25:
415:
is immediately necessary. A reduction in oxygen saturation is considered a late sign of airway obstruction, particularly in a child with healthy lungs and normal gas exchange. Some patients will need immediate tracheal intubation. If intubation can be delayed for a period, a number of other
350:
Laryngeal edema is a common cause of stridor post extubation (occurring from pressure of the endotracheal tube on the mucosa as a result of endotracheal tube that is too large (e.g. pediatrics), cuff over inflation, and prolonged intubation
231:, a foreign body lodged in the airway, or a laryngeal tumor. Stridor should always command attention to establish its cause. Visualization of the airway by medical experts equipped to control the airway may be needed.
636:
621:
136:
134:
448:) 4–8 mg IV q 8 - 12 h in cases where airway edema may be the cause of the stridor; note that some time (in the range of hours) may be needed for dexamethasone to work fully.
714:
135:
530:
Wittekamp, Bastiaan HJ. Clinical review: Post-extubation laryngeal edema and extubation failure in critically ill adult patients. Crit Care. 2009; 13(6): 233.
463:); the effect is almost instantaneous. Helium, being a less dense gas than nitrogen, reduces turbulent flow through the airways. Always ensure an open airway.
433:(0.5 to 0.75 ml of 2.25% racemic epinephrine added to 2.5 to 3 ml of normal saline) in cases where airway edema may be the cause of the stridor. (Nebulized
427:
707:
420:
Expectant management with full monitoring, oxygen by face mask, and positioning the head on the bed for optimum conditions (e.g., 45 - 90 degrees).
1195:
700:
373:
Stridor is mainly diagnosed on the basis of history and physical examination, with a view to revealing the underlying problem or condition.
1076:
416:
potential options can be considered, depending on the severity of the situation and other clinical details. These include:
399:
can also be very helpful, especially in assessing vocal cord function or in looking for signs of compression or infection.
89:
108:
61:
546:
68:
46:
918:
1082:
361:
1101:
364:(T-cell ALL can present with mediastinal mass that compresses the trachea and causes inspiratory stridor)
75:
692:
1018:
223:, although it is usually heard during inspiration. Inspiratory stridor often occurs in children with
57:
42:
437:
in a dose not exceeding 3 mg/kg may also be used, but not together with racemic adrenaline .)
1096:
355:
314:
258:
35:
1013:
818:
669:
913:
808:
978:
944:
855:
783:
335:
anomalies of the airway are present in 87% of all cases of stridor in infants and children.
244:
1109:
8:
862:
640:
408:
276:
157:
1137:
949:
928:
923:
908:
748:
727:
723:
513:
208:
181:
645:
589:
505:
280:
152:
82:
517:
227:. It may be indicative of serious airway obstruction from severe conditions such as
1169:
867:
497:
220:
584:
1156:
1148:
1065:
1060:
983:
872:
550:
177:
407:
The first issue of clinical concern in the setting of stridor is whether or not
778:
593:
501:
326:
307:
193:
173:
630:
568:
557:
1189:
1174:
1030:
441:
488:
Holinger LD (1980). "Etiology of stridor in the neonate, infant and child".
1162:
1143:
813:
798:
793:
735:
412:
396:
381:
286:
254:
247:
228:
509:
1123:
743:
722:
664:
579:
430:
613:
1129:
1115:
1050:
1008:
968:
675:
468:
338:
332:
320:
301:
294:
216:
212:
161:
680:
1055:
963:
958:
954:
892:
882:
877:
835:
573:
562:
424:
185:
543:
24:
1035:
1023:
973:
887:
823:
788:
763:
445:
385:
269:
988:
773:
768:
598:
434:
201:
197:
1090:
1070:
1045:
758:
625:
460:
456:
452:
377:
189:
1040:
850:
275:
airway edema (e.g., following instrumentation of the airway,
262:
224:
145:
16:
High-pitched breathing sound due to obstruction of the larynx
207:
Stridor is a physical sign which is caused by a narrowed or
144:
Inspiratory and expiratory stridor in a 13-month child with
389:
290:
553:—Multiple case studies with audio files of lung sounds.
272:(e.g., following prolonged intubation or congenital);
603:
329:
or tracheobronchomalacia (e.g., collapsed trachea).
49:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1187:
708:
176: 'creaking/grating noise') is an extra-
487:
715:
701:
481:
132:
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
354:tumor (e.g., laryngeal papillomatosis,
1196:Symptoms and signs: Respiratory system
1188:
599:Stridor sounds at R.A.L.E. Lung Sounds
471:has shown to relieve symptoms by 80%.
200:, which is a noise originating in the
696:
47:adding citations to reliable sources
18:
585:Breathing sounds—abnormal (stridor)
467:In obese patients elevation of the
13:
239:Stridor may occur as a result of:
14:
1207:
537:
392:may reveal structural pathology.
