342:, an enzyme produced in the stomach, in the hypopharynx has also become an increasingly researched biomarker for LPR. Research suggests that the stomach enzyme pepsin plays a crucial role in the complex mechanism behind LPR. Once present in the larynx pepsin is active at a low pH, but persists even when inactive. Pepsin can manifest both extracellularly and intracellularly; however, damage is realized differently in these two environments. Intracellularly, pepsin enters the laryngeal tissue through endocytosis and causes damage that accumulates over time. Pepsin has implications on cellular transcription and therefore, gene expression, which subsequently leads to the recruitment of inflammatory cells, but inhibition of protective mechanisms such as growth factors. Structurally, pepsin plays a role in increasing viscosity of the vibratory portion of the vocal folds and decreasing cellular water retention, which reduces the overall thickness of the vocal folds. These morphological changes result in decreased vibratory amplitude, increasing demands for initiating vibration and ultimately, impacting voice quality.
382:(PPIs) are the leading pharmaceutical intervention chosen for the relief and reduction of LPR and are typically recommended for ongoing use twice a day for a period of 3–6 months. PPIs have been shown to be ineffective in very young children and are of uncertain efficacy in older children, for whom their use has been discouraged. While PPIs may provide limited clinical benefits in some adults, there is insufficient evidence to support routine use. Many studies show that PPIs are not more effective than
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of smoking, limiting alcohol consumption and avoiding the ingestion of food shortly before bed. Lifestyle changes in children diagnosed with LPR include dietary modifications to avoid foods that will aggravate reflux (e.g., chocolate or acidic and spicy food), altering positioning (e.g., sleeping on your side), modifying the textures of foods (e.g., thickening feeds to heighten awareness of the passing bolus), and eliminating the intake of food before bed.
40:
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293:, which is more fragile and susceptible to damage. While the epithelium lining the esophagus is capable of withstanding as many as 50 instances of exposure to gastric contents each day, which is the uppermost estimate considered to be within the range of normal physiologic functioning, injury to laryngeal epithelium can occur following exposure to only small amounts of acidic gastric contents.
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175:, wheezing, globus pharyngeus, and chronic throat-clearing. Some people with LPR have heartburn, while others have little to no heartburn as refluxed stomach contents do not remain in the esophagus long enough to irritate the surrounding tissue. Individuals with more severe forms of LPR may experience abrasion of
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were reported in 1968. Subsequent studies suggested that acid reflux might be a contributory factor in other laryngeal and respiratory conditions. In 1979, the link between these airway symptoms and reflux of gastric contents was first documented. At the same time, treatment of reflux disease results
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spectrum is difficult. Once these patients are identified, behavioural and dietary changes are advised. Dietary modifications may include limiting the intake of chocolate, caffeine, acidic food and liquids, gaseous beverages and foods high in fat. Behavioral changes may include weight loss, cessation
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may be used. A noninvasive test for diagnosis of LPR is the collection of refluxate where the refluxed material is collected and analyzed. Another noninvasive diagnostic test that can be used is an empirical trial of proton-pump inhibitor therapy; however, this test is mostly successful in diagnosing
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There is no agreed-upon assessment technique to identify LPR in children. Of the debated diagnostic tools, multichannel intraluminal impedance with pH monitoring (MII-pH) is used as it recognizes both acid and non-acid reflux. A more common technique that is used is 24-hour dual probe pH monitoring.
397:
One way to assess treatment outcomes for LPR is through the use of voice quality measures. Both subjective and objective measures of voice quality can be used to assess treatment outcomes. Subjective measures include scales such as the Grade, Roughness, Breathiness, Asthenia, Strain Scale (GRBAS);
345:
Before a diagnosis can be made, a physician will need to record the patient's medical history and ask for details about the presenting symptoms. Questionnaires such as the Reflux
Symptom Index (RSI), Quality-of-Life Index (QLI) for LPR, Glottal Closure/Function Index (GCI) and Voice Handicap Index
310:
for the respiratory and laryngeal symptoms of LPR, diagnosing LPR based on symptoms alone is unreliable. Laryngoscopic findings such as erythema, edema, laryngeal granulomas, and interarytenoid hypertrophy have been used to establish the diagnosis; however, these findings are nonspecific and have
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which results in the symptom of dysphonia or hoarseness. Hoarseness is considered to be one of the primary symptoms of LPR and is associated with complaints such as strain, vocal fatigue, musculoskeletal tension, and hard glottal attacks, all of which can reduce a person's ability to communicate
255:
LPR is often regarded as a subtype of GERD that occurs when stomach contents flow upward through the esophagus and reach the level of the larynx and pharynx. However, LPR is associated with a distinct presentation of symptoms. LPR and GERD frequently differ in the relative prevalence of
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and throat clearing. While heartburn is present in over 80% of GERD cases, it occurs in only 20% of LPR cases. Throat clearing shows the opposite prevalence pattern, occurring in approximately 87% of LPR cases and in fewer than 5% of GERD cases. Unlike GERD, LPR also poses a risk for
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LPR was not discussed as a separate condition from GERD until the 1970s and 1980s. However, at around the same time that GERD was first recognized as a clinical entity in the mid-1930s, a link between gut symptoms and airway disease was suggested. Later, acid-related laryngeal
346:(VHI) can be administered to gain information about the patient's medical history as well as their symptomatology. A physical examination will then need to be performed with particular concentration around the head and neck. A scope with a specialized camera lens made of
319:) in these patients is often disappointing. Several studies have emphasized the importance of measuring proximal esophageal, or ideally pharyngeal acid exposure, in patients with clinical symptoms of LPR to document reflux as the cause of the symptoms.
187:
effectively. Moreover, LPR patients may try to compensate for their hoarseness by increasing muscular tension in their vocal tract. This hyper-functional technique adopted in response to the inflammation caused by LPR can lead to a condition called
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and signs that make differential diagnosis difficult to achieve. Furthermore, symptoms of the disorder overlap greatly with symptoms of other disorders. Therefore, LPR is under-diagnosed and under-treated. As there are multiple potential
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in the tissues of the larynx that are exposed to gastric contents. In contrast, most cases of GERD are nonerosive, with no apparent injury to the mucosal lining of the esophageal tissue exposed to the refluxed material.
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Calvo-HenrĂquez, Christian; Ruano-Ravina, Alberto; Vaamonde, Pedro; MartĂnez-Capoccioni, Gabriel; MartĂn-MartĂn, Carlos (2017-06-06). "Is Pepsin a
Reliable Marker of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux? A Systematic Review".
