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evolved into an idealized national symbol. "A story has been built around the Lady that has avoided the obvious uncertainties, if not true contradictions," Gutiérrez Llore said, "but that by dint of being transmitted to future generations has ended up becoming the dominant historical memory, considered truthful, traditional and unquestionable."
624:, citing its stylistic differences from ancient Iberian prototypes. Moffitt suggested that the sculpture could be the work of well-known forger Francisco Pallas y Puig (1859–1926), commissioned by the landowner, Manuel Campello Antón (1833–1904) to coincide with a visit from French archaeologist Pierre Paris, who purchased the sculpture for the
378:. Ibarra Manzoni had found a number of objects and Iberian vestiges on his own farmland and in other places in the municipality of Elche. He built up a valuable collection, which he bequeathed to his daughter Asunción. He provided instructions that she make the necessary arrangements for the collection to be offered for sale to the
635:
as a genuine ancient
Iberian work. Antonio Uriarte of the University of Madrid has stated: "Decade by decade, research has reinforced the coherence of the Lady within the corpus of Iberian sculpture. The Lady was found more than a century ago, and many of its features, not then understood, have been
684:
In 2017, Sonia Gutiérrez Llore, chair of the
Department of Archaeology at the University of Alicante and director of the University's Institute of Investigation in Archaeology and Historical Heritage-INAPH, wrote about the many discrepancies in the narrative surrounding the sculpture's origin as it
326:
The sculpture was found on 4 August 1897, by a young worker, Manuel
Campello Esclapez. The popular version of the story differs from the official report by Pere Ibarra (the local keeper of the records) which stated that Antonio Maciá found the bust. Ibarra's version of the discovery story, was that
1465:
Tissot modeled her exotic headgear, including two ear-wheels, on a famous bust, the Lady of Elche, found in Elche, Spain, in 1897. Archaeologists of the day cited Near
Eastern parallels for some of the bust's characteristics and called the style Greco-Phoenician, leading Tissot to assume that the
1407:
Moreno Martín, Francisco J. (Ed.). El franquismo y la apropiación del pasado. El uso de la historia, de la arqueología y de la historia del arte para la legitimación de la dictadura. Madrid: Editorial Pablo
Iglesias, 2017. ISBN 978-84-95886-76-7, pp.
382:
after her death, to be located finally at the
National Archaeological Museum. The will specified that the collection be sold in its entirety. The family placed the Lady on their balcony so that it could be viewed by all of the residents of Elche.
342:
An archaeological site is now located where the bust of Elche was discovered. Evidence has been found there of an
Iberian-Punic settlement, a Roman sewer, walls and Roman houses, and mosaics. One mosaic shows an effigy of
628:. Moffitt discussed the sculpture in the context of a "golden age" of forgery in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, which followed a growing cultural interest in collecting art and artifacts.
404:, and purchased the sculpture within a few weeks of its discovery. Despite opposition from Doña Asunción, the Iberian bust was sold. On 30 August 1897, the sculpture was sent to the Louvre.
328:
1993:
1646:
1306:
de Luxán Gómez del
Campillo, Mª Pilar; Prada Pérez, José Luis; Dorrego Rodríguez, Fernando (April 2005). "Dama de Elche: Pigments, surface coating and stone of the sculpture".
387:
677:. Luxán deduced that the particles belonged to the ashes of human bones and that they compared with those of the Iberian period. She concluded that the statue was used as a
647:
micropigmentation published in 2005 concluded that the trace pigments on the statue were consistent with ancient materials and that no modern pigments had been found.
367:
1349:
Luxán, M. P.; Prada, J. L.; Dorrego, F (2011). "Human bone ashes found in the Dama de Elche (V–IV century B.C.) reveal its use as an ancient cinerary urn".
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presided over the inauguration of the Museum of
Archaeology and History of Elche (in the Palace of Altamira) and the exhibition
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confirmed by subsequent finds. For example, the use of paint in
Iberian sculpture was unknown when the Lady appeared." A
1968:
471:
1973:
901:
637:
1894:
1520:
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In 2011, María Pilar de Luxán, the author of the 2005 study, analyzed microparticles within the back hole of the
650:
Throughout the 20th century, other similar iberian busts were discovered in the southwest of Spain, such as the
407:
2023:
1919:
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843:
2013:
2008:
2003:
1953:
551:, issued a decision to temporarily lease the Lady to its hometown. From 18 May 2006 to 1 November 2006, the
1603:
379:
1422:
469:(the Prado kept another existing version of the portrait, which was considered of superior quality) and a
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250:) on each side of the face. The opening in the rear of the sculpture indicates it may have been used as a
1753:
681:
in the Iberian period, thus guaranteeing its antiquity and confirming the hypothesis about its function.
