1895:
180:
2324:
2185:
2098:
59:
565:
795:, who not only helped defend religious institutions in the secular world, but were also responsible for exercising lordly responsibilities within the church's lands, such as the handling of legal cases which might require the use of a death penalty. The positions of these office-holders eventually came to be seen as inheritable titles themselves, with their own feudal privileges connected to them.
1610:, but by the end of the 11th century the title was being bestowed on mere castellans. The monks usually consulted their advocate before electing a new abbot, giving the advocate influence over the selection. When a nobleman founded or reformed a monastery, he usually became its advocate. In the 12th century, the office of the advocate was on the decline, a result of the
1128:
protection. In the twelfth century warnings issued from Rome, restraining the high-handed actions of the advocates under pain of severe ecclesiastical penalties, which still did not put an end to all the abuses that prevailed. On occasions, emperors and princes exercised the office of advocate, in which case they appointed deputy-advocates (
1124:
against the excessive claims of their advocates, who indeed became in many ways a burden to their ecclesiastical clients. They dealt with the possessions entrusted to them as with their own property, plundered the church estate, appropriated tithes and other revenues, and oppressed in many ways those whom they were appointed to protect.
1648:
than in France, where his functions, confined to the protection of the interests of religious houses, were superseded from the 13th century onwards by the growth of central power and the increasing efficiency of royal administration. They had, in effect, long ceased to be effective in their original
1123:
In the post-Carolingian period it developed into a hereditary office, and was held by powerful nobles, who constantly endeavoured to enlarge their rights in connection with the church or the monastery. Conciliar decrees were passed as early as the ninth century to protect ecclesiastical institutions
973:
These advocates were specially bound to represent their clients before the secular courts. They exercised civil jurisdiction in the domain of the church or monastery, and were bound to protect the church with arms in the event of actual assault. Finally, it was their duty to lead the men-at-arms in
1229:
Adalbert of Calw as hereditary advocate of the Abbey, an agreement so widely copied elsewhere in
Germany that from the tenth century the office developed into an hereditary possession of the higher nobility, who frequently exploited it as a way of extending their power and territories, and in some
1143:
was a state functionary representing ecclesiastical dignitaries (such as bishops and abbots) or institutions in secular matters, and particularly before secular courts. Such representatives had been assigned to the church since late antiquity, as it was not to act for itself in worldly affairs.
1234:
individuals were prohibited from exercising authority over Church property, was only with reluctance accepted by the nobles. The rights of advocacy were bought back by the thirteenth- and fourteenth-century abbeys in alliance with the
Babenberg and early Habsburg dukes; the abolition of the
1127:
The office, since it offered many advantages, was eagerly sought after. The excessive claims of the advocates gave rise to disputes between them and the churches or monasteries. The bishops and abbots, who found their rights curtailed, appealed to the Holy Roman
Emperor and to the Pope for
974:
the name of the church or monastery, and to command them in time of war. In return for these services the advocate received certain definite revenues from the possessions of the church, in the form of supplies or services, which he could demand, or in the form of a lien on church property.
1649:
purpose, and after the advowson became a fief, they took advantage of their position to pillage and suppress those they were supposed to defend. Medieval records are full of complaints from abbots about usurpations, exactions, and acts of violence committed by the
770:. Typically, these evolved to include responsibility for aspects of the daily management of agricultural lands, villages and cities. In some regions, advocates were governors of large provinces, sometimes distinguished by terms such as
766:) was an office-holder who was legally delegated to perform some of the secular responsibilities of a major feudal lord, or for an institution such as an abbey. Many such positions developed, especially in the
1702:
was never used to denote a hereditary representative of an abbot; but in some of the larger abbeys there were hereditary stewards whose functions and privileges were not dissimilar to those of the continental
1077:, commanded to exercise great care in the choice of persons to fill the office; they must be judicious men, familiar with the law, and owning property in the—then still administrative—countship (
1471:
was a castle administrator responsible for the general running of a castle and also for exercising judicial powers. The term is still sometimes encountered for someone who manages a castle.
