991:" He said the great desire of the slaves was "liberty and education." "How strange it is that anybody should believe any human being could be a slave, and yet be contented! I do not believe there ever was a slave, who did not long for liberty. I know very well that slave-owners take a great deal of pains to make the people in the free States believe that the slaves are happy; but I know, likewise, that I was never acquainted with a slave, however well he was treated, who did not long to be free. There is one thing about this, that people in the free States do not understand. When they ask slaves whether they wish for their liberty, they answer, 'No;' and very likely they will go so far as to say they would not leave their masters for the world. But, at the same time, they desire liberty more than anything else, and have, perhaps, all along been laying plans to get free. The truth is, if a slave shows any discontent, he is sure to be treated worse, and worked the harder for it; and every slave knows this. This is why they are careful not to show any uneasiness when white men ask them about freedom. When they are alone by themselves, all their talk is about liberty — liberty! It is the great thought and feeling that fills the mind full all the time."
301:
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for circulation among those who can read, and are about establishing a reading room. In addition to this two of our students, one theological and one literary , have felt so deeply their degradation, and have been so affected by the intense desire to acquire knowledge which they exhibit, that they have taken a dismission from the institution, and commenced a school among the blacks in the city. They expect to teach a year, and them take up their course in the seminary again, when others will no doubt be ready to take their places. The first went down and opened a school, and it was filled the first day, and that mainly with adults, and those nearly grown. For a number of days he rejected from ten to twenty daily, because he could not teach them. This induced the other dear brother to leave his studies and join him. Both are now incessantly occupied.
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at her work, with as much spite as you would a snake, and for what I should consider no offence at all. There lived in this same family a young man, a slave, who was in the habit of running away. He returned one time after a week’s absence. The master took him into the barn, stripped him entirely naked, tied him up by his hands so high that he could not reach the floor, tied his feet together, and put a small rail between his legs, so that he could not avoid the blows, and commenced whipping him. He told me that he gave him five hundred lashes. At any rate, he was covered with wounds from head to foot. Not a place as big as my hand but what was cut. Such things as these are perfectly common all over
Virginia; at least so far as I am acquainted. Generally, planters avoid punishing their slaves before strangers.
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man procured help, and finally succeeded in securing him. He then wreaked his vengeance on him for resisting — flogging him till he was not able to walk. They then put him on a horse, and came on with him ten miles to
Nicholasville. When they entered the village, it was noticed that he sat upon his horse like a drunken man. It was a very hot day; and whilst they were taking some refreshment, the negro sat down upon the ground, under the shade. When they ordered him to go, he made several efforts before he could get up; and when he attempted to mount the horse, his strength was entirely insufficient. One of the men struck him, and with an oath ordered him to get on the horse without any more fuss. The negro staggered back a few steps, fell down, and died. I do not know that any notice was ever taken of it.
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worse than it now is; that they are incompetent to provide for themselves; that they would become paupers and vagrants, and would rather steal than work for wages." This shrewd and intelligent black, cut up these white objections by the roots, and withered and scorched them under the sun of sarcastic argumentation, for nearly an hour, to which the assembly responded in repeated and spontaneous roars of laughter, which were heartily joined in by both
Colonizationists and Abolitionists. Do not understand me as saying, that his speech was devoid of argument. No. It contained sound logic, enforced by apt illustrations. I wish the slanderers of negro intellect could have witnessed this unpremeditated effort. ..."They have to take care of, and support themselves
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Cincinnati, Ohio, the nearest theological institution where manual labor was made a requisition, and incorporated into the system. They traveled on foot to Olean, in the state of New-York, at the head of the
Allegany river, hired themselves out to work a raft, descended the river three hundred miles to its junction with the Ohio, at Pittsburg, and thence five hundred miles farther to Cincinnati. Upon their arrival, they received each twenty-two dollars for their services as raftsmen. A few months after four other students of the same institution, upon the same errand, traveled the same route, in the same way. A number more expect soon to start for the same destination, and if rafts are to be found they hope to enjoy the privilege of working their passage."
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antislavery society, stating that "no associations or
Societies among the students ought to be allowed in the Seminary except such as have for their immediate object improvement in the prescribed course of studies." They also declared that they had the right to dismiss any student "when they shall think it necessary to do so." They further adopted a rule to "discourage...such discussions and conduct among the students as are calculated to divert their attention from their studies", meaning that students were not to discuss abolitionism even when dining (talking to students while they were eating was specifically prohibited in the Standing Rules enacted by the trustees on October 13, 1834.) The committee underlined their position by dismissing professor
264:." He and his brother Lane pledged $ 4,000 for the new school, on condition that it be in Cincinnati and follow the manual labor model. After this, their connection with the Seminary was minimal; Ebenezer was not even happy that it carried his name. The land was donated by Kemper Seminary. "Walnut Hill was a pretty little village, quite distant from Cincinnati, the first stopping-place for the stage on the Madisonville or some other northern Ohio route." "The location of Lane Seminary is in the midst of a most beautiful landscape. There is just enough, and just the right admixture of hills and dale, forest and field, to give it the effect we love in gazing upon a calm and quiet scene of beauty," wrote a visiting minister in 1842.
1176:. "We went out, not knowing whither we went. The Lord's hand was with us. Five miles from the seminary we found a deserted brick tavern, with many convenient rooms. Here we rallied. A gentleman of the vicinity offered us all necaessary fuel, a gentleman far off sent us a thousand dollars, and we set up a seminary of our own and became a law unto ourselves. George Whipple was competent in Hebrew, and William T. Allan in Greek. They were made professors in the intermediate state. It was desirable that we should remain near to Cincinnati for a season, as we were there teaching in evening schools for the colored people of that city."
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The rebels also preached in local black and white churches. A few young men also joined the
Cumminsville group who were prospective Lane students, but never attended the seminary. These three men that we know of are: Benjamin Foltz, Theodore J. Keep, and William Smith. They are considered by some scholars to be a part of the Lane rebels, though I do not formally include them in the group. Those individuals, along with the rest of the former Lane students at Cumminsville, attended Oberlin Collegiate Institute. Henry B. Stanton was one of the few at Cumminsville who did not attend Oberlin, instead, Stanton went to law school.
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effectively converted almost all the students to abolition. American newspapers publicized the debates, and women supporters, "the
Cincinnati Sisters," organized local schools for African-American children. When the trustees prohibited the students from discussing controversial issues, most of the students withdrew, set up a seminary in exile in Cumminsville, and then moved it to Oberlin College. The Lane Seminary Debates marked the shift in American antislavery efforts from colonization to abolition, and the "Lane Rebels" became ministers, abolitionists, and social reformers across the country.
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night, she told her master that she was sick, and wished to go to the house. She went, and as soon as she reached it, laid down on the floor exhausted. The mistress asked her what the matter was? She made no reply. She asked again; but received no answer. "I'll see," said she, "if I can’t make you speak." So taking the tongs, she heated them red hot, and put them upon the bottoms of her feet ; then upon her legs and body; and, finally, in a rage, took hold of her throat. This had the desired effect. The poor girl faintly whispered, "Oh, misse, don't — I am most gone", and expired.
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institution...where training for the western ministry could be provided for poor but earnest young men who had dedicated their lives to the home missionary cause in the 'vast valley of the
Mississippi'". Weld himself was seeking to continue his preparation for a career as a minister. As he put it in his report, "though I can no longer publicly advocate it as the agent of your society, I hope soon to plead its cause in the humbler sphere of personal example, while pursuing my professional studies, in a rising institution at the west, in which manual labor is a DAILY REQUISITION."
1003:"The trustees soon expressed a determination to prevent all further discussion of the comparative merits of the policy of the Colonization Society, and the doctrine of immediate emancipation, either in the recitation rooms, the rooms of the students, or at the public table; although no objection had previously been made to the free discussion of any subject whatever. During the vacation that followed, in the absence of a majority of the professors, this purpose was framed into a law, or rule, of the seminary, and obedience to it required from all."
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class of 1836 (which began in 1833). There were also prospective students who declined to enroll. Lawrence Lesick, author of the only book on the Lane Rebels, gives a figure of 75, but 19 more had left before the trustees took action, and only 8 students, out of 103, remained at Lane at the beginning of the next term. According to
Oberlin, 32 of them enrolled, although some others who enrolled at the same time, though not students at Lane, are considered part of the Rebels. A few enrolled at other schools, such as
358:; Lane had been trying to recruit him since February 1831. Lane, Weld concluded, would do as a manual labor theological school, if Beecher would come. "Such an institution would undoubtedly attract many of Weld's associates who had been disappointed in the failure to establish theological instruction at the Oneida Institute." Beecher did come, as president and as "Chair of Systematic Theology", motivated by the promise of a $ 20,000 subvention for Lane from "Tappan". Beecher, along with professor
447:, a Negro who had bought his freedom from slavery with the earnings of his own hands. Most of these students were mature; only eleven were less than twenty-one years old; twelve of them had been agents for the national benevolent societies, and six were married men with families. The theological class was the largest that had ever gathered in America, and its members were deeply conscious of their importance.