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617:
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that took place in different locations in the city. It was represented by an exact replica afterwards.
39:
1924:
1799:
290:
1988:
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1377:"Sonia Gutiérrez Lloret. Department of Prehistory, Archaeology, Ancient History, Greek and Latin"
1262:
Olmos Romera, Ricardo; Tortosa Rocamora, Trinidad (1999). "Appendix to S. Aguilar's article". In
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initiated a popular interest in pre-Roman Iberian culture. She appeared on a 1948 Spanish one-
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1978:
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Ciencia y política: la organización de la arqueología y la prehistoria en España, 1850-1939
427:
in 1939, as a precaution, the sculpture was transferred for safe-keeping to the castle of
8:
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396:. When the archaeologist saw the Iberian bust, he recognized its worth and notified the
1331:
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1238:
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1403:"GUTIÉRREZ LLORET, S., Memorias de una Dama. La Dama de Elche como "lugar de Memoria""
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for agricultural purposes, discovered the sculpture. The bust was quickly nicknamed "
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is a bust, there are indications that it was part of a seated statue, similar to the
259:
231:
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in 2007 overlooks a major intersection in the downtown region of Valencia, Spain.
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439:. In 1941, it was returned through an exchange of works, which also included the
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1947:
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Experts in Spanish archaeology have rejected Moffitt's theory and accept the
366:
Dr. Campello, owner of the farm, was married to Asunción Ibarra, daughter of
356:
1286:
809:]. Gorgona (in Spanish). Vol. 8. Valencia, Spain: Ediciones Tilde.
318:
283:(with which it shares similar necklace pendants) or a standing one like the
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581:
567:
The bust was first accused of being a forgery in 1906, in an essay called "
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in Paris. The Louvre offered a large sum of money for the time: 4,000
351:
of the 5th century. The latter archaeological evidence is supported by the
271:
251:
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artifact from the 4th century BC, although the artisanship suggests strong
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678:
199:
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538:
returned briefly to Elche, on the occasion of the seventh centenary of
375:
237:
1143:
980:
576:
1031:"Dr. John Francis Moffitt Obituary (1940 - 2008) Las Cruces Sun-News"
727:
based figures in several of his turn-of-the-century paintings on the
698:
428:
241:
179:, an archaeological site on a private estate two kilometers south of
169:
1505:
1402:
1059:"Art forgery : the case of the Lady of Elche / John F. Moffitt"
1127:
938:(in Spanish). Asociación Amigos del Museo del Prado. Archived from
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476:
371:
348:
215:
195:
128:
1270:. Mnemosyne, Supplements. Vol. 196. Brill. pp. 352–360.
853:
600:
1187:
The Deceivers: Art Forgery and Identity in the Nineteenth Century
803:
La Dama de Elche en el año 2000: análisis tecnológico y artístico
605:
1112:"Art Forgery: The Case of the Lady of Elche. By John F. Moffitt"
570:
Las esculturas del Cerro de los Santos, cuestión de autenticidad
1494:
625:
397:
1614:
807:
The Lady of Elche in 2000: Technological and artistic analysis
518:
612:
In 1995, art historian John F. Moffitt (1940–2008) published
458:
352:
336:
211:
184:
180:
1261:
734:
A large prominent sculpture "La Dama Ibérica" based on the
1654:
1466:
headgear represented a typical fashion for biblical women.
1089:(in Spanish). Edicions Universitat Barcelona. p. 88.
1463:. Vol. 7, no. 4. Biblical Archaeology Society.
1994:
Collection of the National Archaeological Museum, Madrid
257:
Other artifacts associated with Iberian culture are the
461:. In return, Spain transferred to France a portrait of
1423:"El misterio del hombre que encontró la Dama de Elche"
969:(in Spanish). Fundación de Amigos del Museo del Prado.