1144:
Therefore, in areas such as the territories of abbeys and bishoprics, which by virtue of their ecclesiastical status were free (or immune) from the secular government of the local count (
542:
1230:
cases took for themselves the estates and assets of the church bodies for whose protection they were supposedly responsible. In
Austria, the teaching of the Church that, according to
1221:
of the more important abbacies, played out among the central monarchy, the Church and the territorial nobility, was well established as a prerogative of the nobility; the
977:
Such advocates are to be found even in Roman times; a Synod of
Carthage decreed, in 401, that the emperor should be requested to provide, in conjunction with the bishops,
535:
1571:. Their function was generally to represent the abbot in his capacity as feudal lord, act as his representative in the courts of his superior, exercise secular
1492:, was ceded to the king of France in 1648, but the cities remained part of the Holy Roman Empire. However, the cities were soon thereafter annexed by France.
2239:
2334:
2404:
528:
1418:) was an officer of the king, who served as administrator and judge of a subdivision of royal property, or of a royal abbey. The seat of an imperial
1462:
offices became meaningless as the amount of royal property was reduced more and more in favor of territorial rulers (such as dukes and counts).
1137:
From the time of
Charlemagne, who had such officials appointed in ecclesiastical territories not directly under the control of his counts, the
1866:
1865:
continued to use the title to refer to their realms in the
Netherlands. The monarchs reigning in Madrid and Vienna controlled these through
2205:
2200:
1051:, the duties of the church advocate were enlarged and defined according to the principles of government which prevailed in the reign of
779:
While the term was eventually used to refer to many types of governorship and advocacy, one of the earliest and most important types of
1296:, as opposed to the comital domains, owned by counts who had become hereditary princes of the Empire. The office or territory of a
1083:). The churches, monasteries and canonries, as such, alike received advocates, who by degrees assumed the position above defined.
2414:
721:
1731:
to the bishop for institution. In this way the hereditary right of presentation to a benefice came to be called in
English an
2419:
1535:) of an abbey or abbeys, rather as an office than a fief, though they were indemnified for the protection they afforded by a
1065:
of about 790 ordained that the higher clergy, "for the sake of the church's honour, and the respect due to the priesthood" (
1456:
were usually bought by the imperial cities by the late Middle Ages, which led to the independence of the cities. Most land
30:
This article is about the medieval function (under different names redirecting here). For the modern legal profession, see
2038:) is a local judicial district. Their duty is to enforce the financial judgements of the local courts. In practice, the
123:
95:
2357:
2297:
Landesherrschaft, Adel, und Vogtei: Zur
Vorgeschichte des spätmittelalterlichen Ständestaates im Herzogtum Österreich
2214:
1038:, or guardian, but also included some ideas of physical defence and legal representation (whence the connection with
142:
169:
102:
80:
1158:
fulfilled the function of a protective lordship, generally commanding the military contingents of such areas (
1941:
was a hereditary head of a town (under the overlordship of the town's owner – the king, church, or noble).
1862:
109:
1561:
who held their advocateships as hereditary fiefs and often as their sole means of subsistence. An abbey's
820:
The terms used in various
European languages derive from a general Latin term for any person called upon (
2224:
714:
839:, German terms are sometimes mentioned in English accounts of the Holy Roman Empire, and these include
697:
76:
17:
1990:
carries different connotations, all pertaining to guarding or keeping watch over something. In modern
1894:
1857:
was extinguished by the French king after the annexation of its ancestral lands in 1477, the Habsburg
1796:) shared between several cantons. In the case of condominiums, the cantons took turns in appointing a
91:
2389:
2035:
2006:
court) administers the forcible enforcement and execution of judgments or other valid legal claims.