358:of larynx, trachea or esophagus);
23:
34:needs additional citations for
524:
1:
474:
402:
368:
7:
490:Ann. Otol. Rhinol. Laryngol
10:
1212:
502:10.1177/000348948008900502
1019:Precordial catch syndrome
1001:
937:
919:Cheyne–Stokes respiration
901:
843:
834:
734:
655:
607:
234:
196:. It is different from a
151:
143:
131:
126:
580:MedlinePlus Encyclopedia
344:infectious mononucleosis
310:compressing the trachea;
250:, aspirated food bolus);
1102:Charcot–Leyden crystals
356:squamous cell carcinoma
259:retropharyngeal abscess
819:Whispered pectoriloquy
243:foreign bodies (e.g.,
347:peritonsillar abscess
293:, or complication of
1097:Curschmann's spirals
945:Respiratory distress
784:Pleural friction rub
395:Flexible fiberoptic
315:Riedel's thyroiditis
313:thyroiditis such as
279:, drug side effect,
43:improve this article
544:Audio Breath Sounds
496:(5 Pt 1): 397–400.
409:tracheal intubation
277:tracheal intubation
158:Otorhinolaryngology
1138:pulmonary embolism
1110:chronic bronchitis
950:Respiratory arrest
929:Ataxic respiration
924:Kussmaul breathing
914:Biot's respiration
909:Agonal respiration
805:Elicited findings
749:Respiratory sounds
728:respiratory system
724:Signs and symptoms
656:External resources
569:Congenital stridor
549:2020-12-15 at the
428:racemic adrenaline
289:(from aspiration,
253:infections (e.g.,
1183:
1182:
997:
996:
690:
689:
590:Diseases Database
281:allergic reaction
209:obstructed airway
167:
166:
137:
121:Medical condition
119:
118:
111:
93:
1203:
868:Hyperventilation
841:
840:
726:relating to the
717:
710:
703:
694:
693:
605:
604:
531:
528:
522:
521:
485:
192:or lower in the
188:air flow in the
139:
138:
124:
123:
114:
107:
103:
100:
94:
92:
51:
27:
19:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1205:
1204:
1202:
1201:
1200:
1186:
1185:
1184:
1179:
1157:pulmonary edema
1149:Westermark sign
1066:Post-nasal drip
1061:Silhouette sign
993:
984:Mouth breathing
933:
897:
873:Hypoventilation
830:
730:
721:
691:
686:
685:
651:
650:
616:
551:Wayback Machine
540:
535:
534:
529:
525:
486:
482:
477:
451:Use of inhaled
405:
376:Chest and neck
371:
237:
184:resulting from
133:
122:
115:
104:
98:
95:
52:
50:
40:
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1209:
1199:
1198:
1181:
1180:
1178:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1166:
1165:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1134:
1133:
1132:
1120:
1119:
1118:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1099:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1073:
1068:
1063:
1058:
1053:
1048:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1005:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
994:
992:
991:
986:
981:
979:Breath holding
976:
971:
966:
961:
952:
947:
941:
939:
935:
934:
932:
931:
926:
921:
916:
911:
905:
903:
899:
898:
896:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
859:
858:
847:
845:
838:
832:
831:
829:
828:
827:
826:
821:
816:
811:
803:
802:
801:
796:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
756:
746:
740:
738:
732:
731:
720:
719:
712:
705:
697:
688:
687:
684:
683:
672:
660:
659:
657:
653:
652:
649:
648:
633:
617:
612:
611:
609:
608:Classification
602:
601:
596:
587:
576:
565:
554:
539:
538:External links
536:
533:
532:
523:
479:
478:
476:
473:
465:
464:
449:
438:
421:
404:
401:
370:
367:
366:
365:
359:
352:
348:
345:
342:
336:
330:
327:tracheomalacia
324:
318:
311:
308:vascular rings
305:
298:
284:
273:
266:
251:
236:
233:
194:bronchial tree
165:
164:
155:
149:
148:
141:
140:
129:
128:
120:
117:
116:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1208:
1197:
1194:
1193:
1191:
1176:
1175:Golden S sign
1173:
1171:
1170:Hamman's sign
1168:
1164:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1114:
1113:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1093:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1083:Hoover's sign
1081:
1080:
1079:
1078:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1064:
1062:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1052:
1049:
1047:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1031:Nail clubbing