547:
On 19 January 2006, the Minister of Culture of Spain,
784:[Unresolved mysteries of the Lady of Elche].
1160:
Encyclopedia of the History of Classical Archaeology
1006:"Museo Arqueológico y de Historia de Elche (MAHE)"
869:"A Beloved Lady of Spain, Hostage in a Tug-of-War"
511:In 1971, it was transferred from the Prado to the
306:are exhibited in the same Iberian art hall in the
1348:
359:where it discusses an audience with bishops from
1945:
830:Jones, Lindsay, ed. (2005). "Iberian Religion".
423:was exhibited at the Louvre. After the start of
163:
620:) in which he contended that the statue was a
386:Don Pedro Ibarra invited French archaeologist
210:is believed to have a direct association with
1640:
1521:
568:
435:negotiated the statue's return to Spain with
327:farm workers clearing the southeast slope of
313:
264:
245:
1284:
1190:. Cornell University Press. pp. 1–18.
834:. Vol. 6 (2nd ed.). Detroit, MI:
782:"Misterios sin aclarar de la Dama de Elche"
442:Immaculate Conception of the Venerable Ones
1647:
1633:
1528:
1514:
1401:Lloret, Sonia Gutiérrez (1 January 2017).
1157:Grummond, Nancy Thomson de (11 May 2015).
800:
614:Art Forgery: The Case of the Lady of Elche
240:, represents a woman wearing an elaborate
38:
562:
1156:
960:
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599:
587:
575:
557:From Ilici to Elx, 2500 Years of History
517:
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701:as one of the seafaring nations at the
529:
513:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
322:Color reconstruction by Francisco Vives
308:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
189:National Archaeological Museum of Spain
1946:
1677:Palace of National Library and Museums
1656:National Archaeological Museum (Spain)
1400:
1225:10.7208/chicago/9780226676821.001.0001
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1053:
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573:" by archeologist José Ramón Mélida.
244:and large wheel-like coils (known as
1421:Olaya, Vicente G. (30 August 2019).
1110:Vitelli, Karen D. (1 October 1995).
779:
738:and created by the Spanish sculptor
688:
1964:Archaeological discoveries in Spain
867:Simons, Marlise (23 January 1997).
515:, where it is currently exhibited.
13:
1048:
764:
472:Portrait of Antonio de Covarrubias
14:
2035:
1487:
1457:"Did Jephthah Kill His Daughter?"
1083:Alonso, Francisco Gracia (2021).
963:"Dama de Elche [anónimo]"
638:Spanish National Research Council
483:has been officially owned by the
1895:Crucifix of Ferdinand and Sancha
1613:
1493:
1455:Landers, Solomon (August 1991).
981:"Facsimile of the Dama de Elche"
967:Enciclopedia del Museo del Prado
936:Enciclopedia del Museo del Prado
697:stands as a statue representing
457:, and the Iberian sculptures of
175:that was discovered in 1897, at
1959:1897 archaeological discoveries
1471:
1448:
1394:
1369:
1342:
1299:
1255:
1219:, University of Chicago Press,
1204:
1177:
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1116:American Journal of Archaeology
1103:
1076:
1023:
703:Alexander Hamilton Custom House
164:
1920:Phoenician Harpocrates statues
1287:"Ancient Greeks West and East"
998:
973:
954:
920:
894:
860:
823:
801:Vives Boix, Francisco (2000).
794:
715:by James Tissot, based on the
584:, another Iberian "lady" bust.
498:banknote and was mentioned in
263:—which has similar wheel-like
119:National Archaeological Museum
1:
1693:
1667:
757:
675:X-ray dispersive spectrometry
187:. It is now exhibited in the
92:65.08 kg (143.5 lb)
1999:Sculptures of women in Spain
1363:10.1016/j.culher.2010.12.006
1351:Journal of Cultural Heritage
1268:Ancient Greeks West and East
961:Elvira Barba, Miguel Ángel.
380:Real Academia de la Historia
300:These three figures and the
225:
204:The Encyclopedia of Religion
194:It is generally known as an
7:
1754:Lady of Cerro de los Santos
1604:Lady of Cerro de los Santos
745:
660:Lady of Cerro de los Santos
654:, the Lady of Caudete, the
618:University Press of Florida
347:, belonging to a Christian
218:, who was worshiped by the
10:
2040:
1291:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
1285:Tamar Hodos (March 2000).