2399:
1152:, in origin an administrative official in charge of a territory and reporting to the emperor), the
852:
1909:
1915:
1331:
69:
1668:
were often appointed in the cities, by the overlord or by the emperor, to take the place of the
35:
1176:
707:
2339:
2159:
1858:
1785:
1769:
1350:
advocateship tended to become hereditary. Sometimes the emperor himself assumed the title of
2190:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
1788:, or acting on behalf of the Confederacy, or a subset thereof, administering a condominium (
1848:
1071:) should have advocates. Charlemagne, who obliged bishops, abbots and abbesses to maintain
469:
1116:
being chosen, either by the abbot alone, or by the abbot and bishop concurrently with the
8:
2234:
2103:
950:
179:
2409:
1791:
1752:
1199:
918:
809:
116:
2243:(ed. Leipzig, 1896), s. "Advocatus ecclesiae," where further references will be found.
1247:) thereby exchanged local secular jurisdiction for the protective overlordship of the
2353:
2083:
1991:
1836:
1611:
1286:
958:
767:
597:
516:
161:
1426:. When the imperial cities gained more independence, the office was split into city
1854:
1615:
1544:
1003:
942:
926:
631:
576:
428:
292:
2143:
1529:, were of two types. The first included secular lords, who held the advocateship (
2394:
1981:
1402:
1248:
934:
910:
857:
690:
664:
583:
556:
485:
194:
47:
1604:
in the 10th and 11th centuries. Initially, only counts and dukes were appointed
2281:
Fürsten und Staat: Studien zur Verfassungsgeschichte des deutschen Mittelalters
2067:
2057:
1736:
1502:
1164:). Beyond that, he administered the high justice instead of the count from the
990:
902:
821:
572:
345:
319:
280:
39:
2383:
2328:
2196:
2191:
1645:
1644:) played a more important part in the feudal polity of the Empire and of the
1423:
999:
to protect the poor, and to defend the rights and possessions of the church.
624:
511:
247:
242:
237:
43:
2209:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 241–242.
2123:
1580:
1222:
1007:
805:
340:
304:
252:
227:
222:
1727:, whose sole right of any importance was a hereditary one of presenting a
2045:
1659:
1558:
1282:
1190:
1052:
1048:
735:
657:
1579:, and lead the retainers of the abbey to battle under the banner of the
1487:
1419:
1208:, frequently retaining it after reform of the proprietorship (see also
1107:
1062:
1029:
993:
confined the office to members of the clergy. It was the duty of these
650:
609:
590:
259:
1501:
continued to exist until the end of the Empire in 1806, mainly in the
2044:
leads a team of assistant distrainers who process most distrainments/
2019:
1964:
1820:
1540:
1231:
1209:
620:
506:
397:
387:
371:
206:
1401:
was used for administrative officers of territorial rulers, such as
808:
first appeared in the 12th and 13th centuries, concomitant with the
58:
2327: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
1732:
1724:
1467:
1327:
1293:
1103:
671:
643:
601:
490:
433:
412:
392:
382:
335:
330:
287:
264:
31:
1639:
564:
2097:
2015:
1829:, but enjoyed a special status as a military ally. The office of
1693:
1669:
1572:
1536:
1406:
1343:
1339:
1289:
1260:
682:
678:
639:
616:
501:
464:
459:
350:
189:
2082:
in the feminine form is used, particularly as the main title of
1926:
2118:
1932:
1919:
1728:
1720:
1716:
1627:
1568:
1514:
1481:
1347:
1335:
1099:
1095:
1087:
686:
635:
480:
454:
438:
407:
309:
275:
2372:
Charles West, "The Significance of the Carolingian Advocate",
1952:
1576:
1554:
1226:
1117:
1091:
443:
423:
361:
2111:
1826:
1304:
1265:
1147:
792:
366:
314:
299:
217:
201:
1825:
in particular, which was nominally a subject territory of
2263:
See Capitulary of 802, and 801–813, 1. c. I, pp. 93, 172.
2254:
Monumenta German. Histor., Cap. Reg. Francor., I, p. 201.
1684:) or to stand alongside this official in matters of law.
