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Because of the shallow depth, the lake quickly warms and cools. Water temperature reaches 25–26 °C (77–79 °F) in July. The lakes freeze in late
November – early December and thaw in late April – early May, first lakes Teploe and Pihkva and then lake Peipus. However, due to recent climatic
1007:
The lake contains 29 islands, with a total area of 25.8 km, with 40 more islands located within the delta of the
Velikaya River. The islands are low wetlands, elevated above the lake surface on average by only 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) (maximum 4.5 metres
1223:, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from the lake. Ship navigation is well developed and serves fishery, transport of goods and passengers and tourist tours. The picturesque shores of the lake are a popular destination for tourism and recreation at several tourist camps and sanatoriums.
812:, which are flooded in the spring, with the flooding area reaching up to 1,000 km (390 sq mi). There are sand dunes and hills covered with pine forests. Along the sandy shores, there is a 200–300 metres (660–980 ft) wide stretch of shallow waters.
411:
1116:
1,600 kilometres (990 mi) away and the lake is the first stop for many. Bewick's rarely fly more than 1,900 kilometres (1,200 mi) without fueling so they are near to the limits of their endurance when they reach the lake.
900:
caused by the river flow. Water currents are weak 5–9 cm/s (2.0–3.5 in/s); generally induced by wind, so stop when it ceases. However, during the spring flood, there is a constant surface current from north to south.
685:
1460:
Gulnara Roll; Robben Romano (2001). "Challenges and opportunities for
Development of an Effective Transboundary Water Management Regime in the Lake Peipus Basin: The Estonian–Russian Border Area". In Ganster, Paul (ed.).
480:. It covers 3,555 km (1,373 sq mi), and it has an average depth of 7.1 m (23 ft), the deepest point being 15 m (49 ft). The lake has several islands and consists of three parts:
1016:(area 7.39 km (2.85 sq mi) in the center, and Kamenka (area 6 km). In the center of Pihkva Lake there is a group of Talabski Islands (Talabsk, Talabenets and Verkhniy).
1967:
1125:
The ecological condition of the lake basin is, in general, satisfactory – water is mostly of grades I and II (clean), and is of grade III in some rivers due to the high content of
680:
1701:
1096:
and other species of fish. The wetlands of the coastal strip of the lake are important resting and feeding grounds for swans, geese and ducks migrating between the
1291:
531:
788:
Era, 300 to 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern Gulf of
Finland was covered by a sea. Its modern relief was formed as a result of
153:
1323:
with a length of 930 metres (3,050 ft) and a maximum height of 8 metres (26 ft), as well as several caves and one of the largest colonies of
367:
886:, and in some places with sand. The deepest point of 15.3 metres (50 ft) is located in the Teploe Lake, 300 metres (980 ft) from the coast.
1601:
505:
1964:
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Lake Peipus .... consists of three unequal parts: northern Lake Peipus ...; southern Lake Pskov ...; and the narrow, strait-like Lake Lämmi
207:
804:
The banks of Lake Peipus have smooth contours and form only one large bay: Raskopelsky Bay. The low shores of the lake mostly consist of
557:
1688:
Minutes of the eleventh meeting of the Joint
Russian-Estonian commission for the protection and rational use of transboundary waters
1681:
1566:
1992:
83:
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116:
1987:
2007:
1243:. The battle is remarkable in that it was mostly fought on the frozen surface of the lake and is therefore called the
1853:
1811:
1784:
1447:
1294:(13th century), Church of Basil (1413), Church of Cosmas and Damian (1462), Church of St. George (1494) and others.
767:
362:
476:
The lake is a remnant of water regularly collecting at the foot of large, perennial arctic ice sheets during recent
1732:
1313:
2012:
2002:
1412:
1278:- and eventually incorporated in the Russian state. Several historical buildings remain in the city, including
749:
1129:. The water condition of the rivers has improved since 2001–2007, but there is an increase in population of
905:
changes, Lake Peipus has now commonly started to freeze later into
December and thaw much earlier in April.
