Lancashire Cotton Famine

815:... I know and deeply deplore the sufferings which the workingmen at Manchester and in all Europe are called to endure in this crisis. It has been often and studiously represented that the attempt to overthrow this government, which was built upon the foundation of human rights, and to substitute for it one which should rest exclusively on the basis of human slavery, was likely to obtain the favor of Europe. Through the actions of our disloyal citizens the workingmen of Europe have been subjected to a severe trial, for the purpose of forcing their sanction to that attempt. Under these circumstances, I cannot but regard your decisive utterance upon the question as an instance of sublime Christian heroism which has not been surpassed in any age or in any country. It is, indeed, an energetic and reinspiring assurance of the inherent power of truth and of the ultimate and universal triumph of justice, humanity, and freedom. I do not doubt that the sentiments you have expressed will be sustained by your great nation, and, on the other hand, I have no hesitation in assuring you that they will excite admiration, esteem, and the most reciprocal feelings of friendship among the American people. I hail this interchange of sentiment, therefore, as an augury that, whatever else may happen, whatever misfortune may befall your country or my own, the peace and friendship which now exist between the two nations will be, as it shall be my desire to make them, perpetual. Abraham Lincoln 620:, one of the worst affected towns. Only five of the town's 39 factories and 24 machine shops were employing people full-time. Contributions were sent from all over the world for the relief of the cotton operatives in Cheshire and Lancashire and at one point three-quarters of Stalybridge workers were dependent on relief schemes. By 1863 there were 750 empty houses in the town. A thousand skilled men and women left the town in what became known as "The Panic". In 1863 the local relief committee decided to substitute a system of relief by ticket instead of money. The tickets were to be presented at the shops of local grocers. On Thursday 19 March a public meeting resolved to resist the tickets. On Friday 20 March 1863, the officials of the relief committee went to the thirteen schools to offer the tickets, the men refused the tickets and turned out onto the streets. They stoned the cab of the departing official and then broke the windows of the shops owned by members of the relief committee, then turned to the depots of the relief committee which they sacked. By evening, a company of 608:

more properly named the Lancashire and Cheshire Operatives Relief Fund, was set up on 16 May 1862, when £1,500 (equivalent to about £180,000 in 2024) was sent to the distressed districts. Benefactors all over the United Kingdom, the Empire and across the world, raised money for the appeal. Between April 1862 and April 1863, £473,749 was collected and distributed (about £57.3 million in 2024). The Central Committee was formed 20 June 1862, composed of mayors of the affected towns; it put out an appeal letter to other towns across the country. A third fund, set up in June 1862 for slightly different purposes, was the Cotton Districts Relief Fund, which became part of the Central Committee.

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Parliament to investigate the effects in Lancashire, where he started in May 1862 in Preston. He laid down a liberal interpretation of the Act and instructed gifts from charity should not be taken into account when assessing need. As an alternative to outdoor work, sewing classes were run by the churches which entitled the participants or "scholars" to receive benefit. Bible Reading classes followed and then industrial classes which taught reading, writing and simple maths with carpentry, shoemaking and tailoring. The Poor Law Unions were limited in the monies they could raise through rates and had no powers to borrow. Parliament passed the

826: 778:. The Unionists believed that all the British public would now see this as an antislavery issue rather than an anti-protectionism issue and would pressure its government not to intervene in favour of the South. Many mill owners and workers resented the blockade and continued to see the war as an issue of tariffs against free trade. Attempts were made to run the blockade by ships from Liverpool, London and New York. 71,751 bales of American cotton reached Liverpool in 1862. Confederate flags were flown in many cotton towns. 22: 671: 797:... the vast progress which you have made in the short space of twenty months fills us with hope that every stain on your freedom will shortly be removed, and that the erasure of that foul blot on civilisation and Christianity – chattel slavery – during your presidency, will cause the name of Abraham Lincoln to be honoured and revered by posterity. We are certain that such a glorious consummation will cement Great Britain and the United States in close and enduring regards. 549: 5326: 380:, the first of the next generation of larger mills and at the time the world's largest mill with 138,000 spindles. With most raw cotton unavailable, mill owners had to either close mills and attempt to help the workers financially, use inferior cotton or bring new cotton into production. Surat was available but mainly used internally in British India. Some limited increase in production was achieved. Attempts were made to establish Sea Island in 5336: 652:. Schools had reopened but only 80 of the expected 1,700 students attended (agreed to be paid by ticket). Representatives were sent to the schools in the neighbouring towns to persuade the scholars to walk out but were met by soldiers. On the Tuesday the mobilisation ended, the relief committee offered to pay the outstanding tickets and to accept a delegation from the thirteen schools to discuss the matter further. The mayor offered that the MP 431: 691:

Victorian thinking this was wrong and some means was needed to provide paid work. Local authorities did have work that needed to be done but no legal way to borrow to pay for it. The Public Works Manufacturing Districts Act 1864 became law 2 July 1863. This allowed public authorities to borrow money for public works. Cotton operatives could now be employed on useful projects.

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In a 2015 article, economic historian Walker Hanlon finds that the cotton famine significantly affected the direction of technological progress in domains relevant to textiles manufacturing using Indian cotton, particularly for gins, openers and scutchers, and carding machines. This manifested in the

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To moderate the effects of the cotton famine, the British tried to diversify its sources of cotton by making former subsistence farmers in British India, Egypt and elsewhere grow cotton for export often at the expense of staple food production. An attempt to grow cotton was also made on the island of

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A trickle of raw cotton reached Lancashire in late 1863 but failed to get to the worst affected regions, being swallowed up in Manchester. The cotton was adulterated with stones but its arrival caused the principal operators to bring in key operators to prepare the mills. The American Civil War ended

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would take the matter to parliament. The crowd believed that they had not lost relief and the ticket system would soon be abolished. The Stalybridge relief committee re-established authority. The Manchester Central Committee was critical of their poor management but they were being undermined by the

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in the region, employing 440,000 people who were paid in total £11,500,000 per annum, of whom 90 per cent were adults and 56 per cent female. The mills used 300,000 hp (220,000 kW), of which 18,500 (13,800 kW, 6.17 per cent) was generated by water power. The mills had 30.4 million

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The boom years of 1859 and 1860 had produced more woven cotton than could be sold and a cutback in production was needed. The situation was exacerbated by an overabundance of raw cotton held in the warehouses and dockyards of the ports and the market was flooded with finished goods, causing the price

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On Saturday 21 March, the magistrates released most of the prisoners but committed 28 for trial in Chester. They were taken to the railway station by police and soldiers, who were pelted with stones. A further public meeting demanded "money and bread" not "tickets". Rioters demanded bread at various

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built the new larger mills. Limited companies developed fastest in the areas with a room and power tradition. Municipal authorities did not have the legal power to borrow money to finance public works until the 1864 Act; before this they had to use their own reserves, which varied from town to town.

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and a strong co-operative tradition were quick to mitigate the social damage. The firms using them would rent the space and buy the machines on credit; cotton was cheap and the profit from the cloth was used to pay off the loan and provide a return for the risk. When cotton was unavailable they were

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Mill owners were also in difficulty as many of the smaller family-owned mills were mortgaged and if they stopped running the owners would fall behind with payments. Shopkeepers had no sales and could not afford the rents, workers defaulted on their rents and the landlord who stood the loss was often

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d/lb. The merchants were holding onto their cotton, speculating on a price rise. By the beginning of 1862, mills were being closed and workers laid off; one-third of the families in one Lancashire cotton town were in receipt of relief. The price of Middling Orleans, which had been produced at a cost

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It was initially believed that British warehoused stocks of cotton would be adequate to see out the anticipated brief conflict. As all the Union advances early on were driven back, it became clear to European observers that the war would not be over quickly. By December, Middling Orleans was selling

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of the Lord Mayor of London, which offered to distribute cash to scholars directly through the churches. The violence was blamed on outside agitators and the blame was put on an immigrant minority. Descriptions suggest about 3,500 participants, although there were only 1,700 scholars receiving aid.