953:
Lechien, JR; Finck, C; Costa de Araujo, P; Huet, K; Delvaux, V; Piccaluga, M; Harmegnies, B; Saussez, S (January 2017). "Voice outcomes of laryngopharyngeal reflux treatment: a systematic review of 1483 patients".
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and maximum phonation time (MPT) have also been used as an objective measure. However, there is not yet a consensus on how best to use the measures or which measures are best to assess treatment outcomes for LPR.
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LPR presents as a chronic and intermittent disease in children. LPR in children and infants tends to manifest with a unique set of symptoms. Symptoms seen in children with LPR include a cough, hoarseness,
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can be offered. However, patients should be advised that surgery may not result in complete elimination of LPR symptoms and even with immediate success, recurrence of symptoms later on is still possible.
47:
Sagittal illustration of the anterior portion of the human head and neck. In LPR, the pharynx (1), oropharynx (2) and larynx (3) are exposed to gastric contents that flow upward through the esophagus (4).
315:. Response to acid-suppression therapy has been suggested as a diagnostic tool for confirming diagnosis of LPR, but studies have shown that the response to empirical trials of such therapy (as with
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Vaezi, MF.; Richter, JE.; Stasney, CR.; Spiegel, JR.; Iannuzzi, RA.; Crawley, JA.; Hwang, C.; Sostek, MB.; Shaker, R. (Feb 2006). "Treatment of chronic posterior laryngitis with esomeprazole".
354:, and obvious irritation. Other, more invasive tests, such as fibre-optic transnasal laryngoscopy, 24-hour ambulatory dual probe pHmetry, pharyngeal pHmetry, transnasal esophagoscopy (TNE) and
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Pellegrini, CA.; DeMeester, TR.; Johnson, LF.; Skinner, DB. (Jul 1979). "Gastroesophageal reflux and pulmonary aspiration: incidence, functional abnormality, and results of surgical therapy".
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Sandner A, Illert J, Koitzsch S, Unverzagt S, Schön I (November 2013). "Reflux induces DNA strand breaks and expression changes of MMP1+9+14 in a human miniorgan culture model".
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Hicks, DM.; Ours, TM.; Abelson, TI.; Vaezi, MF.; Richter, JE. (Dec 2002). "The prevalence of hypopharynx findings associated with gastroesophageal reflux in normal volunteers".
596:
Galluzzi, F; Schindler, A; Gaini, RM; Garavello, W (October 2015). "The assessment of children with suspected laryngopharyngeal reflux: An
Otorhinolaringological perspective".
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Ayazi S, Hagen JA, Zehetner J, et al. (March 2010). "Proximal esophageal pH monitoring: improved definition of normal values and determination of a composite pH score".
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lining the laryngopharyngeal region may be partly responsible for the different symptomatic manifestations of LPR in comparison to GERD. In contrast to the resistant
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the Reflux
Symptom Index; the Voice Handicap Index (VHI); and a voice symptom scale. Objective measures often rely on acoustic parameters such as jitter, shimmer,
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Sasaki CT, Doukas SG, Costa J, Vageli DP (October 2019). "Biliary reflux as a causal factor in hypopharyngeal carcinoma: New clinical evidence and implications".
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Johnston, Nikki; Ondrey, Frank; Rosen, Rachel; Hurley, Bryan P.; Gould, Jon; Allen, Jacquie; DelGaudio, John; Altman, Kenneth W. (2016-10-01). "Airway reflux".
997:
Lechien, Jérôme R.; Huet, Kathy; Khalife, Mohamad; Fourneau, Anne-Françoise; Delvaux, Véronique; Piccaluga, Myriam; Harmegnies, Bernard; Saussez, Sven (2016).
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strands is gently fed down the throat and feeds back images to a monitor. This provides a clear view of the throat and larynx. Signs of LPR include redness,
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Extraesophageal symptoms result from exposure of the upper aerodigestive tract to gastric contents. This causes a variety of symptoms, including hoarseness,
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in treating LPR. Alginate products show great promise, as they can form a temporary foam barrier at the LES to block acid and pepsin from refluxing.
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2065:"Noxious Combination of Tobacco Smoke Nitrosamines with Bile, Deoxycholic Acid, Promotes Hypopharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, via NFÎşB, In Vivo"
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There is tentative evidence from non-controlled trials that oral neuromuscular training may improve symptoms. This has been approved by the UK
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Johnston, Nikki; Dettmar, Peter W.; Strugala, Vicki; Allen, Jacqui E.; Chan, Walter W. (October 2013). "Laryngopharyngeal reflux and GERD".
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Illustration of the superior view of the larynx. Tissues lining laryngeal structures, including the vocal folds, may be damaged in LPR.
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Wei, Chunhui (2016-11-01). "A meta-analysis for the role of proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients with laryngopharyngeal reflux".
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1641:
Yuksel, Elif S.; Vaezi, Michael F. (2013). "Therapeutic
Strategies for Laryngeal Manifestations of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease".
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will often need to be involved to help resolve this maladaptive, compensatory pattern through the implementation of voice therapy.
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633:"Effects of acids, pepsin, bile acids, and trypsin on laryngopharyngeal reflux diseases: physiopathology and therapeutic targets"
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LPR reportedly affects approximately 10% of the U.S. population. However, LPR occurs in as many as 50% of individuals with
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as reflux of stomach acid to the level of the larynx can result in aspiration. LPR is also commonly associated with
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Dhillon, VK; Akst, LM (August 2016). "How to
Approach Laryngopharyngeal Reflux: An Otolaryngology Perspective".
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Lechien, Jerome R.; Saussez, Sven; Harmegnies, Bernard; Finck, Camille; Burns, James A. (November 2017).
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999:"Impact of laryngopharyngeal reflux on subjective and objective voice assessments: a prospective study"
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1590:"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux and Voice Disorders: A Multifactorial Model of Etiology and Pathophysiology"
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Fraser-Kirk, K (2017). "Laryngopharyngeal reflux: A confounding cause of aerodigestive dysfunction".
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Additionally, several potential biomarkers of LPR have been investigated. These include inflammatory
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1797:"The efficacy of proton pump inhibitors for the treatment of asthma in adults: a meta-analysis"
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515:(2002). "Laryngopharyngeal reflux is different from classic gastroesophageal reflux disease".