745:
1687:
573:-era agriculture. Some 30 rivers and streams discharge into Lake Peipus, the two largest of which are the
1290:(14–17th centuries) with the five-domed Trinity Cathedral (1682–1699), churches of Ivanovo (until 1243),
889:
The lake is well-flowing, with the annual inflow of water equal to about half of the total water volume.
2017:
1898:
1997:
1884:
1830:
1598:
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566:
561:), the sound connecting the other two parts of the lake (area 236 km (91 sq mi) or 7%)
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The lake water is fresh, with a low transparency of about 2.5 metres (8 ft 2 in) due to
1360:
738:
1300:
was founded in 1431 as a fortress and became a city in 1780; the only remains of the historical
882:
The relief of the bottom is uniform and flat, gradually rising near the shores and covered with
1400:
1388:
1275:
793:
714:) referred to various Finnic peoples in what is now Estonia, Karelia, and northwestern Russia.
1843:
1801:
1774:
1254:, is also one of the oldest cities in Russia, known from at least 903 AD from a record in the
1244:
509:), the northern part of the lake, with an area of 2,611 km (1,008 sq mi) (73%)
261:
1157:
431:
996:, Kodza, Kargaya, Omedu, Tagajõgi and Alajõgi. The lake is drained by only one river, the
780:
The lake is a remnant of a larger body of water that existed in this area during a former
8:
1279:
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In 1242, the southern part of Lake Peipus hosted a major historical battle where
1053:
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1656:
535:), the southern part of the lake (area 708 km (273 sq mi) or 20%)
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are three fortress walls. Kallaste was founded in the 18th century by the
1914:
1618:
1546:
1105:
870:
847:
653:
466:
450:
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1008:(15 ft)) and therefore suffer from floods. The largest islands are
702:(Чудское озеро) means 'Chud Lake' (i.e., 'Estonian Lake'); the ethnonym
1163:
1126:
1101:
1081:
1061:
1013:
1001:
914:
860:
752: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
454:
375:
240:
137:
1920:
1845:
Viking Rus: studies on the presence of
Scandinavians in Eastern Europe
1316:
in the town. Near
Kallaste, there is one of the largest surfacings of
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578:
262:
254:
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1938:
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16:
Lake in northeastern Europe, on the border between
Estonia and Russia
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727:
596:(also known as the Battle of Lake Peipus) between the armies of the
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1283:
1236:
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1510:: Geographical names – Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1983, p. 488.
1324:
1204:
1203:
The towns standing on the banks are relatively small and include
1177:
1104:
and western Europe. Lake Peipus is one of the main stopovers for
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1041:
1037:
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The lake is used for fishing and recreation, but suffered from
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299:
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193:
1576:
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1024:
The lake hosts 54 species of coastal aquatic flora, including
624:) is uncertain, although it may be paralleled by Lake Peipiä (
1592:
1251:
1216:
809:
1465:. San Diego: San Diego State University Press. p. 288.
1895:
1868:
1297:
1212:
883:
805:
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1941:. Kallaste.ucoz.org (2012-01-04). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1542:
1540:
1459:
1112:). The swans leave their breeding grounds in the Russian
1060:). Floating plants are rare and are of only three types:
1958:
1711:
988:, Chernaya, Lipenka, Startseva, Borovka, Abija, Obdeh,
1537:
690:
suggested a Baltic etymology, comparing it to Latvian
1908:
1365:
592:
On 5 April 1242, the frozen lake was the site of the
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1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
972:
About 30 rivers flow into the lake. The largest are
1751:. Megatis.ru (2002-08-08). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1669:Newth, Julia (November 2016). "Race against time".
1564:
study the situation of the ports on the Narva River
1635:
1438:
1367:Chudsko-Pskovskoye ozero, Pskovsko-Chudskoye ozero
1917:. Moles.ee (2000-06-28). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1862:
1659:. Svali.ru (2008-01-28). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1513:
1266:even though it was dominated by its neighbours -
1979:
1841:
200:
1749:More and more foreigners resting on Lake Peipus
679:suggested derivation from a personal name, and
1720:. All-transport.info. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1644:. Pskovfish.ru. Retrieved on 19 February 2017.