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All those in work were encouraged to subscribe to charity and lists of subscribers were published. Local relief committees were set up to administer these funds, receiving other donations from the Mansion House Committee of London and Central Relief Committee of Manchester. The Mansion House Fund,

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MP, the Poor Law Commissioner who represented an industrial constituency, wrote to the Poor Law Unions in September 1861 warning them of potential famine and instructing them to fulfil their duties with Compassion. Money had to be raised locally on the parish rates. H. B. Farnell, was appointed by

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called a family meeting of mill owners, clergy and "respectable" residents to take charge of the situation. Two relief committees were formed which experimented unsuccessfully with soup kitchens then set about distributing thousands of pounds worth of provisions, coal, clogs and clothing. Calico

179:. The industry imported 1,390,938,752 lb (620,954.800 long tons; 630,919.205 t) of raw cotton a year. It exported 2.78 billion yards of cotton cloth and 197,343,655 lb (88,099.846 long tons; 89,513.576 t) of twist and yarn. The total value of its exports was £32 million. 158:

and leading to an immediate, protracted interruption of the cotton supply – initially by a voluntary boycott by Southern planters who believed a run on the cotton would quickly debilitate the British economy and force them to intervene on the South's behalf. By the time it became clear that this

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In March 1863, there were some 60,000–70,000 women attending sewing school and 20,000 men and boys attending classes. They were defined as doing useful work so could legally receive aid under the Poor Law legislation. There remained a further 25,000 men receiving aid but not doing any work. To

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from India were the least suitable for machinery and were only ever used as a small percentage of a mixture as the fibres were short and broke easily. Surat came in smaller bales which contained stones and other impurities. Each town in Lancashire used different mixtures and when the supply of

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utilizing four different gin designs over the course of four years, as well as a 19-30 percent reduction in wasted Indian cotton over the period from 1862 to 1868. Hanlon also finds that the relative price of Indian cotton to American cotton returned to its pre-Civil War level by 1874 despite

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that could be adjusted to use a different cotton, while others did not. Owners of "integrateds" (mills that both spun and wove) could better balance the workload, thus preserving the precious raw material for longer. Some cautious mill owners always held stock in hand, while others bought as

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The cotton industry had become highly specialised by the 1860s and the severity of the famine in different towns depended on many factors. Some towns were built around mills using short fibre American cotton, while others used the longer fibre Egyptian cotton still available. Some mills had

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to collapse, while at the same time the demand for raw cotton fell. The price for raw cotton increased by several hundred percent due to blockade and lack of imports. The inaccessibility of raw cotton and the difficult trading conditions caused a change in the social circumstances of the

138:. The region had swamped the American market with printed cottons and was speculatively exporting to India. The populations of some mill towns in Lancashire and the surrounding region had almost doubled, the profit to capital ratio was running at more than 30 per cent, and a 351:(also known as extra long staple), grown on the islands off the Carolina coast of America, was the best quality cotton; Egyptian — the name given to Sea Island cotton that had been introduced into Egypt — was the second best grade. The most common grades were the 426:

and after the enactment of 1864 Public Works Act, took a loan to extend the waterworks. The only recorded tension was when the Relief Committee mistakenly decided to auction, instead of distributing free, a gift of food from the American federal government.

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Sicily. With the ending of the American Civil War, these new cotton farmers became redundant and their cotton was hardly demanded. This led to their impoverishment and aggravated various famines in these countries in the second half of the 19th century.

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workforce. Factory owners no longer bought large quantities of raw cotton to process and large parts of Lancashire and the surrounding areas' workers became unemployed and went from being the most prosperous workers in Britain to the most impoverished.

289:); production had exceeded demand and short time working was inevitable. As indications came that trouble was possible, the American growers hurried to export their crop early. Almost enough of the 1861 crop reached Liverpool to supply the mills. 97:

Local relief committees were set up and appealed for money locally and nationally. There were two major funds, the Manchester Central Committee and the Mansion House Committee of the Lord Mayor of London. The poorest applied for relief under the

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in April 1865. In August 1864, the first large consignment arrived and Wooley Bridge mill in Glossop reopened, giving all operatives a four and half day week. Employment then returned to normal. Raw cotton prices had risen from

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hoped that distress in the European cotton manufacturing areas (similar hardships occurred in France), together with distaste in European ruling circles for democracy would lead to European intervention to force the

114:, cleaning rivers, landscaping parks and surfacing roads. In 1864, cotton imports were restored, the mills were put back into production but some towns had diversified and many thousands of operatives had emigrated. 601: 107: 106:. Local relief committees experimented with soup kitchens and direct aid. In 1862, sewing classes and industrial classes were organised by local churches and attendance merited a Poor Law payment. After the 2409: 572:

to find work for the fit. In rural communities this was stone breaking in the quarries, the mines etc. Outdoor work was quite unsuitable for men who had been working in the humid, heated mills, whose

73:. The increase in cotton prices caused the textile trade to rapidly lose two-thirds of its previous value of exports to China from 1861 to 1862. The worldwide cotton famine also produced a boom in 340:

d and bought by the merchants for 8d in 1861, rose to 2s. 3d. by October 1862, and to 2s. 5d. the following year. It is calculated that the merchants had a windfall of £35 million.

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in Rusholme. The Federal American government sent a gift of food to the people of Lancashire. The first consignment was sent aboard the George Griswold. Other ships were the Hope and Achilles.

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known as the "Cotton Famine Road". The public works commissioned in this period left a major impression on the infrastructure of the towns of Lancashire and the surrounding cotton areas.

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Of the 1,390,938,752 lb of raw cotton 1,115,890,608 lb came from America.(80 per cent). At the end of 1860, there remained 250 million lb in storage in the United Kingdom.

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was needed to reduce breakages. Running a loom on Surat could only produce about 40 per cent of the previous throughput and, as workers were paid by the piece, their income was slashed.

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caused disruptions driving the price of cotton "so high that the Chinese stopped buying from outside". The textile trade lost two-thirds of its value from 1861-1862 and kept falling.

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to administer the relief. Their job was to minimise the cost to the parishes, which were compelled to finance their own poor. Paupers should be returned to their parishes of origin.

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The older paternalistic mill owners who lived among the local community were quick to divert their neighbours and workforce to maintenance work at their own expense. For example, in

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the first to go bankrupt. After the famine the need was for more advanced machines and bigger mills. The investment required was too much for many private mill owners, and

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loaned money to his workers and Howard took on extra workers on his estate. They set up schools, provided free brass band concerts, gave public readings from the

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A monument in Brazenose Street, Lincoln Square, Manchester, commemorates the events and reproduces portions of both documents. The Abraham Lincoln statue by

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Surdam, David G. (1998). "King Cotton: monarch or pretender? The state of the market for raw cotton on the eve of the American Civil War".

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released their EP "Cotton Lords" in 2019, which takes five poems from the Lancashire Cotton Famine and sets them to music by Paul Sartin.

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fixed. On the Sunday, supporters and visitors arrived in the town but there were no developments. On Monday 23 March the riot spread to

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was the worst affected district and suffered a net loss of population between 1861 and 1871. In 1864 there were 2,000 empty houses in

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to make peace on the basis of accepting secession of the Confederacy. After Union forces had repulsed a Confederate incursion at the

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Hanlon, W.W. "Necessity Is the Mother of Invention: Input Supplies and Directed Technical Change." Econometrica, Vol. 83: 67-100.

