moved outside and very heavily restored. Five churches in Rome have mosaics from this period:
189:, which is the earliest large area of Christian mosaic in Italy, dating to 314-18. This has large images of Christian symbols such as are seen in the
1320:
864:
on the west wall is of the same period; other mosaics in the cathedral are from the beginning of the 12th and perhaps the 11th centuries. The
645:(640s), and the chapel of San Venanzio in the Lateran Basilica (c. 640) The only 8th century mosaics known are those in the tomb chapel of
1450:
523:
447:
935:
653:, which were recorded in drawings before the building was demolished, and of which some fragments were salvaged. Around a central
78:
811:
was begun in 1174 and has the largest area of mosaic from before 1200 to survive in Italy. The
Palazzo Reale and the castle at
1377:
1317:
1012:
274:
with a standing, lightly bearded Christ with arm upraised. Some other scenes from the same period survive, heavily restored.
505:
257:, and surrounded by a flowing river, were destroyed in 1620 and only survive in some sketches. The vaulted ceiling of the
253:
and Helena. These mosaics decorate both the walls and ceilings of the church, depicting biblical scenes, mostly from the
888:
one. Later
Renaissance additions are fortunately not over-prominent, as they are generally regarded as unhappy mistakes.
1381:
1341:
580:
Other relatively modest mosaics are found in several places, including a 5th-century domed ceiling in the baptistery of
901:
865:
1438:
1409:
1395:
1369:
1355:
1337:
1309:
1295:
1004:
209:
also has symbolic images, including a famous one of Christ as the sun god in his chariot. This subject also has the
105:
800:
was also begun by Roger with Greek artists in the 1130s, but the full scheme of mosaics was never finished. The
553:
was the main military centre of Northern Italy, controlling the roads to the north, and the effective capital of
1016:
558:
539:
1283:
417:
296:
323:
with a tiled roof, above which a large cityscape of grand buildings can be seen. In the sky there are large
59:
1481:
638:
574:
393:
261:
retains its mosaics of 324-6 of various decorative designs with small birds, figures, pastoral scenes and
694:
650:
487:
1476:
1426:
125:
150:(c. 100) from Pompeii was a floor, and the main use of vertical mosaics was for places unsuitable for
634:
995:
Dunbabin, 236-250; Smith, David. in Henig, 135-7; Gale, 738;Adam, Jean-Pierre, tr. Anthony Mathews.
909:
377:
363:
362:; it was probably originally composed of the giant foliage scrolls that remain to the upper sides.
355:
1471:
174:
67:
706:
686:
517:
511:
20:
1466:
880:
832:
756:, created around 1085 by a close colleague of Desiderius. According to the abbey chronicler
662:
642:
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with extensive mosaics of about 530 on the apse and triumphal arch. For the first time, the
499:
121:
804:
church in Palermo has mosaics from the same period, though in a slightly different style.
1064:
913:
785:
470:
458:
335:
48:
142:, there is little evidence of ambitious wall mosaics before the Christian period, even at
8:
745:
732:
585:
474:
466:
206:
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and surrounding sites, where chances of survival were better than elsewhere. The famous
934:
In the 1220s, the Pope needed to ask Venice for craftsmen to execute the apse mosaic of
797:
848:
817:
793:
748:, made by Byzantine craftsmen between about 1066 and 1071, when Desiderius, the future
725:
481:
401:
381:
368:
354:. They are right at the top of the wall and hard to see. The apse mosaic is now mostly
1434:
1414:
1405:
1391:
1373:
1365:
1351:
1333:
1332:(1 volume version, edited by Herbert L. Kessler), University of Chicago Press, 1988,
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1008:
1000:
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753:
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710:
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202:
190:
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conquest of Italy there was a new burst of production of major Roman mosaics in the
396:(526–30) shows a raised-up standing Christ, bearded and in plain robes, with Saints
266:
high quality and in good condition, although restored. There is also a 5th-century
939:
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walls, where 27 of an original 42 panels remain from a sequence of scenes from the
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109:
1420:
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178:
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Dale, 741. All are dated based on the reigns of the Pope who commissioned them.
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295:(jewelled cross) on a small mountain. Christ is flanked by two groups of five
271:
242:
98:
1433:, London, Penguin Books, 1966, 2nd edn 1987 (now Yale History of Art series).