1588:lakes and rivers south of Estonia, the islands
1573:. Arhiv.ivangorod.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1356:Чудско-Псковское озеро, Псковско-Чудское озеро
449:The lake is the fifth-largest in Europe after
30:
1954:360° aerial panorama of Peipus and Piirissaar
799:
709:
45:
1799:
1448:Russian lakes with area of more than 350 km²
438:, lying on the international border between
1779:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 564.
1772:
1763:. Vladsc.narod.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1652:
1650:
656:suggested a pre-Finnic origin of the name,
419:Drone video of Lake Peipus and the town of
1965:Settlements in the vicinity of Lake Peipsi
1708:. Traveltours.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1692:
980:; smaller rivers include Zadubka, Cherma,
1219:(population 202,000) stands on the river
1133:. The main problem of Lake Peipus is its
768:Learn how and when to remove this message
1889:
1871:. Old-pskov.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1647:
958:
405:
1929:. Starover.ee. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1608:. Zachetka.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1549:. Outdoors.ru. Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
1547:Tourist Encyclopedia. Peipsi-Pskov Lake
1450:. (GIF table). Retrieved on 2012-01-21.
280:47,800 km (18,500 sq mi)
47:Чудско-Псковское/Псковско-Чудское озеро
1980:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1477:
1475:
1312:area, and there is still a functional
1215:(population 4,400). The largest city,
1776:Dictionary of Battles and Sieges: F-O
1668:
1425:
1423:
1421:
963:Map of pools of Narva and Lake Peipus
808:and are bordered by vast lowland and
640:) along its shore, and by Peipozero (
313:3,555 km (1,373 sq mi)
1961:Estonian tourist information website
1939:Russian site about the city Kallaste
1699:TrevelTurs. Peipsi-Pskov lake system
1508:Encyclopedic Dictionary of Geography
1262:. The city had a certain measure of
967:
750:adding citations to reliable sources
721:
1730:Pskov region. Peipsi and Lake Pskov
1552:
1472:
792:activities, the last of which, the
698:'moisture, mold'. The Russian name
668:'chaffinch' (or other songbird) or
160:
123:
90:
13:
1501:
1487:Dictionary of Estonian Place Names
1418:
1019:
984:, Kuna, Torokhovka, Remda, Rovya,
931:
922:
913:
14:
2029:
1947:
1642:Fish and Lake Pskov region. Lakes
1806:. Scarecrow Press. p. 299.
1803:Historical dictionary of Estonia
1489:. Tallinn: Eesti Keele Instituut
1413:The whispering waters of Estonia
1403:. Encyclopædia Britannica online
1391:. Encyclopædia Britannica online
1314:Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church
1184:
1170:
1156:
1142:
1012:(area 11 km) in the south,
796:, ended about 12,000 years ago.
726:
337:25 km (6.0 cu mi)
159:
152:
122:
115:
89:
82:
65:
1927:Old Believer community Kallaste
1874:
1835:
1820:
1793:
1766:
1754:
1742:
1723:
1662:
1611:
737:needs additional citations for
173:Location within European Russia
1453:
1406:
1394:
1382:
1337:
1250:The largest city on the lake,
1:
1993:International lakes of Europe
1619:"Публичная кадастровая карта"
1376:
1282:(1156, which contains famous
817:Water balance of Lake Peipus
632:) and the village of Peipiä (
852:3150 mm (11.2 km)
717:
660:suggested a connection with
7:
1366:
581:. The lake drains into the
176:Show map of European Russia
10:
2034:
1915:Kallaste. A bit of history
1226:
1198:
1120:
875:320 mm (1.1 km)
865:3390 mm (12 km)
838:560 mm (1.9 km)
800:Topography and hydrography
398:not a well-defined measure
1885:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1842:Wladyslaw Duczko (2004).