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American and Sea Island Cotton dried up, the mill owners moved over to Surat. Some machines could be adjusted to take it but

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was passed, local authorities were empowered to borrow money for approved public works. They commissioned the rebuilding of

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An 1862 newspaper illustration showing people queueing for food and coal tickets at a district Provident Society office

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significantly increasing in abundance, which is evidence of the "strong induced-bias hypothesis" as proposed by

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cottons which included Middling Orleans; it was these grades that were used by the majority of Lancashire's

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and subsequent rise of exports to China by 30 percent from year 1859-1860. But with the outbreak of the

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The History of the Cotton Famine, from the Fall of Sumter to the Passing of the Public Works Act (1864)

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governments offered free passage, and 1,000 people had emigrated by August 1864, 200 of them from

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was read and eighty men were arrested; women and girls continued to harangue the police and soldiers.

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Report of the International Relief Committee for the Suffering Operatives of Great Britain 1862–1863

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Regions such as Australia, welcomed skilled spinners and weavers and encouraged their immigration.

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The Lancashire area has a legacy of municipal parks that were created in this period such as

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in a time of contracting world markets. It coincided with the interruption of baled

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and speculators buying up new stock for storage in the shipping warehouses at the

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Home-Life of the Lancashire Factory Folk during the Cotton Famine, by Edwin Waugh

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In China, the British enjoyed an increase in trade following the results of the

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which allowed the burden be shared between the parishes and the county and then

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strategy was ineffective, the resumption of cotton exports was prevented by the

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southern states of America, where most of the world's raw cotton was produced,

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The 1850s had been a period of unprecedented growth for the cotton industry in

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sent an address thanking the cotton workers of Lancashire for their support,

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Amalgamated Association of Beamers, Twisters and Drawers (Hand and Machine)

2378: 2363: 2231: 2171: 1685: 3854: 2892: 2872: 2673: 2383: 2358: 2186: 2181: 2141: 1815: 921: 675: 617: 385: 167: 154:. The situation quickly deteriorated, culminating in the outbreak of the 90: 293:, the type of cotton that was used to gauge the prices, was selling for 62: 5237: 4112: 3874: 3075: 3070: 2485: 2388: 2277: 2216: 1812: 1009: 846: 834: 786: 649: 573: 548: 497: 462: 430: 381: 176: 131: 123: 86: 556:, originally commissioned for the Cotton Districts convalescent home, 4501: 2684: 616:

By the winter of 1862–1863 there were 7,000 unemployed operatives in

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General Union of Lancashire and Yorkshire Warp Dressers' Association

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shops and in each case it was given to them. At 23:30, a company of

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had been damaged by cotton dust. The act only required that men

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List of films and television shows about the American Civil War

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Unsold cloth had been building up in the warehouses in Bombay (

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Public Meeting, Free Trade Hall, Manchester, 31 December 1862.

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Hard Times, Gerald Schofield A short History of the Famine.

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The English Cotton Industry and the World Market 1815–1896

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Cotton Famine Poetry Archive. These appear on their album

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Small Town Politics, A Study of Political Life in Glossop

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On 31 December 1862, a meeting of cotton workers at the

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be set to work as long as he continued to receive relief

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Depression in the textile industry of North West England

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North East Lancashire Amalgamated Weavers' Association

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converted to woollen production buying in second hand

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History of the textile industry in the United Kingdom

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Lancashire Amalgamated Tape Sizers' Friendly Society

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Amalgamated Association of Operative Cotton Spinners

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The Wild & Cultivated Cotton Plants of the World