1460:
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777:
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405:
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308:
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has an apse mosaic of 384-9 with an unusually complicated composition of the
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238:
235:
194:
43:
689:(c. 814) has an iconographically eccentric programme at the east end, while
873:
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543:
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held over their heads by two female figures representing the church of the
291:
117:
32:
16:
660:, with the Pope kneeling to her, were three registers of scenes from the
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421:
409:
300:
289:. A heavily bearded Christ sits on a rich jewelled throne below a large
250:
210:
166:
139:
760:
Desiderius ensured that monks learnt the skills of the Greek craftsmen.
94:
1325:
891:
854:
820:
of birds, archers and lions are set around trees in geometric schemes.
678:
557:, Constantine's son. The large octagonal Chapel of San Aquilino in the
258:
230:
have few contemporary equivalents elsewhere. There were mosaics in the
155:
1088:
Boardman, 315. In fact they are "motifs conventional in floor-mosaic".
1196:
Dale, 741; Dodwell, 4 describes the current version as merely a copy.
851:
has a late 12th-century apse mosaic of famous beauty of the standing
801:
601:
246:
159:
465:) in 402. It remained a capital until the 8th century, first of the
416:. Below this scene twelve sheep on a gold background represent the
872:
has a similar, but 13th century, Virgin apse mosaic, as well as an
844:
808:
584:. Just outside modern Italy, but within the older borders, is the
338:
has a large area of mosaics, probably from 432-440. They cover the
186:
87:
42:
in the world. Although the art style is especially associated with
36:
589:
789:
454:
430:
372:, dedicatee of the church, and is thought to have been put up by
343:
320:
316:
151:
143:
24:
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840:
781:
773:
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593:
573:. There are some figures of saints and a dome of about 470 in
442:
71:
39:
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continue into the Late Antique period, including those at the
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198:
170:
83:
1300:
Dale, Thomas E.A., "Mosaic", in Christopher Kleinhenz (ed),
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917:
347:
339:
267:
135:
312:
1178:
Dale, 741. The figure of the Virgin is now in Florence.
839:
The earliest remaining mosaics in the neighbourhood of
201:
and the whale, but no direct depictions of Christ. The
134:"Early Roman mosaics belonged to the floor"; except in
1231:
1229:
600:, surrounded by saints, takes the centre of the apse
611:
346:
arch), and sections, originally much larger, of the
1226:
924:
213:not usually seen until the end of the 4th century.
158:and garden architecture including the very popular
669:With the political stability brought about by the
1423:, Byzantine Style and Civilization, 1975, Penguin
1458:
1417:, Byzantine Art, 3rd edn 1968, Penguin Books Ltd
561:was perhaps built as an Imperial mausoleum for
858:, isolated against a huge gold background. A
126:Hellenistic art § Paintings and mosaics
90:Cathedral, 314-318. Jonah is about life-size
1453:54 images of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo, Ravenna
1431:Art and Architecture in Italy, 1250 to 1400
380:, where Marian doctrine triumphed over the
469:from 493 and then after 540 the Byzantine
342:, the "triumphal arch" (equivalent to the
241:from 312. The earliest to survive are in
1330:The Mosaic Decoration of San Marco Venice
319:respectively. Behind Christ stretches a
1348:The Pictorial arts of the West, 800-1200
997:Roman building: materials and techniques
900:
827:
731:
720:
615:
534:
441:
387:
327:. The mosaic has been little restored.
104:
93:
77:
58:
15:
565:about 400. It has an apse mosaic of a
330:
54:
31:Italy has the richest concentration of
1459:
705:Pope carrying a model of the church.
524:Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe
448:Basilica of Sant' Apollinare in Classe
446:Triumphal arch and apse semi-dome in
74:ca. 320. Figures are about life-size.
1364:, Cambridge University Press, 1999,
1362:Mosaics of the Greek and Roman world
216:
1288:The Oxford History of Classical Art
713:in the midst of saints and angels.
277:
13:
866:Church of Santa Maria e San Donato
245:, built under Constantine and the
14:
1493:
1444:
612:Early Medieval mosaics (550-1200)
506:Basilica of Sant'Apollinare Nuovo
426:the dress of a Byzantine courtier
221:
165:Sumptuous floor mosaics found by
1097:Talbot Rice,134-5, and Dale, 740
925:High Medieval period (1200-1400)
763:
716:
484:("Orthodox Baptistery") (c. 430)
122:Ancient Greek art § Mosaics
1302:Medieval Italy: an Encyclopedia
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530:
226:The 4th-century mosaics in the
1244:Talbot Rice, 216-17; Dale, 746
1214:Dodwell, 165-167; Dale, 743-4.
1133:Dale, 741; Talbot Rice,138-144
1057:
1048:
1039:
1030:
1021:
989:
980:
977:Reece, Richard, in Henig, 244.