1251:, sometimes by forging charters that the duke confirmed.
1202:), the proprietor himself often also held the office of
983:
for the churches. There is evidence, moreover, for such
1068:
pro ecclesiastico honore, et pro sacerdotum reverentia
1010:, these lay representatives of the churches appear as
2093:
1281:of churches and abbeys but also, from early in the
83:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1835:was abolished in 1798, with the foundation of the
1086:Under the Carolingians it was made obligatory for
989:in Italy, at the close of the fifth century, but
2381:
1359:In the German-ruled Holy Roman Empire, the term
880:). The territory or area of responsibility of a
2347:
1719:, was in constant use in England to denote the
1484:, consisting of the ten imperial cities of the
1356:in application to parts of his eminent domain.
1326:), a name still used to refer to a region, the
2310:Constance B. Bouchard, "Advocatus/Avoué", in
2039:
2029:
2023:
715:
536:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2001:
1995:
1985:
1957:
1945:
1936:
1907:
1900:
1830:
1818:
1812:
1806:
1805:In exceptional cases, the population of the
1797:
1789:
1779:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1679:
1618:, for example, never allowed lay advocates.
1567:, of this class, corresponded to a bishop's
1562:
1530:
1524:
1496:
1485:
1475:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1413:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1378:
1372:
1366:
1360:
1351:
1315:
1309:
1297:
1242:
1236:
1216:
1203:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1166:
1159:
1153:
1145:
1138:
1078:
1033:
1023:
887:
881:
874:
867:
861:
841:
771:
760:
752:
2405:Titles of nobility of the Holy Roman Empire
2350:Princes and Territories in Medieval Germany
2272:This institutional struggle is analysed by
2077:
2071:
2061:
1876:
1870:
1710:
1704:
1697:
1673:
1663:
1650:
1633:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1587:
1548:
1518:
1365:can refer to two different offices: church
1321:
1276:
1270:
1129:
1111:
1072:
1066:
1056:
1039:
1017:
1011:
994:
984:
978:
968:
893:
799:
786:
780:
740:
2332:
1215:The three-way struggle for control of the
722:
708:
543:
529:
34:. For the modern French legal office, see
1275:or "advocate") was given not only to the
143:Learn how and when to remove this message
2195:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2172:
2170:
2168:
2162:, Conciliengeschichte, 2d ed., I, p. 83.
1893:
1746:
1543:revenues granted by the abbey: thus the
2066:is the primary word for the concept of
1842:
1621:
1450:) for other areas. The offices of city
1292:to administer lands directly under his
1198:In private and family monasteries (see
14:
2382:
1557:. The second class included the petty
2165:
2142:Jean-Louis Gazzaniga, "Advocate", in
1254:
851:
2343:. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
1575:in the abbot's name in the abbatial
746:(sometimes given as modern English:
172:gentry and chivalric ranks in Europe
81:adding citations to reliable sources
52:
1098:to appoint such officials in every
24:
2366:
2333:Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "
2229:Manuel des institutions françaises
1784:, either representing a sovereign
25:
2431:
2284:(Weimar, 1950) chapters i to xii.
1383:are further subdivided into land
2322:
2312:Medieval France: An Encyclopedia
2221:(ed. 1883, Niort), s. "Advocati"
2183:
2150:(Oxford University Press, 2002).
2096:
1884:
1553:of nearly all the abbeys in the
1285:, to officials appointed by the
563:
320:Prince-elector, Princess-elector
178:
57:
2148:Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages
1950:is the elected head of a rural
1811:was allowed to elect their own
815:
68:needs additional citations for
2415:Catholic ecclesiastical titles
2352:, Cambridge University Press,
2304:
2287:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2153:
2136:
2051:
1106:. The office was not at first
38:. For the German surname, see
13:
1:
2129:
1687:
831:Apart from the English terms
791:). These were originally lay
46:. For the Dutch surname, see
2420:Historical legal occupations
1508:
305:Crown prince, Crown princess
7:
2376:17 (2009), pp. 186–206
2314:(Garland, 1995), pp. 16–17.