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Boston as its first president. The president's house, now known as the Stowe House after
Beecher's daughter Harriet Beecher Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, still remains at Gilbert and Foraker. Lane Theological Seminary, bound by present day Gilbert, Chapel, Park, and Yale streets, continued to educate Presbyterian ministers until 1932, when it was merged with McCormick Theological Seminary in Chicago.
1043:'s example, he also set up a school for black women, and Arthur Tappan paid $ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 30,520 in 2023) for four female teachers to relocate from New York to Cincinnati. As Lewis Tappan put it in his biography of his brother, "he anti-slavery students of Lane Seminary established evening-schools for the adults, and day-schools for the children of the three thousand colored of Cincinnati."
40:
770:, who had served as an agent for the Colonization Society, testified that his view of the Society's plan changed when he realized that no blacks, despite the claims of those who ventured to speak for them, would ever consent to be removed from their native country and transplanted to a foreign land. He reasoned, therefore, that the plan could only be enacted by a "national society of kidnappers".
253:. As early as 1825, the denomination was on record as saying such a seminary was needed. In 1829 there were only 8,000 ministers to serve a population of 12,000,000, two thousand more churches than ministers, and only 200 ministers per year being trained. While there were local efforts to have the new seminary in Cincinnati, the Presbyterian General Assembly decided in 1827 to locate it in
385:, and "six other young Finneyites" arrived in Cincinnati, having completed their journey by river from Rochester and Oneida. "They were promptly admitted to the seminary on the recommendation of two other 'Oneidas' already in attendance." However, although technically enrolled as a student, and having declined the chair of Sacred Rhetoric and Oratory, Weld was the
577:(Blacks born free) was rising even faster. Some owners freed their slaves in their wills. Philanthropic societies and individuals raised or donated funds to purchase slaves' freedom; freedmen sometimes were able to purchase the freedom of family members. In some Northern cities there were more than a handful of escaped slaves.
1280:, and the Seminary continued as a small but respected school, though financial pressures continued to increase. Following a brief period of growth in the 1920s, it became apparent that Lane could no longer survive as an independent school. In 1932 it suspended operations and transferred its library and other resources to
1039:"We believe faith without works is dead," Weld wrote to Arthur Tappan in 1834. He, Augustus Wattles, and other students created a school out of three rooms, and raised hundreds of dollars to outfit a library and rent classrooms. Classes were run both days and evenings, and the school was soon at capacity. Inspired by
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on the same day of last week, when Mr. Weed arrived in town on some business; and being known as an abolitionist, some indignities were offered to him—such as shaving his horse, removing the wheels of his wagon, &c.; that Mr. Weed soon after left town, was followed by the mob, his wagon broken to
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Side A: The Lanes, Baptist merchants from New Orleans, and the Kempers, a Presbyterian family from Cincinnati, gave money and land respectively for Cincinnati's first manual labor theological seminary and high school, which opened in suburban Walnut Hills in 1829. The Reverend Lyman Beecher came from
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At Cumminsville, "the students continued their work in the black community. William T. Allan, Andrew Benton, Marius R. Robinson, Henry B. Stanton, and George Whipple taught in the Sabbath schools. John W. Alvord, Huntington Lyman, Henry B. Stanton, James A. Thome, and Samuel Wells gave lectures twice
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among them, and lecture three or four evenings a week on grammar, geography, arithmetic, natural philosophy, &c. Besides this, an evening free school, for teaching them to read, is in operation every week day evening; and we are about establishing one or two more. We are also getting up a library
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A young woman, who was generally very badly treated, after receiving a more severe whipping than usual, ran away. In a few days she came back, and was sent into the field to work. At this time the garment next her skin was stiff like a scab, from the running of the sores made by the whipping. Towards
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I have frequently seen the mistress of a family in Virginia, with whom I was well acquainted, beat the woman who performed the kitchen work, with a stick two feet and a half long, and nearly as thick as my wrist ; striking her over the head, and across the small of the back, as she was bent over
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Letter of Mr. Henry B. Stanton. Speech of Mr. James A. Thome. Letter of Rev. Dr. S. H. Cox. Debate at the Lane seminary, Cincinnati. Speech of James A. Thome, of Kentucky, delivered at the annual meeting of the American anti-slavery society, May 6, 1834. Letter of the Rev. Dr. Samuel H. Cox, against
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As Cincinnati businessmen, the members of the school's board of trustees were quite concerned about being associated with such a radical expression of abolitionism, which could have led to a physical attack on the Seminary. "A riot was very averted, probably only because of Lane's summer vacation."
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I hardly know what to relate. But one fact occurs to me just at this time, that happened in the village where I live. The circumstances are these. A colored man, a slave, ran away. As he was crossing Kentucky river, a white man, who suspected him, attempted to stop him. The negro resisted. The white
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Over a period of several months Weld convinced nearly all of the students individually of the superiority of the abolitionist view. To generate publicity for the abolitionist cause, Weld announced a series of "debates". Weld "had no intention of holding a debate on the pros and cons of antislavery."
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Weld stopped at Cincinnati twice on his manual labor lecture and scouting tour: in February and March 1832, and in the following September. On the earlier visit, when the campus was run by F. Y. Vail, who spent more time fundraising than teaching, he delivered several lectures and supported the call
1180:
A group of former students left Lane Seminary and lived four miles away in a village named Cumminsville. This group of students included William T. Allan, Huntington Lyman, John Tappan Pierce, Henry B. Stanton, and James A. Thome. These students lived, studied, and taught the local black community.
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At the end of the debate, many of the participants concluded not only that slavery was a sin, but also that the policy of the American Colonization Society to send blacks to Africa was wrong. As a result, these students formed an antislavery society and began organizing activities and outreach work
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The status of these free blacks was anything but comfortable. They were not citizens and in most states could not vote. They had no access to the courts or protection by the police. In no state could their children attend the public schools. They were subject to discriminatory treatment in everyday
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Meanwhile, young men gathered in Cincinnati "as from the hives of the north". Most of them were from western New York. H B. Stanton and a few others from Rochester floated down the Ohio from Pittsburgh on a raft. More than a score came from Oneida Institute. Even more arrived from Utica and Auburn,
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The students negotiated with Shipherd the installation of Asa Mahan, the Lane trustee who resigned, as Oberlin's president. Oberlin also agreed to hire Morgan, the discharged professor. The trustees would not have the power, as they did at Lane, to meddle in the affairs of professors and students.
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had 51 signatures, but it adds that "several of our brethren, who coincide with us in sentiment, are not able to affix their names to this document, in consequence of being several hundred miles from the Seminary." According to Lane, there were 40, including the entirety of Lane's first class, the
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Besides these two day schools, and the evening schools, and the lectures, we have three large Sabbath schools and Bible classes among the colored people. By sections in rotation, and teaching the evening reading schools in the same way, we can perform an immense amount of labor among them, without
680:"There was little opposition, little conflict, and consequently little debate." In his correspondence Weld informed friends that he was trying to get the anti-slavery (immediatist) argument and evidence out to as many people as possible. Nevertheless, what was announced was debates, on two points.