215:. Common symptoms of LPR in infants include wheezing, stridor, persistent or recurrent cough,
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1740:"Gastro-oesophageal reflux treatment for prolonged non-specific cough in children and adults"
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Zerbib F, Stoll D (2010). "Management of laryngopharyngeal reflux: an unmet medical need".
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Kasper, D.L.; Fauci, A.A.; Hauser, S.L.; Longo, D.L.; Jameson, J.L.; Loscalzo, J. (2015).
443:. Weakly acidic bile may increase the risk for hypopharyngeal carcinogenesis by inducing
8:
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338:; however, their direct implications in LPR are still being established. The presence of
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1897:"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux aka LPR - Why alginate therapy is the best treatment for it"
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227:. Moreover, LPR in children is commonly concomitant with laryngeal disorders such as
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2017:
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983:
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Kahrilas PJ (October 2000). "Maximizing outcome of extraesophageal reflux disease".
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2046:"Innovative IQoro neuromuscular treatment device achieves NHS prescription status"
2034:(Report). National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 6 March 2019. MIB176.
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33:
Extraesophageal reflux disease (EERD), Silent reflux, and Supra-esophageal reflux
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Campagnolo, AM; Priston, J; Thoen, RH; Medeiros, T; Assunção, AR (April 2014).
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and may persist even after the hoarseness and inflammation has disappeared. A
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447:. DNA damage, such as DNA strand breaks, can be induced by the bile acid
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1301:
1284:
808:
307:
262:
89:
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Cherry, J.; Margulies, SI. (Nov 1968). "Contact ulcer of the larynx".
685:"Comorbidities of asthma: current knowledge and future research needs"
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1376:"Laryngopharyngeal reflux: diagnosis, treatment, and latest research"
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Both of these tools are expensive and are therefore not widely used.
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212:
179:
due to intermittent presence of gastric contents in the oral cavity.
117:
113:
105:
2063:
Vageli DP, Doukas PG, Doukas SG, Tsatsakis A, Judson BL (May 2022).
1838:"Management of laryngopharyngeal reflux with proton pump inhibitors"
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been described in the majority of asymptomatic subjects undergoing
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125:
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Cazzola, M; Segreti, A; Calzetta, L; Rogliani, P (January 2013).
383:
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81:
1738:
Chang AB, Lasserson TJ, Gaffney J, Connor FL, Garske LA (2011).
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Management of symptoms for patients within this subgroup of the
39:
3997:
3810:
3739:
3434:
3052:
2938:
1923:
Bardhan, Karna Dev; Strugala, Vicki; Dettmar, Peter W. (2012).
1285:"A new pH catheter for laryngopharyngeal reflux: Normal values"
952:
913:
Sataloff, R.T.; Katz, P.O.; Hawkshaw, M.; Sataloff, D. (2013).
595:
355:
339:
133:
85:
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is the most recognized risk factor for hypopharyngeal cancer,
247:
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and is often associated with head and neck complaints such as
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2614:
1795:
Chan WW, Chiou E, Obstein KL, Tignor AS, Whitlock TL (2011).
1587:
335:
274:
216:
97:
16:
Flow of stomach contents into the throat (larynx and pharynx)
2139:
Vageli DP, Doukas SG, Doukas PG, Judson BL (November 2021).
2045:
912:
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2050:
Advances in
Clinical Neuroscience and Rehabilitation (ACNR)
1737:
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Sun G, Muddana S, Slaughter JC, et al. (August 2009).
372:
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1239:
996:
2032:
Clinical and technical evidence - IQoro for hiatus hernia
1422:
2138:
1054:
877:"Laryngopharyngeal Reflux ("Silent Reflux"): The Basics"
838:
836:
834:
2103:
1984:"Evaluation and management of laryngopharyngeal reflux"
1055:
Venkatesan, NN; Pine, HS; Underbrink, M (August 2013).
3618:
1922:
1794:
1103:
598:
International
Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology
289:
lining the esophagus, the larynx is lined by ciliated
4683:
1204:
831:
136:. While LPR is commonly used interchangeably with
1282:
1331:
917:(4th ed.). San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.
423:(NHS) for supply on prescription from 1 May 2022.
116:. LPR may play a role in other diseases, such as
1171:
1003:Journal of Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery
4707:
2141:"Bile reflux and hypopharyngeal cancer (Review)"
1925:"Reflux revisited: advancing the role of pepsin"
1733:
1731:
1528:"Reflux Revisited: Advancing the Role of Pepsin"
631:Li, Y; Xu, G; Zhou, B; et al. (June 2022).
591:
589:
587:
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583:
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182:Additionally, LPR can cause inflammation in the
2222:
1836:Reimer, Christina; Bytzer, Peter (2008-02-01).
1128:
1131:"Nonerosive Reflux Disease (NERD) — An Update"
1057:"Laryngopharyngeal reflux disease in children"
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
469:was shown to eliminate these airway symptoms.
281:Differences in the molecular structure of the
3604:
2304:
1728:
1380:International Archives of Otorhinolaryngology
1135:Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
898:
678:
676:
578:
406:, among others. Aerodynamic measures such as
4716:Diseases of oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
2410:Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction
1918:
1916:
1894:
1835:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1744:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
1640:
1636:
1634:
1525:
1177:
1129:Hershcovici, Tiberiu; Fass, Ronnie (2010).
771:
734:
541:
535:
484:
3611:
3597:
2449:Esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis
2311:
2297:
1686:European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology
1425:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
1106:Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine
956:European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology
895:
789:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
673:
637:European Archives of Oto-rhino-laryngology
96:. LPR causes respiratory symptoms such as
38:
4211:Combined pulmonary fibrosis and emphysema
2164:
2080:
1999:
1958:
1940:
1913:
1871:
1853:
1842:Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management
1812:
1788:
1763:
1570:
1553:
1543:
1399:
1300:
1154:
1080:
1024:
1014:
700:
656:
1631:
630:
246:
4235:Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
1981:
1929:International Journal of Otolaryngology
1532:International Journal of Otolaryngology
915:Reflux Laryngitis and Related Disorders
511:
242:
4708:
441:hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
3592:
3433:
2677:Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth
2292:
842:
689:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
154:
140:(GERD), it presents with a different
1643:Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
1485:Otolaryngology–Head and Neck Surgery
847:. San Diego, CA: Plural Publishing.