1831:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1718:Transport of Pskov Oblast
1534:L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1952
1434:Great Soviet Encyclopedia
1355:
856:
831:
710:
681:Rufʹ Aleksandrovna Ageeva
645:
637:
629:
567:environmental degradation
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530:
504:
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381:
361:
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345:520 km (320 mi)
341:
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284:
274:
260:
238:
199:
185:
76:
64:
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26:
21:
1905:. mygdov.ru (in Russian)
1330:
513:Lake Pihkva / Pskovskoye
329:15.3 m (50 ft)
1531:Hydrography of the USSR
1286:of 14–17th centuries),
1211:(population 1,260) and
612:The origin of the name
607:
487:Lake Peipus / Chudskoye
321:7.1 m (23 ft)
71:Landsat satellite photo
2008:Lakes of Jõgeva County
1848:. BRILL. p. 114.
1430:Чудско-Псковское озеро
1347:
1308:who had fled from the
1072:. The lake is home to
964:
936:
927:
918:
794:Weichselian glaciation
621:
546:
520:
494:
424:
353:30 m (98 ft)
143:Show map of Baltic Sea
103:Location within Europe
31:
2013:Lakes of Tartu County
2003:Lakes of Pskov Oblast
1988:Estonia–Russia border
1869:ancient city of Pskov
1800:Toivo Miljan (2004).
1292:Snetogorsky Monastery
1207:(population 1,610),
962:
935:
926:
917:
539:Lake Lämmi / Tyoploye
418:
1773:Tony Jaques (2007).
1761:Tourist Encyclopedia
942:Shoreline, south of
746:improve this article
1280:Mirozhsky Monastery
909:
818:
219: /
1970:2020-02-28 at the
1901:2016-03-03 at the
1735:2018-02-05 at the
1704:2016-03-04 at the
1604:2016-03-04 at the
1569:2016-03-03 at the
1110:Cygnus columbianus
1050:Typha angustifolia
965:
937:
928:
919:
908:
816:
425:
106:Show map of Europe
32:Peipsi-Pihkva järv
2018:Narva River basin
1959:Peipsi Infokeskus
1623:pkk5.rosreestr.ru
1364:
1256:Primary Chronicle
1245:Battle on the Ice
1235:were defeated by
1066:yellow water-lily
968:Basin and islands
957:
956:
879:
878:
778:
777:
770:
598:Novgorod Republic
594:Battle on the Ice
416:
404:
403:
350:Surface elevation
223:58.683°N 27.483°E
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700:Chudskoye ozero
694:and Lithuanian
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630:Копанское озеро
610:
583:Gulf of Finland
532:Псковское озеро
430:is the largest
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241:Primary inflows
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1739:. noveltour.ru
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1657:Tourist portal
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1599:By Peipus pond
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1046:lesser bulrush
1034:Acorus calamus
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829:
828:
825:
824:Water balance
822:
814:
801:
798:
776:
775:
734:
732:
725:
719:
716:
677:Lauri Kettunen
658:Julius Mägiste
609:
606:
602:Teutonic Order
563:
562:
536:
510:
432:trans-boundary
402:
401:
393:
392:
383:
379:
378:
365:
359:
358:
355:
354:
351:
347:
346:
343:
339:
338:
335:
331:
330:
327:
323:
322:
319:
315:
314:
311:
307:
306:
303:
302:
289:
282:
281:
278:
276:Catchment area
272:
271:
266:
258:
257:
244:
236:
235:
228:58.683; 27.483
203:
197:
196:
187:
183:
182:
172:
166:
165:
158:
157:
151:
150:
149:
148:
135:
129:
128:
121:
120:
114:
113:
112:
111:
102:
96:
95:
88:
87:
81:
80:
79:
78:
77:
74:
73:
70:
62:
61:
59:
58:
43:
27:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2030:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1985:
1983:
1973:
1969:
1966:
1963:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1940:
1935:
1928:
1923:
1916:
1911:
1904:
1900:
1897:
1892:
1886:
1882:
1877:
1870:
1865:
1857:
1855:90-04-13874-9
1851:
1847:
1846:
1838:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1815:
1813:0-8108-4904-6
1809:
1805:
1804:
1796:
1788:
1786:0-313-33538-9
1782:
1778:
1777:
1769:
1762:
1757:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1734:
1731:
1726:
1719:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1700:
1695:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1672:
1665:
1658:
1653:
1651:
1643:
1638:
1624:
1620:
1614:
1607:
1603:
1600:
1595:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1548:
1543:
1541:
1533:
1532:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1509:
1504:
1488:
1484:
1483:"Peipsi järv"
1478:
1476:
1468:
1464:
1456:
1449:
1441:
1435:
1431:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1368:
1362:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1326:
1322:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1306:Old Believers
1303:
1299:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1288:Pskov Kremlin
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1248:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1193:
1187:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1168:
1165:
1159:
1154:
1151:
1145:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1106:Bewick's swan
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1054:water parsnip
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1017:
1015:
1011:
1005:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
961:
952:
950:
947:
945:
941:
940:
934:
930:
925:
921:
916:
912:
911:
906:
902:
899:
895:
890:
887:
885:
874:
872:
869:
868:
864:
862:
859:
855:
851:
849:
845:
842:
841:
837:
835:Precipitation
834:
830:
826:
823:
821:
820:
813:
811:
807:
797:
795:
791:
787:
783:
772:
769:
761:
751:
747:
741:
740:
735:This section
733:
729:
724:
723:
715:
707:
706:
701:
697:
693:
687:
682:
678:
674:
671:
667:
663:
659:
655:
651:
643:
635:
627:
623:
619:
615:
605:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
559:
554:
550:
549:
544:
540:
537:
533:
528:
524:
523:
518:
514:
511:
507:
506:Чудское озеро
502:
498:
497:
492:
488:
485:
484:
483:
481:
479:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
457:(in Russia),
456:
452:
447:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
422:
399:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
377:
373:
369:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
318:Average depth
316:
312:
308:
304:
301:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
279:
277:
273:
270:
267:
265:
259:
256:
252:
248:
245:
243:
237:
232:
204:
198:
195:
191:
188:
184:
155:
139:
118:
85:
75:
68:
63:
55:
44:
40:
33:
29:
28:
25:
20:
1934:
1922:
1910:
1891:
1876:
1864:
1844:
1837:
1822:
1802:
1795:
1775:
1768:
1756:
1744:
1725:
1713:
1694:
1683:
1674:
1671:BBC Wildlife
1670:
1664:
1637:
1626:. Retrieved
1622:
1613:
1594:
1529:
1507:
1503:
1493:December 15,
1491:. Retrieved
1486:
1466:
1462:
1455:
1445:(in Russian)
1440:
1408:
1396:
1384:
1339:
1327:in Estonia.
1302:Gdov Kremlin
1296:
1264:independence
1249:
1230:
1202:
1124:
1109:
1057:
1049:
1033:
1023:
1006:
971:
903:
891:
888:
881:
803:
779:
764:
755:
744:Please help
739:verification
736:
703:
699:
695:
691:
672:
665:
661:
613:
611:
591:
564:
558:Тёплое озеро
538:
512:
486:
482:
475:
448:
427:
426:
423:in July 2022
342:Shore length
334:Water volume
310:Surface area
1677:(12): 40–6.