1703:The Cotton Industry in Longdendale and Glossopdale 1649: 372:the mill owner. The wealthier mill owners such as 353:short staple Gossypium hirsutum (American upland) 5352: 4990:Confederate States presidential election of 1861 1705:. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Tempus. p. 126. 564:Relief in times of hardship was governed by the 552:Commemorative stained-glass window preserved at 5391:Foreign relations during the American Civil War 1420:. Blackburn with Darwen Council. Archived from 1289: 1287: 845:, 1919, was formerly located in the gardens at 602:Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864 587:had required parishes to come together to form 108:Public Works (Manufacturing Districts) Act 1864 4814:Military Order of the Loyal Legion of the U.S. 2420:Amalgamated Textile Warehousemen's Association 1738: 1230: 1218: 1143: 2700: 1797: 666:Public Works Manufacturing Districts Act 1864 1950:B. Hick and Sons / Hick, Hargreaves & Co 1284: 476:industries. A small number of mills such as 2470:United Textile Factory Workers' Association 2460:Northern Counties Textile Trades Federation 5386:Economic history of the American Civil War 2707: 2693: 1804: 1790: 1524:Report from International Relief Committee 1451:. Ding Quarry Action Group. Archived from 1773:Primary source on the hardship from 1862. 1297:inflation figures are based on data from 2903:Treatment of slaves in the United States 824: 705: 669: 547: 429: 20: 4646:Sons of Union Veterans of the Civil War 2818:South Carolina Declaration of Secession 1526:funded by the New York Product Exchange 1386: 1088: 636:arrived and patrolled the streets with 5353: 4631:Modern display of the Confederate flag 2714: 1700: 1660: 1609: 1546: 1473: 1380: 1374: 1338: 1326: 1278: 1266: 1254: 1242: 1076: 1046: 1034: 1022: 995: 968: 766:in September 1862, Lincoln issued his 4849: 4238: 3802: 3025: 2828:President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers 2726: 2688: 1990:Yates & Thom / Yates of Blackburn 1811: 1785: 1678: 1647: 1631:Autumn in the Heavenly Kingdom (2012) 1628: 1517: 1411: 1298: 1180: 989: 983: 904:adapted two poems into song from the 41:(1861–1865), was a depression in the 1719: 1485: 1362: 1350: 1111: 4985:Committee on the Conduct of the War 4661:United Daughters of the Confederacy 1128: 853:Effects in other parts of the world 611: 13: 5055:U.S. Presidential Election of 1864 4850: 4394:impeachment managers investigation 2773:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry 2425:Amalgamated Textile Workers' Union 1970:William Roberts & Co of Nelson 1741:Cotton Mills in Greater Manchester 14: 5407: 4480:Reconstruction military districts 2928:Abolitionism in the United States 2883:Plantations in the American South 2798:Origins of the American Civil War 2445:General Union of Loom Overlookers 1759: 1633:. New York: Knopf, Random House. 1554:https://doi.org/10.3982/ECTA10811 1091:"Cotton to cloth: An Indian Epic" 749:Britain in the American Civil War 554:North Manchester General Hospital 150:and attempted to secede from the 5334: 5325: 5324: 4463:Enforcement Act of February 1871 4436:Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 2430:Amalgamated Weavers' Association 1868: 1616:. London: Saunders, Otley and Co 1442: 1157:"The Cotton Famine of 1862–1863" 543: 435:Image of the Cotton Famine from 5248:New York City Gold Hoax of 1864 5110:When Johnny Comes Marching Home 4671:Wilmington insurrection of 1898 1860:Sidney Stott (later Sir Philip) 1739:Williams, Mike; Farnie (1992). 1726:. Manchester: Alexander Ireland 1679:Flood, Alison (9 August 2018). 1602: 1584: 1559: 1529: 1491: 1479: 1467: 1436: 1405: 1368: 1356: 1344: 1332: 1320: 1272: 1260: 1248: 1236: 1224: 1212: 1186: 1174: 1149: 1137: 1122: 1105: 1082: 166:In 1860, there were 2,650 5396:American Civil War by location 4351:Southern Homestead Act of 1866 2288:Amalgamated Cotton Mills Trust 1723:The Facts of the Cotton Famine 1131:"The Lancashire Cotton Famine" 1070: 1059:The Cotton Famine in Blackburn 1052: 1040: 1028: 1016: 939: 774:three decades earlier after a 388:and to grow short staple near 181: 1: 5376:History of Greater Manchester 4766:Ladies' Memorial Associations 4468:Enforcement Act of April 1871 4364:Impeachment of Andrew Johnson 4239: 2263:Lancashire Cotton Corporation 2237:Thomas Whitehead and Brothers 1940:W & J Galloway & Sons 1329:, pp. 118, 120, 417, 248 1162:. The Belfast News. p. 9 512:diversified into hat making. 280: 117: 4899:Confederate revolving cannon 4641:Sons of Confederate Veterans 4512:South Carolina riots of 1876 4490:Indian Council at Fort Smith 4441:South Carolina riots of 1876 4406:Knights of the White Camelia 2898:Slavery in the United States 2041:John Hetherington & Sons 1925:Clayton, Goodfellow & Co 1200:. 13 August 1864. p. 19 1129:Emm, Adele (2 August 2016). 952: 686:, commemorating its origins. 395: 7: 5253:New York City riots of 1863 5078:Battle Hymn of the Republic 4829:United Confederate Veterans 4666:Children of the Confederacy 4656:United Confederate Veterans 4651:Southern Historical Society 3803: 3283:Price's Missouri Expedition 2753:Timeline leading to the War 2727: 2026:Butterworth & Dickinson 1610:Arnold, Sir Arthur (1864). 998:The Economic History Review 915: 900:In 2022, Folk-Revival band 742: 585:Poor Law Amendment Act 1834 437:The Illustrated London News 273: 265: 257: 249: 241: 221: 218: 215: 207: 204: 201: 148:declared their independence 10: 5412: 5361:Cotton industry in England 5221:Confederate Secret Service 4809:Grand Army of the Republic 4701:Grand Army of the Republic 4519:Southern Claims Commission 2258:Fine Spinners and Doublers 1866: 1656:. Oxford University Press. 1629:Platt, Stephen R. (2012). 1556:. (accessed May 21, 2021). 1231:Williams & Farnie 1992 1219:Williams & Farnie 1992 1144:Williams & Farnie 1992 772:Slavery Abolition Act 1833 746: 624:came from Manchester; the 142:was looming. In 1861, the 134:, and north east parts of 75:cotton production in Egypt 5320: 5296: 5209:Confederate States dollar 5181: 5123: 5068: 5020:Habeas Corpus Act of 1863 5015:Emancipation Proclamation 4977: 4909:Medal of Honor recipients 4866: 4862: 4845: 4797:Confederate Memorial Hall 4779: 4758: 4716: 4688: 4679: 4599:Confederate Memorial Hall 4572:Confederate History Month 4552:Civil War Discovery Trail 4532: 4453:Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 4284: 4259:Reconstruction Amendments 4249: 4245: 4234: 4156: 4025: 4018: 3958: 3822: 3815: 3811: 3798: 3740: 3487: 3480: 3311: 3167: 3126: 3094: 3061: 3054: 3050: 3021: 2918: 2868:Emancipation Proclamation 2836: 2737: 2733: 2722: 2669:John Kay (spinning frame) 2664:John Kay (flying shuttle) 2631: 2595: 2509: 2478: 2402: 2309:Cotton-spinning machinery 2296: 2245: 2124: 2081:Parr, Curtis & Madely 2031:Curtis, Parr & Walton 2013: 1910:Browett, Lindley & Co 1877: 1822: 1541:Late Victorian Holocausts 1389:Images of England; Oldham 1112:Watt, Sir George (1907). 875: 768:Emancipation Proclamation 598:Union Relief Aid Act 1862 378:Houldsworth Mill, Reddish 5283:U.S. Sanitary Commission 5194:Battlefield preservation 5100:Marching Through Georgia 5025:Hampton Roads Conference 5000:Confiscation Act of 1862 4995:Confiscation Act of 1861 4771:U.S. national cemeteries 4577:Confederate Memorial Day 4562:Civil War Trails Program 4431:New Orleans riot of 1866 2106:Textile Machinery Makers 2086:British Northrop Loom Co 2005:Woolstenhulmes & Rye 1955:John Musgrave & Sons 1835:Bradshaw Gass & Hope 1133:– via PressReader. 932: 893:English trad-folk group 456: 343: 307:d a pound in June 1861. 152:United States of America 31:Lancashire Cotton Famine 5204:Confederate war finance 4824:Southern Cross of Honor 4792:1938 Gettysburg reunion 4787:1913 Gettysburg reunion 4485:Reconstruction Treaties 4458:Enforcement Act of 1870 4341:Freedman's Savings Bank 2958:Lane Debates on Slavery 2783:Lincoln–Douglas debates 2623:Quarry Bank Mill, Styal 2283:James Burton & Sons 2273:Combined Egyptian Mills 2111:Tweedales & Smalley 1743:. Carnegie Publishing. 