219:, feeding difficulties, aspiration,
4668:Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis
1683:
13:
4257:Vaping-associated pulmonary injury
3620:Diseases of the respiratory system
1254:10.1097/01.mlg.0000192173.00498.ba
1061:Pediatric Clinics of North America
14:
4732:
3562:Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis
3409:Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
1346:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2009.12.006
4693:
3307:Secondary sclerosing cholangitis
2237:10.1288/00005537-196811000-00007
737:Current Gastroenterology Reports
556:10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01437.x
439:has recently been implicated in
74:laryngopharyngeal reflux disease
2548:Gastric antral vascular ectasia
2543:Portal hypertensive gastropathy
2420:Gastroesophageal reflux disease
2259:
2216:
2181:
2132:
2097:
2056:
2038:
2024:
1975:
1888:
1829:
1677:
1519:
1475:
1416:
1325:
1276:
1233:
1198:
1122:
1097:
990:
869:
517:Ear, Nose, & Throat Journal
389:When medical management fails,
138:gastroesophageal reflux disease
4673:Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis
3302:Primary sclerosing cholangitis
3152:Hepatic veno-occlusive disease
2974:Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
2082:10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-21-0529
1814:10.1001/archinternmed.2011.116
1756:10.1002/14651858.CD004823.pub4
1108:(19th ed.). McGraw Hill.
624:
505:
478:
426:
287:stratified squamous epithelium
207:, globus sensation, wheezing,
1:
4247:Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
3359:Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction
1801:Archives of Internal Medicine
1219:10.1016/S0892-1997(02)00132-7
472:
414:
4230:Respiratory hypersensitivity
4168:Hypersensitivity pneumonitis
3268:Postcholecystectomy syndrome
2787:Intestinal pseudoobstruction
2395:Esophageal motility disorder
1655:10.1097/mcg.0b013e31827458f9
1609:10.1016/j.jvoice.2017.03.015
702:10.1097/MCP.0b013e32835b113a
610:10.1016/j.ijporl.2015.07.037
366:
296:
80:) is the retrograde flow of
7:
4139:Coalworker's pneumoconiosis
2202:10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.09.004
1895:nutritistceo (2022-10-23).
1526:Dev Bardhan, Karna (2012).
1180:Australian Family Physician
193:speech–language pathologist
10:
4737:
3992:Acute exacerbation of COPD
3253:Gallstone / Cholelithiasis
2777:Functional colonic disease
2573:Zollinger–Ellison syndrome
1982:Ford CN (September 2005).
649:10.1007/s00405-021-07201-w
454:
449:glycochenodeoxycholic acid
4635:
4608:
4538:
4524:
4478:
4436:
4415:
4389:
4292:
4278:
4269:
4198:
4083:
4063:
3946:
3926:
3766:
3646:
3626:
3547:
3426:
3367:
3281:
3238:
3084:
3075:
3028:
2982:
2937:
2823:
2710:
2600:
2587:
2462:
2454:Acute esophageal necrosis
2336:
2327:
1698:10.1007/s00405-016-4142-y
1073:10.1016/j.pcl.2013.04.011
1016:10.1186/s40463-016-0171-1
968:10.1007/s00405-016-3984-7
749:10.1007/s11894-016-0515-z
273:, or redness, as well as
51:
46:
37:
29:
24:
4055:Diffuse panbronchiolitis
4048:Bronchiolitis obliterans
3914:Laryngotracheal stenosis
3861:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3839:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3797:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3725:Nasal septum perforation
2553:Gastric dumping syndrome
2428:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
2415:Diffuse esophageal spasm
2001:10.1001/jama.294.12.1534
1497:10.1177/0194599817709430
544:Neurogastroenterol Motil
237:laryngeal papillomatosis
189:muscle tension dysphonia
66:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
25:Laryngopharyngeal reflux
3803:Retropharyngeal abscess
3169:Alcoholic liver disease
2702:Bile acid malabsorption
2646:Peptic (duodenal) ulcer
2069:Cancer Prev Res (Phila)
1147:10.5056/jnm.2010.16.1.8
421:National Health Service
203:, sore throat, asthma,
4496:Pulmonary hypertension
4225:Eosinophilic pneumonia
3877:Vocal cord dysfunction
3720:Nasal septum deviation
3179:Hepatic encephalopathy
2563:Buried bumper syndrome
2494:Peptic (gastric) ulcer
2378:Mallory–Weiss syndrome
2321:human digestive system
1392:10.1055/s-0033-1352504
845:Extraesophageal Reflux
380:Proton-pump inhibitors
317:proton-pump inhibitors
291:respiratory epithelium
252:
4623:Mediastinal emphysema
4402:Healthcare-associated
4332:Legionnaires' disease
3758:Peritonsillar abscess
3730:Nasal septal hematoma
3404:Pancreatic pseudocyst
3273:Porcelain gallbladder
2385:Zenker's diverticulum
493:(16 Suppl): S876–82.
404:fundamental frequency
400:signal-to-noise ratio
391:Nissen fundoplication
303:non-specific symptoms
250:
169:difficulty swallowing
4370:Mendelson's syndrome
4242:Hamman–Rich syndrome
3208:Hepatorenal syndrome
3147:Budd–Chiari syndrome
3104:Autoimmune hepatitis
2929:Intestinal adhesions
2687:Short bowel syndrome
2516:Functional dyspepsia
2434:Esophageal stricture
2400:Nutcracker esophagus
2157:10.3892/or.2021.8195
843:Vaezi, M.F. (2009).
243:Relationship to GERD
4643:Respiratory failure
4610:Mediastinal disease
4178:Bird fancier's lung
3753:Adenoid hypertrophy
3347:Choledocholithiasis
3218:Metabolic disorders
3184:Acute liver failure
3157:Portal hypertension
3109:Alcoholic hepatitis
2952:Radiation proctitis
2871:Mesenteric ischemia
2843:Gastroenterocolitis
2672:Blind loop syndrome
2482:Ménétrier's disease
2390:Barrett's esophagus
1942:10.1155/2012/646901
1545:10.1155/2012/646901
1437:2016NYASA1381....5J
801:2013NYASA1300...71J
451:present in reflux.
328:carbonic anyhydrase
233:subglottic stenosis
4548:Pleuritis/pleurisy
4501:Pulmonary embolism
4397:Community-acquired
4322:Atypical bacterial
4221:Löffler's syndrome
4002:Status asthmaticus
3987:Chronic bronchitis
3872:Vocal fold paresis
3686:Vasomotor rhinitis
3522:Undefined location
3513:Grynfeltt–Lesshaft
3414:Pancreatic fistula
3397:Pancreatic abscess
3352:Biliary dyskinesia
3323:Mirizzi's syndrome
2824:Large and/or small
2504:Dieulafoy's lesion
2373:Boerhaave syndrome
2118:10.1002/cncr.32369
1855:10.2147/TCRM.S6862
1445:10.1111/nyas.13080
1302:10.1002/lary.20282
809:10.1111/nyas.12237
523:(9 Suppl 2): 7–9.