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head of Lane; "He...told the trustees what appointments to make." "Many of the students considered him the real leader of Lane", their "patron saint". "In the estimation of the class, he was president. He took the lead of the whole institution. The young men had, many of them, been under his care,
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James Bradley, the emancipated slave above alluded to, addressed us nearly two hours; and I wish his speech could have been heard by every opponent of immediate emancipation, to wit: first, that "it would be unsafe to the community;" second, that "the condition of the emancipated negroes would be
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However, sending former slaves to a British colony as a policy was politically unacceptable. The American Colonization Society was formed to help found a new, American colony of freed blacks. Although there was some talk of locating the colony in the American territories of the Midwest, or on the
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was the only New Yorker among them, but this was not to last long. Three Oneida students went west to teach country schools in the winter of 1831–32. George Whipple and J. L. Tracy went to Kentucky; Calvin Waterbury got a school at Newark on the Licking River in Ohio. When in the spring Waterbury
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A board was set up in October 1828, and the Ohio General Assembly issued a charter on February 11, 1829, specifying that the manual labor system would be "the fundamental principle" of the Seminary. The Rev. George C. Beckwith was appointed to a professorship in April, accepted in August, and he
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President Beecher did not want to escalate the matter by overreacting, but when the press began to turn public opinion against the students that summer, he was fundraising in Boston. In his absence, the executive committee of the trustees issued a report ordering the abolishment of the school's
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The students at Lane took the initiative in the affairs of the seminary and practiced piety mixed with practicality in the Oneida manner. In March of 1833 thirty-two students, including apparently all the Oneida Institute "alumni" then present, petitioned against the serving of that harmful and
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The trustees laid down the doctrine that "no associations or societies ought to be allowed in the seminary, except such as have for their immediate object, improvement in the prescribed course of studies." This was followed by an order in these words: "Ordered that the students be required to
485:
Beecher, in his autobiography, takes a dig at Oberlin, while claiming that there were already "colored students" at Lane: "It was with great difficulty, and only in the prospect of rich endowments and of securing a large class of students, that the principle of admission irrespective of color,
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A few months since, two members of the same institution, who had enjoyed the benefits of the manual labor system for some years, and who wished soon to enter upon their professional studies, left the Institute with their packs upon their backs, and shaped their course for the Lane Seminary, at
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Side B: In the winter of 1834, the students of Lane Theological Seminary, including some southerners and one African-American former slave, organized an eighteen-night revival under the leadership of Theodore Dwight Weld. These antislavery debates over immediate abolition versus colonization
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from its opening in 1827 through 1830. When he left Oneida, he was hired by the new Manual Labor Society, an institution created to employ Weld, its only employee ever. Funded by the same Tappan brothers that had funded Oneida, his charge was "to find a site for a great national manual labor
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a week in the black community. The students also alternated in preaching at eight different churches, including two black churches. They helped support Augustus Wattles' teachers in schools, enlisted the cooperation of local black ministers, and kept Weld, now an anti-slavery agent, and
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magazine. Smith was for temperance, and according to him, the fact that blacks in Africa were allowed to import liquor from the United States revealed the true goals of many of the white members of the American Colonization Society: to get rid of the Blacks without having them up north.
1288:. While a permanent Board of Trustees for Lane Theological Seminary remained in service until the Seminary was legally merged out of existence in 2007, the faculty, library collections, and students were transferred to Chicago, and the last remnants of the Cincinnati campus, except for
1221:
The conditions of the Rebels set limits, for the first time, on an American college's authority over students and faculty. They also were part of the shift in American antislavery efforts from colonization to abolition; many of the Rebels would become part of Oberlin's cadre of
280:, president of the Oneida Institute, recommended a steward to supervise the Seminary farm; in February the trustees made the appointment. But in the winter of 1830–31, "Lane Seminary was in a state of suspended animation. There were no teachers and apparently only two students,
291:
In 1834, the manual labor department contained six printing presses, operated by 20 students, and had printed 150,000 copies of "Webster's spelling books", for a bookstore. 30 students were employed in cabinet making, and total enrollment before the mass walkout was about 100.
249:"The founding of Lane Seminary was accomplished after years of sometimes disparate efforts on the part of a large number of people." The Presbyterian tradition was to have educated clergy, and there was no seminary serving the vast and increasingly populated lands west of the
683:
When the merits of the proposed solutions to slavery were debated over 18 days at the Seminary in February 1834, it was one of the first major public discussions of the topic, but it was more of an anti-slavery revival than a "debate". No speaker appeared to defend either
288:, who had come out from the Oneida Institute and had been given special permission by the trustees to occupy rooms in the lonesome Seminary building." Bushnell, who on his arrival in 1830 "found no theology", slept "on a study-table, with his books for a pillow".
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1242:"Of the several gloomy years that succeeded the abolition secession, I need only say, that the wonder is, that Lane did not perish. It had few students and little money." "The institution was disgraced and wrecked; it never recovered from the experience."
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The Lane Rebels, with Weld at their head, could insist on these conditions because funding from the Tappans came with them. If the trustees did not agree they would lose this crucial funding, as well as Mahan, Finney, and Shipherd, who threatened to quit.
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talked too much temperance, the inhabitants threatened to ride him out of town on a rail. He prudently climbed aboard a raft and floated down to Cincinnati. There, he and Dresser were soon joined by two other Oneidas, Sereno W. Streeter and Edward Weed.
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already in practice at Lane, received from the trustees of Oberlin a cold and ambiguous sanction." What he says about Oberlin is roughly correct, but none of the black students at Oneida moved to Lane. The one black student currently known of at Lane,
1384:(1807–1880), was one of the five students Weld enrolled to travel Ohio lecturing against slavery. Studied at Oneida; graduated from Oberlin; pastor in Connecticut and Massachusetts; superintendent of the schools of the Freedmen's Bureau, 1866–1870.
1367:. So far as is known, none of Oneida's African-American students made the move. Those identified conclusively are the following. Those that left with the Lane Rebels (according to the table cited above) and enrolled at Oberlin are marked in bold.
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and wrote back to Cincinnati that manual labor worked well and that the farmers and mechanics of the neighborhood approved of it. He resigned in August 1830. "At that time , the seminary consisted of some woods and one foundation for a building."
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of 28 pages, published anonymously but written by Weld, on "the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution." The pamphlet received national attention, as it was reprinted in full in
439:, and across the Ohio from Kentucky came James Thome, scion of a wealthy planting family. Up from Alabama journeyed two others of Weld's disciples, the sons of the Rev. Dr. Allan. From Virginia came young Hedges; and from Missouri, Andrew, of
596:, where the British took many of them, too cold. The British also took to Sierra Leone slaves captured from slaving ships who were being smuggled illegally across the Atlantic to North America. A well-to-do African-American shipowner,
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On his return, Beecher and two professors issued a statement intended to assuage the anger of the students regarding the action of the trustees, but it was regarded by the students as a faculty endorsement of the trustees' action.
334:"Cincinnati was the logical location. Cincinnati was the focal center of population and commerce in the Ohio valley." In the pre-railroad era, Cincinnati was the most accessible city in what was then the west of the United States.
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incident in America. There was strong pro-slavery sentiment in Cincinnati, and the trustees immediately prohibited further discussion of the topic, to avoid repercussions. With the city being on the border of the South, a lot of
621:, who presided over its first meeting; as well as most of the future white abolitionists. The problem had been solved, and in an honorable way; the former slaves would fare better in Africa, it was argued, among other blacks.
490:, by his own description "so ignorant, that I suppose it will take me two years to get up with the lowest class in the institution," despite Beecher's regret felt it wiser not to attend a student gathering at Beecher's home.
401:
The self-assembling at Lane of men from very diverse places, called by a modern writer an invasion, was so colorful that multiple authors have described it. The earliest is from Weld himself; he is one of the "two members":
645:
Lyman Beecher, head of the Seminary, was a colonizationist, and gave a speech on that topic to the Cincinnati Colonization Society on June 4, 1834. At Lane there was a "colonization society", supporting the efforts of the
1238:
When the Rebels departed in October 1834, "they left behind them but two seminarians in a theological department that had boasted forty, and only five scholars of the sixty formerly enrolled for the literary curriculum."
632:, an abolitionist philanthropist, was that the American Colonization Society allowed the sale of alcohol (as well as guns and chewing tobacco) in the colonies that became Liberia. He commented on it in the Society's
454:
Resolved, that it is inexpedient for students, during their continuance in this institution, to form connections by marriage, and that forming such connection is a sufficient ground for dismission from the Seminary.
676:'s four published sermons, and his relocation under pressure to Gale's school, Oneida. What Garrison desired, and he convinced Green, was "immediatism": immediate, complete, and uncompensated freeing of all slaves.
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among the black population of Cincinnati. They intended to attain the emancipation of blacks, not by rebellion or force, but by "approaching the minds of slave holders with the truth, in the spirit of the Gospel."
616:
The colonization project got off to a promising start, with various governmental and private donations and the participation of distinguished individuals: U.S. presidents Jefferson, Monroe, and Madison; Senator
962:"Mr. Calvin H. Tate, of Missouri, whose father and brother were slaveholders, related the following at the same meeting. The plantation on which it occurred, was in the immediate neighborhood of his father's."
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to send free blacks to Africa, to Liberia. How it came to be is not known, but it was there when the Oneida contingent and friends arrived. There had been similar groups at Western Reserve and other colleges.
