401:), remarked that Bradley had thoroughly, intelligently, and thoughtfully addressed all the issues that are raised against immediate emancipation, such as "it would be unsafe to the community" or that "the condition of the emancipated negroes would be worse than it now is — that they are incompetent to provide for themselves — that they would become paupers and vagrants, and would rather steal than work for wages." Bradley also integrated humor in his speech. Both abolitionists and those who argued for colonization listened intently to the discussion, and a number of times the entire audience would respond with laughter. He made it clear that there was an innate desire of slaves to take care of themselves and others and what they most desired was freedom and education. Attendees found his speech to be very emotional and the most important one of the debates. The event was more like a revival than a debate, according to historian Donald M. Scott.
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slave, however well he was treated, who did not long to be free. There is one thing about this, that people in the free states do not understand. When they ask slaves whether they wish for liberty, they answer, "No"; and very likely they will go as far as to say they would not leave their masters for the world. But at the same time, they desire liberty more than anything else, and have, perhaps all along been laying plans to get free. The truth is, if a slave shows any discontent, he is sure to be treated worse, and worked harder for it; and every slave knows this. This is why they are careful not to show any uneasiness when white men ask them about freedom. When they are alone by themselves, all their talk is about liberty – liberty! It is the great thought and feeling that fills the minds full all the time.
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Bible classes, and opened free schools in black neighborhoods. The classes became so full that potential students were turned away. At that time, one third of the state's blacks lived in
Cincinnati. Bradley became a manager of the newly formed student anti-slavery society. Some of the members of the anti-slavery group went to New York to speak to the American Anti-Slavery Society about the debates and the resulting activities. Weld and the Lane Rebels integrated themselves within the black community, by renting rooms from boarding houses, attending weddings and funerals, and going to Prayer Meetings.
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thrown around as a young child. When he was nine years old, he was hit so hard that he was knocked unconscious for a time and his owner thought he had killed him. As a fifteen-year-old, he became very sick due to overwork, which made his owner angry. In addition, the
Bradley children made threatening gestures at times with knives and axes. He worked very hard, starting work at sunrise and not finishing until it was dark. From the time he was fourteen years old, he thought incessantly about how to obtain his freedom.
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313:, about two miles out of the city. I had for years been praying to God that my dark mind might see the light of knowledge... But in all respects I am treated just as kindly, and as much like a brother by the students, as if my skin were as white, and my education as good as their own. Thanks to the Lord, prejudice against color does not exist in Lane Seminary! If my life is spared, I shall probably spend several years here, and prepare to preach the gospel.
165:, a region of west Africa, when he was captured as a two- or three-year-old child. He later said of the experience, "the soul-destroyers tore me from my mother's arms." He was taken on a long overland journey before being put on board a ship bound for America. The ship was full of chained adult African men and women, but he was allowed free run of the deck because he was too small to be chained. He was brought to America illegally, since the
294:, the president of Lane, had instructed students at the seminary to be careful in the way that they interacted with black people. There were some students who did not believe in abolition of slavery, so when Lyman Beecher invited students to his home, Bradley felt it wiser not to attend. Beecher did not understand it was not enough to model careful behavior; he thought that Bradley did not come to the event because he was timid.
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At the end of the two years, I had earned three hundred dollars, besides feeding and clothing myself. I now bought my time for eighteen months longer, and went two hundred and fifty miles west, nearly into Texas, where I could make more money. Here I earned enough to buy myself, which I did in 1833, about one year ago. I paid for myself, including what I gave for my time, about seven hundred dollars.
381:, led debates at Oneida in 1833. Weld arrived at Lane Seminary and became the leader of the school's student body. He helped organize a debate about slavery and trained people to deliver "spirited" speeches. The debate represented the views of the abolitionists who were against slavery and believed in emancipation against others who thought that slaves should be sent to a colony in Africa.
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studies which were required for admission. I am so ignorant, that I suppose it will take me two years to get up with the lowest class in the institution." Lane
Seminary had three departments: literary, preparatory, and theological departments. The Walnut Hills School, located on the property of the seminary, offered preparatory courses from 1829 to 1834.
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in the night to tend it. My hogs were fattened with this corn, and I used to sell a number each year. Besides this, I used to raise small patches of tobacco, and sell it to buy more corn for my pigs. In this way I worked for five years; at the end of which time, after taking out my losses, I found that I had earned one hundred and sixty dollars.
443:, 17 miles (27 km) northeast of Oberlin. Sheffield had a high school level curriculum combined with manual labor. There was a plan to raise silkworms to create silk. The plan was not successful and the school closed after a year, in part because it refused to be a segregated school as required by recent Ohio legislation.
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The controversy surrounding the debates—due to
Bradley's effectiveness as a speaker—"gave voice" to the anti-slavery movement, particularly as Weld and about 40 other Lane Rebels moved to Oberlin and the college became a leader in the abolitionist movement. Students at other colleges and universities
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be a slave, and yet be contented! I do not believe that there ever was a slave, who did not long for liberty. I know very well that slave-owners take a great deal of pains to make the people in the free states believe that the slaves are happy; but I know, likewise, that I was never acquainted with a
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Bradley's speech was an example of the power of including people who are directly involved in a situation to speak to their issues and desires. It is generally people who have power—due to education, their profession, or wealth—that speak to social issues and potential solutions. Bradley showed that
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Local leaders and most of the trustees had
Southern clients, and were concerned that their businesses would be affected as the result of the students' efforts. Many complained to Lane Seminary, while Beecher was out of town. The Board of Trustees put a stop to any anti-slavery efforts, condemned the
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With this money I hired my own time for two years. During this period, I worked almost all the time, night and day. The hope of liberty stung my nerves, and braced up my soul so much, that I could do with very little sleep or rest. I could do a great deal more work than I was ever able to do before.
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He taught himself to read easy words and to spell whenever he could from a spelling book that he acquired and kept in his hat. He convinced one of the owner's sons to teach him to write. His mistress found out about it on the second night of instruction. She chastised her son, telling him that if he
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and sold about six months later to a man named
Bradley, from whom he took his name. He was enslaved with Mr. Bradley's family in Pendleton County. Although Bradley wrote that his owner was considered a kind master because he was not beaten and had enough to eat, Bradley stated that he was kicked and
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With my first money I bought a pig. The next year I earned for myself about thirteen dollars; and the next about thirty. There was a good deal of wild land in the neighborhood, that belonged to
Congress. I used to go out with my hoe, and dig up little patches, which I planted with corn, and got up
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After toiling all day for my mistress, I used to sleep three or four hours, and then get up and work for myself the remainder of the night. I made collars for horses out of plaited husks. I could weave one in about eight hours; and generally I took time enough from my sleep to make two collars in
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Unfortunately, nothing is known about
Bradley's life after 1837. The final reference to him is in a letter that year of another Lane Rebel, C. Stewart Renshaw, who refers to him as "our dear brother". He may be the "negro, late of Sheffield College", who helped in the liberation of fourteen slaves
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He developed a plan to buy his freedom. He worked all day, got a few hours of sleep, and then while others slept, he pursued several endeavors to make money. He started by using corn husks to weave collars for horses. He found a balance between maximizing how much time he was able to work at night
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The source states that
Bradley was admitted to the Literary department. Bradley probably attended the preparatory classes as he was not ready for college level courses. Bradley states, "I asked for admission into the Seminary. They pitied me, and granted my request, though I knew nothing of the
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By the end of the speech many students were radicalized against slavery and students voted that they supported an end to slavery—immediately. The
Colonization Society was voted out of existence. Some students formed an anti-slavery group, organized their efforts to establish a library, conducted
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and its intended strategy to send free blacks to Africa. Garrison said the Society was "pernicious, cruel, and delusive". At the time, most white Americans believed that whites and blacks could not live together as equals. They thought that it would be better to establish colonies in Africa for
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Bradley, who supported abolition of slavery, participated in the debates, and he was the only black person to speak. Some Southern students brought their slaves to the debates, but none of them were asked to comment. It is remarkable that not only would he speak, but people listened to him. He
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in 1834. As the result of Bradley's moving speech, students rallied to organize educational opportunities for blacks and sought to integrate with the community. The Board of Trustees of the Seminary then shut down anti-slavery activity, which resulted in at least forty people, known as the
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debates, and issued a gag order against discussion of slavery. This caused many students, particularly those affiliated with Weld, to leave the school. They went to Oberlin College, making that school and town racially diverse and a center for leadership of the abolitionist movement.