301:LPR presents with
253:
155:Signs and symptoms
84:contents into the
4681:
4680:
4631:
4630:
4588:Empyema/pyothorax
4520:
4519:
4516:
4515:
4474:
4473:
4407:Hospital-acquired
4265:
4264:
4129:Caplan's syndrome
3922:
3921:
3867:Vocal fold nodule
3691:Atrophic rhinitis
3586:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3422:
3421:
3024:
3023:
2881:Bowel obstruction
2583:
2582:
1692:(11): 3795–3801.
1334:J. Am. Coll. Surg
1115:978-0-07-174890-2
924:978-1-59756-638-4
854:978-1-59756-754-1
283:epithelial tissue
225:failure to thrive
63:
62:
19:Medical condition
4728:
4721:Larynx disorders
4698:
4697:
4696:
4689:
4566:Pleural effusion
4559:Hemopneumothorax
4536:
4535:
4290:
4289:
4276:
4275:
4119:Bauxite fibrosis
4084:External agents/
4081:
4080:
4012:Exercise-induced
3968:Acute bronchitis
3944:
3943:
3644:
3643:
3613:
3606:
3599:
3590:
3589:
3574:Pneumoperitoneum
3431:
3430:
3341:Common bile duct
3223:Wilson's disease
3213:Peliosis hepatis
3082:
3081:
2959:Proctalgia fugax
2866:Abdominal angina
2791:Ogilvie syndrome
2740:Pseudomembranous
2598:
2597:
2558:Gastric volvulus
2523:Pyloric stenosis
2334:
2333:
2319:Diseases of the
2313:
2306:
2299:
2290:
2289:
2284:
2283:
2263:
2257:
2256:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2168:
2136:
2130:
2129:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2084:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2052:. 25 March 2022.
2042:
2036:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2021:
2003:
1979:
1973:
1972:
1962:
1944:
1920:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1907:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1875:
1857:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1816:
1792:
1786:
1785:
1767:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1681:
1675:
1674:
1638:
1629:
1628:
1597:Journal of Voice
1594:
1585:
1568:
1567:
1557:
1547:
1523:
1517:
1516:
1479:
1473:
1472:
1420:
1414:
1413:
1403:
1371:
1358:
1357:
1329:
1323:
1322:
1304:
1280:
1274:
1273:
1237:
1231:
1230:
1202:
1196:
1195:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1158:
1126:
1120:
1119:
1101:
1095:
1094:
1084:
1052:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1018:
994:
988:
987:
950:
937:
936:
910:
893:
892:
890:
888:
881:jamiekoufman.com
873:
867:
866:
840:
829:
828:
784:
769:
768:
732:
723:
722:
704:
680:
671:
670:
660:
628:
622:
621:
593:
576:
575:
539:
533:
532:
509:
503:
502:
482:
110:globus pharyngis
58:Gastroenterology
42:
22:
21:
4736:
4735:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4725:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4692:
4684:
4682:
4677:
4627:
4604:
4540:Pleural disease
4529:
4512:
4470:
4432:
4416:By distribution
4411:
4390:By vector/route
4385:
4283:
4271:
4261:
4216:Pulmonary edema
4194:
4089:
4085:
4072:
4068:
4059:
4024:Cystic fibrosis
3951:
3935:
3931:
3918:
3762:
3636:
3630:
3622:
3617:
3587:
3578:
3543:
3532:Internal hernia
3418:
3363:
3328:Biliary fistula
3286:
3277:
3263:Adenomyomatosis
3258:Cholesterolosis
3234:
3228:Hemochromatosis
3099:Viral hepatitis
3071:
3020:
2978:
2964:Rectal prolapse
2933:
2900:Fecal impaction
2890:Intussusception
2853:Crohn's disease
2819:
2802:Toxic megacolon
2714:
2712:Large intestine
2706:
2651:Curling's ulcer
2604:
2602:Small intestine
2591:
2579:
2487:Gastroenteritis
2458:
2323:
2317:
2287:
2264:
2260:
2231:(11): 1937–40.
2221:
2217:
2196:(19): 2905–15.
2186:
2182:
2137:
2133:
2112:(20): 3554–65.
2102:
2098:
2061:
2057:
2044:
2043:
2039:
2030:
2029:
2025:
1994:(12): 1534–40.
1980:
1976:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1889:
1834:
1830:
1793:
1789:
1750:(1): CD004823.
