784:
337:
58:
40:
1294:
829:
does not perform well in hot climates, and has a reduced life-span if grown in climates with warm winters. Afternoon shade and the occasional deep watering are advisable in areas with hot, dry summers. They do best in climates with moderate winter and summer temperatures, ideally
348:, although mortality is very rare. Symptoms of laburnum poisoning may include intense sleepiness, vomiting, convulsive movements, coma, slight frothing at the mouth and unequally dilated pupils. In some cases, diarrhea is very severe, and at times the convulsions are markedly
760:
has historically been used for cabinetmaking and inlay, as well as for musical instruments. In addition to such wind instruments as recorders and flutes, it was a popular wood for
1262:
780:(African monkeywood). The heart-wood of a laburnum may be used as a substitute for ebony or rosewood. It is very hard and a dark chocolate brown, with a butter-yellow sapwood.
178:
1042:
825:
Gardeners are advised to remove the spent seedpods after flowering because they sap the strength of the tree and are the most poisonous part. Generally
1509:
333:
The yellow flowers are responsible for the old poetic name 'golden chain tree' (also written as golden chaintree or goldenchain tree).
1545:
1027:
1431:
1483:
1444:
1036:
1182:
1151:
1488:
822:
is a shrubby, multi-branched tree, but it is often pruned to maintain a single trunk which displays the smooth green bark.
326:
the racemes are 20–30 cm (8–12 in) long, but with the flowers sparsely along the raceme. The fruit develops as a
914:
1124:
934:
1647:
734:
1514:
1470:
989:
1563:
1496:
1023:
1275:
1366:
882:
1423:
1558:
1087:
1652:
1524:
1449:
1298:
1091:
57:
20:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1234:
1642:
1550:
1073:
803:
1418:
1309:
1270:
761:
705:
318:
10–40 cm (4–15.5 in) long in spring, which makes them very popular garden trees. In
1537:
1141:
886:
783:
776:
1392:
1046:
410:
226:
1285:
1204:
8:
807:
349:
1622:
1594:
1347:
971:
52:
959:
1532:
1379:
1147:
1120:
963:
930:
910:
835:
975:
322:, the racemes are 10–20 cm (4–8 in) long, with densely packed flowers; in
1599:
955:
400:
236:
1384:
1371:
1358:
1114:
839:
831:
336:
95:
1586:
1501:
1082:
730:
82:
1616:
1332:
1576:
1457:
1341:
862:, where they are commonly planted as lawn specimens or in shrub borders.
766:
368:
269:
967:
39:
1436:
372:
1462:
1405:
1018:
292:
275:
217:
161:
151:
1303:
881:; it also has the benefit of low seed production. It has gained the
1571:
1326:
855:
811:
376:
353:
299:; the leaflets are typically 2–3 cm (0.8–1.2 in) long in
264:
221:
141:
108:
1410:
818:, for ceilings of pendant flowers in season. In its natural form,
1475:
873:'Vossii' (Voss's laburnum), which combines the longer racemes of
865:
Most garden specimens are of the hybrid between the two species,
859:
847:
815:
799:
764:
before taste turned to imported dense tropical hardwoods such as
357:
253:
131:
420:
1293:
345:
327:
315:
311:
296:
249:
245:
121:
1397:
851:
771:
364:
69:
1019:
213:
1166:
998:
International Legume
Database & Information Service
1000:. Cardiff School of Computer Science & Informatics
1240:. Royal Horticultural Society. July 2017. p. 57
1280:
time lapse of a year in the life of a
Laburnum tree
946:Forrester R.M. (1979). "Have you Eaten Laburnum?".
425:The status of the following species is unresolved:
1119:. Vol. 1. Univ of Toronto Press. p. 40.
787:Freshly cross cut laburnum with visible heart-wood
1614:
810:for gardens and parks. They are also trained as
1143:The Highland bagpipe: music, history, tradition
244:. They are native to the mountains of southern
945:
421:Species names with uncertain taxonomic status
295:. The leaves are trifoliate, somewhat like a
1068:
1066:
1064:
701:The following hybrids have been described:
1139:
1133:
263:, but this native of southeast Europe and
38:
1112:
1106:
1061:
782:
335:
303:and 4–5 cm (1.5–2 in) long in
259:Some botanists include a third species,
1146:. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 50.