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and getting enough sleep that he was not too weak to work during the day. After eight years, he was able to purchase his freedom in 1833 for $ 700 (equivalent to $ 22,101 in 2023). He had another $ 200 (equivalent to $ 6,314 in 2023) to start his new life.
525:, shows Bradley sitting on a riverfront bench, facing north across the Ohio River to Cincinnati, while reading a book. It was voted one of the top five interesting statues in the greater Cincinnati area in 2014. In 2016, the statue was restored.
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Bradley wrote an autobiographical statement that provides much of information that is known about his time of slavery and escape. Nothing is known of his life after 1837. There is no known image of or physical description of him.
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One of the lessons that he learned as an enslaved person was to always deny any interest in desiring freedom, because he knew it would result in rough treatment. But, obtaining freedom was a strong, heart-breaking desire.
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140:, was the beneficiary; it became a racially diverse community and a center for anti-slavery efforts. Bradley moved to Oberlin with the other Rebels. He studied for a year in an affiliated preparatory school of
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Desiring to become a minister, Bradley was admitted to Lane Seminary on May 28, 1833. The first African-American student at Lane, he said that he was not treated differently because of the color of his skin.
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described what it was like to be a slave and brought his audience to tears when he described being on the slave ship. He stressed the need for equality, education, and freedom for all. Bradley's classmate,
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A history of Oberlin, or New lights of the West. Embracing the conduct and character of the officers and students of the institution; together with the colonists, from the founding of the institution
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was created by those believing in colonization for repatriated slaves. On the other hand, abolitionists saw slavery as morally wrong and that slaves should be emancipated as soon as possible.
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My master had kept me ignorant of everything he could. I was never told anything about God, or my own soul... ow I longed to be able to read the Bible!
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Thoughts on African Colonization, Or, An Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles and Purposes of the American Colonization Society
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Thoughts on African Colonization, Or, An Impartial Exhibition of the Doctrines, Principles and Purposes of the American Colonization Society
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Bradley was two or three years old when he was enslaved and transported to the United States, where he was purchased by a Mr. Bradley of
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A statement of the reasons which induced the students of Lane Seminary, to dissolve their connection with that institution
435:) in 1835. He enrolled in 1836 in a satellite school Oberlin set up to handle the great influx of students: the Sheffield
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Historical sketches of the missions under the care of the Board of Foreign Missions of the Presbyterian Church U.S.A.
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Upon achieving his freedom, he headed for a free state. He visited for a time in Northern Kentucky and went to
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897:(4th ed.). Philadelphia: Woman's Foreign Missionary Society of the Presbyterian Church. 1897. p.
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He moved with the Bradley family to Arkansas shortly after he turned fifteen. They lived near the
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could write, he could write a pass to help him escape. Bradley practiced on his own after that.
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A statue of Bradley was erected in 1988 by the Greater Cincinnati Bicentennial Commission in
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958:"James Bradley bought his freedom from slavery, came to Cincinnati and influenced history"
700:"Brief Account of an Emancipated Slave. Written by himself. at the request of the editor."
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While at Lane, Bradley was the institute's coordinator for rescuing slaves in their
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
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539:, about the Lane Debates, based on a play by Earlene Hawley and Curtis Heeter.
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219:. After Mr. Bradley died, his widow had young James running her plantation.
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The Lane rebels : evangelicalism and antislavery in antebellum America
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Smith, Gerald L.; McDaniel, Karen Cotton; Hardin, John A. (July 16, 2015).
780:
The Underground Railroad: An Encyclopedia of People, Places, and Operations
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1212:"Guide to the Lane Theological Seminary Records - Administrative History"
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389:, was among those in attendance, according to historian Gilbert Barnes.
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who purchased his freedom and became an anti-slavery activist in Ohio.
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
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A history of Oberlin College from its foundation through the Civil War
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The Most Famous Man in America: The Biography of Henry Ward Beecher
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Beyond the River: The Untold Story of the Heroes of the Underground
58:
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
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people who are directly involved should be part of the discourse.
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that divided the slave states and the free states. He arrived at
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Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States
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Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave
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How strange it is that anybody should believe any human being
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1079:"Who Is (Was) That Man Sitting on the Riverside Drive Bench?"
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1766:"New film on the start of slavery's end premieres March 16"
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initiated discussions about free speech at their campuses.
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Theodore Dwight Weld and the American Anti-Slavery Society
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the course of a week. I sold them for fifty cents each...
1312:. Vol. II. Harper & Brothers. 1865. p. 324.
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Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc. of Lyman Beecher, D.D
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The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano
1031:
51 signatories, among them Bradley (December 15, 1834).
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former slaves and convey them to the colonies on ships.
743:"Riverside Drive statue pays homage to freedom journey"
108:; he subsequently moved with the Bradley family to the
1700:
Brandstetter, Michelle; stetter (December 22, 2014).
1024:
921:"James Bradley – from hopeless bondage to Lane Rebel"
279:
414:
Lane Theological Seminary § The slavery debates
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3131:Amazing Grace: An Anthology of Poems about Slavery
1596:"Our history: Famous slavery debates come to life"
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533:Bradley appears as a character in the 2019 movie
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4276:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1242:"Guide to the Lane Theological Seminary Records"
1086:Bulletin of the Kenton County Historical Society
341:Theodore Dwight Weld, leader of the Lane Rebels.
190:, he was purchased by a slaveholder, brought to
4321:Black players in professional American football
4271:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
3085:List of last surviving American enslaved people
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1502:
1398:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 20, 67.
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2675:Barracoon: The Story of the Last "Black Cargo"
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517:at roughly the place that Bradley crossed the
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1077:Lietzenmayer, Karl (September–October 2014).
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61:(former slave); planned to study for ministry
4034:Historically black colleges and universities
1685:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
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1124:. University Press of Kentucky. p. 62.