1736:
1729:
1682:
1678:
1639:
1632:
1592:
1586:
1571:
1524:
1520:
1480:
1476:
1421:
1417:
1372:
1361:
1330:
1326:
1281:
1277:
1238:
1234:
1203:
1199:
1176:
1172:
1127:
1123:
1116:
1102:
1098:
1053:
1042:
995:
991:
951:
940:
925:
911:
896:
886:
884:
875:
874:
870:
855:
841:
832:
785:
772:
733:
726:
681:
674:
629:
625:
594:
579:
540:
536:
510:
506:
487:Am J Manag Care
483:
479:
475:
457:
433:tobacco smoking
429:
417:
369:
299:
245:
157:
149:voice disorders
142:pathophysiology
128:, and can be a
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4734:
4724:
4723:
4718:
4703:
4702:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4632:
4629:
4628:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4614:
4612:
4606:
4605:
4603:
4602:
4596:
4595:
4590:
4585:
4580:
4575:
4570:
4568:
4562:
4561:
4551:
4550:
4544:
4542:
4533:
4526:Pleural cavity
4522:
4521:
4518:
4517:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4498:
4488:
4482:
4480:
4476:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4419:
4417:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4381:
4372:
4358:
4353:
4352:
4351:
4341:
4340:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4312:
4302:
4296:
4294:
4287:
4273:
4267:
4266:
4263:
4262:
4260:
4259:
4254:
4249:
4244:
4239:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4218:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4196:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4188:Lycoperdonosis
4185:
4180:
4175:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4099:Pneumoconiosis
4095:
4093:
4078:
4061:
4060:
4058:
4057:
4052:
4051:
4050:
4040:
4035:
4033:
4027:
4026:
4021:
4019:Bronchiectasis
4016:
4015:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3995:
3989:
3979:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3963:
3957:
3955:
3941:
3924:
3923:
3920:
3919:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3904:
3896:
3895:
3890:
3888:
3880:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3858:
3856:
3848:
3847:
3842:
3836:
3831:
3829:Laryngeal cyst
3826:
3824:Laryngomalacia
3821:
3816:
3814:
3806:
3805:
3800:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3782:
3780:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3763:
3761:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3743:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3732:
3727:
3722:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3668:
3667:
3662:
3660:
3652:
3650:
3641:
3624:
3623:
3616:
3615:
3608:
3601:
3593:
3584:
3583:
3580:
3579:
3577:
3576:
3571:
3569:Hemoperitoneum
3566:
3565:
3564:
3553:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3542:
3541:
3540:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3518:
3517:
3516:
3515:
3510:
3497:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3475:
3474:
3469:
3458:
3457:
3452:
3451:
3450:
3439:
3437:
3428:
3424:
3423:
3420:
3419:
3417:
3416:
3411:
3406:
3401:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3373:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3362:
3361:
3356:
3355:
3354:
3349:
3336:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3293:
3291:
3279:
3278:
3276:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3236:
3235:
3233:
3232:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3204:
3203:
3198:
3188:
3187:
3186:
3181:
3171:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3137:
3136:
3135:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3113:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3090:
3088:
3079:
3073:
3072:
3070:
3069:
3068:
3067:
3057:
3056:
3055:
3050:
3040:
3038:Blood in stool
3034:
3032:
3026:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3011:Anal dysplasia
3008:
3003:
2998:
2988:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2941:
2935:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2926:
2925:
2924:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2902:
2897:
2892:
2887:
2878:
2876:Angiodysplasia
2873:
2868:
2857:
2856:
2855:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2811:Diverticulosis
2807:Diverticulitis
2804:
2795:
2794:
2793:
2784:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2732:
2726:
2724:
2708:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2699:
2697:Milroy disease
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2669:
2667:Tropical sprue
2664:
2655:
2654:
2653:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2620:
2618:
2595:
2589:Lower GI tract
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2575:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2501:
2491:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2456:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2436:
2431:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2364:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2342:
2340:
2331:
2329:Upper GI tract
2325:
2324:
2316:
2315:
2308:
2301:
2293:
2286:
2285:
2258:
2215:
2180:
2131:
2096:
2075:(5): 297–308.
2055:
2037:
2023:
1974:
1912:
1887:
1848:(1): 225–233.
1828:
1787:
1727:
1676:
1649:(3): 195–204.
1630:
1603:(6): 733–752.
1569:
1518:
1491:(3): 385–391.
1474:
1415:
1359:
1324:
1295:(8): 1639–43.
1275:
1232:
1197:
1170:
1121:
1114:
1096:
1040:
989:
938:
923:
894:
868:
853:
830:
770:
724:
672:
643:(6): 2743–52.
623:
604:(10): 1613–9.
577:
534:
504:
476:
474:
471:
456:
453:
437:biliary reflux
428:
425:
416:
413:
408:vital capacity
368:
365:
298:
295:
244:
241:
229:laryngomalacia
211:and recurrent
161:postnasal drip
156:
153:
61:
60:
55:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
31:
27:
26:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4733:
4722:
4719:
4717:
4714:
4713:
4711:
4701:
4691:
4690:
4687:
4674:
4671:
4669:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4656:
4654:
4651:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4641:
4640:
4638:
4636:Other/general
4634:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4618:Mediastinitis
4616:
4615:
4613:
4611:
4607:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4594:
4591:
4589:
4586:
4584:
4581:
4579:
4576:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4567:
4564:
4563:
4560:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4534:
4532:
4527:
4523:
4509:
4506:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4487:
4484:
4483:
4481:
4477:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4394:
4392:
4388:
4380:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4367:
4364:
4363:
4362:
4361:noninfectious
4359:
4357:
4354:
4350:
4347:
4346:
4345:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4333:
4330:
4328:
4325:
4324:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4307:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4295:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4281:
4277:
4274:
4270:Obstructive /
4268:
4258:
4255:
4253:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4243:
4240:
4236:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4201:
4197:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4183:Farmer's lung
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4166:
4165:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4092:
4088:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4071:
4066:
4062:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4045:
4044:
4043:Bronchiolitis
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4025:
4022:
4020:
4017:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3984:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3972:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3956:
3954:
3949:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3925:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3902:
3898:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3854:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3843:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3817:
3815:
3813:
3812:
3808:
3807:
3804:
3801:
3798:
3795:
3791:
3788:
3787:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3779:
3778:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3765:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3736:
3731:
3728:
3726:
3723:
3721:
3718:
3717:
3716:
3715:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3675:
3674:
3670:
3669:
3666:
3663:
3661:
3659:
3658:
3654:
3653:
3651:
3649:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3634:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3614:
3609:
3607:
3602:
3600:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3575:
3572:
3570:
3567:
3563:
3560:
3559:
3558:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3546:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3524:
3523:
3520:
3519:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3505:
3504:
3503:
3499:
3498:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3444:
3443:Diaphragmatic
3441:
3440:
3438:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3425:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3372:
3370:
3366:
3360:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3338:
3337:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3317:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3299:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3284:
3280:
3274:
3271:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3249:
3248:Cholecystitis
3246:
3245:
3243:
3241:
3237:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3220:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3193:
3192:
3191:Liver abscess
3189:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3176:
3175:
3174:Liver failure
3172:
3170:
3167:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3144:
3143:
3142:
3138:
3134:
3131:
3130:
3129:
3126:
3122:
3119:
3118:
3117:
3114:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3080:
3078:
3074:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3045:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3027:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2993:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2985:
2981:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2949:
2948:
2945:
2944:
2942:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2927:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2915:
2911:
2908:
2907:
2906:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2862:
2858:
2854:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2831:Enterocolitis
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2799:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2785:
2783:
2780:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2737:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2709:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2659:
2658:Malabsorption
2656:
2652:
2649:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2640:
2637:
2635:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2574:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2534:
2533:Gastroparesis
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2517:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2499:Cushing ulcer
2497:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2474:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2467:
2465:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2444:Megaesophagus
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2426:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2348:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2294:
2291:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2262:
2254:
2250:
2246:
2242:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2100:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2041:
2033:
2027:
2019:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1978:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
1919:
1917:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1851:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1757:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1734:
1732:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1680:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1637:
1635:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1602:
1598:
1591:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1565:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1522:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1478:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1419:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1386:(2): 184–91.