1387:Millett, Freda (1996). 1299:Clark, Gregory (2017). 593:Charles Pelham Villiers 69:and during the ongoing 5263:Richmond riots of 1863 5189:Baltimore riot of 1861 4969:U.S. Military Railroad 4889:Confederate Home Guard 4621:Historiographic issues 4587:Historical reenactment 3086:Revenue Cutter Service 2953:William Lloyd Garrison 2862:Dred Scott v. Sandford 2319:Magnetic ring spinning 2314:DREF friction spinning 1995:Willans & Robinson 1900:Bateman & Sherratt 1661:Farnie, D. A. (1979), 838: 823: 805: 696:Alexandra Park, Oldham 687: 604:authorised borrowing. 561: 440: 57:imports caused by the 26: 5371:History of Lancashire 5228:Great Revival of 1863 5105:Maryland, My Maryland 4894:Confederate railroads 4557:Civil War Roundtables 4426:Meridian riot of 1871 4421:Memphis riots of 1866 2978:George Luther Stearns 2963:Elijah Parish Lovejoy 2856:Crittenden Compromise 2496:Mule spinners' cancer 2465:The Textile Institute 2435:Cardroom Amalgamation 2304:Textile manufacturing 2116:T. Wildman & Sons 2101:Taylor, Lang & Co 2061:Howard & Bullough 2051:John Pilling and Sons 1985:Urmson & Thompson 1895:Ashworth & Parker 1648:Birch, A. H. (1959). 1198:The Spectator Archive 1093:. Craft Revival Trust 828: 813: 795: 747:Further information: 706:Cotton starts to flow 673: 551: 528:cost £3 15s 6d), the 433: 24: 5115:Daar kom die Alibama 5030:National Union Party 4706:memorials to Lincoln 4626:Lost Cause mythology 4331:Eufaula riot of 1874 4319:Confederate refugees 3532:District of Columbia 3159:Union naval blockade 3005:Underground Railroad 2793:Nullification crisis 2479:Employment practices 2297:Industrial processes 1915:Buckley & Taylor 1840:F.W. Dixon & Son 1701:Quayle, Tom (2006). 1445:"Cotton Famine Road" 906:University of Exeter 807:On 19 January 1863, 566:Poor Relief Act 1601 445:room and power mills 33:, also known as the 5273:Supreme Court cases 5040:Radical Republicans 4819:Old soldiers' homes 4803:Confederate Veteran 4729:artworks in Capitol 4448:Reconstruction acts 4309:Colfax riot of 1873 3273:Richmond-Petersburg 2878:Fugitive slave laws 2808:Popular sovereignty 2788:Missouri Compromise 2778:Kansas-Nebraska Act 2491:Kissing the shuttle 2268:Bagley & Wright 2207:George Augustus Lee 2197:William Houldsworth 2167:Nathaniel Eckersley 2036:Dobson & Barlow 1980:Scott & Hodgson 1945:Benjamin Goodfellow 1930:Earnshaw & Holt 1720:Watt, John (1866). 1665:, Clarendon Press, 1424:on 1 September 2016 1412:Schofield, Gerald. 1118:. London: Longmans. 986:, pp. 231–232. 971:, pp. 135–170. 883:Dobson & Barlow 881:major manufacturer 843:George Grey Barnard 163:of Southern ports. 89:region's extensive 49:, brought about by 5094:A Lincoln Portrait 5035:Politicians killed 4959:U.S. Balloon Corps 4954:Union corps badges 4734:memorials to Davis 4604:Disenfranchisement 4475:Reconstruction era 4356:Timber Culture Act 4314:Compromise of 1877 3278:Franklin–Nashville 2948:Frederick Douglass 2851:Cornerstone Speech 2768:Compromise of 1850 2716:American Civil War 2147:Hugh Hornby Birley 2091:Pemberton & Co 2076:Mather & Platt 2056:Harling & Todd 2021:Brooks & Doxey 1965:Petrie of Rochdale 1960:J & W McNaught 1905:Boulton & Watt 1505:on 20 October 2006 1353:, pp. 264–279 1295:Retail Price Index 1064:2005-04-19 at the 867:American Civil War 839: 764:Battle of Antietam 688: 659:Mansion House Fund 570:Poor Law Guardians 562: 461:Some workers left 441: 156:American Civil War 59:American Civil War 47:North West England 27: 5348: 5347: 5316: 5315: 5312: 5311: 5146:Italian Americans 5131:African Americans 5088:John Brown's Body 4841: 4840: 4837: 4836: 4754: 4753: 4592:Robert E. Lee Day 4336:Freedmen's Bureau 4299:Brooks–Baxter War 4230: 4229: 4226: 4225: 4222: 4221: 4014: 4013: 3794: 3793: 3790: 3789: 3786: 3785: 3203:Northern Virginia 3149:Trans-Mississippi 3122: 3121: 3017: 3016: 3013: 3012: 2909:Uncle Tom's Cabin 2846:African Americans 2682: 2681: 2639:Richard Arkwright 2618:Weavers' Triangle 2613:Queen Street Mill 2394:Lancashire boiler 2324:Open-end spinning 2246:Limited companies 2212:Charles Macintosh 2152:Joseph Brotherton 1640:978-0-307-27173-0 1025:, pp. 37, 38 902:Bird in the Belly 568:, which required 450:limited companies 374:Henry Houldsworth 278: 277: 226: 225: 175:and 350,000 79:Russian Turkestan 71:Taiping Rebellion 5403: 5366:1860s in England 5338: 5328: 5327: 5151:Native Americans 5136:German Americans 4929:Partisan rangers 4924:Official Records 4864: 4863: 4847: 4846: 4739:memorials to Lee 4686: 4685: 4247: 4246: 4236: 4235: 4023: 4022: 3820: 3819: 3813: 3812: 3800: 3799: 3773:Washington, D.C. 3567:Indian Territory 3527:Dakota Territory 3485: 3484: 3402:Chancellorsville 3193:Jackson's Valley 3183:Blockade runners 3059: 3058: 3052: 3051: 3023: 3022: 2983:Thaddeus Stevens 2973:Lysander Spooner 2933:Susan B. Anthony 2735: 2734: 2724: 2723: 2709: 2702: 2695: 2686: 2685: 2654:James Hargreaves 2552:Oldham (borough) 2162:Peter Drinkwater 2132:Elkanah Armitage 2014:Machinery makers 1872: 1806: 1799: 1792: 1783: 1782: 1754: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1716: 1697: 1695: 1693: 1675: 1657: 1655: 1644: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1596: 1595: 1588: 1582: 1581: 1579: 1577: 1563: 1557: 1550: 1544: 1533: 1527: 1521: 1515: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1501:. Archived from 1495: 1489: 1483: 1477: 1471: 1465: 1464: 1462: 1460: 1449:Stop Ding Quarry 1440: 1434: 1433: 1431: 1429: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1384: 1378: 1372: 1366: 1360: 1354: 1348: 1342: 1336: 1330: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1291: 1282: 1276: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1246: 1240: 1234: 1228: 1222: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1207: 1205: 1190: 1184: 1178: 1172: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1161: 1153: 1147: 1141: 1135: 1134: 1126: 1120: 1119: 1109: 1103: 1102: 1100: 1098: 1089:Uzramma (2006). 1086: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1056: 1050: 1044: 1038: 1032: 1026: 1020: 1014: 1013: 993: 987: 981: 972: 966: 946: 943: 927:Cotton diplomacy 863:Second Opium War 821: 803: 738: 737: 733: 730: 724: 723: 719: 716: 612:Stalybridge Riot 339: 338: 334: 331: 324: 323: 319: 316: 306: 305: 301: 298: 291:Middling Orleans 228: 227: 182: 112:sewerage systems 67:Second Opium War 43:textile industry 5411: 5410: 5406: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5400: 5351: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5308: 5292: 5177: 5141:Irish Americans 5119: 5064: 4973: 4964:U.S. Home Guard 4904:Field artillery 4858: 4857: 4833: 4775: 4750: 4712: 4681: 4675: 4567:Civil War Trust 4534: 4528: 4416:Ethnic violence 4401:Kirk–Holden war 4280: 4241: 4218: 4152: 4010: 3954: 3807: 3782: 3736: 3489: 3476: 3307: 3288:Sherman's March 3268:Bermuda Hundred 3163: 3118: 3090: 3046: 3045: 3009: 2968:J. Sella Martin 2938:James G. Birney 2914: 2832: 2758:Bleeding Kansas 2746: 2729: 2718: 2713: 2683: 2678: 2644:Samuel Crompton 2627: 2608:Helmshore Mills 2591: 2505: 2501:Piece-rate list 2474: 2398: 2369:Lancashire Loom 2292: 2253:Oldham Limiteds 2241: 2192:Richard Howarth 2120: 2066:Geo. Hattersley 2009: 1873: 1864: 1830:David Bellhouse 1818: 1810: 1762: 1757: 1751: 1729: 1727: 1713: 1691: 1689: 1673: 1641: 1619: 1617: 1605: 1600: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1575: 1573: 1565: 1564: 1560: 1551: 1547: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1518: 1508: 1506: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1484: 1480: 1472: 1468: 1458: 1456: 1455:on 24 July 2012 1441: 1437: 1427: 1425: 1410: 1406: 1399: 1385: 1381: 1373: 1369: 1361: 1357: 1349: 1345: 1337: 1333: 1325: 1321: 1311: 1309: 1292: 1285: 1277: 1273: 1265: 1261: 1253: 1249: 1241: 1237: 1229: 1225: 1217: 1213: 1203: 1201: 1192: 1191: 1187: 1179: 1175: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1154: 1150: 1142: 1138: 1127: 1123: 1110: 1106: 1096: 1094: 1087: 1083: 1075: 1071: 1066:Wayback Machine 1057: 