965:[Lady of Elche ].
453:and several pieces of the
314:Discovery and repatriation
289:from Cerro de los Santos (
229:
1969:4th-century BC sculptures
1907:
1887:
1871:
1864:
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202:influences. According to
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29:
28:
23:
16:Ancient Iberian sculpture
1974:4th-century BC artifacts
1925:Treasure of Gazteluberri
1800:Treasure of El Carambolo
1308:Materials and Structures
1211:Swenson, Astrid (2020),
832:Encyclopedia of Religion
368:Aureliano Ibarra Manzoni
291:Montealegre del Castillo
110:Manuel Campello Esclápez
1314:(277). RILEM: 419–424.
1213:"Under False Pretenses"
1184:Briefel, Aviva (2006).
1063:Smithsonian Institution
487:(catalog number E433).
449:, the twin sphinxes of
390:to his home to see the
84:37 cm (15 in)
76:45 cm (18 in)
68:56 cm (22 in)
1915:Abydos Aramaic papyrus
1781:Mausoleum of Pozo Moro
1264:Tsetskhladze, Gocha R.
928:"Cronología del museo"
780:M.A. (4 August 2016).
720:
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569:
563:Contentions of forgery
526:
416:
323:
269:and necklaces—and the
265:
246:
155:
141:
2024:Forgery controversies
1856:Treasure of Guarrazar
790:(in Spanish). Madrid.
711:
608:Archeological Museum.
604:The Lady of Caudete.
603:
591:
579:
541:Mystery Play of Elche
521:
490:The discovery of the
455:Treasure of Guarrazar
410:
393:Mystery Play of Elche
321:
236:The bust, originally
139:
2014:Phoenician sculpture
2009:Sculptures in Madrid
2004:Limestone sculptures
1954:Province of Alicante
1502:at Wikimedia Commons
640:(CSIC) study on the
530:Exhibitions in Elche
1478:Vacation attraction
942:on 24 December 2014
836:Macmillan Reference
713:Jephthah's Daughter
671:electron microscopy
479:. Since 1941, the
437:Franco's government
431:near Toulouse. The
415:banknote from 1948.
355:of the councils of
1320:10.1007/BF02479310
873:The New York Times
721:
610:
598:
586:
527:
463:Mariana of Austria
419:For 40 years, the
417:
411:Depicted on the 1
339:Queen" by locals.
324:
286:Gran Dama Oferente
142:
1941:
1940:
1937:
1936:
1933:
1932:
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1902:
1818:Bacchus of Aldaia
1733:Bicha of Balazote
1684:
1683:
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1621:
1588:Bicha of Balazote
1564:Lady of Guardamar
1537:Iberian sculpture
1498:Media related to
1277:978-90-04-35125-7
1234:978-0-226-67665-4
1197:978-0-8014-4460-9
1170:978-1-134-26861-0
1096:978-84-9168-192-2
816:978-84-95314-91-8
689:In modern culture
656:Lady of Guardamar
594:Lady of Guardamar
370:, a 19th century
303:Bicha of Balazote
260:Lady of Guardamar
232:Iberian sculpture
214:, the goddess of
134:
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102:La Alcudia, Elche
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838:. p. 549.
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1488:External links
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1429:(in Spanish).
1413:
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1357:(3): 310–316.
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723:French artist
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500:William Gaddis
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534:In 1965, the
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524:Lady of Elche
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107:Discovered by
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31:Dama de Elche
27:
24:Lady of Elche
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19:
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1747:Lady of Baza
1745:
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1725:Protohistory
1601:
1593:
1585:
1577:
1572:Lady of Baza
1569:
1561:
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1473:
1464:
1461:Bible Review
1460:
1450:
1438:. Retrieved
1426:
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1406:
1396:
1384:. Retrieved
1380:
1371:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1311:
1307:
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1267:
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1246:, retrieved
1216:
1206:
1186:
1179:
1159:
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1119:
1115:
1105:
1085:
1078:
1066:. Retrieved
1062:
1038:. Retrieved
1034:
1025:
1013:. Retrieved
1009:
1000:
988:. Retrieved
984:
975:
966:
956:
944:. Retrieved
940:the original
935:
931:
922:
912:30 September
910:. Retrieved
908:(in Spanish)
905:
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886:30 September
884:. Retrieved
872:
862:
831:
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796:
785:
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733:
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725:James Tissot
722:
716:
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683:
679:funerary urn
669:, utilizing
666:
664:
652:Lady of Baza
649:
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632:
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611:
582:Lady of Baza
566:
556:
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549:Carmen Calvo
546:
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533:
523:
510:
503:
491:
489:
480:
470:
441:
425:World War II
420:
418:
391:
388:Pierre Paris
385:
376:archeologist
374:and amateur
365:
360:
341:
332:
325:
301:
299:
284:
281:Lady of Baza
280:
276:
275:. While the
272:Lady of Baza
270:
258:
256:
252:funerary urn
235:
207:
203:
193:
176:
146:
145:
143:
30:
18:
1979:Iberian art
1865:Middle Ages
1480:expedia.com
1381:dprha.ua.es
990:14 November
451:El Salobral
345:Saint Abdon
310:in Madrid.