1528:Sokolov AA
1401:Lake Peipus
1389:Lake Peipus
1348:Peipsi järv
1090:whitefishes
1000:, into the
871:Evaporation
848:groundwater
758:August 2010
684: [
675:'chicken',
654:Paul Ariste
522:Pihkva järv
496:Peipsi järv
467:Lake Saimaa
459:Lake Vänern
451:Lake Ladoga
428:Lake Peipus
382:Settlements
226: /
201:Coordinates
167:Lake Peipus
130:Lake Peipus
97:Lake Peipus
22:Lake Peipus
1982:Categories
1628:2018-01-08
1377:References
1192:Pike-perch
1164:Carp bream
1127:phosphorus
1102:Baltic Sea
1078:pike-perch
1042:grass rush
1014:Piirissaar
1002:Baltic Sea
861:Streamflow
455:Lake Onega
376:Piirissaar
326:Max. depth
138:Baltic Sea
1361:romanized
1321:sandstone
1272:Lithuania
1098:White Sea
1062:arrowhead
898:sediments
786:Paleozoic
784:. In the
718:Formation
650:Onega Bay
646:Пейпозеро
548:Lämmijärv
1974:Estonica
1968:Archived
1899:Archived
1733:Archived
1702:Archived
1602:Archived
1567:Archived
1344:Estonian
1325:swallows
1318:Devonian
1310:Novgorod
1284:frescoes
1268:Novgorod
1237:Novgorod
1221:Velikaya
1209:Kallaste
974:Velikaya
949:Kallaste
894:plankton
618:Estonian
600:and the
585:via the
575:Velikaya
543:Estonian
517:Estonian
491:Estonian
478:ice ages
434:lake in
386:Kallaste
247:Velikaya
186:Location
39:Estonian
1896:My Gdov
1363::
1352:Russian
1276:Muscovy
1258:of the
1227:History
1205:Mustvee
1199:Economy
1121:Ecology
1086:roaches
1038:bulrush
1030:calamus
1010:Kolpina
994:Võhandu
986:Zhelcha
978:Emajõgi
944:Mustvee
857:Outflow
844:Surface
827:Volume
810:marshes
790:glacier
782:ice age
648:) near
642:Russian
634:Russian
626:Russian
589:River.
579:Emajõgi
553:Russian
527:Russian
501:Russian
471:Finland
465:), and
440:Estonia
421:Mustvee
390:Mustvee
372:Kolpina
368:Kamenka
363:Islands
292:Estonia
255:Avijõgi
251:Emajõgi
214:27°29′E
211:58°41′N
190:Estonia
54:Russian
1852:
1810:
1783:
1114:Arctic
1052:) and
982:Gdovka
832:Inflow
673:põippõ
666:peippu
638:Пейпия
622:Peipsi
614:Peipus
571:Soviet
463:Sweden
444:Russia
436:Europe
300:Russia
298:, and
296:Latvia
194:Russia
140:region
50:
35:
1827:Псков
1331:Notes
1252:Pskov
1217:Pskov
1178:Roach
1094:smelt
1082:bream
1074:perch
998:Narva
990:Piusa
696:pepis
692:piepe
688:]
670:Votic
662:peipo
587:Narva
569:from
286:Basin
269:Narva
1881:Гдов
1850:ISBN
1808:ISBN
1781:ISBN
1495:2023
1298:Gdov
1274:and
1213:Gdov
1100:and
1068:and
1026:cane
976:and
884:silt
846:and
806:peat
711:чудь
705:Chud
608:Name
577:and
469:(in
461:(in
453:and
442:and
1092:,
1036:),
748:by
664:or
473:).
1984::
1883:,
1829:,
1675:34
1673:.
1649:^
1621:.
1578:^
1554:^
1539:^
1515:^
1485:.
1474:^
1432:,
1420:^
1358:,
1354::
1350:;
1346::
1270:,
1247:.
1137:.
1088:,
1084:,
1080:,
1076:,
1064:,
1044:,
1040:,
1028:,
1004:.
992:,
686:ru
652:.
644::
636::
628::
620::
604:.
555::
551:,
545::
529::
525:,
519::
503::
499:,
493::
446:.
388:,
374:,
370:,
294:,
253:,
249:,
192:,
1858:.
1816:.
1789:.
1631:.
1497:.
1108:(
1056:(
1048:(
1032:(
771:)
765:(
760:)
756:(
742:.
708:(
616:(
541:(
515:(
489:(
400:.
56:)
52:(
41:)
37:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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