Labor history of the United States

41: 4852:, the heavily Democratic Congress passed a raft of liberal legislation. Labor union leaders claimed credit for the widest range of liberal laws since the New Deal era, including the Civil Rights Act of 1964; the Voting Rights Act of 1965; the War on Poverty; aid to cities and education; increased Social Security benefits; and Medicare for the elderly. The 1966 elections were an unexpected disaster, with defeats for many of the more liberal Democrats. According to Alan Draper, the AFL-CIO Committee on Political Action (COPE) was the main electioneering unit of the labor movement. It ignored the white backlash against civil rights, which had become a main Republican attack point. The COPE assumed falsely that union members were interested in issues of greatest salience to union leadership, but polls showed this was not true. The members were much more conservative. The younger ones were much more concerned about taxes and crime, and the older ones had not overcome racial biases. Furthermore, a new issue—the War in Vietnam—was bitterly splitting the 3282: 1612:, this model rapidly changed, particularly in the major metropolitan areas. For instance, in Boston in 1790, the vast majority of the 1,300 artisans in the city described themselves as "master workman". By 1815, journeymen workers without independent means of production had displaced these "masters" as the majority. By that time journeymen also outnumbered masters in New York City and Philadelphia. This shift occurred as a result of large-scale transatlantic and rural-urban migration. Migration into the coastal cities created a larger population of potential laborers, which in turn allowed controllers of capital to invest in labor-intensive enterprises on a larger scale. Craft workers found that these changes launched them into competition with each other to a degree that they had not experienced previously, which limited their opportunities and created substantial risks of downward mobility that had not existed prior to that time. 4187:

workforce. Unionization was strongest in large northern cities, and weakest across the south, where repeated mobilization efforts failed. The 1937 split off of the CIO cost the AFL over a million members, but it added 760,000 on its own. Between 1937 and 1945 the CIO recruited two million new members, but the AFL recruited nearly 4 million. After some bitter battles in the late 1930s, the AFL and CIO had relatively few jurisdictional disputes, each focusing on its own specialized industries. The CIO was strongest in large manufacturing industries especially auto, steel, meatpacking, coal, and electrical appliances. The AFL affiliates were strongest in construction trades, trucking, department stores, and public service. The railway brotherhoods continued their independent status.

5459: 3197: 2089:. While beginning relatively peacefully, police and strikers began to clash. As strikers rallied against the McCormick plant, a team of political anarchists, who were not Knights, tried to piggyback support among striking Knights workers. A bomb exploded as police were dispersing a peaceful rally, killing seven policemen and wounding many others. The anarchists—who had built the bomb—were blamed. Their spectacular trial gained national attention. The Knights of Labor were seriously injured by the false accusation that the Knights promoted anarchistic violence. Some Knights locals transferred to the less radical and more respectable AFL unions or railroad brotherhoods. 4614: 5141:" at some companies; where there is a reasonable expectation in the industry that employees may be needed to put in more time near the release of a game product, some companies were noted for using a "crunch time" approach through much longer periods or as a constant expectation of their employees; further, most of those employed in the video game market are exempt from overtime, compounding the issue. Major grassroots efforts through the game industry since 2018 have promoted the creation of a new union or working with an existing union to cover the industry. One of the first high tech companies to establish a union was 2946:. He finds that, after taking into account the cost of living (which was 65 percent higher in the US), the standard of living of unskilled workers was about the same in the two cities, while skilled workers had about twice as high a standard of living. The American advantage grew over time from 1890 to 1914, and there was a heavy steady flow of skilled workers from Britain to industrial America. Shergold revealed that skilled Americans did earn higher wages than the British, yet unskilled workers did not, while Americans worked longer hours, with a greater chance of injury, and had fewer social services. 2244: 4918:

its early success, the UFW experienced a steep decline in membership due to purges of key organizational leaders by Chavez. With Chavez unable to lead effectively, the Teamsters Union moved in and replaced the UFW. In 2015 José-Antonio Orosco pointed out that the UFW, "devolved from a powerful labor union for farmworkers to a fragile organization that today draws most of its support from mailed donations and represents fewer than five thousand workers in an industry that employs tens of thousands." In her biography of Chavez, Miriam Powell blames one person for the collapse: Chavez himself.