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579:"Former slave receives honor 153 years late"
373:, an abolitionist and former student at the
16:Former slave and 1830s anti-slavery activist
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1166:. Oberlin, Ohio: Oberlin College. pp.
1155:
1153:
1055:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
808:
772:
770:
768:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
3174:
3160:
1857:
1843:
1473:
1471:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1121:The Kentucky African American Encyclopedia
215:in modern Oklahoma, which was then in the
4251:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
3099:Cotton Plantation Record and Account Book
1626:"Lorain County / 15-47 Burrell Homestead"
1553:
1542:
1269:
1267:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
914:
912:
910:
908:
850:
848:
776:
706:, Boston, pp. 106–112 (Reprinted in
309:When I arrived in Cincinnati, I heard of
167:legal importation of slaves ended in 1808
5211:Guinean expatriates in the United States
3080:Treatment of slaves in the United States
2854:Ama: A Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade
2168:(1766 Saint-Dominque – June 30, 1853 NY)
1589:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1436:
1423:
1322:
1316:
1159:
1150:
765:
643:
354:, published a book in 1832 that offered
348:, publisher the anti-slavery newspaper,
336:
332:
296:
171:
144:, the Sheffield Manual Labor Institute.
1745:from the original on September 19, 2020
1730:
1508:
1477:
1468:
1395:Harriet Beecher Stowe: A Spiritual Life
1391:
1353:
1336:
1113:
1111:
1109:
952:
950:
948:
946:
944:
942:
854:
694:
615:"Anti-Slavery Society in Lane Seminary"
431:to Oberlin Collegiate Institute (later
5188:
5150:Topics related to the African diaspora
4256:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
3017:Frederick Douglass and the White Negro
2838:Queen: The Story of an American Family
2758:Dred: A Tale of the Great Dismal Swamp
1778:from the original on February 24, 2020
1763:
1712:from the original on February 23, 2020
1702:"Top 5 Most Interesting Local Statues"
1273:
1264:
1192:from the original on February 23, 2020
1012:from the original on February 23, 2020
999:
982:
918:
905:
869:from the original on November 12, 2019
845:
591:from the original on November 15, 2019
5130:Landmark African-American legislation
3181:
3155:
2790:Roots: The Saga of an American Family
2619:Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl
2055:(c. 1745 Nigeria – 31 March 1797 Eng)
1838:
1654:
1648:
1593:
1580:
1526:from the original on November 1, 2019
1252:from the original on October 31, 2019
1222:from the original on October 31, 2019
577:Wolff, Christine (November 2, 1987).
576:
4261:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
2635:Life and Times of Frederick Douglass
2130:(1783 England – 1821 United States)
1864:
1106:
939:
855:Renshaw, C. Stewart (May 19, 1837).
777:Snodgrass, Mary Ellen (2015-03-26).
570:
463:
4615:African-American Vernacular English
1804:from the original on August 2, 2020
1636:from the original on August 1, 2020
1606:from the original on August 3, 2020
1138:from the original on August 3, 2020
1000:Hurley, Dan (February–March 2017).
885:
833:from the original on August 9, 2020
521:to Cincinnati. The statue, made by
385:, the daughter of Lane's president
13:
5206:American people of Guinean descent
4533:U.S. cities with large populations
4236:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2974:The Escape; or, A Leap for Freedom
2846:Hang a Thousand Trees with Ribbons
2124:(c. 1710 Portugal – 1734 Montreal)
2077:Nunzio Otello Francesco Gioacchino
1764:Turner, Jonathan (March 7, 2019).
1443:. Simon and Schuster. p. 70.
970:from the original on June 11, 2020
528:
280:Education and anti-slavery efforts
161:According to Bradley, he lived in
97:1810 – after 1837) was an African
14:
5267:
3406:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
3402:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
3209:African American founding fathers
3075:Songs of the Underground Railroad
3035:Abolitionism in the United States
2543:(c. 1795 Nigeria – ? Brazil)
2174:(c. 1819 – ???, Puerto Rico)
1820:
927:from the original on July 4, 2021
753:from the original on July 4, 2021
749:. February 14, 2011. p. 22.
627:from the original on July 4, 2021
186:After his arrival at the port of
127:and played a central role in the
5168:
4286:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
3431:Nadir of American race relations
3123:Slave Songs of the United States
2627:The Underground Railroad Records
2537:(? Puerto Rico – 1555 Venezuela)
1733:"Covington statues get makeover"
1731:Wartman, Scott (June 14, 2016).
1274:Lesick, Lawrence Thomas (1980).
1160:Fletcher, Robert Samuel (1943).
1037:. (Reprinted in its entirety in
857:"The American Board and Slavery"
500:
488:
482:Photo of statue of James Bradley
476:
423:Sheffield Manual Labor Institute
284:
123:Bradley associated himself with
3292:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
3282:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
2503:(19th century Indian Territory)
2477:(1766 Saint-Dominque – 1853 NY)
1829:Sons & Daughters of Thunder
1790:
1757:
1724:
1693:
1668:from the original on 2021-07-04
1618:
1562:. Three Leaves Press. pp.
1457:from the original on 2020-08-03
1412:from the original on 2021-07-04
1385:
1374:from the original on 2020-08-03
1354:Muelder, Owen W. (2011-10-14).
1302:
1246:Presbyterian Historical Society
1234:
1216:Presbyterian Historical Society
1204:
1174:
1095:from the original on 2020-02-23
797:from the original on 2020-08-03
702:, in Child, Lydia Maria (ed.),
549:
536:Sons & Daughters of Thunder
5241:People from Arkansas Territory
5196:African-American abolitionists
4281:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
3287:Civil right movement 1896–1954
3107:Slave-Trading in the Old South
2161:(c. 1788 Bermuda – after 1833)
1594:Suess, Jeff (March 20, 2019).
1041:, January 10, 1835.). p.
1:
4461:Cherokee freedmen controversy
3437:The Negro Motorist Green Book
2782:The Confessions of Nat Turner
2747:
2740:
2571:The Narrative of Robert Adams
1985:
1392:Koester, Nancy (2014-01-13).
563:
418:American Colonization Society
360:American Colonization Society
94:
32:
5251:19th-century American slaves
3115:Sarah Johnson's Mount Vernon
3070:Slavery in the United States
2427:Greensbury Washington Offley
1437:Hagedorn, Ann (2008-06-30).
623:. April 5, 1834. p. 1.
506:Photo of accompanying plaque
427:Bradley went with the other
223:Plan to purchase his freedom
156:
7:
5246:Writers of slave narratives
4331:Black players in ice hockey
4266:National Urban League (NUL)
4092:American Society of Muslims
3330:Selma to Montgomery marches
3250:Brown v. Board of Education
3139:The Hemingses of Monticello
3040:African-American literature
1656:Smith, Delazon, "a student"
1484:Debate at the Lane Seminary
1002:"Reflections on Leadership"
923:. Oberlin Heritage Center.