1385:
1381:
1377:
1370:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1340:(3): 345–50.
1339:
1335:
1328:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1308:
1303:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1279:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1251:
1248:(2): 254–60.
1247:
1243:
1236:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1213:(4): 564–79.
1212:
1208:
1201:
1193:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1174:
1166:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1125:
1117:
1111:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:(4): 865–78.
1066:
1062:
1058:
1051:
1049:
1047:
1045:
1036:
1032:
1027:
1022:
1017:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
993:
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
949:
947:
945:
943:
934:
930:
926:
920:
916:
909:
907:
905:
903:
901:
899:
882:
878:
872:
864:
860:
856:
850:
846:
839:
837:
835:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
766:
762:
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
731:
729:
720:
716:
712:
708:
703:
698:
694:
690:
686:
679:
677:
668:
664:
659:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
627:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
592:
590:
588:
586:
584:
582:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
550:(2): 109–12.
549:
545:
538:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
508:
500:
496:
492:
488:
481:
477:
470:
467:
463:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
424:
422:
412:
409:
405:
401:
395:
392:
387:
385:
381:
377:
374:
364:
360:
357:
353:
349:
343:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
320:
318:
314:
309:
304:
294:
292:
288:
284:
279:
276:
272:
268:
264:
259:
249:
240:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
221:regurgitation
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
196:
194:
190:
185:
180:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
152:
150:
145:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
95:
91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
59:
56:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
32:
28:
23:
4555:Pneumothorax
4508:Lung abscess
4490:
4360:
4349:Pneumocystis
4310:Pneumococcal
4091:lung disease
4087:occupational
4065:Interstitial
4030:
3974:
3960:
3933:lung disease
3899:
3893:Epiglottitis
3883:
3860:
3851:
3845:Laryngospasm
3838:
3809:
3796:
3790:Strep throat
3775:
3738:
3714:nasal septum
3712:
3671:
3655:
3521:
3500:
3377:Pancreatitis
3339:
3289:biliary tree
3162:Nutmeg liver
3139:
3065:Hematochezia
3016:Pruritus ani
3001:Anal abscess
2996:Anal fistula
2992:Anal fissure
2905:Constipation
2859:
2730:Appendicitis
2538:Gastroptosis
2528:Achlorhydria
2427:
2367:
2356:Eosinophilic
2274:(1): 110–9.
2271:
2267:
2261:
2228:
2225:Laryngoscope
2224:
2218:
2193:
2190:Exp Cell Res
2189:
2183:
2148:
2144:
2134:
2109:
2105:
2099:
2072:
2068:
2058:
2049:
2040:
2026:
1991:
1987:
1977:
1932:
1928:
1904:. Retrieved
1900:
1890:
1845:
1841:
1831:
1807:(7): 620–9.
1804:
1800:
1790:
1747:
1743:
1689:
1685:
1679:
1646:
1642:
1600:
1596:
1535:
1531:
1521:
1488:
1484:
1477:
1428:
1424:
1418:
1383:
1379:
1337:
1333:
1327:
1292:
1289:Laryngoscope
1288:
1278:
1245:
1242:Laryngoscope
1241:
1235:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1186:(1): 34–39.
1183:
1179:
1173:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1105:
1099:
1064:
1060:
1006:
1002:
992:
959:
955:
914:
885:. Retrieved
880:
871:
844:
795:(1): 71–79.
792:
788:
740:
736:
695:(1): 36–41.
692:
688:
640:
636:
626:
601:
597:
547:
543:
537:
520:
516:
507:
490:
486:
480:
458:
430:
418:
396:
388:
378:
370:
361:
344:
321:
313:laryngoscopy
300:
280:
254:
197:
181:
177:tooth enamel
158:
146:
122:otitis media
77:
73:
69:
65:
64:
4653:Common cold
4600:Fibrothorax
4583:Chylothorax
4578:Hydrothorax
4531:mediastinum
4491:circulatory
4486:Atelectasis
4293:By pathogen
4285:pneumonitis
4272:Restrictive
4252:Sarcoidosis
4124:Berylliosis
4070:restrictive
4031:unspecified
3953:obstructive
3936:(including
3853:vocal cords
3785:Pharyngitis
3748:Tonsillitis
3703:Nasal polyp
3638:common cold
3631:(including
3557:Peritonitis
3319:Cholestasis
3297:Cholangitis
3240:Gallbladder
3128:Fatty liver
3048:Hematemesis
3030:GI bleeding
2836:Necrotizing
2765:Lymphocytic
2760:Collagenous
2755:Microscopic
2692:Steatorrhea
2593:Enteropathy
2439:Inlet patch
2361:Herpetiform
2346:Esophagitis
1431:(1): 5–13.
1141:(1): 8–21.
962:(1): 1–23.
462:ulcerations
427:Cancer risk
348:fiber optic
267:pneumonitis
184:vocal tract
173:indigestion
165:sore throat
130:comorbidity
94:nasopharynx
92:and/or the
30:Other names
4710:Categories
4573:Hemothorax
4375:Aspiration
4337:Chlamydiae
4327:Mycoplasma
4315:Klebsiella
4173:Bagassosis
4159:Byssinosis
4134:Chalicosis
4109:Asbestosis
4104:Aluminosis
4038:Bronchitis
3909:Tracheitis
3885:epiglottis
3834:Laryngitis
3708:Rhinorrhea
3549:Peritoneal
3527:Incisional
3448:Congenital
3392:Hereditary
3369:Pancreatic
3333:Haemobilia
3006:Hemorrhoid
2984:Anal canal
2922:Infectious
2910:Functional
2745:Ulcerative
2629:Duodenitis
2568:Gastrinoma
2151:(5): 244.
1935:: 646901.
1906:2022-11-18
887:20 January
513:Koufman JA
473:References
466:granulomas
445:DNA damage
415:Procedures
332:E-cadherin
308:etiologies
263:bronchitis
209:aspiration
90:oropharynx
4648:Influenza
4593:Malignant
4356:Parasitic
4305:Bacterial
4280:Pneumonia
4149:Silicosis
4144:Siderosis
4114:Baritosis
3948:Bronchial
3696:Hay fever
3665:Sinusitis
3537:Richter's
3494:Spigelian
3489:Obturator
3479:Umbilical
3312:Ascending
3283:Bile duct
3116:Cirrhosis
3094:Hepatitis
3077:Accessory
2947:Proctitis
2798:Megacolon
2772:Dysentery
2682:Whipple's
2634:Jejunitis
2624:Enteritis
2511:Dyspepsia
2472:Gastritis
2405:Achalasia
2338:Esophagus
2145:Oncol Rep
1951:1687-921X
1901:Nutritist
1864:1176-6336
1706:0937-4477
1617:0892-1997
1453:1749-6632
1009:(1): 59.