1043:National Germplasm Resources Laboratory
1037:Germplasm Resources Information Network
267:is usually treated in a distinct genus
1615:
1045:, Beltsville, Maryland. Archived from
1026:; National Genetic Resources Program.
1308:
1307:
1167:Kathleen Norris Brenzel, ed. (2007).
387:
212:, is a genus of two species of small
1525:2cee1ff1-54b8-44dd-963e-1651b740b4f5
13:
363:It is used as a food plant by the
14:
1664:
1256:
905:Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012.
395:comprises the following species:
352:. The main toxin in the plant is
1292:
1286:Grieve, 'A Modern Herbal' (1931)
1116:World Timbers: Europe and Africa
56:
1564:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:22728-1
1227:
1197:
1175:
1183:"Laburnum x watereri 'Vossii'"
1160:
1012:
982:
939:
919:
899:
791:
752:
405:(Mill.) Bercht. & J. Presl
282:
1:
1215:. Royal Horticultural Society
1185:. Missouribotanicalgarden.com
960:10.1016/S0140-6736(79)92963-5
892:
273:, more closely allied to the
340:Laburnum tree in full flower
330:and is extremely poisonous.
7:
990:"ILDIS LegumeWeb entry for
883:Royal Horticultural Society
877:with the denser flowers of
834:climates like those of the
344:All parts of the plant are
10:
1669:
1169:Sunset Western Garden Book
1088:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1074:"The Plant List entry for
696:
382:
47:Common laburnum – flowers
18:
1316:
1235:"AGM Plants - Ornamental"
1092:Missouri Botanical Garden
1028:"GRIN species records of
909:. Cork University Press.
498:Dalla Torre & Sarnth.
190:
185:
53:Scientific classification
51:
46:
37:
30:
21:Laburnum (disambiguation)
846:trees are ubiquitous in
1648:Garden plants of Europe
762:Great Highland Bagpipes
747:
371:species, including the
356:, a nicotinic receptor
788:
639:Laburnum sessilifolium
341:
314:in pendulous leafless
1301:at Wikimedia Commons
1271:ILDIS Legume Database
925:Kilbracken, J. 1989.
907:Webb's An Irish Flora
887:Award of Garden Merit
786:
777:Dalbergia melanoxylon
599:Laburnum purpurascens
495:Laburnum jacquinianum
463:Laburnum grandiflorum
339:
310:They have yellow pea-
1049:on 24 September 2015
927:Easy way guide Trees
655:Laburnum tardiflorum
615:Laburnum ramentaceum
543:Laburnum monadelphum
503:Laburnum jaquinianum
487:Laburnum intermedium
411:Laburnum anagyroides
261:Laburnum caramanicum
227:Laburnum anagyroides
19:For other uses, see
1276:Laburnum tree video
1140:Dickson J. (2009).
690:Griseb. ex Lavallée
559:Laburnum nigricanum
204:, sometimes called
1113:Rendle BJ (1969).
806:are cultivated as
789:
682:Griseb. ex Lavall.
671:Laburnum variabile
663:Laburnum triflorum
631:Laburnum serotinum
607:Laburnum purpureum
567:Laburnum nubigenum
551:Laburnum nigricans
535:Laburnum linneanum
527:Laburnum lanigerum
479:Laburnum ianigerum
471:Laburnum heuffelii
388:Accepted binomials
342:
224:. The species are
220:of the pea family
1610:
1609:
1533:Open Tree of Life
1310:Taxon identifiers
1297:Media related to
1153:978-0-7546-6669-1
836:Pacific Northwest
743:
716:
691:
687:Laburnum weldenii
683:
675:
674:hort. & Vilm.
667:
659:
651:
647:Laburnum spinosum
643:
635:
627:
623:Laburnum rochelii
619:
611:
603:
602:hort. & Vilm.