200:Hellenistic
191:in Madrid.
1948:Categories
1872:Al-Andalus
1704:Prehistory
1558:(pictured)
1546:sculptures
1500:Dama d'Elx
1122:(4): 755.
1035:Legacy.com
1015:1 November
1010:VisitElche
985:FactumArte
906:www.man.es
854:2004017052
845:002865739X
758:References
752:Contestani
333:Reina Mora
329:La Alcudia
177:La Alcudia
165:Dama d'Elx
140:Front view
97:Discovered
1888:Christian
1694:Artifacts
1668:Buildings
1435:1134-6582
1336:136622739
1328:1359-5997
1293:(Review).
1243:203367217
1136:0002-9114
881:0362-4331
699:Phoenicia
467:Velázquez
429:Montauban
363:(Elche).
242:headdress
226:Sculpture
170:limestone
160:Valencian
60:Limestone
1544:Selected
946:28 April
746:See also
705:facade.
508:(1955).
477:El Greco
372:humanist
349:basilica
295:Albacete
216:Carthage
168:) is a
129:Iberians
57:Material
1802:replica
1440:13 June
1427:El País
1386:13 June
1266:(ed.).
1248:13 June
1068:13 June
1040:13 June
658:or the
622:forgery
606:Villena
447:Murillo
353:codices
337:Moorish
266:rodetes
247:rodetes
238:colored
196:Iberian
152:Spanish
125:Culture
1433:
1334:
1326:
1274:
1241:
1231:
1194:
1167:
1144:506215
1142:
1134:
1093:
879:
852:
842:
813:
645:'s
626:Louvre
496:peseta
413:Peseta
402:francs
398:Louvre
361:Illici
357:Toledo
335:" or "
206:, the
89:Weight
65:Height
2019:Tanit
1984:Elche
1908:Other
1810:Roman
1408:67-92
1332:S2CID
1239:S2CID
1140:JSTOR
805:[
459:Osuna
212:Tanit
185:Spain
181:Elche
115:Place
81:Depth
73:Width
1602:The
1594:The
1586:The
1578:The
1570:The
1562:The
1553:The
1442:2022
1431:ISSN
1388:2022
1324:ISSN
1272:ISBN
1250:2022
1229:ISBN
1192:ISBN
1165:ISBN
1132:ISSN
1091:ISBN
1070:2022
1042:2022
1017:2014
992:2014
948:2009
932:1941
914:2022
888:2022
877:ISSN
850:LCCN
840:ISBN
811:ISBN
693:The
673:and
592:The
580:The
173:bust
144:The
100:1897
51:Bust
47:Type
1359:doi
1316:doi
1221:doi
1124:doi
787:ABC
502:'s
475:by
465:by
445:by
297:).
1950::
1459:.
1425:.
1405:.
1379:.
1355:12
1353:.
1330:.
1322:.
1312:38
1310:.
1289:.
1237:,
1227:,
1215:,
1138:.
1130:.
1120:99
1118:.
1114:.
1061:.
1050:^
1033:.
1008:.
983:.
934:.
930:.
904:.
875:.
871:.
848:.
766:^
731:.
662:.
544:.
293:,
254:.
222:.
183:,
162::
158:,
154::
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1318::
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1223::
1200:.
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1146:.
1126::
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1072:.
1044:.
1019:.
994:.
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819:.
719:.
616:(
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150:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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