971:
962:
843:are on its early rival island
604:composition, with a beardless
559:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan
540:Basilica of San Lorenzo, Milan
1:
1277:
1065:"Late Antique Roman Mosaics"
457:was made the capital of the
68:the villa at Piazza Armerina
7:
1360:Dunbabin, Katherine M. D.;
1151:Talbot-Rice, 171; Dale, 740
695:Santa Cecilia in Trastevere
608:at the centre of the arch.
488:Mausoleum of Galla Placidia
434:and richly-patterned robe.
10:
1498:
999:, 228-9, Routledge, 1999,
792:, and was commissioned by
709:(c. 820) has an enthroned
437:
408:being presented to him by
376:(432–40) to celebrate the
115:
1390:, Skira/Macmillan, 1979,
929:
823:
744:The important mosaics at
639:Sant'Agnese fuori le mura
635:San Lorenzo fuori le Mura
956:
910:Coronation of the Virgin
868:on the nearby island of
677:period. The great hall (
356:Coronation of the Virgin
1402:A Handbook of Roman Art
1205:Dodwell, 3-6; Dale, 741
936:San Paolo Fuori le Mura
627:
205:, under and pre-dating
175:Villa Romana del Casale
1187:Dodwell, 3-6; Dale 741
921:
836:
740:
739:, Palermo, after 1132.
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707:Santa Maria in Domnica
687:Santi Nereo e Achilleo
624:
547:
518:Basilica of San Vitale
512:Mausoleum of Theodoric
451:
113:
102:
91:
75:
28:
21:Basilica of San Vitale
1451:Bridgeman Art Library
904:
831:
735:
728:, Sicily, after 1174.
724:
643:Santo Stefano Rotondo
619:
538:
500:Archiepiscopal Chapel
445:
394:Santi Cosma e Damiano
388:Santi Cosma e Damiano
154:, such as fountains,
108:
101:ceiling detail, 324-6
97:
81:
62:
19:
1400:Henig, Martin (ed),
1027:Talbot Rice, 118-119
914:Santa Maria Maggiore
471:Exarchate of Ravenna
459:Western Roman Empire
336:Santa Maria Maggiore
331:Santa Maria Maggiore
325:Evangelists' symbols
55:Late Antique mosaics
51:of the 8th century.
49:Byzantine Iconoclasm
1482:Early Christian art
1304:, Routledge, 2004,
1235:Talbot Rice, 216-17
746:Monte Cassino Abbey
586:Euphrasian Basilica
475:World Heritage List
467:Ostrogothic Kingdom
299:, headed by Saints
1415:Talbot Rice, David
1388:Byzantine Painting
922:
881:St Mark's Basilica
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833:St Mark's Basilica
818:Confronted figures
794:Roger II of Sicily
741:
730:
726:Monreale Cathedral
625:
548:
482:Neonian Baptistery
452:
378:Council of Ephesus
369:Life of the Virgin
114:
112:apse mosaic, 384-9
103:
92:
86:, floor mosaic in
76:
29:
1477:Byzantine mosaics
1404:, Phaidon, 1983,
1378:978-0-521-00230-1
1350:, 1993, Yale UP,
1318:978-0-415-93931-7
1115:Talbot Rice,136-8
1013:978-0-415-20866-6
876:floor from 1140.