595:
587:
583:Laburnum pendulum
579:
571:
563:
555:
547:
539:
531:
523:
519:Laburnum laburnum
515:
511:Laburnum laburnum
507:
499:
491:
483:
475:
467:
459:
455:Laburnum fragrans
451:
447:Laburnum biflorum
443:
439:Laburnum arboreum
435:
416:
406:
216:in the subfamily
197:
196:
181:
1660:
1653:Ornamental trees
1603:
1602:
1590:
1589:
1580:
1579:
1567:
1566:
1554:
1553:
1541:
1540:
1528:
1527:
1518:
1517:
1505:
1504:
1502:NHMSYS0000460054
1492:
1491:
1479:
1478:
1466:
1465:
1453:
1452:
1440:
1439:
1427:
1426:
1414:
1413:
1401:
1400:
1388:
1387:
1375:
1374:
1362:
1361:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1305:
1304:
1296:
1263:Flora Europaea:
1250:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1205:"Plant Selector—
1201:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1190:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1164:
1158:
1157:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1110:
1104:
1103:
1101:
1099:
1070:
1059:
1058:
1056:
1054:
1016:
1010:
1009:
1007:
1005:
986:
980:
979:
943:
937:
923:
917:
903:
808:ornamental trees
741:
729:There is also a
715:(Wettst.) Dippel
714:
689:
681:
679:Laburnum weldeni
673:
665:
657:
649:
641:
633:
625:
617:
609:
601:
593:
591:Laburnum praecox
585:
577:
569:
561:
553:
545:
537:
529:
521:
513:
505:
497:
489:
481:
473:
465:
457:
449:
441:
433:
414:
404:
401:Laburnum alpinum
237:Laburnum alpinum
177:
61:
60:
42:
28:
27:
1668:
1667:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1657:
1638:Flora of Europe
1633:Trees of Europe
1628:Fabaceae genera
1613:
1612:
1611:
1606:
1598:
1593:
1585:
1583:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1557:
1549:
1544:
1536:
1531:
1523:
1521:
1513:
1508:
1500:
1495:
1487:
1482:
1474:
1469:
1461:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1435:
1430:
1422:
1417:
1409:
1404:
1396:
1391:
1383:
1378:
1370:
1365:
1357:
1355:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1331:
1330:
1325:
1312:
1291:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1243:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1232:
1228:
1218:
1216:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1188:
1186:
1181:
1180:
1176:
1165:
1161:
1154:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1111:
1107:
1097:
1095:
1072:
1071:
1062:
1052:
1050:
1017:
1013:
1003:
1001:
988:
987:
983:
944:
940:
924:
920:
915:978-185918-4783
904:
900:
895:
840:Northern Europe
794:
755:
750:
699:
694:
634:Hort. ex Dippel
626:Wierzb. ex Fuss
618:(Sieber) K.Koch
610:(Scop.) Drapiez
575:Laburnum patens
474:Wierzb. ex Fuss
423:
390:
385:
285:
242:alpine laburnum
232:common laburnum
176:
55:
24:
17:
16:Genus of plants
12:
11:
5:
1666:
1656:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Flora of Italy
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1608:
1607:
1605:
1604:
1600:wfo-4000020337
1591:
1581:
1568:
1555:
1542:
1529:
1519:
1506:
1493:
1480:
1467:
1454:
1441:
1428:
1415:
1402:
1389:
1376:
1363:
1353:
1338:
1322:
1320:
1314:
1313:
1289:
1288:
1283:
1273:
1268:
1258:
1257:External links
1255:
1252:
1251:
1226:
1196:
1174:
1171:. p. 429.
1159:
1152:
1132:
1126:978-0802015709
1125:
1105:
1083:The Plant List
1060:
1011:
981:
954:(8125): 1073.