10:
5272:
4488:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
4246:Nashville Student Movement
3257:Children of the plantation
2955:A Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin
2061:(c. 1705 Bornu – 1775 Eng)
1877:Slave Narrative Collection
411:
358:. In both, he attacks the
259:
192:Pendleton County, Kentucky
188:Charleston, South Carolina
181:Charleston, South Carolina
151:
106:Pendleton County, Kentucky
99:slave in the United States
50:Known to be alive in 1837.
5221:Lane Theological Seminary
5158:
5125:Index of related articles
5003:
4918:
4642:
4575:
4513:
4413:
4374:
4306:
4299:
4214:
4134:
4126:Doctrine of Father Divine
4072:
4014:
3663:
3518:
3510:Women's suffrage movement
3463:Reconstruction Amendments
3270:Voting Rights Act of 1965
3189:
3027:
3000:
2965:
2948:To a Southern Slaveholder
2939:
2904:
2736:The Bondwoman's Narrative
2685:
2611:My Bondage and My Freedom
2595:The Life of Josiah Henson
2579:American Slavery as It Is
2554:
2521:
2181:
2137:
2112:
2086:
2039:
2022:
2007:Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang
1896:
1885:
1872:
1554:Applegate, Debby (2006).
1360:. McFarland. p. 36.
783:. Routledge. p. 71.
499:
487:
475:
470:
450:
302:Lane Theological Seminary
73:
65:
54:
46:
28:
21:
5226:Literate American slaves
5201:American autobiographers
5175:United States portal
4610:African-American English
4039:Inventors and scientists
3731:George Washington Carver
3335:Chicago Freedom Movement
2894:The Underground Railroad
2659:The Peculiar Institution
2304:Sarah Jane Woodson Early
542:
5098:African-American firsts
4147:Back-to-Africa movement
4116:Black Hebrew Israelites
3896:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
3444:Partus sequitur ventrem
3065:Films featuring slavery
2529:Mahommah Gardo Baquaqua
2453:William Henry Singleton
2258:Ellen and William Craft
1514:"Cheering Intelligence"
827:Oberlin Heritage Center
747:The Cincinnati Enquirer
494:Another photo of statue
383:Harriet Beecher (Stowe)
268:, where he crossed the
129:Lane Debates on Slavery
83:1834 debates on slavery
5236:People from Cincinnati
5231:Oberlin College alumni
5066:Spingarn Medal winners
4555:States and territories
4326:Black NFL quarterbacks
3826:Martin Luther King Jr.
3358:Dred Scott v. Sandford
3297:Montgomery bus boycott
2913:Amos Fortune, Free Man
2147:Juan Francisco Manzano
2122:Marie-Joseph Angélique
2030:Brigitta Scherzenfeldt
2013:Johann Georg Wolffgang
1995:GuĂ°rĂĂ°ur SĂmonardĂłttir
1934:James Leander Cathcart
437:Manual Labor Institute
399:Elizabeth Cady Stanton
342:
325:, an annual edited by
315:
305:
257:
239:
205:
183:
136:, leaving as a group.
4376:Athletic associations
4311:Negro league baseball
4082:African-American Jews
3801:Ketanji Brown Jackson
3766:Henry Highland Garnet
3625:Negro National Anthem
3375:George Floyd protests
3340:Post–civil rights era
2862:Walk Through Darkness
2798:Underground to Canada
2411:Jermain Wesley Loguen
2356:(1848/1854 VA – 1957)
2283:Ayuba Suleiman Diallo
2099:Konstantin Mihailović
2047:Lovisa von Burghausen
1800:. Fourth Wall Films.
1332:. Garrison and Knapp.
966:. February 28, 2019.
447:from one plantation.
412:Further information:
340:
333:Lane Seminary debates
307:
300:
244:
230:
201:
175:
4583:Afro-Seminole Creole
4109:Azusa Street Revival
3981:Booker T. Washington
3505:Underground Railroad
3370:Free people of color
3224:Atlantic slave trade
3060:Caribbean literature
3050:Atlantic slave trade
2603:Twelve Years a Slave
2496:Booker T. Washington
2298:Jordan Winston Early
1282:Metuchen, New Jersey
1186:Walnut Hills History
919:Gorman, Ron (2013).
712:, November 4, 1834.)
371:Theodore Dwight Weld
4978:Trinidad and Tobago
4593:Black American Sign
4420:By African descent
4414:Ethnic subdivisions
4401:Southwestern (SWAC)
4316:Baseball color line
4231:Black Panther Party
4135:Political movements
4052:in computer science
3711:Carol Moseley Braun
3500:Tulsa race massacre
3493:Treatment of slaves
3325:March on Washington
3320:Birmingham movement
3055:Captivity narrative
2886:The Book of Negroes
2667:The Slave Community
2531:(1845–1847, Brazil)
2458:James Lindsay Smith
2365:John Andrew Jackson
2300:(1814 – after 1894)
2254:(1845 KY – 1938 OH)
2247:William Wells Brown
2206:Jared Maurice Arter
2201:William J. Anderson
2094:Johann Schiltberger
1798:"Based on the Play"
1738:Cincinnati Enquirer
1706:Cincinnati Magazine
584:Cincinnati Enquirer
515:Covington, Kentucky
397:(future husband of
266:Covington, Kentucky
5076:US representatives
5071:US cabinet members
4963:Dominican Republic
4550:Metropolitan areas
4391:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
4216:Civic and economic
4194:Self-determination
4015:Education, science
3936:Fred Shuttlesworth
3916:A. Philip Randolph
3821:Coretta Scott King
3746:Frederick Douglass
3573:Harlem Renaissance
3478:Separate but equal
3468:Reconstruction era
3456:Plessy v. Ferguson
3347:Cornerstone Speech
3261:Civil Rights Acts
3244:Black Lives Matter
3219:American Civil War
3009:Unchained Memories
2514:(b. c. 1780 Congo)
2288:Frederick Douglass
2059:Ukawsaw Gronniosaw
1958:Maria ter Meetelen
1512:(March 29, 1834).
343:
306:
304:, Cincinnati, Ohio
217:Arkansas Territory
184:
177:The Old Slave Mart
110:Arkansas Territory
5183:
5182:
5011:African Americans
4883:Dallas–Fort Worth
4478:Black Southerners
4409:
4408:
3861:Thurgood Marshall
3831:Bernard Lafayette
3426:Million Man March
3183:African Americans
3149:
3148:
2921:I, Juan de Pareja
2905:Young adult books
2712:Uncle Tom's Cabin
2555:Non-fiction books
2550:
2549:
2507:Harriet E. Wilson
2391:Elizabeth Keckley
2237:Henry "Box" Brown
2155:(1860–1965, Cuba)
2149:(1797–1854, Cuba)
2104:George of Hungary
2079:(1792 – fl. 1828)
1573:978-0-385-51397-5
1450:978-1-4391-2866-4
1405:978-0-8028-3304-4
1367:978-0-7864-8853-7
1324:Garrison, William
1188:. February 2017.