464:"he institution itself is second in importance to no other in the United States." Beecher "assured us that he had more brains in this theological camp than could be found in any other in the United States."
624:
The situation quickly started to unravel. First of all, the disease rates among the new colonists were the highest since accurate record-keeping began. Over 50% of them died of malaria and other diseases.
1275:
After the Civil War, the New School and the Old School Presbyterians had reconciled, and Lane Seminary was reorganized along more conservative Presbyterian lines. In 1910, it became affiliated with the
366:, began as president December 26, 1832; this is when "Lane actually began operation.... Before that time, staff was slight and housing meager." The house the Beecher family lived in is now known as the
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United States, was the question of what to do with former slaves who had become free. Since the eighteenth century, Quakers and others had preached the sinfulness of slave ownership, and the number of
977:, as he was the only Black participant and so far as is known the only Black in attendance. This is the first instance in the history of the United States that a Black man addressed a white audience:
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and the right of students to participate in free discussion. It also marked the first organized student body in American history. Several of those involved went on to play an important role in the
1010:
The event resulted in the dismissal of a professor, John Morgan, and the departure of a group of 40 students and a trustee. It was one of the first significant tests in the United States of
2281:
836:
Agent, author of a lengthy published break with or attack on the Society. "His knowledge and pervasive influence informed the Lane Seminary debate, lifting it to the height of its subject."
720:, to collect the texts which were written out — not all were — and make a booklet of them. However, Garrison promptly published a pamphlet, and there are excerpts in newspapers and books.
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3239:
2784:
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4380:
2277:
Addresses and proceedings at Lane Theological Seminary, December 18, 1879. I. Dedication of Seminary Hall. II. Inauguration of Rev. Jas. Eells, D.D. III. Semi-Centennial Celebration
2154:
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1591:
Fifth annual report of the trustees of the Cincinnati Lane Seminary: together with the laws of the institution and a catalogue of the officers and students, November, 1834
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Pacific coast—a sort of reservation for Blacks—what was decided was to follow the English example and start an African colony. The closest available land was what became
4135:
3976:
The narrative of Amos Dresser: with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves
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The narrative of Amos Dresser: with Stone's letters from Natchez, an obituary notice of the writer, and two letters from Tallahassee, relating to the treatment of slaves
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2007:
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The most controversial condition insisted on by the Rebels was that Oberlin commit itself to accepting African-American students in general, and the very popular
546:; Weld published a lengthy reply. The affair got further publicity late in 1834, when 51 of the Lane students — the vast majority — published a 28-page pamphlet,
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Hostile press reports turned this incorrectly into the expulsion of the students, "in consequence of the dangerous principles they held in relation to slavery."
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Cincinnati was convulsed as never before. Rumors circulated during the summer of 1834 about mob violence against the Seminary; the threat of violence had caused
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1976:
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According to Beecher, "among those students was an embodiment of a greater piety and talent than he had ever known to be collected in any other institution."
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The tempo of the seminary was sharply stepped up, its real head now being on the ground. "Weld is here & we are glad," wrote Professor Biggs on July 2.
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1201:, "a college in name only" that had been founded the previous year (1833). "The former Lane students literally took possession of the embryo institution."
1160:— had been threatened with expulsion. Weld did not withdraw until the motion to expel him, which would have been nationally publicized, had been defeated.
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In the summer of 1828 Ebenezer Lane, a New Orleans businessman, "made known his interest in setting up a theological seminary near Cincinnati based on the
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2003:
First annual report of the Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions, including the report of their general agent, Theodore D. Weld
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of the West." However, the founding and first years of Lane were difficult and contentious, culminating in a mass student exodus over the issue of
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1121:(another member of Finney's contingent). (Technically, they requested dismissal from the school, which was granted.) In December they published a
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Four sermons preached in the chapel of the Western Reserve College : on Lord's Days, November 18th and 25th, and December 2nd and 9th, 1832
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1459:(1810–1880) graduated from Oberlin and was ordained in 1836. After much organizing work and several ministerial positions, he was professor at
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573:(and freed women) was rising and showed every sign that it would continue to grow. The freed slaves married and had children, so the number of
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at the time of Finney's revival there, was interim teacher of the Literary Department, there were fifty young men attending the seminary.
1374:(1810–1882) did not study at Oneida. He met Weld when the latter stayed at his parents' house during his manual labor tour. He attended
1260:, and Sabbath legislation. The seminary admitted students from other denominations and pursued educational and evangelistic unity among
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for taking the side of the students. In October, without waiting for Beecher to return, the board ratified the committee's resolutions.
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3566:
Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club
1800:
Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club
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Pamphlet souvenir of the sixtieth anniversary in the history of Lane Theological Seminary, containing papers read before the Lane Club
1292:, were destroyed in 1956. A historical marker in front of an automobile dealership at 2820 Gilbert Ave. marks the site of the campus.
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233:, who would participate in the pivotal Lane slavery debates in the 1830s. Their competition for jobs had led to the anti-abolitionist
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James G. Birney and his times; the genesis of the Republican party with some account of abolition movements in the South before 1828
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arrived in Cincinnati in the following November. He "had 3 or 4 students during the winter." In July, 1830, Beckwith visited the
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1503:"abandoned his school in Kentucky to study theology and teach elementary courses at the seminary". Later he taught at Oberlin.
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Egerton, Douglas R. (Winter 1985). "'Its Origin Is Not a Little Curious': A New Look at the American Colonization Society".
812:, minister, called, after his father Lyman, "the most noted minister of the nineteenth century". Supported sending rifles ("
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A review of the statement of the faculty of Lane seminary : in relation to the recent difficulties in that institution
427:
A contemporary commentator points to the work on rafts as reflecting the students' experience with manual labor at Oneida.
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A statement of the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution
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A statement of the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution
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869:, minister, and the only Lane trustee who supported the students; resigned with the students and accompanied them to the
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933:, made the following statement at a public meeting in Lane Seminary, Ohio, in 1833 . He was at that time a slaveholder."
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had been one of the first Oneida students, first studying and working on George Washington Gale's farm, then at Gale's
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Annual catalogue of the officers and students of Lane Theological Seminary : with a triennial catalogue appended
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We have formed a large and efficient organization for elevating the colored people in Cincinnati—have established a
711:, and the influence of its principal supporters, such as render it worthy of the patronage of the Christian public?"
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1964:
783:"The President, and the members of the faculty, with one exception , were present during parts of the discussion."
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1080:, which specifically targeted the Tappans, were heavily reported in the Cincinnati newspapers. In 1835, after the
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The original "remedy" for this problem was to help them go "back to Africa". The British had been doing this, in
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to come west; Finney declined, though he did come three years later, as professor and later president of the new
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1825:
Jakle, John A. (Spring 1979). "Cincinnati in the 1830s: A Cognitive Map of Traveler's Landscape Impressions".
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to ban the discussion of abolition. Cincinnati, largely pro-Southern, had already experienced the anti-black
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Prudence Crandall's legacy: the fight for equality in the 1830s, Dred Scott, and Brown v. Board of Education
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In 1837 "the seminary had no students", but Beecher went on a recruiting trip and persuaded some to enroll.
1214:
in particular, equally. This was agreed to reluctantly, after a "dramatic" vote (4–4, tie broken by chair).
3969:
Stone, Asa A. (1836). "The General Treatment of Slaves at the South-west. Two Letters to the Editor of the
3275:
1211:
1198:
974:
951:"Rev. Coleman S. Hodges, a resident of Western Virginia, gave the following testimony at the same meeting:"
870:
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No matter how kind their master is, slaves are dissatisfied and would rather be hired servants than slaves.
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588:, moving former American slaves there who had gained their freedom by escaping to British lines during the
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By coincidence, the local efforts to set up a seminary fit with the desires of the Tappan philanthropists,
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form. A seven-page response, under the title "Education and slavery", appeared in the Cincinnati-based
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216:, or more specifically whether students were permitted to discuss the topic publicly, the first major
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The Rebels were a loosely defined group, and different sources give different names and figures. The
660:
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2432:
Willey, Larry G. (Fall 1994). "John Rankin, Antislavery Prophet, and the Free Presbyterian Church".
1256:
and others in mission and education efforts and involved in social reform movements like abolition,
790:, physician, lecturer on physiology at Lane, who went on to become an abolitionist newspaper editor.
753:
When inspired with a promise of freedom, slaves will toil with incredible alacrity and faithfulness.