2301:(Cologne and Vienna, 1985).
2089:
1802:for a period of two years.
10:
2436:
2009:
1975:
1924:
1846:
1750:
1625:
1438:) for the cities and land
29:
2294:
2274:
1956:, whereas heads of urban
1908:
1901:
1889:
1819:
1754:
1334:and adjacent portions of
1314:could also be known as a
1308:. Land administered by a
1167:
1061:in the medieval sense. A
785:was the church advocate (
260:Grand duke, Grand duchess
2348:Benjamin Arnold (1991),
1662:(as well as in Germany)
1395:. In addition, the term
969:Ecclesiastical advocates
828:) to stand for another.
810:rediscovery of Roman law
557:Feudal titles and status
2206:Encyclopædia Britannica
1640:
1332:principalities of Reuss
1110:nor even for life, the
170:Imperial, royal, noble,
2280:
2078:
2072:
2062:
2040:
2030:
2024:
2002:
1996:
1986:
1958:
1946:
1937:
1922:
1877:
1871:
1853:Although the title of
1831:
1813:
1807:
1798:
1790:
1780:
1774:
1764:
1740:
1711:
1705:
1698:
1680:
1674:
1664:
1651:
1634:
1606:
1600:
1594:
1588:
1563:
1549:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1497:
1486:
1476:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1440:
1434:
1428:
1414:
1397:
1391:
1385:
1379:
1373:
1367:
1361:
1352:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1298:
1277:
1271:
1243:
1237:
1217:
1204:
1189:
1183:
1175:
1160:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1130:
1112:
1079:
1073:
1067:
1057:
1040:
1034:
1024:
1018:
1012:
995:
985:
979:
962:
954:
946:
938:
930:
922:
914:
906:
901:Related terms include
894:
888:
882:
875:
868:
862:
842:
825:
800:
787:
781:
772:
761:
753:
741:
507:Gentleman, Gentlewoman
27:Medieval office-holder
2374:Early Medieval Europe
2340:Catholic Encyclopedia
2070:. In historic texts,
1897:
1770:Old Swiss Confederacy
1747:Old Swiss Confederacy
1723:of an ecclesiastical
1626:Further information:
1134:) to represent them.
1022:. The concept of the
383:Viscount, Viscountess
331:Marquess, Marchioness
265:Archduke, Archduchess
207:High king, High queen
42:. For the place, see
1944:In modern Poland, a
1863:archdukes of Austria
1849:Habsburg Netherlands
1843:Habsburg Netherlands
1709:. Instead, the word
1622:In the Low Countries
1592:was also known as a
393:Burgrave, Burgravine
336:Margrave, Margravine
77:improve this article
36:Avoué (legal office)
2104:Christianity portal
1878:gouverneur-generaal
1869:known variously as
1715:, or more commonly
1589:advocatus ecclesiae
1495:Several small land
1330:, that adjoins the
1055:; henceforward the
1028:was related to the
1013:agentes, defensores
986:defensores ecclesiæ
804:as an officer of a
788:advocatus ecclesiae
559:
460:Baronet, Baronetess
2335:Advocatus Ecclesiæ
1968:(burgomaster), or
1923:
1792:Gemeine Herrschaft
1255:Imperial advocates
1200:proprietary church
1058:advocatus ecclesiæ
555:
2295:Folker Reichert,
2084:Margaret of Parma
1899:Trial before the
1837:Helvetic Republic
1817:. This concerned
1612:Gregorian reforms
1323:terra advocatorum
1225:(1075) confirmed
768:Holy Roman Empire
732:
731:
598:Lord of the manor
553:
552:
517:Lord of the Manor
481:Knight, Chevalier
153:
152:
145:
127:
16:(Redirected from
2427:
2390:German feudalism
2362:
2344:
2326:
2325:
2315:
2308:
2302:
2300:
2299:
2291:
2285:
2283:
2277:
2276:
2270:
2264:
2261:
2255:
2252:
2246:
2240:Realencyklopädie
2210:
2189:
2187:
2186:
2180:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2140:
2106:
2101:
2100:
2081:
2075:
2065:
2043:
2033:
2027:
2025:kihlakunnanvouti
2005:
1999:
1989:
1961:
1949:
1940:
1913:
1912:
1910:Józef Chełmoński
1904:
1903:
1880:
1874:
1855:Duke of Burgundy
1834:
1824:
1823:
1816:
1810:
1801:
1795:
1783:
1777:
1767:
1757:
1756:
1714:
1708:
1701:
1683:
1677:
1667:
1654:
1643:
1637:
1616:Cistercian Order
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1566:
1552:
1545:duke of Normandy
1534:
1528:
1522:
1500:
1491:
1479:
1461:
1455:
1449:
1443:
1437:
1431:
1422:was often at an
1417:
1400:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1370:
1364:
1355:
1325:
1319:
1313:
1301:
1280:
1274:
1246:
1240:
1223:Hirsau formulary
1220:
1207:
1194:
1186:
1180:
1170:
1169:
1163:
1157:
1151:
1142:
1133:
1115:
1102:where they held
1082:
1076:
1070:
1060:
1044:or "advocate").
1043:
1037:
1027:
1021:
1015:
1004:Frankish Kingdom
998:
988:
982:
897:
891:
885:
878:
871:
865:
855:
850:
845:
803:
790:
784:
775:
764:
756:
744:
724:
717:
710:
665:Domestic servant
577:Territorial lord
567:
560:
554:
545:
538:
531:
190:Emperor, Empress
182:
157:
156:
148:
141:
137:
134:
128:
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66:This article
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44:Vogt, Germany
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2211:This cites:
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2055:
2046:garnishments
2022:) is called
2013:
1979:
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1951:
1943:
1931:In medieval
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1581:patron saint
1512:
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1371:or imperial
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1161:Schirmvogtei
1136:
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1085:
1049:Carolingians
1046:
1032:idea of the
1008:Merovingians
1006:, under the
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341:Marcher lord
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133:January 2019
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75:Please help
70:verification
67:
2225:A. Luchaire
2079:Landvoogdes
2060:, the word
2052:Netherlands
1984:, the word
1962:are called
1772:in 1415. A
1696:, the word
1681:Schultheiss
1660:Netherlands
1523:, known as
1377:. Imperial
1283:Middle Ages
1191:Blutgericht
1184:Vogtgericht
1177:Landgericht
1131:subadvocati
1053:Charlemagne
736:Middle Ages
734:During the
658:Free tenant
92:"Advocatus"
2384:Categories
2219:Glossarium
2130:References
2124:Schultheiß
2056:In modern
2031:kihlakunta
2020:distrainer
2014:The local
1992:Danish law
1808:Landvogtei
1781:Landvogtei
1688:In England
1420:Reichsvogt
1415:Reichsvogt
1287:Holy Roman
1244:Entvogtung
1108:hereditary
1080:Grafschaft
1063:Capitulary
1047:Under the
1030:Old German
996:defensores
980:defensores
951:Lithuanian
826:ad vocatus
758:; French:
750:; German:
651:Husbandman
610:Liege lord
591:Mesne lord
491:Druzhinnik
103:newspapers
18:Landvogtei
2410:Feudalism
2073:Landvoogd
1970:president
1965:burmistrz
1872:landvoogd
1867:governors
1821:Oberhasli
1741:advocatio
1712:advocatus
1699:advocatus
1678:, German
1635:advocatus
1601:adjutator
1550:advocatus
1509:In France
1474:The land
1435:Stadtvogt
1389:and city
1272:advocatus