1131:978-0-8131-6066-5
790:978-1-317-45416-8
511:
510:
464:Statue and plaque
327:Lydia Maria Child
88:
87:
77:Participating in
66:Years active
5263:
5173:
5172:
5171:
5135:Lynching victims
4634:Louisiana Creole
4605:American English
4493:Louisiana Creole
4466:Choctaw freedmen
4304:
4303:
3841:Huddie Ledbetter
3781:Fannie Lou Hamer
3751:W. E. B. Du Bois
3741:Claudette Colvin
3736:Shirley Chisholm
3553:Family structure
3421:Military history
3303:Browder v. Gayle
3176:
3169:
3162:
3153:
3152:
2752:
2749:
2745:
2742:
2720:The Heroic Slave
2475:Pierre Toussaint
2470:(1793 VA – 1860)
2434:(1827 VA – 1900)
2166:Pierre Toussaint
2001:Antoine Qaurtier
1990:
1987:
1894:
1893:
1866:Slave narratives
1859:
1852:
1845:
1836:
1835:
1814:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1752:
1750:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1719:
1717:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1684:
1676:
1674:
1673:
1652:
1646:
1645:
1643:
1641:
1622:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1591:
1578:
1577:
1561:
1551:
1540:
1539:
1533:
1531:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1475:
1466:
1465:
1463:
1462:
1434:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1389:
1383:
1382:
1380:
1379:
1351:
1334:
1333:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1271:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1238:
1232:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1208:
1202:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1178:
1172:
1171:
1157:
1148:
1147:
1145:
1143:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1083:
1074:
1061:
1060:
1054:
1046:
1028:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
997:
980:
979:
977:
975:
954:
937:
936:
934:
932:
916:
903:
902:
889:
883:
882:
876:
874:
852:
843:
842:
840:
838:
819:
806:
805:
803:
802:
774:
763:
762:
760:
758:
739:
714:
713:
692:
641:
640:
634:
632:
611:
605:
604:
598:
596:
574:
557:
553:
504:
503:
492:
491:
480:
479:
468:
467:
395:Henry B. Stanton
375:Oneida Institute
346:William Garrison
319:quest to be free
96:
34:
19:
18:
5271:
5270:
5266:
5265:
5264:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5186:
5185:
5184:
5179:
5169:
5167:
5154:
5120:Historic places
5113:US state firsts
4999:
4914:
4638:
4571:
4543:2010 majorities
4538:2000 majorities
4509:
4456:Black Seminoles
4405:
4396:Southern (SIAC)
4379:
4378:and conferences
4377:
4370:
4366:Serena Williams
4361:Jackie Robinson
4295:
4219:
4217:
4210:
4130:
4097:Nation of Islam
4068:
4016:
4010:
3951:Sojourner Truth
3941:Clarence Thomas
3906:Gabriel Prosser
3806:Michael Jackson
3681:Crispus Attucks
3671:Ralph Abernathy
3659:
3615:Musical theater
3514:
3380:Great Migration
3352:COVID-19 impact
3310:Sit-in movement
3185:
3180:
3150:
3145:
3091:Book of Negroes
3045:Anti-Tom novels
3023:
2996:
2961:
2935:
2900:
2870:The Known World
2750:
2743:
2681:
2643:Up from Slavery
2546:
2535:Miguel de BurĂa
2517:
2486:Wallace Turnage
2422:Solomon Northup
2354:Fountain Hughes
2196:Jordan Anderson
2183:
2177:
2153:Esteban Montejo
2139:
2133:
2114:
2108:
2082:
2053:Olaudah Equiano
2035:
2018:
1988:
1952:Elizabeth Marsh
1940:Ă“lafur Egilsson
1928:Felice Caronni
1889:
1887:
1881:
1868:
1863:
1823:
1818:
1817:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1795:
1791:
1781:
1779:
1771:Quad City Times
1762:
1758:
1748:
1746:
1729:
1725:
1715:
1713:
1698:
1694:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1630:Remarkable Ohio
1624:
1623:
1619:
1609:
1607:
1592:
1581:
1574:
1552:
1543:
1529:
1527:
1507:
1500:
1476:
1469:
1460:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1424:
1415:
1413:
1406:
1390:
1386:
1377:
1375:
1368:
1352:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1303:
1296:
1286:Scarecrow Press
1272:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1240:
1239:
1235:
1225:
1223:
1210:
1209:
1205:
1195:
1193:
1182:"James Bradley"
1180:
1179:
1175:
1158:
1151:
1141:
1139:
1132:
1116:
1107:
1098:
1096:
1092:
1081:
1075:
1064:
1048:
1047:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1013:
998:
983:
973:
971:
956:
955:
940:
930:
928:
917:
906:
891:
890:
886:
872:
870:
853:
846:
836:
834:
823:"James Bradley"
821:
820:
809:
800:
798:
791:
775:
766:
756:
754:
741:
740:
717:
709:The Emancipator
693:
644:
630:
628:
613:
612:
608:
594:
592:
575:
571:
566:
561:
560:
554:
550:
545:
531:
529:Media portrayal
523:George Danhires
501:
489:
477:
471:External images
466:
453:
441:Sheffield, Ohio
433:Oberlin College
425:
420:
379:Utica, New York
335:
287:
282:
262:
225:
159:
154:
142:Oberlin College
42:
36:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5269:
5259:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5181:
5180:
5178:
5177:
5165:
5159:
5156:
5155:
5153:
5152:
5147:
5142:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5122:
5117:
5116:
5115:
5110:
5105:
5095:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5086:Visual artists
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5046:Mathematicians
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5023:
5018:
5007:
5005:
5001:
5000:
4998:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4987:
4982:
4981:
4980:
4975:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4952:
4951:
4950:
4945:
4940:
4935:
4924:
4922:
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4902:
4897:
4896:
4895:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4870:
4865:
4863:South Carolina
4860:
4855:
4854:
4853:
4845:
4840:
4835:
4833:North Carolina
4830:
4829:
4828:
4818:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4801:
4796:
4795:
4794:
4786:
4785:
4784:
4778:Massachusetts
4776:
4775:
4774:
4764:
4759:
4758:
4757:
4747:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4730:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4713:
4708:
4707:
4706:
4696:
4695:
4694:
4689:
4679:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4657:
4652:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4625:
4624:
4623:
4622:
4620:social context
4617:
4607:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4585:
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4552:
4547:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4530:
4529:
4528:
4517:
4515:
4511:
4510:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4490:
4485:
4480:
4475:
4474:
4473:
4471:Creek Freedmen
4468:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4446:Alabama Creole
4443:
4442:
4441:
4436:
4431:
4426:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4386:Central (CIAA)
4382:
4380:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4368:
4363:
4358:
4353:
4348:
4343:
4338:
4333:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4301:
4297:
4296:
4294:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4253:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4228:
4222:
4220:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:Pan-Africanism
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4149:
4144:
4138:
4136:
4132:
4131:
4129:
4128:
4123:
4121:Black theology
4118:
4113:
4112:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4099:
4094:
4084:
4078:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4066:
4065:
4064:
4062:in STEM fields
4059:
4054:
4046:
4041:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4020:
4018:
4017:and technology
4012:
4011:
4009:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3993:
3988:
3983:
3978:
3973:
3968:
3963:
3958:
3956:Harriet Tubman
3953:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3886:Michelle Obama
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Barbara Jordan
3813:
3811:Harriet Jacobs
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3701:Amelia Boynton
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3665:
3664:Notable people
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3652:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3600:LGBT community
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3524:
3522:
3516:
3515:
3513:
3512:
3507:
3502:
3497:
3496:
3495:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3452:
3447:
3440:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3399:
3394:
3393:
3392:
3387:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3362:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3327:
3322:
3317:
3315:Freedom Riders
3312:
3307:
3299:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3259:
3254:
3246:
3241:
3239:Black genocide
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3179:
3178:
3171:
3164:
3156:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3135:
3127:
3119:
3111:
3103:
3095:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3031:
3029:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3013:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2994:
2986:
2978:
2969:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2959:
2951:
2943:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2925:
2917:
2908:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2882:
2874:
2866:
2858:
2850:
2842:
2834:
2830:Middle Passage
2826:
2818:
2810:
2802:
2794:
2786:
2778:
2770:
2762:
2754:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2700:
2691:
2689:
2687:Fiction/novels
2683:
2682:
2680:
2679:
2671:
2663:
2655:
2647:
2639:
2631:
2623:
2615:
2607:
2599:
2591:
2583:
2575:
2567:
2558:
2556:
2552:
2551:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2538:
2532:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2516:
2515:
2509:
2504:
2501:Wallace Willis
2498:
2493:
2488:
2483:
2481:Harriet Tubman
2478:
2471:
2468:Austin Steward
2465:
2460:
2455:
2450:
2445:
2440:
2438:William Parker
2435:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2408:
2406:J. Vance Lewis
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2382:
2377:
2372:
2370:Harriet Jacobs
2367:
2362:
2357:
2351:
2346:
2344:William Grimes
2341:
2336:(19th century
2331:
2326:
2321:
2316:
2306:
2301:
2295:
2293:Kate Drumgoold
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2249:
2244:
2239:
2234:
2228:
2223:
2218:
2213:
2211:Solomon Bayley
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2185:
2182:North America:
2179:
2178:
2176:
2175:
2169:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2143:
2141:
2138:North America:
2135:
2134:
2132:
2131:
2128:John R. Jewitt
2125:
2118:
2116:
2113:North America:
2110:
2109:
2107:
2106:
2101:
2096:
2090:
2088:
2087:Ottoman Empire
2084:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2074:
2068:
2065:Jean Marteilhe
2062:
2056:
2050:
2043:
2041:
2037:
2036:
2034:
2033:
2026:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2004:
1998:
1992:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1948:(late 19th c.)
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1922:Isaac Brassard
1919:
1913:
1907:
1900:
1898:
1891:
1890:of enslavement
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1873:
1870:
1869:
1862:
1861:
1854:
1847:
1839:
1833:
1832:
1822:
1821:External links
1819:
1816:
1815:
1789:
1756:
1723:
1692:
1647:
1617:
1600:Cincinnati.com
1579:
1572:
1541:
1536:newspapers.com
1510:Stanton, H. B.
1498:
1479:Stanton, H. B.
1467:
1449:
1422:
1404:
1384:
1366:
1335:
1315:
1301:
1294:
1263:
1248:. 5 May 2014.
1233:
1218:. 5 May 2014.
1203:
1173:
1149:
1130:
1105:
1062:
1023:
1006:Cincy Magazine
981:
938:
904:
884:
879:newspapers.com
844:
807:
789:
764:
715:
696:Bradley, James
642:
637:newspapers.com
606:
601:newspapers.com
587:. p. 39.
568:
567:
565:
562:
559:
558:
547:
546:
544:
541:
530:
527:
509:
508:
497:
496:
485:
484:
473:
472:
465:
462:
452:
449:
424:
421:
334:
331:
286:
283:
281:
278:
261:
258:
224:
221:
158:
155:
153:
150:
86:
85:
75:
74:Known for
71:
70:
67:
63:
62:
56:
52:
51:
48:
44:
43:
37:
30:
26:
25:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5268:
5257:
5254:
5252:
5249:
5247:
5244:
5242:
5239:
5237:
5234:
5232:
5229:
5227:
5224:
5222:
5219:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5207:
5204:
5202:
5199:
5197:
5194:
5193:
5191:
5176:
5166:
5164:
5161:
5160:
5157:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5145:Neighborhoods
5143:
5141:
5138:
5136:
5133:
5131:
5128:
5126:
5123:
5121:
5118:
5114:
5111:
5109:
5108:Sports firsts
5106:
5104:
5101:
5100:
5099:
5096:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5022:
5019:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5012:
5009:
5008:
5006:
5002:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4979:
4976:
4974:
4971:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4944:
4941:
4939:
4936:
4934:
4931:
4930:
4929:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4910:West Virginia
4908:
4906:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4894:
4891:
4889:
4886:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4876:
4875:
4874:
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4852:
4849:
4848:
4847:Pennsylvania
4846:
4844:
4841:
4839:
4836:
4834:
4831:
4827:
4826:New York City
4824:
4823:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4802:
4800:
4797:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4765:
4763:
4760:
4756:
4753:
4752:
4751:
4748:
4746:
4743:
4739:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4726:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4714:
4712:
4709:
4705:
4702:
4701:
4700:
4697:
4693:
4690:
4688:
4685:
4684:
4683:
4680:
4678:
4675:
4671:
4670:San Francisco
4668:
4666:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4653:
4651:
4648:
4647:
4645:
4643:By state/city
4641:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4616:
4613:
4612:
4611:
4608:
4606:
4603:
4602:
4601:
4598:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4588:American Sign
4586:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4566:
4563:
4561:
4558:
4557:
4556:
4553:
4551:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4535:
4534:
4531:
4527:
4524:
4523:
4522:
4521:Neighborhoods
4519:
4518:
4516:
4512:
4506:
4503:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:Black Indians
4449:
4447:
4444:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4421:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4412:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4381:
4373:
4367:
4364:
4362:
4359:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4319:
4317:
4314:
4312:
4309:
4308:
4305:
4302:
4298:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4224:
4223:
4221:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4200:
4197:
4196:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4158:
4155:
4154:
4153:
4150:
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4139:
4137:
4133:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4105:
4102:
4098:
4095:
4093:
4090:
4089:
4088:
4085:
4083:
4080:
4079:
4077:
4075:
4071:
4063:
4060:
4058:
4055:
4053:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4032:
4030:
4029:Black schools
4027:
4025:
4024:Black studies
4022:
4021:
4019:
4013:
4007:
4006:Whitney Young
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3996:Oprah Winfrey
3994:
3992:
3989:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3966:Denmark Vesey
3964:
3962:
3959:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3911:Joseph Rainey
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3866:Toni Morrison
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3851:Joseph Lowery
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3796:Jesse Jackson
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3786:Kamala Harris
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3771:Marcus Garvey
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3757:
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Blanche Bruce
3719:
3717:
3716:Edward Brooke
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3706:James Bradley
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3686:James Baldwin
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3668:
3666:
3662:
3656:
3653:
3651:
3648:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3630:Neighborhoods
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3525:
3523:
3521:
3517:
3511:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3501:
3498:
3494:
3491:
3490:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3483:Silent Parade
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3458:
3457:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3441:
3439:
3438:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3411:Jim Crow laws
3409:
3407:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3355:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3328:
3326:
3323:
3321:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3305:
3304:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3276:
3273:
3271:
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3258:
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3251:
3247:
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3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3234:Black cowboys
3232:
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3019:
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3006:
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3001:Documentaries
2999:
2992:
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2553:
2542:
2539:
2536:
2533:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:South America
2520:
2513:
2512:Zamba Zembola
2510:
2508:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2491:Bethany Veney
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2463:Venture Smith
2461:
2459:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2444:
2443:James Roberts
2441:
2439:
2436:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2401:Lunsford Lane
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:Paul Jennings
2383:
2381:
2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2360:Omar ibn Said
2358:
2355:
2352:
2350:
2349:Josiah Henson
2347:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2334:William Green
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2314:
2310:
2309:Peter Fossett
2307:
2305:
2302:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2268:Lucinda Davis
2266:
2264:
2263:Hannah Crafts
2261:
2259:
2256:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2235:
2232:
2231:James Bradley
2229:
2227:
2226:Leonard Black
2224:
2222:
2219:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:United States
2180:
2173:
2172:Marcos Xiorro
2170:
2167:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2136:
2129:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2119:
2117:
2111:
2105:
2102:
2100:
2097:
2095:
2092:
2091:
2089:
2085:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2069:
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2063:
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2054:
2051:
2048:
2045:
2044:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2028:
2027:
2025:
2021:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1976:Thomas Pellow
1974:
1971:
1968:
1965:
1962:
1959:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1946:Petro Kilekwa
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1932:
1929:
1926:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1914:
1911:
1908:
1905:
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1744:
1740:
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1734:
1727:
1711:
1707:
1703:
1696:
1688:
1682:
1667:
1664:. Cleveland.