723:
Each question was debated for two and a half hours a night for nine nights. Among the participants:
716:
The debates were not transcribed, and there was no attempt afterwards, as there would be later with
346:. Weld's second choice—and it was his choice, because the Tappans relied on his recommendations—was
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Trial of the Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.D. before the Presbytery of Cincinnati, on the charge of heresy
1088:, newspapers of that city "warn the leaders of that institution to be cautious how they proceed."
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1073:
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Arguments addressing the first question in favor of the immediate abolition of slavery included:
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513:, creating support for abolition. A four-page report by H. B. Stanton appeared in March in both
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1970:
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Lane Seminary is known primarily for the debates held there over 18 evenings in February 1834;
277:
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2886:
796:, at that time simply Harriet Beecher, daughter of Lane's president; 18 years later published
4286:
Inaugural Discourses, of Professors Morris and Nelson: Delivered at Lane Theological Seminary
3592:
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2001:
1944:
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churches in the West. In 1837 there were 41 students from 15 states, and 4 faculty: Beecher,
793:
503:
355:
4259:
3776:
3392:
2242:
1326:, was released in December 2019. It is based on a play by Earlene Hawley and Curtis Heeter.
1172:, as they came to be called, established an informal seminary of their own in 1834–1835, in
4485:
4182:
Resources for Studying the Lane Debates and the Oberlin Commitment to Racial Egalitarianism
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2578:
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Beecher's Trial (Trial of the Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.D. Before the Presbytery of Cincinnati)
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902:
880:
855:
798:
574:
261:
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2030:"Lift up thy voice: the Grimké family's journey from slaveholders to civil rights leaders"
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8:
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813:
668:, which appeared in 1832. These had a great influence at the other eastern Ohio college,
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but moved to Lane, probably through Weld's influence. He graduated from Oberlin in 1836.
4269:
4242:
Myers, John L. (1963). "Antislavery Activities of Five Lane Seminary Boys in 1835–36".
4145:
4085:
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4013:
3932:
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Myers, John L. (1963). "Antislavery Activities of Five Lane Seminary Boys in 1835–36".
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257:, near Pittsburgh. The western synods refused to accept this, finding it too far away.
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Asa A. Stone, †1835 Stone published two lengthy letters reporting on Southern slavery.
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The debates were closely followed by the national press and the religious community.
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4339:. Includes reproductions of original documents (letters) regarding the Lane Rebels
4149:
3992:"Partners in Motion: Gender, Migration, and Reform in Antebellum Ohio and Kansas"
3747:"Gilder Lehrman Center: Historic Reenactment of the Lane Slavery Debates of 1834"
3332:
2322:
1916:
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and this being so, it would be strange if they could not provide for themselves,
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in Ohio. In 1835 Rankin published a pamphlet defending the students who debated.
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Henry, Stuart C. (Spring 1971). "The Lane Rebels: A Twentieth Century Look".
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Gentlemen of property and standing: anti-abolition mobs in Jacksonian America
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197:. Its campus was bounded by today's Gilbert, Yale, Park, and Chapel Streets.
153:
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89:
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4258:(1882). "Pastoral Experiences of Such Conflicts in the City of Cincinnati".
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This was the point at which the former Lane students came into contact with
316:, to found a seminary in what was then the growing west of the new country.
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The Lane rebels : evangelicalism and antislavery in antebellum America
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They were publicized nationally and influenced the nation's thinking about
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102:
4106:"John Gregg Fee, 1816-1901. Autobiography of John G. Fee: Berea, Kentucky"
4009:
3750:
1924:
701:"Ought the people of the slaveholding states abolish slavery immediately?"
4188:
4139:
2858:
2374:
1300:
The Lane Debates have been re-enacted in recent years by historians from
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593:
529:
4296:
History of the foundation and endowment of the Lane theological seminary
3546:
2447:
1152:, Weld's collaborator and president of Lane's new anti-slavery society;
879:, author of the first American anti-slavery book, and key figure on the
4017:
3991:
2644:
1846:
1229:
Postcard of Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills, Cincinnati. Late 19th century?
618:
597:
536:
and most books on slavery in the U.S. in the early 1830s, issued it in
2982:
1912:
A history of Oberlin College from its foundation through the civil war
1497:
Samuel T. Wells, described as "student monitor-general" on Lane's farm
759:
Blacks are abundantly able to take care of and provide for themselves.
4255:
2238:
1363:
24 of the 40 members of Lane's first theological class were from the
1118:
1085:
866:
209:
2817:
Passionate Liberator. Theodore Dwight Weld and the Dilemma of Reform
2636:
1838:
3876:"Lane Theological Seminary / The Lane Seminary Debates Marker Home"
1122:
570:
537:
387:
320:
226:
854:, Lane student; would become famous for being publicly whipped in
1659:. Ph.D. dissertation, Illinois State University. pp. 75–76.
1604:
809:
3844:
1051:
412:
will, in no case, be allowed in any building of the Seminary, —
39:
4351:
1117:
On October 21, most of the students resigned, as did trustee
889:, future abolitionist speaker and politician, and husband of
409:
4244:
Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio
3910:
Bulletin of the Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio
2984:
American Slavery As It Is. Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses
2125:
1248:
Following the slavery debates, Lane Seminary continued as a
435:
Finney's converts all. From Tennessee came Weld's disciple,
2218:
Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc., of Lyman Beecher, D.D.
2008:
Society for Promoting Manual Labor in Literary Institutions
1163:
1091:
762:
Blacks would be kind and docile if immediately emancipated.
742:
One, Birney, had been an agent of the Colonization Society.
123:
3678:
911:, former Oneida student; moved to Canada and ran Canadian
736:
One, Bradley, had been a slave and had bought his freedom.
3568:. Cincinnati: Lane Theological Seminary. pp. 41–55.
3388:
General Catalogue of Lane Theological Seminary, 1828-1881
1802:. Cincinnati: Lane Theological Seminary. pp. 30–40.
929:"Mr. Henry P. Thompson, a native and still a resident of
560:
1771:. Cincinnati: Lane Theological Seminary. pp. 5–15.
1587:
1205:
The conditions of the Lane Rebels' enrollment at Oberlin
381:"Lane was Oneida moved west." Early in June 1833, Weld,
3326:
https://www.newspapers.com/clip/39211019/the_liberator/
2132:
Cincinnati, a Guide to the Queen City and Its Neighbors
2084:
Unvanquished Puritan : a portrait of Lyman Beecher
985:
now, and their master, and his family into the bargain;
3306:. Boston, Massachusetts. January 10, 1835. p. 1.
1796:"Historical Sketch of Lane Seminary from 1853 to 1856"
4283:
Morris, Edward Dafydd; Nelson, Henry Addison (1868).
1112:
640:
4205:"A Cause for Freedom. The Founding of Lane Seminary"
1034:
899:, Lane professor, future husband of Harriet Beecher.
727:
Eleven had been born and brought up in slave states.
707:"Are the doctrines, tendencies, and measures of the
691:
565:Part of "the negro problem", as it was seen in the
600:, transported some former slaves to Sierra Leone.
4476:Demolished buildings and structures in Cincinnati
4451:Defunct private universities and colleges in Ohio
4261:Autobiography, intellectual, moral, and spiritual
3435:. Oberlin College Libraries. 2017. Archived from
2244:Autobiography, Intellectual, Moral, and Spiritual
995:
826:, president of Lane, father of Henry and Harriet.
766:In response to the second question, the Reverend
4402:
3850:"Guide to the Lane Theological Seminary Records"
2969:
2409:, November 4, 1834.). Boston. pp. 106–112.
1358:
733:One had only recently ceased to be a slaveowner.
611:
295:
4446:Educational institutions disestablished in 1932
3814:"Film Describes the Beginning of Slavery's End"
3717:"Lane Seminary propelled anti-slavery movement"
3650:"Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills, Cincinnati, Ohio"
3502:Smith, Maddie. "The Lane Rebels' Dismissions".
3267:Antislavery; the crusade for freedom in America
2215:Beecher, Lyman (1866). Beecher, Charles (ed.).
1007:discontinue those societies in the seminary."
905:, former Oneida student, anti-slavery activist.
376:expensive drink, coffee, at the boarding house.
304:Theodore Dwight Weld, leader of the Lane Rebels
2785:"American Memory from the Library of Congress"
1487:himself suspended to a tree by a rope of bark,
1334:Archival materials of Lane are located at the
1156:, a prominent speaker during the debates; and
1148:Weld and some other student leaders at Lane —
4441:Universities and colleges established in 1829
4371:Lane Seminary propelled anti-slavery movement
1078:anti-abolition riots in New York in July 1834
4282:
4189:"From Pulpit to Protest: Ohio's Lane Rebels"
3878:. Remarkable Ohio. Ohio History Connection.