933:882106592
863:741995795
743:(8): 44.
431:Although
367:Treatment
324:cytokines
297:Diagnosis
258:heartburn
213:pneumonia
118:sinusitis
114:dysphagia
106:dysphonia
53:Specialty
4700:Medicine
4663:COVID-19
4456:BOOP-COP
4423:Broncho-
4366:Chemical
4154:Talcosis
4075:fibrosis
3928:Lower RT
3681:Rhinitis
3628:Upper RT
3467:Indirect
3462:Inguinal
3196:Pyogenic
3141:Vascular
2917:Diarrhea
2895:Volvulus
2861:Vascular
2800: /
2789: /
2750:Ischemic
2717:Appendix
2607:Duodenum
2477:Atrophic
2351:Candidal
2253:35965963
2210:24075964
2175:34558652
2126:31310330
2091:35502554
2018:20257577
2010:16189367
1969:22242022
1882:18728712
1823:21482834
1774:21249664
1722:23356047
1714:27312992
1671:24572758
1663:23340061
1625:28438489
1564:22242022
1538:: 1–13.
1513:20488665
1505:28585488
1469:13782557
1461:27310222
1410:25992088
1354:20193899
1311:19504553
1270:34010200
1262:16467715
1227:12512644
1192:28189129
1165:20535321
1091:23905824
1035:27825368
984:22602348
976:27007132
825:29120054
817:24117635
757:27417389
719:20667404
711:23114561
667:34860271
618:26279249
572:39810748
564:20067549
529:12353431
499:11184658
384:placebos
352:swelling
271:erythema
205:vomiting
126:rhinitis
102:wheezing
3975:chronic
3901:trachea
3777:pharynx
3657:sinuses
3508:Petit's
3484:Femoral
3387:Chronic
3201:Amoebic
2969:Anismus
2735:Colitis
2662:Coeliac
2639:Ileitis
2611:Jejunum
2464:Stomach
2368:Rupture
2268:Surgery
2245:5722896
2166:8485019
1960:3216344
1873:2503658
1782:2584390
1765:6885040
1555:3216344
1433:Bibcode
1401:4297018
1319:5146973
1207:J Voice
1156:2879816
1082:4036798
1026:5101798
797:Bibcode
765:7007929
658:9072476
455:History
201:stridor
82:gastric
4686:Portal
4344:Fungal
3998:Asthma
3811:larynx
3740:tonsil
3502:Lumbar
3472:Direct
3455:Hiatus
3435:Hernia
3287:Other
3053:Melena
2939:Rectum
2422:(GERD)
2278:
2251:
2243:
2208:
2173:
2163:
2124:
2106:Cancer
2089:
2016:
2008:
1967:
1957:
1949:
1880:
1870:
1862:
1821:
1780:
1772:
1762:
1720:
1712:
1704:
1669:
1661:
1623:
1615:
1562:
1552:
1511:
1503:
1467:
1459:
1451:
1408:
1398:
1352:
1317:
1309:
1268:
1260:
1225:
1190:
1163:
1153:
1112:
1089:
1079:
1033:
1023:
982:
974:
931:
921:
883:. 2010
861:
851:
823:
815:
763:
755:
717:
709:
665:
655:
616:
570:
562:
527:
497:
402:, and
359:GERD.
356:biopsy
340:pepsin
336:mucins
235:, and
223:, and
134:asthma
124:, and
112:, and
86:larynx
4479:Other
4428:Lobar
4379:Lipid
4300:Viral
4199:Other
3961:acute
3938:LRTIs
3863:(LPR)
3841:(LPR)
3819:Croup
3799:(LPR)
3633:URTIs
3427:Other
3382:Acute
3133:MASLD
3086:Liver
3060:Lower
3043:Upper
2885:Ileus
2721:Colon
2615:Ileum
2430:(LPR)
2280:36677
2249:S2CID
2014:S2CID
1778:S2CID
1718:S2CID
1667:S2CID
1593:(PDF)
1509:S2CID
1465:S2CID
1315:S2CID
1266:S2CID
980:S2CID
821:S2CID
761:S2CID
715:S2CID
568:S2CID
275:edema
217:apnea
98:cough
72:) or
4658:SARS
4461:NSIP
4206:ARDS
4007:AERD
3982:COPD
3768:Neck
3673:nose
3648:Head
2815:SCAD
2276:PMID
2241:PMID
2206:PMID
2171:PMID
2122:PMID
2087:PMID
2006:PMID
1988:JAMA
1965:PMID
1947:ISSN
1933:2012
1878:PMID
1860:ISSN
1819:PMID
1770:PMID
1748:2011
1710:PMID
1702:ISSN
1659:PMID
1621:PMID
1613:ISSN
1560:PMID
1536:2012
1501:PMID
1457:PMID
1449:ISSN
1429:1381
1406:PMID
1350:PMID
1307:PMID
1258:PMID
1223:PMID
1188:PMID
1161:PMID
1110:ISBN
1087:PMID
1031:PMID
972:PMID
929:OCLC
919:ISBN
889:2014
859:OCLC
849:ISBN
813:PMID
793:1300
753:PMID
707:PMID
663:PMID
614:PMID
560:PMID
525:PMID
495:PMID
464:and
373:GERD
334:and
100:and
78:LPRD
4451:DIP
4446:UIP
4438:IIP
3121:PBC
2848:IBD
2782:IBS
2233:doi
2198:doi
2194:319
2161:PMC
2153:doi
2114:doi
2110:125
2077:doi
1996:doi
1992:294
1955:PMC
1937:doi
1868:PMC
1850:doi
1809:doi
1805:171
1760:PMC
1752:doi
1694:doi
1690:273
1651:doi
1605:doi
1550:PMC
1540:doi
1493:doi
1489:157
1441:doi
1396:PMC
1388:doi
1342:doi
1338:210
1297:doi
1293:119
1250:doi
1246:116
1215:doi
1151:PMC
1143:doi
1077:PMC
1069:doi
1021:PMC
1011:doi
964:doi
960:274
805:doi
745:doi
697:doi
653:PMC
645:doi
641:279
606:doi
552:doi
265:or
132:of
70:LPR
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4466:RB
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