1663:
1662:
1657:
1651:
1635:
1631:
1627:
1621:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1575:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1537:
1525:
1522:. p. 2.
1521:
1520:
1519:The Liberator
1515:
1511:
1505:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1456:
1452:
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1411:
1407:
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1397:
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1373:
1369:
1363:
1359:
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1350:
1348:
1346:
1344:
1342:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1311:
1305:
1297:
1295:9780810813724
1291:
1287:
1283:
1279:
1278:
1270:
1268:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1237:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1207:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1177:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1156:
1154:
1137:
1133:
1127:
1123:
1122:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1091:
1087:
1080:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1044:
1040:
1039:The Liberator
1036:
1035:
1027:
1011:
1007:
1003:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
969:
965:
964:
959:
953:
951:
949:
947:
945:
943:
926:
922:
915:
913:
911:
909:
900:
896:
895:
888:
880:
868:
865:. p. 1.
864:
863:
862:The Liberator
858:
851:
849:
832:
828:
824:
818:
816:
814:
812:
796:
792:
786:
782:
781:
773:
771:
769:
752:
748:
744:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
726:
724:
722:
720:
711:
710:
705:
701:
697:
691:
689:
687:
685:
683:
681:
679:
677:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
638:
626:
622:
621:
620:The Liberator
616:
610:
602:
590:
586:
585:
580:
573:
569:
552:
548:
540:
538:
537:
526:
524:
520:
516:
507:
498:
495:
486:
483:
474:
469:
461:
457:
448:
444:
442:
438:
434:
430:
419:
415:
410:
406:
402:
400:
396:
390:
388:
387:Lyman Beecher
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
366:
361:
357:
353:
352:
351:The Liberator
347:
339:
330:
328:
324:
320:
314:
312:
311:Lane Seminary
303:
299:
295:
293:
292:Lyman Beecher
285:Lane Seminary
277:
275:
271:
267:
256:
252:
248:
243:
238:
235:
229:
220:
218:
214:
210:
204:
200:
196:
193:
189:
182:
178:
174:
170:
168:
164:
149:
145:
143:
139:
138:Oberlin, Ohio
135:
130:
126:
125:Lane Seminary
121:
119:
115:
111:
107:
102:
100:
92:
91:James Bradley
84:
80:
79:Lane Seminary
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
57:
55:Occupation(s)
53:
49:
45:
40:
31:
27:
23:James Bradley
20:
5256:1810s births
5061:Sportspeople
5031:Billionaires
4948:Sierra Leone
4851:Philadelphia
4687:Jacksonville
4514:Demographics
4346:Jack Johnson
4336:Muhammad Ali
4169:Conservatism
4104:Black church
4001:Andrew Young
3986:Ida B. Wells
3976:David Walker
3971:C. T. Vivian
3926:Paul Robeson
3921:Hiram Revels
3901:Colin Powell
3881:Barack Obama
3836:James Lawson
3791:Jimi Hendrix
3761:James Farmer
3756:Medgar Evers
3726:Ralph Bunche
3705:
3676:Maya Angelou
3650:Middle class
3528:Afrofuturism
3454:
3442:
3435:
3356:
3301:
3248:
3214:Afrocentrism
3204:Abolitionism
3137:
3129:
3121:
3113:
3105:
3097:
3089:
3015:
3007:
2988:
2982:The Octoroon
2980:
2972:
2953:
2927:
2919:
2911:
2892:
2884:
2876:
2868:
2860:
2852:
2844:
2836:
2828:
2820:
2812:
2804:
2796:
2788:
2780:
2772:
2764:
2756:
2734:
2726:
2718:
2710:
2702:
2694:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2633:
2625:
2617:
2609:
2601:
2593:
2585:
2577:
2569:
2561:
2375:Thomas James
2324:Moses Grandy
2319:David George
2278:Lucy Delaney
2252:Peter Bruner
2230:
2191:Sam Aleckson
2071:Roustam Raza
1982:Joseph Pitts
1904:Robert Adams
1888:by continent
1828:
1827:Trailer for
1808:February 10,
1806:. Retrieved
1792:
1782:February 12,
1780:. Retrieved
1769:
1759:
1749:November 15,
1747:. Retrieved
1736:
1726:
1716:February 22,
1714:. Retrieved
1705:
1695:
1670:. Retrieved
1660:
1650:
1640:February 13,
1638:. Retrieved
1629:
1620:
1610:February 23,
1608:. Retrieved
1599:
1557:
1534:– via
1530:November 15,
1528:. Retrieved
1517:
1483:
1459:. Retrieved
1439:
1414:. Retrieved
1394:
1387:
1376:. Retrieved
1356:
1328:
1318:
1309:
1304:
1276:
1256:February 23,
1254:. Retrieved
1245:
1236:
1226:February 24,
1224:. Retrieved
1215:
1206:
1194:. Retrieved
1185:
1176:
1162:
1142:February 23,
1140:. Retrieved
1120:
1097:. Retrieved
1085:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1016:February 23,
1014:. Retrieved
1005:
974:February 23,
972:. Retrieved
961:
929:. Retrieved
893:
887:
877:– via
873:November 15,
871:. Retrieved
860:
837:February 12,
835:. Retrieved
799:. Retrieved
779:
757:February 10,
755:. Retrieved
746:
707:
703:
695:
635:– via
631:November 15,
629:. Retrieved
618:
609:
599:– via
595:November 15,
593:. Retrieved
582:
572:
551:
534:
532:
512:
458:
454:
445:
426:
407:
403:
391:
369:
355:
350:
344:
322:
316:
308:
288:
263:
253:
249:
245:
240:
233:
231:
226:
211:mission and
206:
202:
197:
185:
160:
146:
122:
103:
90:
89:
5216:Lane Rebels
5081:US senators
5051:Republicans
5036:Journalists
4893:San Antonio
4858:Puerto Rico
4799:Mississippi
4692:Tallahassee
4665:Los Angeles
4356:Jesse Owens
4341:Arthur Ashe
4199:Nationalism
4189:Raised fist
4152:Black power
4057:in medicine
3991:Roy Wilkins
3946:Emmett Till
3931:Al Sharpton
3696:Julian Bond
3691:James Bevel
3655:Upper class
3645:Stereotypes
3538:Black mecca
3450:Plantations
3229:Black Codes
2751: 1861
2744: 1853
2448:Moses Roper
2432:John Parker
2418:(1790–1880)
2396:Boston King
2387:(1799–1874)
2216:Polly Berry
2159:Mary Prince
2073:(1783–1845)
2067:(1684-1777)
2049:(1698–1733)
2032:(1684–1736)
2015:(1644–1744)
2009:(1660–1736)
2003:(1632–1702)
1997:(1598–1682)
1989: 1735
1972:(1708–1754)
1964:Mende Nazer
1954:(1735–1785)
1942:(1564–1639)
1936:(1767–1843)
1930:(1747–1815)
1924:(1620–1702)
1916:Francis Bok
1912:(1714-1761)
1910:Marcus Berg
1906:(c. 1790–?)