3391:. Lane Theological Seminary. 1881. pp.
3206:
3204:
3202:
2465:
2270:
2268:
1583:
1581:
1480:Edward Weed. "There was a town gathering at
973:The most notable speaker at the debates was
4496:Buildings and structures demolished in 1956
4426:Seminaries and theological colleges in Ohio
4222:"Marius Robinson, A Forgotten Abolitionist"
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1898:
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858:, for distributing abolitionist literature.
696:The two specific questions addressed were:
4274:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
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1408:Alexander Duncan, not to be confused with
1233:
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27:Theological college in Ohio, United States
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3039:"Letter to Arthur Tappan, March 18, 1834"
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1489:until he was dead." (italics in original)
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778:
430:A modern retelling of the same incident:
204:at Cincinnati — soon to become the great
4396:Presbyterian Historical Society archives
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1684:
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1678:
1656:A History of Academic Freedom in America
1485:pieces, his horse killed, and at length
1224:
1092:Trustees ban the discussion of abolition
328:Oneida Institute of Science and Industry
299:
4431:Universities and colleges in Cincinnati
4141:Personal reminiscences of Lyman Beecher
3927:
3925:
3923:
3654:Cincinnati Journal and Western Luminary
3590:
3584:
3220:
3159:
2965:
2963:
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2843:
2837:
2753:"Re-Creating 1834 Debates on Abolition"
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2116:
2063:. New York: New York Observer. p.
1861:
1793:
1749:
1638:. New-York: New York Observer. p.
1605:Walnut Hills Redevelopment Foundation.
1566:Walnut Hills United Presbyterian Church
14:
4491:African-American history in Cincinnati
4403:
4186:
4072:from the original on February 13, 2020
3811:
3797:: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (
3559:
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3413:from the original on February 10, 2020
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3051:from the original on December 24, 2021
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1979:from the original on November 10, 2019
1942:
1931:
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561:The abolition–colonization controversy
493:
4254:
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4134:
3997:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies
3968:
3907:
3894:
3856:from the original on October 31, 2019
3826:from the original on October 31, 2019
3727:from the original on January 22, 2013
3660:from the original on October 28, 2019
3630:from the original on October 31, 2019
3530:
3483:from the original on January 25, 2021
3457:
3451:
3363:from the original on January 18, 2022
3132:
3096:from the original on January 18, 2022
2922:from the original on January 25, 2021
2814:
2803:
2765:from the original on January 27, 2020
2691:
2516:from the original on November 1, 2019
2397:"History of James Bradley, by myself"
2331:from the original on February 6, 2020
2284:from the original on February 5, 2020
2237:
2228:
2080:
2071:
2027:
2014:
1991:
1824:
1762:
1675:
1613:from the original on October 31, 2019
200:Its board intended it to be "a great
4299:. Ben Franklin Printing House. 1848.
4235:
4116:from the original on October 9, 2017
3989:
3920:
3819:The Dispatch / The Rock Island Argus
3033:
2958:
2577:
2512:. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 2.
1341:
1329:
1290:the house of president Lyman Beecher
1029:
354:, who would graduate from Lane, and
4369:Randy McNutt (September 28, 2003).
3812:Turner, Jonathan (March 11, 2019).
3572:from the original on April 14, 2021
2751:Leavenworth, Jesse (May 22, 2003).
2181:Theodore Weld, crusader for freedom
1806:from the original on April 14, 2021
1775:from the original on April 14, 2021
1663:from the original on April 28, 2019
1594:. Cincinnati: Corey & Fairbank.
229:went through Cincinnati, including
189:that operated from 1829 to 1932 in
24:
4170:
4032:from the original on June 19, 2021
3512:from the original on July 28, 2019
3476:: E. J. Goodrich. pp. 60–69.
3310:from the original on July 17, 2021
3242:from the original on July 28, 2019
3187:from the original on July 17, 2021
3147:from the original on July 13, 2019
3080:National Banner and Nashville Whig
2915:: E. J. Goodrich. pp. 60–69.
2413:from the original on June 29, 2016
2157:from the original on July 17, 2021
1946:The antislavery impulse, 1830–1844
1278:Presbyterian Seminary of the South
989:when disencumbered from this load.
818:trying to make Kansas a free state
25:
4507:
4421:Abolitionism in the United States
4334:
4328:
4202:
3882:from the original on July 8, 2020
3501:
3407:"Lane Rebels Who Came to Oberlin"
3229:
2899:
2673:from the original on May 31, 2017
2559:from the original on May 17, 2022
2366:the American colonization society
1632:Stansbury, Arthur Joseph (1835).
1588:Cincinnati Lane Seminary (1834).
1514:
1035:Activities in the black community
4068:). October 14, 1836. p. 2.
3679:McCormick Theological Seminary.
3359:. September 1, 1835. p. 2.
3216:. Cincinnati. December 15, 1834.
2466:Williams Jr., Donald E. (2014).
2280:. Cincinnati. 1879. p. 22.
1909:Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943).
1765:"Reminiscences of Lane Seminary"
1725:Lesick, Lawrence Thomas (1980).
1018:movement and the buildup to the
692:The stated topics of the debates
666:Thoughts on African Colonization
392:and they thought he was a god."
38:
4391:Lane Rebels Who Came to Oberlin
4311:
4219:
4128:
4098:
4044:
3983:
3962:
3945:
3868:
3846:Presbyterian Historical Society
3838:
3805:
3765:
3739:
3709:
3691:
3672:
3642:
3605:
3534:Journal of Presbyterian History
3495:
3425:
3399:
3379:
3338:
3290:
3183:. November 7, 1834. p. 3.
3126:
3067:
2934:
2893:
2865:
2777:
2685:
2614:
2571:
2532:
2492:
2425:
2399:. In Child, Lydia Maria (ed.).
2310:
2179:Thomas, Benjamin Platt (1950).
2050:
1957:
1336:Presbyterian Historical Society
1323:Sons & Daughters of Thunder
873:, becoming its first president.
773:
730:Seven were sons of slaveowners.
443:. From the South came another,
244:
202:central theological institution
4461:1932 disestablishments in Ohio
4216:Reproduces original documents.
3468:. In Ballantine, W. G. (ed.).
3264:Dumond, Dwight Lowell (1961).
3092:. August 19, 1835. p. 3.
2907:. In Ballantine, W. G. (ed.).
2135:. Best Books on. p. 290.
1943:Barnes, Gilbert Hobbs (1964).
1818:
1787:
1646:
1625:
1598:
1547:, abolitionist and founder of
1538:, abolitionist and founder of
1282:McCormick Theological Seminary
1164:The "seminary" at Cumminsville
1059:interference with our studies.
996:Sequela (the following events)
739:Ten had lived in slave states.
658:'s new abolitionist newspaper
408:Resolved, that the smoking of
13:
1:
4471:American manual labor schools
4354:Sons and Daughters of Thunder
3470:The Oberlin Jubilee 1833–1883
3232:"The Lane Rebels Dismissions"
2989:American Anti-Slavery Society
2909:The Oberlin Jubilee 1833–1883
2712:Richards, Leonard L. (1970).
2624:Journal of the Early Republic
2583:"Discussion at Lane Seminary"
2327:. April 19, 1834. p. 2.
1571:
1450:, worked in Lane's print shop
1410:Alexander Duncan (politician)
1359:Students who enrolled at Lane
842:, the only Black participant.
834:American Colonization Society
709:American Colonization Society
688:or the colonization project.
648:American Colonization Society
612:The rejection of colonization
555:
296:The Oneida Institute and Lane
4187:White, Abby; Brown, Marcia.
3626:. March 9, 1837. p. 3.
3276:University of Michigan Press
1975:. March 7, 1834. p. 3.
1199:Oberlin Collegiate Institute
871:Oberlin Collegiate Institute
840:James Bradley (former slave)
344:Oberlin Collegiate Institute
7:
4456:1829 establishments in Ohio
4386:Lane Seminary, Walnut Hills
4264:. London. pp. 172–186.
3562:"Lane Seminary As I Saw It"
3346:"Incendiarism (pt. 2 of 2)"
3136:The Origins of Knox College
2850:Debate at the Lane Seminary
1951:Harcourt, Brace & World
1559:
1320:A movie about the debates,
1252:seminary, cooperating with
1190:informed of local events."
1143:Auburn Theological Seminary
441:the famous family of Benton
368:Harriet Beecher Stowe House
237:and would soon produce the
10:
4512:
4436:Christianity in Cincinnati
4416:19th century in Cincinnati
4175:
3990:Getz, Lynne Marie (2006).