1053: 1045: 1041: 1033: 1029: 1021: 1017: 994: 990: 982: 975: 967: 960: 955: 950: 949: 944: 940: 935: 918: 878: 855: 831:Abraham Lincoln 822: 820:19 January 1863 819: 809:Abraham Lincoln 804: 801: 783:Free Trade Hall 751: 745: 735: 731: 728: 726: 721: 717: 714: 712: 708: 668: 614: 589:Poor Law Unions 546: 500:. The towns of 465:to work in the 459: 439: 424:Pickwick Papers 398: 359:producers. The 346: 336: 332: 329: 327: 321: 317: 314: 312: 303: 299: 296: 294: 283: 120: 104:Poor Law Unions 17: 12: 11: 5: 5409: 5399: 5398: 5393: 5388: 5383: 5378: 5373: 5368: 5363: 5346: 5345: 5343: 5342: 5332: 5321: 5318: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5307: 5306: 5300: 5298: 5294: 5293: 5291: 5290: 5288:Women soldiers 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5243:Naming the war 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5224: 5223: 5213: 5212: 5211: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5178: 5176: 5175: 5174: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5127: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5118: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5097: 5090: 5085: 5080: 5074: 5072: 5066: 5065: 5063: 5062: 5057: 5052: 5047: 5042: 5037: 5032: 5027: 5022: 5017: 5012: 5007: 5002: 4997: 4992: 4987: 4981: 4979: 4975: 4974: 4972: 4971: 4966: 4961: 4956: 4951: 4946: 4941: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4916: 4911: 4906: 4901: 4896: 4891: 4886: 4881: 4879:Campaign Medal 4876: 4870: 4868: 4860: 4859: 4856: 4855: 4854:Related topics 4851: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4838: 4835: 4834: 4832: 4831: 4826: 4821: 4816: 4811: 4806: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4776: 4774: 4773: 4768: 4762: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4752: 4751: 4749: 4748: 4743: 4742: 4741: 4736: 4731: 4720: 4718: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4710: 4709: 4708: 4703: 4692: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4674: 4673: 4668: 4663: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4623: 4618: 4617: 4616: 4611: 4601: 4596: 4595: 4594: 4589: 4584: 4582:Decoration Day 4579: 4574: 4569: 4564: 4559: 4554: 4549: 4538: 4536: 4535:Reconstruction 4530: 4529: 4527: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4515: 4514: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4493: 4492: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4471: 4470: 4465: 4460: 4455: 4445: 4444: 4443: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4397: 4396: 4391: 4389:second inquiry 4386: 4381: 4376: 4371: 4361: 4360: 4359: 4353: 4346:Homestead Acts 4343: 4338: 4333: 4328: 4327: 4326: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4294:Alabama Claims 4290: 4288: 4286:Reconstruction 4282: 4281: 4279: 4278: 4277: 4276: 4274:15th Amendment 4271: 4269:14th Amendment 4266: 4264:13th Amendment 4255: 4253: 4243: 4242: 4232: 4231: 4228: 4227: 4224: 4223: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4191: 4186: 4181: 4176: 4171: 4166: 4160: 4158: 4154: 4153: 4151: 4150: 4145: 4140: 4135: 4130: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4105: 4100: 4095: 4090: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4070: 4065: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4020: 4016: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 4008: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3988: 3983: 3978: 3973: 3968: 3962: 3960: 3956: 3955: 3953: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3902: 3897: 3895:J. E. Johnston 3892: 3890:A. S. Johnston 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3830:R. H. Anderson 3826: 3824: 3817: 3809: 3808: 3796: 3795: 3792: 3791: 3788: 3787: 3784: 3783: 3781: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3744: 3742: 3738: 3737: 3735: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3692:South Carolina 3689: 3684: 3679: 3674: 3669: 3667:North Carolina 3664: 3659: 3654: 3649: 3644: 3639: 3634: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3604: 3599: 3594: 3589: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3539: 3534: 3529: 3524: 3519: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3499: 3493: 3491: 3482: 3478: 3477: 3475: 3474: 3469: 3464: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3392:Fredericksburg 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3344: 3339: 3334: 3332:Wilson's Creek 3329: 3324: 3318: 3316: 3309: 3308: 3306: 3305: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3265: 3260: 3255: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3210: 3205: 3200: 3195: 3190: 3185: 3180: 3174: 3172: 3165: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3156: 3151: 3146: 3144:Lower Seaboard 3141: 3136: 3130: 3128: 3124: 3123: 3120: 3119: 3117: 3116: 3111: 3106: 3100: 3098: 3092: 3091: 3089: 3088: 3083: 3078: 3073: 3067: 3065: 3056: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3043: 3040: 3037: 3034: 3031: 3027: 3019: 3018: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3007: 3002: 3000:Harriet Tubman 2997: 2996: 2995: 2988:Charles Sumner 2985: 2980: 2975: 2970: 2965: 2960: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2940: 2935: 2930: 2924: 2922: 2916: 2915: 2913: 2912: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2858: 2853: 2848: 2842: 2840: 2834: 2833: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2823:States' rights 2820: 2815: 2810: 2805: 2800: 2795: 2790: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2730: 2720: 2719: 2712: 2711: 2704: 2697: 2689: 2680: 2679: 2677: 2676: 2671: 2666: 2661: 2656: 2651: 2649:Peter Foxcroft 2646: 2641: 2635: 2633: 2629: 2628: 2626: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2597: 2593: 2592: 2590: 2589: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2513: 2511: 2510:Lists of mills 2507: 2506: 2504: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2488: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2475: 2473: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2406: 2404: 2400: 2399: 2397: 2396: 2391: 2386: 2381: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2356: 2351: 2346: 2341: 2339:Spinning jenny 2336: 2334:Spinning frame 2331: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2294: 2293: 2291: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2249: 2247: 2243: 2242: 2240: 2239: 2234: 2229: 2224: 2222:Samuel Oldknow 2219: 2214: 2209: 2204: 2199: 2194: 2189: 2184: 2179: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2159: 2154: 2149: 2144: 2139: 2137:Henry Ashworth 2134: 2128: 2126: 2122: 2121: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2098: 2096:Platt Brothers 2093: 2088: 2083: 2078: 2073: 2068: 2063: 2058: 2053: 2048: 2046:Joseph Hibbert 2043: 2038: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2008: 2007: 2002: 2000:J & E Wood 1997: 1992: 1987: 1982: 1977: 1972: 1967: 1962: 1957: 1952: 1947: 1942: 1937: 1932: 1927: 1922: 1917: 1912: 1907: 1902: 1897: 1892: 1887: 1885:Daniel Adamson 1881: 1879: 1875: 1874: 1867: 1865: 1863: 1862: 1857: 1855:Stott and Sons 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1826: 1824: 1820: 1819: 1809: 1808: 1801: 1794: 1786: 1780: 1779: 1774: 1768: 1761: 1760:External links 1758: 1756: 1755: 1749: 1736: 1717: 1711: 1698: 1676: 1671: 1658: 1645: 1639: 1626: 1606: 1604: 1601: 1598: 1597: 1583: 1558: 1545: 1528: 1516: 1490: 1478: 1466: 1435: 1418:cottontown.org 1404: 1397: 1379: 1367: 1365:, pp. 280 1355: 1343: 1331: 1319: 1306:MeasuringWorth 1283: 1271: 1259: 1247: 1235: 1223: 1211: 1185: 1173: 1148: 1136: 1121: 1104: 1081: 1069: 1051: 1039: 1027: 1015: 1004:(1): 113–132. 