4232:

were working by 1945. Many domestic workers took jobs that paid much better, especially in war factories. During the war nearly 6 million women joined the workforce. They filled roles that men had monopolized, such as steel workers, lumber workers, and bus drivers. By 1945 there were 4.7 women in clerical positions which was an 89% increase from 1940. Another 4.5 million women working in factories, usually in unskilled positions, up 112%. The aviation industry saw the highest increase in female workers during the war. By 1943 310,000 women worked there, or 65% of the industry's workforce.

2919: 3290:

largest employer of American women by 1918. While there was initial resistance to hiring women for jobs traditionally held by men, the war made the need for labor so urgent that women were hired in large numbers and the government even actively promoted the employment of women in war-related industries through recruitment drives. As a result, women not only began working in heavy industry, but also took other jobs traditionally reserved solely for men, such as railway guards, ticket collectors, bus and tram conductors, postal workers, police officers, firefighters, and clerks.

4622: 5383:. Moe points out that Roosevelt, "an ardent supporter of collective bargaining in the private sector, was opposed to it in the public sector." Roosevelt in 1937 told the nation what the position of his government was: "All Government employees should realize that the process of collective bargaining, as usually understood, cannot be transplanted into the public service.... The very nature and purposes of government make it impossible for administrative officials to represent fully or to bind the employer in mutual discussions with government employee organizations. 1961: 2927: 4224: 4194:

They called strikes in war industries that were supplying Lend Lease to Britain. The most dramatic case came in early June 1941, when a wildcat strike near Los Angeles closed the plant that produced a fourth of the fighter-planes. With the approval of CIO leadership, President Roosevelt sent in the national guard to reopen the plant. However, when Germany suddenly invaded the USSR in late June 1941, the Communist activists suddenly became the strongest supporters of war production; they crushed wildcat strikes.

3059: 2073:. In early 1886, the Knights were trying to coordinate 1,400 strikes involving over 600,000 workers spread over much of the country. The tempo had doubled over 1885, and involved peaceful as well as violent confrontations in many sectors, such as railroads, street railroads, and coal mining, with demands usually focused on the eight hour day. Suddenly, it all collapsed, largely because the Knights were unable to handle so much on their plate at once, and because they took a smashing blow in the aftermath of the 1952:, formed in 1870. In 1879 the Knights formally admitted women, who by 1886 constituted 10 percent of the union's membership, but it was poorly organized and soon declined. They fought encroachments of machinery and unskilled labor on autonomy of skilled shoe workers. One provision in the Crispin constitution explicitly sought to limit the entry of "green hands" into the trade, but this failed because the new machines could be operated by semi-skilled workers and produce more shoes than hand sewing. 3156:, speaking for the Court, again decided in favor of Loewe, upholding a lower federal court ruling ordering the union to pay damages of $ 252,130. (The cost of lawyers had already exceeded $ 100,000, paid by the AFL). This was not a typical case in which a few union leaders were punished with short terms in jail; specifically, the life savings of several hundreds of the members were attached. The lower court ruling established a major precedent, and became a serious issue for the unions. 3824:'s announcement that hourly wages for railway repair and maintenance workers would be cut by seven cents on July 1. This cut, which represented an average 12 percent wage decrease for the affected workers, prompted a shop workers vote on whether or not to strike. The operators' union did not join in the strike, and the railroads employed strikebreakers to fill three-fourths of the roughly 400,000 vacated positions, increasing hostilities between the railroads and the striking workers. 5301:, became the chain's first location to petition for a union election, looking to organize independently as Chipotle United, citing issues regarding understaffing as well as crew and food safety. In that same month, Chipotle decided to permanently close the location, leading to workers filing a complaint with the NLRB and accusing Chipotle of union-busting. Chipotle has denied such claims, and have stated that the company was unable to provide enough staffing for the location. 3109:, the IWW allowed men and women as members, and organized workers of all races and nationalities, without regard to current employment status. At its peak it had 150,000 members (with 200,000 membership cards issued between 1905 and 1916), but it was fiercely repressed during, and especially after, World War I with many of its members killed, about 10,000 organizers imprisoned, and thousands more deported as foreign agitators. In 1927 the IWW also led a successful 1456: 1417: 4117:. That required in turn organizing the steel industry, which had defeated union organizing drives in 1892 and 1919 and which had resisted all organizing efforts since then fiercely. The task of organizing steelworkers, on the other hand, put Lewis at odds with the AFL, which looked down on both industrial workers and the industrial unions that represented all workers in a particular industry, rather than just those in a particular skilled trade or craft. 1466: 4404:, both Republicans. Congress overrode the veto on June 23, 1947, establishing the act as a law. Truman described the act as a "slave-labor bill" in his veto, but after it was enacted over his veto, he used its emergency provisions a number of times to halt strikes and lockouts. The new law required all union officials to sign an affidavit that they were not Communists or else the union would lose its federal bargaining powers guaranteed by the 3837: 1578:. However, most instances of labor unrest during the colonial period were temporary and isolated, and rarely resulted in the formation of permanent groups of laborers for negotiation purposes. Little legal recourse was available to those injured by the unrest, because strikes were not typically considered illegal. The only known case of criminal prosecution of workers in the colonial era occurred as a result of a carpenters' strike in 3467: 3351: 2112: 2348: 4672:

low-wage sectors. Many companies closed or moved factories to Southern states (where unions were weak). The effectiveness of strikes declined sharply, as companies after the 1970s threatened to close down factories or move them to low-wage states or to foreign countries. The number of major work stoppages fell by 97 percent from 381 in 1970 to 187 in 1980 to only 11 in 2010. The accumulating weaknesses were exposed when President

4644:

European countries, collective-bargaining agreements extended automatically to other firms in the same industry, but in the United States, they usually reached no further than a plant's gates. As a result, in the first decades of the postwar period, the organizing effort could not keep pace with the frenetic rate of job growth in the economy as a whole". On the political front, the shrinking unions lost influence in the

3029:, formed in 1903, was the first labor organization dedicated to helping working women. It did not organize them into locals; its goal was to support the AFL and encourage more women to join labor unions. It was composed of both working women and middle-class reformers, and provided financial assistance, moral support, and training in work skills and social refinement for blue-collar women. Most active in 1907–1922 under 4964: 5503: 4065:(CIO), formed unions with the hope of bringing them into the AFL, but the AFL refused to extend full membership privileges to CIO unions. In 1938, the AFL expelled the CIO and its million members, and they formed a rival federation. The two federations fought it out for membership; while both supported Roosevelt and the New Deal, the CIO was further to the left, while the AFL had close ties to the big city machines. 3528:

possible; in America, that was no longer an option. Families counted on women's wages, sometimes sending that money back to their families in Europe or using it to pay the rent, buy food and clothing, bring relatives from Europe to America, or keep the men in their family in school. Most women learned to sew in the workshops of the Old Country and they utilized this skill to help them find jobs in the United States.

12482: 12156: 3588: 3788:

represented by the West Virginia Army National Guard, intervened by presidential order, and the miners, many of whom were veterans, declined to shoot at the soldiers. In the short term the battle was an overwhelming victory for coal industry owners and management. United Mine Workers of America membership plummeted from more than 50,000 miners to approximately 10,000 over the next several years.

2104: 3638: 5278:, also filed for unionization around this time. On August 12, 2022, the Minneapolis location went on to become the second store to unionize, joining Trader Joe's United. Comparisons to the unionization efforts of Starbucks locations were made following the success of the Minneapolis vote, with workers of the two respective unions both publicly supporting one another. 8981: 4719:

problem of union corruption was growing in public awareness, and CIO's industrial unions were less vulnerable to penetration by criminal elements than were the AFL's trucking, longshoring, building, and entertainment unions. But Meany had a strong record in fighting corruption in New York unions, and was highly critical of the notoriously corrupt Teamsters.

3980:, which gave workers the right to organize into unions. Though it contained other provisions, like minimum wage and maximum hours, its most significant passage was, "Employees shall have the right to organize and bargain collectively through representative of their own choosing, and shall be free from the interference, restraint, or coercion of employers." 2138:

the firing of a member, and settling which rival union was in control. Most strikes were of very short duration. In times of depression strikes were more violent but less successful, because the company was losing money anyway. They were successful in times of prosperity when the company was losing profits and wanted to settle quickly.