3591:Chapman, John Jay (1921).
3560:Tuttle, Joseph F. (1890).
2318:"Manual Labor Institution"
1653:Wilson, John Karl (2014).
1046:Weld continued to Tappan:
877:John Rankin (abolitionist)
848:(probable but unconfirmed)
502:was in attendance, as was
193:, today a neighborhood in
4411:Lane Theological Seminary
3433:"The Lane Rebels Gallery"
3298:"Defence of the students"
3047:. Boston, Massachusetts.
3013:The Life of Arthur Tappan
2815:Abzug, Robert H. (1980).
2631:(4): 463–480, at p. 466.
2476:Wesleyan University Press
2185:New Brunswick, New Jersey
2081:Henry, Stuart C. (1973).
1306:University of Connecticut
664:, begun in 1831, and his
180:Lane Theological Seminary
154:39.1301722°N 84.4882889°W
112:
96:
83:
75:
67:
59:
55:Lane Theological Seminary
49:
37:
4360:Lane Debates - Resources
4304:
3463:"'Lane Seminary Rebels'"
2902:"'Lane Seminary Rebels'"
2548:Western Monthly Magazine
2189:Rutgers University Press
2127:Federal Writers' Project
1731:. Metuchen, New Jersey:
1315:
1296:Historical re-enactments
1222:minister–abolitionists.
1113:The "Lane Rebels" resign
1082:whipping of Amos Dresser
1070:Miami University of Ohio
750:Slaves long for freedom.
641:Weld organizes "debates"
628:Particularly telling to
543:Western Monthly Magazine
340:Charles Grandison Finney
239:Cincinnati riots of 1836
235:Cincinnati riots of 1829
176:Cincinnati Lane Seminary
118:Walnut Hills, Cincinnati
4375:The Cincinnati Enquirer
3958:. 1836. pp. 32–35.
2883:D. Appleton and Company
2821:Oxford University Press
2720:Oxford University Press
2663:"Dr. Beecher's Address"
2543:"Education and slavery"
2504:"Cheering Intelligence"
2472:Middletown, Connecticut
2395:Bradley, James (1834).
2325:(Springfield, Illinois)
2057:Stansbury, A J (1835).
1794:Wishard, S. E. (1890).
1443:Charles Stewart Renshaw
1420:Augustus Hopkins †1841
1268:, Thomas J. Biggs, and
1234:The Seminary after 1834
1074:Cincinnati riot of 1829
931:Nicholasville, Kentucky
924:Speakers at the debates
670:Western Reserve College
468:In 1831, when the Rev.
255:Allegheny, Pennsylvania
159:39.1301722; -84.4882889
44:Campus of Lane Seminary
18:Lane Debates on Slavery
4090:: CS1 maint: others (
3622:Bellows Falls, Vermont
3599:Atlantic Monthly Press
3594:William Lloyd Garrison
3179:Bellows Falls, Vermont
3118:: CS1 maint: others (
2435:American Presbyterians
2093:W.B. Eerdmans Pub. Co.
2089:Grand Rapids, Michigan
1971:Bellows Falls, Vermont
1457:Sereno Wright Streeter
1430:Joseph Hitchcock Payne
1356:
1350:
1230:
1183:
1168:About a dozen of the
1064:The threat of violence
1061:
993:
970:
959:
948:
891:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
887:Henry Brewster Stanton
779:Notable people present
656:William Lloyd Garrison
483:
461:
449:
425:
418:
379:
362:, future president of
305:
278:George Washington Gale
4337:"A Cause for Freedom"
4010:10.1353/fro.2007.0004
3705:on December 24, 2012.
3699:"Corporation Details"
3687:on February 24, 2007.
3331:May 17, 2022, at the
3088:. Reprinted from the
2610:), 14 Jun 1834, p. 1.
2607:Boston, Massachusetts
1763:White, J. C. (1890).
1393:; Michigan politician
1351:
1345:
1228:
1197:, founder of the new
1178:
1084:, a Lane student, in
1048:
980:
965:
954:
936:
794:Harriet Beecher Stowe
504:Harriet Beecher Stowe
466:
451:
432:
420:
405:
372:
356:Harriet Beecher Stowe
338:to famous revivalist
303:
3439:on February 10, 2020
3084:Nashville, Tennessee
2341:newspaperarchive.com
2028:Perry, Mark (2003).
1827:Environmental Review
1493:Theodore Dwight Weld
1438:Samuel Fuller Porter
917:Underground Railroad
903:Theodore Dwight Weld
881:Underground Railroad
856:Nashville, Tennessee
575:free people of color
552:(Cincinnati, 1834).
178:, and later renamed
4381:Lane Seminary, 1841
4319:Black Nova Scotians
4146:Funk & Wagnalls
3505:A Cause for Freedom
3409:. Oberlin College.
3272:Ann Arbor, Michigan
2595:on August 27, 2006.
2010:. January 28, 1833.
1969:Vermont Chronicle (
832:, attorney, former
590:American Revolution
520:New York Evangelist
494:The slavery debates
262:manual labor system
251:Allegheny Mountains
187:theological college
174:, sometimes called
150: /
34:
3133:Forssberg, Grant.
3037:(April 12, 1834).
2667:African Repository
2588:Cincinnati Journal
2502:(March 29, 1834).
2223:Harper & Bros.
1536:Jonathan Blanchard
1530:Henry Ward Beecher
1463:from 1857 to 1860.
1423:Russell Jesse Judd
1382:John Watson Alvord
1266:Calvin Ellis Stowe
1254:Congregationalists
1231:
1174:Cumminsville, Ohio
1020:American Civil War
897:Calvin Ellis Stowe
806:Henry Ward Beecher
634:African Repository
364:Cincinnati College
352:Henry Ward Beecher
306:
276:In January, 1831,
191:Walnut Hills, Ohio
32:
4236:Most recent first
3979:. pp. 15–32.
3618:Vermont Chronicle
3236:Cause for Freedom
3175:Vermont Chronicle
3035:Weld, Theodore D.
3018:Hurd and Houghton
2729:978-0-19-501351-1
2661:(November 1834).
2579:Weld, Theodore D.
1525:Kansas City Mayor
1461:Otterbein College
1448:Robert L. Stanton
1412:, from Cincinnati
1342:Historical marker
1338:in Philadelphia.
1330:Archival material
1041:Prudence Crandall
1030:After the debates
799:Uncle Tom's Cabin
718:Pennsylvania Hall
459:
416:
414:November 30, 1832
383:Robert L. Stanton
377:
169:
168:
16:(Redirected from
4503:
4481:Academic freedom
4466:Oneida Institute
4348:
4346:
4344:
4322:
4315:
4300:
4290:
4289:. Lane Seminary.
4279:
4273:
4265:
4251:
4231:
4215:
4213:
4211:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4164:
4163:
4132:
4126:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4110:docsouth.unc.edu
4102:
4096:
4095:
4089:
4081:
4079:
4077:
4048:
4042:
4041:
4039:
4037:
3987:
3981:
3980:
3971:N. Y. Evangelist
3966:
3960:
3959:
3949:
3943:
3942:
3929:
3918:
3917:
3905:
3892:
3891:
3889:
3887:
3872:
3866:
3865:
3863:
3861:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3833:
3831:
3809:
3803:
3802:
3796:
3788:
3786:
3784:
3775:. Archived from
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3758:
3749:. Archived from
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3721:www.enquirer.com
3713:
3707:
3706:
3701:. Archived from
3695:
3689:
3688:
3683:. Archived from
3676:
3670:
3669:
3667:
3665:
3646:
3640:
3639:
3637:
3635:
3609:
3603:
3602:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3577:
3557:
3551:
3550:
3528:
3522:
3521:
3519:
3517:
3499:
3493:
3492:
3490:
3488:
3482:
3467:
3455:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3444:
3429:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3403:
3397:
3396:
3383:
3377:
3376:
3370:
3368:
3342:
3336:
3323:
3317:
3315:
3294:
3288:
3287:
3261:
3252:
3251:
3249:
3247:
3227:
3218:
3217:
3208:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3166:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3152:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3117:
3109:
3103:
3101:
3071:
3065:
3064:
3058:
3056:
3031:
3022:
3021:
3004:
2993:
2992:
2975:Grimké, Angelina
2967:
2956:
2955:
2938:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2927:
2921:
2906:
2897:
2891:
2890:
2869:
2863:
2862:
2841:
2835:
2834:
2812:
2801:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2791:on March 2, 2022
2787:. Archived from
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2758:Hartford Courant
2748:
2742:
2741:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2689:
2683:
2682:
2680:
2678:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2618:
2612:
2611:
2605:
2596:
2591:. Archived from
2581:(May 30, 1834).