988: 973: 957: 956: 954: 951: 948: 947: 937: 936: 934: 931: 930: 929: 924: 917: 914: 910:After the City 888:Daron Acemoglu 877: 874: 854: 851: 829:The statue of 817: 799: 744: 741: 725:d in 1861 to 707: 704: 684:Alexandra Park 667: 664: 613: 610: 545: 542: 486:fulling stocks 458: 455: 434: 397: 394: 366:extra humidity 345: 342: 282: 279: 276: 275: 272: 268: 267: 264: 260: 259: 256: 252: 251: 248: 244: 243: 242:1,115,890,608 240: 236: 235: 232: 224: 223: 220: 217: 214: 210: 209: 206: 203: 200: 196: 195: 192: 189: 186: 161:Union blockade 119: 116: 102:, through the 51:overproduction 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5408: 5397: 5394: 5392: 5389: 5387: 5384: 5382: 5379: 5377: 5374: 5372: 5369: 5367: 5364: 5362: 5359: 5358: 5356: 5341: 5337: 5333: 5331: 5323: 5322: 5319: 5305: 5302: 5301: 5299: 5295: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5258:Photographers 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5233:Gender issues 5231: 5229: 5226: 5222: 5219: 5218: 5217: 5214: 5210: 5207: 5206: 5205: 5202: 5200: 5197: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5122: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5073: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5060:War Democrats 5058: 5056: 5053: 5051: 5050:Union Leagues 5048: 5046: 5043: 5041: 5038: 5036: 5033: 5031: 5028: 5026: 5023: 5021: 5018: 5016: 5013: 5011: 5008: 5006: 5003: 5001: 4998: 4996: 4993: 4991: 4988: 4986: 4983: 4982: 4980: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4949:Turning point 4947: 4945: 4942: 4940: 4937: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4919:Naval battles 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4907: 4905: 4902: 4900: 4897: 4895: 4892: 4890: 4887: 4885: 4882: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4869: 4865: 4861: 4853: 4852: 4848: 4844: 4830: 4827: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4817: 4815: 4812: 4810: 4807: 4805: 4804: 4800: 4798: 4795: 4793: 4790: 4788: 4785: 4784: 4782: 4778: 4772: 4769: 4767: 4764: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4747: 4744: 4740: 4737: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4726: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4719: 4715: 4707: 4704: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4697: 4694: 4693: 4691: 4687: 4684: 4682:and memorials 4678: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4662: 4659: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4624: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4607: 4606: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4593: 4590: 4588: 4585: 4583: 4580: 4578: 4575: 4573: 4570: 4568: 4565: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4542:Commemoration 4540: 4539: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4522: 4520: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4491: 4488: 4487: 4486: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4469: 4466: 4464: 4461: 4459: 4456: 4454: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4442: 4439: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4395: 4392: 4390: 4387: 4385: 4384:first inquiry 4382: 4380: 4377: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4365: 4362: 4357: 4354: 4352: 4349: 4348: 4347: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4329: 4325: 4322: 4321: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4304:Carpetbaggers 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4291: 4289: 4287: 4283: 4275: 4272: 4270: 4267: 4265: 4262: 4261: 4260: 4257: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4248: 4244: 4237: 4233: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4195: 4192: 4190: 4187: 4185: 4182: 4180: 4177: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4167: 4165: 4162: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4149: 4146: 4144: 4141: 4139: 4136: 4134: 4131: 4129: 4126: 4124: 4121: 4119: 4116: 4114: 4111: 4109: 4106: 4104: 4101: 4099: 4096: 4094: 4091: 4089: 4086: 4084: 4081: 4079: 4076: 4074: 4071: 4069: 4066: 4064: 4061: 4059: 4056: 4054: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4024: 4021: 4017: 4007: 4004: 4002: 3999: 3997: 3994: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3979: 3977: 3974: 3972: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3951: 3948: 3946: 3943: 3941: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3931: 3928: 3926: 3923: 3921: 3918: 3916: 3913: 3911: 3908: 3906: 3903: 3901: 3898: 3896: 3893: 3891: 3888: 3886: 3883: 3881: 3878: 3876: 3873: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3806: 3801: 3797: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3754: 3751: 3749: 3746: 3745: 3743: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3727:West Virginia 3725: 3723: 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3683: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3673: 3670: 3668: 3665: 3663: 3660: 3658: 3655: 3653: 3650: 3648: 3647:New Hampshire 3645: 3643: 3640: 3638: 3635: 3633: 3630: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3607:Massachusetts 3605: 3603: 3600: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3590: 3588: 3585: 3583: 3580: 3578: 3575: 3573: 3570: 3568: 3565: 3563: 3560: 3558: 3555: 3553: 3550: 3548: 3545: 3543: 3540: 3538: 3535: 3533: 3530: 3528: 3525: 3523: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3498: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3479: 3473: 3470: 3468: 3465: 3463: 3460: 3458: 3455: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3347:Hampton Roads 3345: 3343: 3340: 3338: 3337:Fort Donelson 3335: 3333: 3330: 3328: 3325: 3323: 3320: 3319: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3304: 3301: 3299: 3296: 3294: 3291: 3289: 3286: 3284: 3281: 3279: 3276: 3274: 3271: 3269: 3266: 3264: 3261: 3259: 3256: 3254: 3251: 3249: 3246: 3244: 3241: 3239: 3236: 3234: 3233:Morgan's Raid 3231: 3229: 3226: 3224: 3221: 3219: 3216: 3214: 3211: 3209: 3206: 3204: 3201: 3199: 3196: 3194: 3191: 3189: 3186: 3184: 3181: 3179: 3178:Anaconda Plan 3176: 3175: 3173: 3171: 3166: 3160: 3157: 3155: 3154:Pacific Coast 3152: 3150: 3147: 3145: 3142: 3140: 3137: 3135: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3125: 3115: 3112: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3101: 3099: 3097: 3093: 3087: 3084: 3082: 3079: 3077: 3074: 3072: 3069: 3068: 3066: 3064: 3060: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3041: 3038: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3028: 3024: 3020: 3006: 3003: 3001: 2998: 2994: 2991: 2990: 2989: 2986: 2984: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2974: 2971: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2959: 2956: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2941: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2921: 2917: 2911: 2910: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2888:Positive good 2886: 2884: 2881: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2863: 2859: 2857: 2854: 2852: 2849: 2847: 2844: 2843: 2841: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2826: 2824: 2821: 2819: 2816: 2814: 2811: 2809: 2806: 2804: 2803:Panic of 1857 2801: 2799: 2796: 2794: 2791: 2789: 2786: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2763:Border states 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2750: 2748: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2732: 2725: 2721: 2717: 2710: 2705: 2703: 2698: 2696: 2691: 2690: 2687: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2667: 2665: 2662: 2660: 2657: 2655: 2652: 2650: 2647: 2645: 2642: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2634: 2630: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2603:Bancroft Shed 2601: 2600: 2598: 2594: 2588: 2585: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2514: 2512: 2508: 2502: 2499: 2497: 2494: 2492: 2489: 2487: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2477: 2471: 2468: 2466: 2463: 2461: 2458: 2456: 2453: 2451: 2448: 2446: 2443: 2441: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2431: 2428: 2426: 2423: 2421: 2418: 2416: 2413: 2411: 2408: 2407: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2392: 2390: 2387: 2385: 2382: 2380: 2377: 2375: 2374:Northrop Loom 2372: 2370: 2367: 2365: 2362: 2360: 2357: 2355: 2352: 2350: 2347: 2345: 2344:Spinning mule 2342: 2340: 2337: 2335: 2332: 