807:The Cathedral at
770:Cappella Palatina
754:Salerno Cathedral
737:Cappella Palatina
711:Madonna and Child
697:(both c.820) and
606:Christ in Majesty
398:Cosmas and Damian
249:of his daughters
217:Late antique Rome
203:Tomb of the Julii
191:Catacombs of Rome
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283:Santa Pudenziana
278:Santa Pudenziana
232:Lateran Basilica
228:churches of Rome
207:St Peter's, Rome
193:, including the
183:Gladiator Mosaic
148:Alexander Mosaic
130:Mosaics of Delos
110:Santa Pudenziana
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494:Arian Baptistry
450:, Ravenna (549)
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420:, flanking the
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374:Pope Sixtus III
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179:Piazza Armerina
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861:Last Judgement
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683:Lateran Palace
663:Life of Christ
651:Old St Peter's
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856:
850:
846:
842:
834:
830:
821:
819:
814:
813:Zisa, Palermo
810:
805:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
786:Palazzo Reale
783:
779:
775:
772:is the royal
771:
764:Norman Sicily
761:
759:
755:
751:
747:
738:
734:
727:
723:
717:Monte Cassino
714:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
667:
665:
664:
659:
658:
652:
648:
647:Pope John VII
644:
640:
636:
622:
618:
609:
607:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
578:
576:
575:Sant'Ambrogio
572:
568:
564:
560:
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552:
545:
541:
537:
525:
522:
519:
516:
513:
510:
507:
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489:
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479:
478:
477:. These are:
476:
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468:
464:
460:
456:
449:
444:
435:
433:
432:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
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406:Pope Felix IV
403:
399:
395:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
370:
365:
361:
357:
353:
352:Old Testament
349:
345:
341:
337:
328:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
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288:
284:
275:
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252:
248:
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239:Constantine I
237:
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214:
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208:
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196:
195:Good Shepherd
192:
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149:
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137:
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127:
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119:
111:
107:
100:
96:
89:
85:
82:The story of
80:
73:
69:
66:; floor from
65:
61:
52:
50:
45:
44:Byzantine art
41:
38:
34:
26:
22:
18:
1467:Medieval art
1430:
1401:
1387:
1382:Google books
1361:
1347:
1342:Google books
1329:
1321:Google books
1301:
1287:
1267:
1258:
1249:
1240:
1219:
1210:
1201:
1192:
1183:
1174:
1165:
1156:
1147:
1138:
1129:
1120:
1111:
1102:
1093:
1084:
1074:23 September
1072:. Retrieved
1068:
1059:
1050:
1041:
1032:
1023:
1017:Google books
996:
991:
982:
973:
964:
952:
933:
897:
890:
879:The present
878:
874:opus sectile
859:
852:
847:, where the
838:
806:
767:
758:Leo of Ostia
742:
668:
661:
654:
631:
605:
579:
571:underdrawing
566:
549:
544:underdrawing
531:Other Cities
453:
429:
392:The apse of
391:
367:
364:San Clemente
334:
292:crux gemmata
290:
286:
281:
225:
164:
133:
118:Roman mosaic
63:
33:Late Antique
30:
1427:White, John
1326:Demus, Otto
675:Carolingian
598:Virgin Mary
592:(Parenzo),
461:(replacing
422:Lamb of God
358:of 1295 by
315:and of the
307:, who have
251:Constantina
211:gold ground
167:archaeology
140:Domus Aurea
1461:Categories
1278:References
1142:Dale, 740;
892:Otto Demus
886:Romanesque
855:Hodegetria
679:triclinium
641:(625-38),
382:Nestorians
259:ambulatory
116:See also:
1271:Dale, 748
1054:Dale, 740
1045:Gale, 740
1036:Dale, 738
920:, c. 1296
849:Cathedral
802:Martorana
780:kings of
699:San Marco
681:) of the
602:semi-dome
546:revealed.
247:mausoleum
234:built by
160:nymphaeum
1253:Demus, 5
845:Torcello
835:, Venice
809:Monreale
671:Frankish
637:(580s),
623:, ca 820
508:(c. 500)
502:(c. 500)
496:(c. 500)
490:(c. 430)
418:Apostles
317:Gentiles
297:Apostles
187:Aquileia
181:and the
88:Aquileia
37:medieval
1069:Mozaico
853:Virgin
790:Palermo
784:in the
776:of the
655:Virgin
542:, with
455:Ravenna
438:Ravenna
431:tablion
428:with a
344:chancel
321:portico
236:Emperor
152:frescos
144:Pompeii
40:mosaics
25:Ravenna
1437:
1408:
1394:
1376:
1368:
1354:
1336:
1316:
1308:
1294:
1011:
1003:
948:Giotto
870:Murano
841:Venice
824:Venice
782:Sicily
778:Norman
774:chapel
594:Istria
171:villas
128:, and
72:Sicily
1286:ed.,
957:Notes
703:donor
657:Orans
590:PoreÄŤ
551:Milan
526:(549)
520:(548)
514:(520)
463:Milan
410:Peter
301:Peter
263:putti
199:Jonah
156:baths
84:Jonah
27:, 548
1435:ISBN
1406:ISBN
1392:ISBN
1374:ISBN
1366:ISBN
1352:ISBN
1334:ISBN
1314:ISBN
1306:ISBN
1292:ISBN
1076:2018
1009:ISBN
1001:ISBN
946:and
930:Rome
918:Rome
768:The
693:and
628:Rome
577:.
414:Paul
412:and
404:and
348:nave
340:apse
313:Jews
305:Paul
303:and
268:apse
197:and
136:Nero
35:and
788:in
649:in
588:at
177:at
169:in
162:.
138:'s
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1328:.
1312:,
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1015:,
1007:,
950:.
942:,
916:,
912:,
908:,
666:.
400:,
384:.
124:,
120:,
70:,
23:,
1078:.
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