938:
918:
897:
896:
894:
891:
879:L. anagyroides
793:
790:
770:(cocus wood),
754:
751:
749:
746:
737:Laburnocytisus
731:graft-chimaera
727:
726:
723:L. anagyroides
698:
695:
693:
692:
684:
676:
668:
660:
652:
644:
636:
628:
620:
612:
604:
596:
588:
580:
572:
564:
556:
548:
540:
532:
524:
516:
508:
500:
492:
484:
476:
468:
460:
452:
444:
436:
431:Laburnum album
427:
422:
419:
418:
417:
407:
389:
386:
384:
381:
320:L. anagyroides
301:L. anagyroides
284:
281:
195:
194:
188:
187:
183:
182:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
144:
139:
135:
134:
129:
125:
124:
119:
112:
111:
106:
99:
98:
93:
86:
85:
80:
73:
72:
67:
63:
62:
49:
48:
44:
43:
35:
34:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1665:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1618:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1582:
1578:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1539:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1481:
1477:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1459:
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1386:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1354:
1349:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1306:
1302:
1300:
1295:
1287:
1284:
1281:
1277:
1274:
1272:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1261:
1260:
1236:
1230:
1214:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1184:
1178:
1170:
1163:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1144:
1136:
1128:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:
1079:
1077:
1069:
1067:
1065:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1025:
1021:
1015:
999:
995:
993:
985:
977:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
949:
942:
936:
935:0-7523-0027-X
932:
928:
922:
916:
912:
908:
902:
898:
890:
888:
884:
880:
876:
872:
868:
863:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
833:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
809:
805:
801:
798:
785:
781:
779:
778:
773:
769:
768:
763:
759:
745:
740:
738:
732:
724:
720:
713:
712:
708:
704:
703:
702:
688:
685:
680:
677:
672:
669:
664:
661:
656:
653:
648:
645:
640:
637:
632:
629:
624:
621:
616:
613:
608:
605:
600:
597:
592:
589:
584:
581:
576:
573:
568:
565:
560:
557:
552:
549:
544:
541:
536:
533:
528:
525:
520:
517:
512:
509:
504:
501:
496:
493:
488:
485:
480:
477:
472:
469:
466:(DC.) J.Presl
464:
461:
456:
453:
448:
445:
440:
437:
432:
429:
428:
426:
413:
412:
408:
403:
402:
398:
397:
396:
394:
380:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
338:
334:
331:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
308:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
280:
278:
277:
272:
271:
266:
262:
257:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
238:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
203:
202:
193:
189:
184:
180:
175:
174:
170:
167:
166:
163:
160:
157:
156:
153:
150:
147:
146:
143:
140:
137:
136:
133:
130:
127:
126:
123:
120:
117:
114:
113:
110:
107:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
88:
87:
84:
83:Tracheophytes
81:
78:
75:
74:
71:
68:
65:
64:
59:
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
33:
29:
26:
22:
1317:
1290:
1279:
1264:
1242:. Retrieved
1229:
1217:. Retrieved
1210:
1206:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1177:
1168:
1162:
1142:
1135:
1115:
1108:
1096:. Retrieved
1081:
1075:
1051:. Retrieved
1047:the original
1035:
1029:
1014:
1002:. Retrieved
997:
991:
984:
951:
947:
941:
929:. Larousse.
926:
921:
906:
901:
878:
874:
870:
866:
864:
843:
826:
824:
819:
796:
795:
775:
765:
757:
756:
736:
728:
722:
718:
710:
706:
700:
686:
678:
670:
662:
654:
646:
638:
630:
622:
614:
606:
598:
590:
582:
574:
566:
558:
550:
542:
534:
526:
518:
510:
502:
494:
486:
478:
470:
462:
454:
446:
438:
430:
424:
409:
399:
392:
391:
362:
343:
332:
323:
319:
309:
304:
300:
288:
286:
274:
268:
260:
258:
241:
235:
231:
225:
209:
206:golden chain
205:
200:
199:
198:
191:
172:
171:
115:
102:
89:
76:
31:
25:
1458:iNaturalist
1342:Wikispecies
1189:18 December
792:Cultivation
767:Brya ebenus
753:Woodworking
450:G.Nicholson
369:Lepidoptera
283:Description
270:Podocytisus
210:golden rain
148:Subfamily:
96:Angiosperms
1617:Categories
948:The Lancet
893:References
875:L. alpinum
719:L. alpinum
375:moth, the
373:Palearctic
324:L. alpinum
305:L. alpinum
291:trees are
279:(brooms).