2330: 2329:Ring spinning 2327: 2325: 2322: 2320: 2317: 2315: 2312: 2310: 2307: 2305: 2302: 2301: 2299: 2295: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2259: 2256: 2254: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2228: 2225: 2223: 2220: 2218: 2215: 2213: 2210: 2208: 2205: 2203: 2200: 2198: 2195: 2193: 2190: 2188: 2185: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2173: 2170: 2168: 2165: 2163: 2160: 2158: 2155: 2153: 2150: 2148: 2145: 2143: 2140: 2138: 2135: 2133: 2130: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2117: 2114: 2112: 2109: 2107: 2104: 2102: 2099: 2097: 2094: 2092: 2089: 2087: 2084: 2082: 2079: 2077: 2074: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2064: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2052: 2049: 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2037: 2034: 2032: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2022: 2019: 2018: 2016: 2012: 2006: 2003: 2001: 1998: 1996: 1993: 1991: 1988: 1986: 1983: 1981: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1971: 1968: 1966: 1963: 1961: 1958: 1956: 1953: 1951: 1948: 1946: 1943: 1941: 1938: 1936: 1933: 1931: 1928: 1926: 1923: 1921: 1920:Carels Frères 1918: 1916: 1913: 1911: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1898: 1896: 1893: 1891: 1888: 1886: 1883: 1882: 1880: 1878:Engine makers 1876: 1871: 1861: 1858: 1856: 1853: 1851: 1848: 1846: 1843: 1841: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1831: 1828: 1827: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1807: 1802: 1800: 1795: 1793: 1788: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1752: 1750:0-948789-89-1 1746: 1742: 1737: 1725: 1724: 1718: 1714: 1712:0-7524-3883-2 1708: 1704: 1699: 1688: 1687: 1682: 1677: 1674: 1672:0-19-822478-8 1668: 1664: 1659: 1654: 1653: 1646: 1642: 1636: 1632: 1627: 1615: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1593: 1587: 1572: 1568: 1562: 1555: 1549: 1543: 1542: 1537: 1532: 1525: 1520: 1504: 1500: 1494: 1488:, p. 356 1487: 1482: 1475: 1470: 1454: 1450: 1446: 1439: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1408: 1400: 1398:1-84588-164-8 1394: 1390: 1383: 1377:, p. 387 1376: 1371: 1364: 1359: 1352: 1347: 1341:, p. 178 1340: 1335: 1328: 1323: 1308: 1307: 1302: 1296: 1290: 1288: 1281:, p. 191 1280: 1275: 1269:, p. 143 1268: 1263: 1257:, p. 126 1256: 1251: 1244: 1239: 1232: 1227: 1221:, p. 173 1220: 1215: 1199: 1195: 1189: 1182: 1177: 1158: 1152: 1146:, p. 178 1145: 1140: 1132: 1125: 1117: 1116: 1108: 1092: 1085: 1078: 1073: 1067: 1063: 1060: 1055: 1048: 1043: 1036: 1031: 1024: 1019: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 992: 985: 980: 978: 970: 965: 963: 958: 942: 938: 928: 925: 923: 920: 919: 913: 911: 907: 903: 898: 896: 891: 889: 884: 873: 870: 868: 864: 859: 850: 848: 844: 836: 832: 827: 816: 812: 810: 798: 794: 792: 788: 784: 779: 777: 776:long campaign 773: 769: 765: 761: 756: 750: 740: 703: 701: 697: 692: 685: 681: 677: 672: 663: 660: 655: 654:John Cheetham 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 629: 627: 623: 619: 609: 605: 603: 599: 594: 590: 586: 581: 579: 575: 571: 567: 559: 555: 550: 544:Relief effort 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 479: 475: 471: 468: 464: 454: 451: 446: 438: 432: 428: 425: 421: 420:Edmund Potter 416: 412: 407: 404: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 375: 369: 367: 362: 361:Surat cottons 358: 354: 350: 341: 308: 292: 288: 270: 269: 262: 261: 254: 253: 246: 245: 238: 237: 234:Imports (lb) 233: 230: 229: 212: 211: 198: 197: 193: 190: 187: 184: 183: 180: 178: 174: 169: 164: 162: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 133: 129: 125: 115: 113: 109: 105: 101: 95: 92: 88: 82: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 52: 48: 44: 40: 36: 35:Cotton Famine 32: 23: 19: 5199:Bibliography 5182:Other topics 5124:By ethnicity 5092: 5045:Trent Affair 4944:Signal Corps 4801: 4524:White League 4411:Ku Klux Klan 4324:Confederados 4251:Constitution 4123:D. D. Porter 3976:Breckinridge 3687:Rhode Island 3682:Pennsylvania 3437:Spotsylvania 3397:Stones River 3377:2nd Bull Run 3327:1st Bull Run 3213:Stones River 3114:Marine Corps 3081:Marine Corps 2920:Abolitionism 2907: 2860: 2659:Thomas Highs 2403:Associations 2379:Air-jet loom 2364:Roberts Loom 2232:John Rylands 2202:John Kennedy 2177:William Gray 2172:John Fielden 2157:James Burton 1975:George Saxon 1890:Ashton Frost 1845:Edward Potts 1740: 1728:. Retrieved 1722: 1702: 1690:. Retrieved 1686:The Guardian 1684: 1662: 1651: 1630: 1618:. Retrieved 1612: 1603:Bibliography 1586: 1574:. Retrieved 1570: 1561: 1548: 1539: 1531: 1519: 1507:. Retrieved 1503:the original 1493: 1481: 1476:, p. 70 1469: 1457:. Retrieved 1453:the original 1448: 1438: 1426:. Retrieved 1422:the original 1417: 1414:"Hard Times" 1407: 1388: 1382: 1370: 1358: 1346: 1334: 1322: 1310:. Retrieved 1304: 1274: 1262: 1250: 1245:, p. 69 1238: 1233:, p. 27 1226: 1214: 1202:. Retrieved 1197: 1188: 1183:, p. 22 1176: 1164:. Retrieved 1151: 1139: 1124: 1114: 1107: 1095:. Retrieved 1084: 1079:, p. 82 1072: 1054: 1049:, p. 47 1042: 1037:, p. 45 1030: 1018: 1001: 997: 991: 941: 899: 892: 879: 871: 860: 856: 840: 814: 806: 796: 780: 752: 709: 693: 689: 630: 615: 606: 582: 577: 563: 478:Crimble Mill 460: 442: 408: 399: 370: 347: 309: 284: 250:204,141,168 168:cotton mills 165: 144:slave-owning 121: 96: 83: 39:Cotton Panic 38: 34: 30: 28: 18: 5005:Copperheads 4717:Confederate 4609:Black Codes 3935:E. K. Smith 3816:Confederate 3763:New Orleans 3758:Chattanooga 3622:Mississippi 3522:Connecticut 3490:territories 3481:Involvement 3442:Cold Harbor 3432:Fort Pillow 3422:Chattanooga 3417:Chickamauga 3367:Seven Pines 3357:New Orleans 3322:Fort Sumter 3263:Valley 1864 3096:Confederacy 2893:Slave Power 2873:Fire-Eaters 2674:Robert Owen 2384:Rapier loom 2359:Water frame 2227:Robert Peel 2187:Samuel Greg 2182:Hannah Greg 2142:Hugh Birley 2125:Mill owners 1592:"StackPath" 1474:Quayle 2006 1391:. Nonsuch. 1375:Arnold 1864 1339:Arnold 1864 1327:Arnold 1864 1279:Arnold 1864 1267:Arnold 1864 1255:Arnold 1864 1243:Quayle 2006 1077:Arnold 1864 1047:Arnold 1864 1035:Arnold 1864 1023:Arnold 1864 969:Farnie 1979 922:King cotton 755:Confederacy 739:d in 1864. 676:blue plaque 618:Stalybridge 534:New Zealand 520:and 686 in 492:equipment, 443:Towns with 415:Lord Howard 386:New Zealand 274:52,569,328 266:17,286,864 255:West Indies 247:East Indies 194:Derbyshire 177:power looms 91:cotton mill 5355:Categories 5238:Juneteenth 4759:Cemeteries 4636:Red Shirts 4547:Centennial 4497:Red Shirts 3905:Longstreet 3835:Beauregard 3778:Winchester 3753:Charleston 3722:Washington 3657:New Mexico 3652:New Jersey 3512:California 3488:States and 3472:Five Forks 3457:Mobile Bay 3427:Wilderness 3407:Gettysburg 3387:Perryville 3372:Seven Days 3303:Appomattox 3228:Gettysburg 3188:New Mexico 3055:Combatants 3030:Combatants 2943:John Brown 2547:Manchester 2542:Lancashire 2537:Derbyshire 2486:More looms 2389:Dandy loom 2278:Courtaulds 2217:Hugh Mason 1823:Architects 1813:Lancashire 1536:Mike Davis 1181:Birch 1959 984:Platt 2012 847:Platt Hall 835:Manchester 787:Manchester 650:Dukinfield 530:Australian 463:Lancashire 406:required. 382:Queensland 349:Sea Island 281:First year 258:1,630,784 188:Lancashire 132:Derbyshire 124:Lancashire 118:Background 87:Lancashire 5216:Espionage 5010:Diplomacy 4978:Political 4934:POW camps 4680:Monuments 4507:Scalawags 4502:Redeemers 4240:Aftermath 4189:Pinkerton 4128:Rosecrans 4093:McClellan 3996:Memminger 3732:Wisconsin 3697:Tennessee 3617:Minnesota 3592:Louisiana 3467:Nashville 3412:Vicksburg 3342:Pea Ridge 3293:Carolinas 3248:Red River 3243:Knoxville 3223:Tullahoma 3218:Vicksburg 3198:Peninsula 3170:campaigns 3036:Campaigns 2813:Secession 2587:Yorkshire 2572:Stockport 2517:LCC mills 1935:Fairbairn 1692:13 August 1576:17 August 1486:Watt 1866 1363:Watt 1866 1351:Watt 1866 953:Footnotes 837:, England 560:, in 1896 558:Southport 518:Stockport 502:Stockport 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