1029:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1010:
1007:
1006:
1004:
1000:
990:
987:
985:
982:
980:
977:
975:
972:
970:
967:
965:
962:
960:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
936:
930:
927:
925:
922:
920:
917:
915:
912:
910:
907:
906:
904:
900:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
857:
854:
853:
852:
849:
848:
846:
842:
839:
837:
833:
825:
822:
820:
817:
815:
812:
810:
807:
806:
804:
800:
797:
795:
792:
790:
787:
785:
782:
780:
777:
775:
772:
770:
767:
765:
762:
760:
757:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
741:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
718:
713:
711:
706:
704:
699:
698:
695:
682:
678:
677:
673:
671:
667:
666:
662:
661:
658:
654:
647:
643:
642:
638:
634:
632:
628:
627:
623:
619:
618:
615:
610:
606:
600:
597:
595:
591:
588:
586:
582:
581:
577:
575:
571:
570:
566:
564:
560:
559:
555:
552:
548:
545:
542:
541:
527:
519:
515:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
484:
480:
472:
470:
462:
458:
454:
450:
447:
443:
442:dexamethasone
439:
436:
432:
429:
426:
422:
419:
418:
417:
414:
410:
400:
398:
393:
391:
387:
383:
379:
374:
363:
360:
357:
353:
349:
346:
343:
340:
337:
334:
331:
328:
325:
322:
319:
316:
312:
309:
306:
303:
299:
296:
292:
288:
285:
282:
278:
274:
271:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
249:
246:
242:
241:
240:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
210:
205:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
183:
180:high-pitched
179:
175:
171:
163:
159:
156:
154:
150:
147:
142:
130:
125:
113:
110:
102:
91:
88:
84:
81:
77:
74:
70:
67:
63:
60: –
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
44:
38:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1163:Kerley lines
1155:
1144:Hampton hump
1136:
1122:
1108:
1089:
1075:
814:Pectoriloquy
799:Death rattle
794:Bronchophony
753:
736:Auscultation
674:
663:
635:
620:
578:
567:
556:
526:
493:
489:
483:
466:
413:tracheostomy
406:
397:bronchoscopy
394:
382:bronchoscopy
375:
372:
287:laryngospasm
255:epiglottitis
248:foreign body
238:
229:epiglottitis
211:. It can be
206:
182:breath sound
169:
168:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
41:Please help
36:verification
33:
1124:sarcoidosis
1014:In children
856:Prematurity
744:Stethoscope
665:MedlinePlus
431:epinephrine
300:subglottic
268:subglottic
213:inspiratory
1130:Kveim test
1116:Reid index
1051:Hemoptysis
1009:Chest pain
969:Aerophagia
809:Percussion
676:Patient UK
475:References
469:panniculus
403:Treatments
339:vasculitis
333:congenital
321:vocal cord
302:hemangioma
295:anesthesia
217:expiratory
172:(from
162:pediatrics
69:newspapers
1056:Epistaxis
964:Trepopnea
959:Platypnea
955:Orthopnea
893:Bradypnea
883:Tachypnea
878:Hyperpnea
836:Breathing
574:eMedicine
563:eMedicine
425:nebulized
388:, and/or
369:Diagnosis
245:aspirated
186:turbulent
153:Specialty
99:June 2008
58:"Stridor"
1190:Category
1036:Cyanosis
1024:Pleurisy
974:Asphyxia
888:Hypopnea
824:Egophony
789:Fremitus
764:Crackles
547:Archived
518:20514618
446:Decadron
386:CT-scans
351:times.);
270:stenosis
221:biphasic
178:thoracic
989:Snoring
902:Pattern
863:Dyspnea
774:Stertor
769:Rhonchi
754:Stridor
681:Stridor
592:(DDB):
558:Stridor
510:7436240
440:Use of
435:Codeine
423:Use of
304:(rare);
202:pharynx
198:stertor
170:Stridor
127:Stridor
83:scholar
1091:asthma
1071:Hiccup
1046:Sputum
779:Squawk
759:Wheeze
670:003074
516:
508:
461:oxygen
459:, 30%
457:helium
453:Heliox
378:x-rays
323:palsy;
235:Causes
190:larynx
85:
78:
71:
64:
56:
1041:Cough
1002:Other
938:Other
851:Apnea
646:786.1
631:R06.1
594:27190
514:S2CID
455:(70%
263:croup
225:croup
174:Latin
146:croup
90:JSTOR
76:books
1077:COPD
844:Rate
641:9-CM
506:PMID
390:MRIs
291:GERD
62:news
637:ICD
622:ICD
572:at
561:at
498:doi
411:or
362:ALL
219:or
45:by
1192::
679::
668::
644::
629::
626:10
583::
512:.
504:.
494:89
492:.
384:,
380:,
283:);
265:);
261:,
257:,
215:,
204:.
160:,
957:/
716:e
709:t
702:v
639:-
624:-
614:D
520:.
500::
444:(
341:.
317:;
297:)
112:)
106:(
101:)
97:(
87:·
80:·
73:·
66:·
39:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