1623:Genisteae
1213:'Vossii'"
812:espaliers
514:(L.) Voss
346:poisonous
293:deciduous
276:Genisteae
218:Faboideae
192:See text
162:Genisteae
152:Faboideae
66:Kingdom:
1584:VASCAN:
1577:40000647
1572:Tropicos
1348:Laburnum
1327:Wikidata
1318:Laburnum
1299:Laburnum
1265:Laburnum
1244:17 March
1211:watereri
1207:Laburnum
1098:11 April
1090:and the
1076:Laburnum
1053:11 April
1039:—(GRIN)
1030:Laburnum
1004:11 April
992:Laburnum
976:38961471
871:watereri
867:Laburnum
856:Scotland
844:Laburnum
827:Laburnum
820:Laburnum
816:pergolas
797:Laburnum
758:Laburnum
742:Lavallée
739:'Adamii'
711:watereri
707:Laburnum
482:J. Presl
393:Laburnum
377:buff-tip
367:of some
354:cytisine
289:Laburnum
265:Anatolia
222:Fabaceae
201:Laburnum
186:Species
173:Laburnum
142:Fabaceae
138:Family:
109:Eudicots
32:Laburnum
1538:1036598
1476:22728-1
1437:3234737
1333:Q147184
860:Ireland
848:England
832:Oceanic
804:hybrids
800:species
697:Hybrids
666:J.Presl
650:J.Presl
642:J.Presl
578:J.Presl
570:J.Presl
554:J.Presl
530:J.Presl
458:Griseb.
442:J.Presl
434:J.Presl
383:Species
358:agonist
350:tetanic
316:racemes
312:flowers
254:Balkans
252:to the
168:Genus:
158:Tribe:
132:Fabales
128:Order:
70:Plantae
1546:PLANTS
1522:NZOR:
1424:117376
1372:237819
1359:191887
1356:APDB:
1219:20 May
1150:
1123:
1094:. 2013
974:
966:
933:
913:
774:, and
546:Pritz.
522:Dörfl.
490:Dippel
415:Medik.
365:larvae
297:clover
250:France
246:Europe
122:Rosids
1551:LABUR
1489:26760
1463:51811
1411:1LABG
1398:27794
1238:(PDF)
972:S2CID
968:86787
852:Wales
772:ebony
658:auct.
538:Dieck
506:Dieck
248:from
214:trees
179:Fabr.
116:Clade
103:Clade
90:Clade
77:Clade
1587:1310
1559:POWO
1515:3851
1510:NCBI
1484:ITIS
1471:IPNI
1450:6427
1445:GRIN
1432:GBIF
1406:EPPO
1385:59QH
1367:APNI
1246:2018
1221:2013
1191:2017
1148:ISBN
1121:ISBN
1100:2014
1055:2014
1020:USDA
1006:2014
964:PMID
931:ISBN
911:ISBN
858:and
838:and
802:and
748:Uses
594:Fuss
586:Raf.
562:Fuss
287:The
234:and
1595:WFO
1497:NBN
1419:FNA
1393:EoL
1380:CoL
1024:ARS
956:doi
952:313
885:'s
814:on
328:pod
208:or
1619::
1597::
1574::
1561::
1548::
1535::
1512::
1499::
1486::
1473::
1460::
1447::
1434::
1421::
1408::
1395::
1382::
1369::
1344::
1329::
1278:—
1086:.
1080:.
1063:^
1041:.
1034:.
1022:;
996:.
970:.
962:.
950:.
889:.
854:,
850:,
842:.
744:.
735:+
733:,
721:×
709:×
379:.
360:.
307:.
256:.
118::
105::
92::
79::
1282:.
1248:.
1223:.
1209:×
1193:.
1156:.
1129:.
1102:.
1078:"
1057:.
1032:"
1008:.
994:"
978:.
958::
869:×
725:)
717:(
240:—
230:—
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