2575:
2569:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2536:
2530:
2529:
2523:
2521:
2496:
2490:
2489:
2463:
2452:
2451:
2429:
2423:
2422:
2420:
2418:
2403:. (Reprinted in
2392:
2383:
2382:
2377:. 1834. p.
2360:
2345:
2344:
2338:
2336:
2314:
2308:
2307:
2301:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2272:
2263:
2262:
2256:
2248:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2212:
2201:
2200:
2176:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2123:
2114:
2113:
2078:
2069:
2068:
2054:
2048:
2047:
2025:
2012:
2011:
1998:
1989:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1940:
1929:
1928:
1906:
1859:
1858:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1791:
1785:
1784:
1782:
1780:
1760:
1747:
1746:
1722:
1673:
1672:
1670:
1668:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1585:
1477:Augustus Wattles
1474:Calvin Waterbury
1434:Ezra Abell Poole
1372:William T. Allan
1365:Oneida Institute
1270:Baxter Dickinson
1195:John J. Shipherd
1158:Henry B. Stanton
1150:William T. Allan
1012:academic freedom
862:Huntington Lyman
816:") to emigrants
814:Beecher's Bibles
686:American slavery
592:, and who found
453:
407:
374:
324:Theodore D. Weld
270:Oneida Institute
218:academic freedom
165:
164:
162:
161:
160:
155:
151:
148:
147:
146:
143:
107:Baxter Dickinson
63:Private seminary
42:
35:
31:
21:
4511:
4510:
4506:
4505:
4504:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4401:
4400:
4364:Oberlin College
4342:
4340:
4335:Smith, Maddie.
4331:
4326:
4325:
4316:
4312:
4307:
4293:
4267:
4266:
4238:
4220:Nye, Russel B.
4209:
4207:
4203:Smith, Maddie.
4193:
4191:
4178:
4173:
4171:Further reading
4168:
4167:
4160:
4136:White, James C.
4133:
4129:
4119:
4117:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4083:
4082:
4075:
4073:
4050:
4049:
4045:
4035:
4033:
3988:
3984:
3967:
3963:
3951:
3950:
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3931:
3930:
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3906:
3895:
3885:
3883:
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3873:
3869:
3859:
3857:
3843:
3839:
3829:
3827:
3810:
3806:
3790:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3773:"Archived copy"
3771:
3770:
3766:
3756:
3754:
3745:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3715:
3714:
3710:
3697:
3696:
3692:
3677:
3673:
3663:
3661:
3648:
3647:
3643:
3633:
3631:
3613:"Lane Seminary"
3611:
3610:
3606:
3589:
3585:
3575:
3573:
3558:
3554:
3529:
3525:
3515:
3513:
3500:
3496:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3465:
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3442:
3440:
3431:
3430:
3426:
3416:
3414:
3405:
3404:
3400:
3385:
3384:
3380:
3366:
3364:
3351:Huron Reflector
3344:
3343:
3339:
3333:Wayback Machine
3313:
3311:
3296:
3295:
3291:
3262:
3255:
3245:
3243:
3230:Smith, Maddie.
3228:
3221:
3210:
3209:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3170:"Lane Seminary"
3168:
3167:
3160:
3150:
3148:
3131:
3127:
3111:
3110:
3099:
3097:
3090:Cincinnati Whig
3073:
3072:
3068:
3054:
3052:
3032:
3025:
3005:
2996:
2968:
2959:
2939:
2935:
2925:
2923:
2919:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2873:Birney, William
2870:
2866:
2842:
2838:
2831:
2813:
2804:
2794:
2792:
2783:
2782:
2778:
2768:
2766:
2749:
2745:
2730:
2710:
2706:
2690:
2686:
2676:
2674:
2656:
2652:
2637:10.2307/3123062
2619:
2615:
2609:
2603:
2576:
2572:
2562:
2560:
2537:
2533:
2519:
2517:
2497:
2493:
2486:
2464:
2455:
2430:
2426:
2416:
2414:
2406:The Emancipator
2393:
2386:
2362:
2361:
2348:
2334:
2332:
2323:Sangamo Journal
2316:
2315:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2274:
2273:
2266:
2250:
2249:
2236:
2229:
2213:
2204:
2177:
2170:
2160:
2158:
2143:
2124:
2117:
2102:
2079:
2072:
2055:
2051:
2044:
2026:
2015:
2000:
1999:
1992:
1982:
1980:
1965:"Lane Seminary"
1963:
1962:
1958:
1941:
1932:
1917:Oberlin College
1907:
1862:
1839:10.2307/3984039
1823:
1819:
1809:
1807:
1792:
1788:
1778:
1776:
1761:
1750:
1743:
1733:Scarecrow Press
1723:
1676:
1666:
1664:
1651:
1647:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1603:
1599:
1586:
1579:
1574:
1562:
1540:Wheaton College
1521:Edward H. Allen
1517:
1397:Horace Bushnell
1391:Charles P. Bush
1361:
1344:
1332:
1318:
1310:Oberlin College
1302:Yale University
1298:
1236:
1207:
1166:
1115:
1094:
1076:; and the huge
1066:
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1056:
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998:
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846:Samuel Crothers
830:James G. Birney
788:Gamaliel Bailey
781:
776:
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643:
614:
563:
558:
496:
474:Auburn Seminary
472:, a student at
470:Lewis D. Howell
462:
437:Marius Robinson
419:
360:Thomas J. Biggs
298:
286:Horace Bushnell
247:
223:fugitive slaves
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2954:: The author.
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2034:Penguin Books
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2004:
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512:
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491:
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488:James Bradley
482:
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457:June 25, 1834
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90:Lyman Beecher
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33:Lane Seminary
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4343:November 15,
4341:. Retrieved
4313:
4295:
4285:
4260:
4247:
4243:
4227:Ohio History
4225:
4208:. Retrieved
4192:. Retrieved
4144:. New York:
4140:
4130:
4118:. Retrieved
4109:
4100:
4076:February 13,
4074:. Retrieved
4066:Elyria, Ohio
4057:Evening Post
4055:
4052:"Mob Murder"
4046:
4034:. Retrieved
4001:
3995:
3985:
3975:
3970:
3964:
3954:
3947:
3939:Geo. L. Weed
3933:
3913:
3909:
3884:. Retrieved
3870:
3858:. Retrieved
3840:
3828:. Retrieved
3817:
3807:
3781:. Retrieved
3777:the original
3767:
3755:. Retrieved
3751:the original
3741:
3729:. Retrieved
3720:
3711:
3703:the original
3693:
3685:the original
3674:
3662:. Retrieved
3653:
3644:
3632:. Retrieved
3616:
3607:
3593:
3586:
3574:. Retrieved
3565:
3555:
3538:
3532:
3526:
3516:December 29,
3514:. Retrieved
3504:
3497:
3487:November 11,
3485:. Retrieved
3469:
3453:
3441:. Retrieved
3437:the original
3427:
3415:. Retrieved
3401:
3387:
3381:
3371:– via
3365:. Retrieved
3349:
3340:
3318:– via
3314:November 18,
3312:. Retrieved
3301:
3292:
3266:
3244:. Retrieved
3235:
3212:
3191:November 18,
3189:. Retrieved
3173:
3149:. Retrieved
3141:Knox College
3135:
3128:
3104:– via
3098:. Retrieved
3089:
3078:
3075:"(Untitled)"
3069:
3059:– via
3055:December 24,
3053:. Retrieved
3042:
3016:. New York:
3012:
2987:. New York:
2983:
2952:Ripley, Ohio
2946:
2942:Rankin, John
2936:
2926:November 11,
2924:. Retrieved
2908:
2895:
2881:. New York:
2877:
2867:
2849:
2839:
2816:
2793:. Retrieved
2789:the original
2779:
2767:. Retrieved
2756:
2746:
2718:. New York:
2714:
2707:
2701:. Cleveland.
2697:
2687:
2675:. Retrieved
2666:
2653:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2593:the original
2586:
2573:
2561:. Retrieved
2552:
2546:
2534:
2524:– via
2520:November 14,
2518:. Retrieved
2507:
2494:
2467:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2415:. Retrieved
2404:
2400:
2364:
2339:– via
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3681:"History"
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1086:Nashville
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4138:(1882).
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