1886:Individuals
931:November 3,
429:Lane Rebels
213:Fort Towson
134:Lane Rebels
5190:Categories
5026:Astronauts
4816:New Jersey
4660:California
4164:Capitalism
3961:Nat Turner
3891:Rosa Parks
3876:Diane Nash
3846:John Lewis
3635:Newspapers
3605:Literature
3590:Juneteenth
3543:Businesses
3397:Exodusters
3365:Free Negro
2929:Copper Sun
2878:Unburnable
2814:Dessa Rose
2541:Osifekunde
2473:Venerable
2416:James Mars
2329:Lear Green
2313:Monticello
2273:Noah Davis
2242:John Brown
2221:Henry Bibb
2164:Venerable
1970:Hark Olufs
1672:2019-11-15
1487:. Boston:
1461:2020-02-23
1416:2020-02-23
1378:2020-02-23
1099:2020-02-23
801:2020-02-23
564:References
519:Ohio River
274:Cincinnati
270:Ohio River
118:free state
114:Cincinnati
5140:Monuments
5016:Activists
4868:Tennessee
4788:Michigan
4772:Baltimore
4762:Louisiana
4755:Lexington
4738:Davenport
4677:Cleveland
4576:Languages
4505:Melungeon
4483:Blaxicans
4351:Joe Louis
4206:Socialism
4142:Anarchism
3871:Bob Moses
3856:Malcolm X
3776:Fred Gray
3640:Soul food
3578:New Negro
3563:Folktales
3473:Redlining
2654:(1936–38)
2140:Caribbean
1966:(b. 1982)
1918:(b. 1979)
1681:cite book
1196:March 21,
1051:cite book
704:The Oasis
323:The Oasis
157:Childhood
120:of Ohio.
69:1833—1837
5163:Category
4954:America
4920:Diaspora
4905:Virginia
4838:Oklahoma
4821:New York
4804:Nebraska
4767:Maryland
4750:Kentucky
4716:Illinois
4655:Arkansas
4560:Illinois
4498:of color
4184:Populism
4157:Movement
4074:Religion
3416:Lynching
3199:Timeline
2950:" (1848)
2696:Oroonoko
2380:John Jea
1984:(1663 –
1978:(1705–?)
1960:(1704–?)
1802:Archived
1776:Archived
1743:Archived
1710:Archived
1666:Archived
1658:(1837).
1634:Archived
1604:Archived
1524:Archived
1489:Garrison
1481:(1834).
1455:Archived
1410:Archived
1372:Archived
1326:(1832).
1250:Archived
1220:Archived
1190:Archived
1136:Archived
1090:Archived
1010:Archived
968:Archived
925:Archived
867:Archived
831:Archived
795:Archived
751:Archived
698:(1834),
625:Archived
589:Archived
276:, Ohio.
59:Freedman
41:, Africa
5091:Writers
5056:Singers
5041:Jurists
4989:Europe
4943:Liberia
4888:Houston
4792:Detroit
4728:Indiana
4721:Chicago
4704:Atlanta
4699:Georgia
4682:Florida
4650:Alabama
4600:English
4174:Leftism
4044:Museums
3595:Kwanzaa
3520:Culture
3488:Slavery
3191:History
3028:Related
2822:Beloved
2806:Kindred
2774:Jubilee
2766:Our Nig
1088:: 2–7.
377:, near
365:Liberia
260:Freedom
209:Choctaw
152:Slavery
116:in the
5103:Mayors
5021:Actors
4993:France
4985:Israel
4973:Mexico
4958:Canada
4933:Gambia
4928:Africa
4878:Austin
4843:Oregon
4782:Boston
4745:Kansas
4711:Hawaii
4629:Gullah
4439:Yoruba
4429:Gullah
4300:Sports
4218:groups
4048:Women
3585:Hoodoo
3459:(1896)
3385:Second
3361:(1857)
3306:(1956)
3253:(1954)
3142:(2008)
3134:(2002)
3126:(1867)
3118:(2008)
3110:(1931)
3102:(1847)
3094:(1783)
3020:(2008)
3012:(2003)
2993:(2022)
2985:(1859)
2977:(1858)
2958:(1853)
2940:Essays
2932:(2006)
2924:(1965)
2916:(1951)
2897:(2016)
2889:(2007)
2881:(2006)
2873:(2003)
2865:(2002)
2857:(2001)
2849:(1996)
2841:(1993)
2833:(1990)
2825:(1987)
2817:(1986)
2809:(1979)
2801:(1977)
2793:(1976)
2785:(1967)
2777:(1966)
2769:(1859)
2761:(1856)
2731:(1853)
2728:Clotel
2723:(1852)
2715:(1852)
2707:(1841)
2699:(1688)
2678:(2018)
2670:(1972)
2662:(1956)
2646:(1901)
2638:(1881)
2630:(1872)
2622:(1861)
2614:(1855)
2606:(1853)
2598:(1849)
2590:(1845)
2582:(1839)
2574:(1816)
2566:(1789)
2315:–1901)
2311:(1815
2233:(1834)
2115:Canada
2040:Europe
1897:Africa
1570:
1566:-115.
1447:
1402:
1364:
1292:
1128:
787:
451:Legacy
416:, and
163:Guinea
39:Guinea
5004:Lists
4968:Haiti
4938:Ghana
4873:Texas
4809:Omaha
4087:Islam
3620:Names
3610:Music
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1093:(PDF)
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3275:1968
3265:1964
2990:Omar
2023:Asia
1810:2020
1784:2020
1751:2019
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1612:2020
1568:ISBN
1532:2019
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