1232:canon law
1210:lay abbot
1113:advocatus
1041:advocatus
919:Norwegian
872:; plural
801:advocatus
782:advocatus
742:advocatus
621:Gentleman
403:Advocatus
398:Landgrave
388:Castellan
372:Ealdorman
2237:-Hauck,
2215:Du Cange
2201:Advocate
2090:See also
2028:, where
1997:fogedret
1914:(1873),
1832:Landvogt
1814:Landvogt
1799:Landvogt
1778:ruled a
1775:Landvogt
1765:Landvogt
1733:advowson
1725:benefice
1706:advocati
1665:advocati
1652:advocati
1607:advocati
1532:avouerie
1520:advocati
1488:Décapole
1468:Burgvogt
1447:Landvogt
1407:bailiffs
1348:imperial
1328:Vogtland
1317:Vogtland
1294:dominion
1278:advocati
1104:property
1096:abbesses
1074:advocati
1019:advocati
959:Romanian
833:advocate
773:Landvogt
748:advocate
672:Vagabond
644:Vavasour
632:Franklin
602:Overlord
434:Lendmann
413:Starosta
288:Princess
162:a series
160:Part of
32:Advocate
2331::
2194::
2146:(ed.),
2036:hundred
2016:bailiff
2010:Finland
1976:Denmark
1694:England
1672:(Dutch
1670:bailiff
1658:In the
1573:justice
1344:Bavaria
1340:Prussia
1290:Emperor
1261:Germany
1088:bishops
1002:In the
943:Finnish
927:Swedish
895:vocatia
860:, also
856:, from
849:German:
837:advowee
683:Villein
640:Retinue
617:Esquire
502:Esquire
465:Fidalgo
351:Voivode
293:consort
281:consort
248:dowager
243:consort
238:regnant
228:dowager
223:consort
195:dowager
117:scholar
2395:Judges
2356:
2235:Herzog
2188:
2160:Hefele
2119:Vidame
1994:, the
1982:Danish
1959:gminas
1933:Poland
1920:Warsaw
1890:Poland
1786:canton
1729:parson
1721:patron
1717:avowee
1675:schout
1628:Schout
1614:. The
1595:custos
1569:vidame
1541:preach
1537:domain
1526:avoués
1517:, the
1515:France
1482:Alsace
1403:reeves
1336:Saxony
1305:Vogtei
1302:was a
1238:Vogtei
1218:Vogtei
1100:county
1092:abbots
957:; and
955:vaitas
935:Polish
911:Danish
892:(from
889:Vogtei
691:Cottar
687:Bordar
636:Yeoman
470:Nobile
455:Ritter
439:Primor
408:Vidame
310:Herzog
276:Prince
253:mother
234:Queen
119:
112:
105:
98:
90:
2063:voogd
2058:Dutch
2041:vouti
1987:foged
1953:gmina
1737:Latin
1641:voogd
1577:court
1564:avoué
1559:lords
1555:duchy
1498:Vögte
1453:Vögte
1392:Vögte
1386:Vögte
1380:Vögte
1346:. An
1227:count
1171:court
1118:count
947:vouti
931:fogde
915:foged
903:Dutch
876:Vögte
869:Fauth
863:Voigt
822:Latin
793:lords
762:avoué
738:, an
698:Slave
444:Boyar
429:Thane
124:JSTOR
110:books
2354:ISBN
2112:Fogd
2003:vogt
1947:wójt
1938:wójt
1935:, a
1927:Wójt
1902:wójt
1861:and
1827:Bern
1755:Vogt
1632:The
1586:The
1547:was
1539:and
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1459:Vogt
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1342:and
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1299:Vogt
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1168:Vogt
1155:Vogt
1148:Graf
1140:Vogt
1094:and
1035:Munt
1025:Vogt
1016:and
963:voit
939:wójt
923:fogd
883:Vogt
843:Vogt
835:and
798:The
754:Vogt
679:Serf
606:Vogt
367:Earl
315:Jarl
218:King
96:news
2337:".
2203:".
2076:or
1980:In
1918:in
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1259:In
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1195:).
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898:).
866:or
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2386::
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2167:^
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