3044:. Due to the lack of fire safety measures in the building, 146 primarily female workers were killed in the incident. This incident led to a movement to increase safety measures in factories. It also was an opportunity for the Women's Trade Union League to open conversation for the conditions of women's workplaces in the labor movement. 12044:

24 May. 2023; Accessed 1 Nov. 2023. https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-1011. https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-1011?rskey=rkv7s1&result=1#acrefore-9780199329175-e-1011-div1-5

3939:, marking the first of many pro-union bills that Washington would pass in the 1930s. Also known as the Anti-Injunction Bill, it offered procedural and substantive protections against the easy issuance of court injunctions during labor disputes, which had limited union behavior in the 1920s. Although the act only applied to 12051:

29 Nov. 2021; Accessed 1 Nov. 2023. https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-935. https://oxfordre.com/americanhistory/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-935?rskey=ysL3Ra&result=2#acrefore-9780199329175-e-935-div2-6

4314:, mostly led by the CIO. In November, the UAW sent their 180,000 GM workers to the picket lines; they were joined in January 1946 by a half-million steelworkers, as well as over 200,000 electrical workers and 150,000 packinghouse workers. Combined with many smaller strikes a new record of strike activity was set. 2039:, organized in 1869. The Knights believed in the unity of the interests of all producing groups and sought to enlist in their ranks not only all laborers but everyone who could be truly classified as a producer. The acceptance of all producers led to explosive growth after 1880. Under the leadership of 5129:

by 20,000 employees to make the company change its policy on sexual harassment. However, these efforts have traditionally stopped short of the need for unionization, and achieving the scale of employee involvement to bring a union to their workplace can be difficult due to the numerous benefits these

5023:

workers. For instance, about 76 percent of new UAW union members during their increase came from workers under the age of 35. Although the total number of union members increased 1.7 percent in 2017, the Economic Policy Institute noted that year-to-year union membership often fluctuates due to hiring

4917:

Chavez had a significant political impact; as Jenkins points out, "state and national elites no longer automatically sided with the growers." Thus, the political insurgency of the UFW was successful because of effective strategizing in the right kind of political environment. In the decades following

4710:

The friendly merger of the AFL and CIO marked an end not only to the acrimony and jurisdictional conflicts between the coalitions, it also signaled the end of the era of experimentation and expansion that began in the mid-1930s. Merger became politically possible because of the deaths of Green of the

4634:

was unionized; by 2012, the proportion was 11 percent, constituting roughly 5 percent in the private sector and 40 percent in the public sector. Organized labor's influence steadily waned and workers' collective voice in the political process has weakened. Partly as a result, wages have stagnated and

4345:

Meanwhile, the AFL in 1947 set up its first explicitly political unit, Labor's League for Political Education. The AFL increasingly abandoned its historic tradition of nonpartisanship, since neutrality between the major parties was impossible. By 1952, the AFL had given up on decentralization, local

4333:

exploited public anger at the unions in 1946, winning a smashing landslide. Labor responded afterwards by taking strong actions. The CIO systematically purged communists and far-left sympathizers from leadership roles in its unions. The CIO expelled some unions that resisted the purge, notably its

4239:

At the end of the war, most of the munitions-making jobs ended. Many factories were closed; others retooled for civilian production. In some jobs, women were replaced by returning veterans who did not lose seniority because they were in service. However, the number of women at work in 1946 was 87% of

4214:

families with rich, well-educated backgrounds. Indeed, they closely resembled the overall national population of adult men, with fewer from the South and from farm backgrounds. The union leaders were heavily Democratic. The newer CIO had a younger leadership, and one more involved with third parties,

3827:

On September 1, a federal judge issued the sweeping "Daugherty Injunction" against striking, assembling, and picketing. Unions bitterly resented the injunction; a few sympathy strikes shut down some railroads completely. The strike eventually died out as many shopmen made deals with the railroads on

3787:

For five days from late August to early September 1921, some 10,000 armed coal miners confronted 3,000 lawmen and strikebreakers recruited and backed by coal mine operators during the miners' attempt to unionize the southwestern West Virginia coalfields. The battle ended after the United States Army,

3723:

After a short recession in 1920, the 1920s was a generally prosperous decade outside of farming and coal mining. The GNP growth 1921-29 was a very strong 6.0 percent, double the long-term average of about 3 percent. Real annual earnings (in 1914 dollars) for all employees (deducting for unemployment)

3622:

In 1919, the AFL tried to make their gains permanent and called a series of major strikes in meat, steel, and many other industries. Management counterattacked, claiming that key strikes were run by Communists intent on destroying capitalism. Nearly all the strikes ultimately failed, forcing unions

3411:

Women of color played a significant role in the American labor movement of the 20th century, helping to advance workers' rights in a variety of workplace environments, including fields, factories, and homes. They used instruments including labor unions, strikes, and legislative campaigning to improve

3313:

and cafeteria waitresses for the first time. The Food Administration helped housewives prepare more nutritious meals with less waste and with optimum use of the foods available. Morale of women remained high, as millions joined the Red Cross as volunteers to help soldiers and their families, and with

2952:

From 1860 to 1900, the wealthiest 2 percent of American households owned more than a third of the nation's wealth, while the top 10 percent owned roughly three-quarters of it. The bottom 40 percent had no wealth at all. In terms of property, the wealthiest 1 percent owned 51 percent, while the bottom

1972:

With the rapid growth and consolidation of large railroad systems after 1870, union organizations sprang up, covering the entire nation. By 1901, 17 major railway brotherhoods were in operation; they generally worked amicably with management, which recognized their usefulness. Key unions included the

1877:

of the combination, rather than simply its existence, was the key to illegality. Gibson wrote, "Where the act is lawful for an individual, it can be the subject of a conspiracy, when done in concert, only where there is a direct intention that injury shall result from it". Still other courts rejected

7377:"STRIKES SHUT DOWN NEW ENGLAND MILLS; From 40,000 to 50,000 Textile Operatives Quit Work in Wage Cut Protest. DAY PASSES WITHOUT RIOT Rhode Island Troops Still Held in Armories in Readiness for Possible Duty. AMOSKEAG PLANT CLOSED Largest Cotton Mill in the World, With 15,000 Employes, Unable to Run" 5395:

issued an executive order, called "the little Wagner Act," giving city employees certain bargaining rights, and gave their unions with exclusive representation (that is, the unions alone were legally authorized to speak for all city workers, regardless of whether or not some workers were members.)

4775:

of 1947. Both the business community and local Republicans wanted to weaken unions, which played a major role in funding and campaigning for Democratic candidates. The strategy of the Eisenhower administration was to consolidate the anti-union potential inherent in Taft-Hartley. Pressure from the

4734:

Fearing the fallout of a drawn-out negotiation process, the AFL and CIO leadership decided on a "short route" to reconciliation. This meant all AFL and CIO unions would be accepted into the new organization "as is," with all conflicts and overlaps to be sorted out after the merger. Negotiations were

4718:

Furthermore, the AFL was doing a better job of expanding into the fast-growing white collar sector, with its organizations of clerks, public employees, teachers, and service workers. Although the AFL building trades maintained all-white policies, the AFL had more black members in all as the CIO. The

4283:

was especially outraged by the New Deal's support for powerful labor unions that he considered morally and politically corrupt. Pegler saw himself a populist and muckraker whose mission was to warn the nation that dangerous leaders were in power. In 1941 Pegler became the first columnist ever to win

4235:

While women's wages rose more relative to men's during this period, real wages did not increase due to higher wartime income taxes. Although jobs that had been previously closed to women opened up, demographics such as African American women who had already been participating more fully experienced

4186:

Union membership grew very rapidly from 2.8 million in 1933 to 8.4 million in 1941, covering 23% of the non-farm workforce, reaching 14 million in 1945, about 36 percent of the work force. By the mid-1950s, the merged AFL-CIO still collected dues from over 15 million members, a third of the non-farm

2137:

Strikes organized by labor unions became routine events by the 1880s. There were 37,000 strikes between 1881 and 1905. By far the largest number were in the building trades, followed far behind by coal miners. The main goal was control of working conditions, setting uniform wage scales, protesting

2134:, it was a federation of different unions and did not directly enroll workers. Its original goals were to encourage the formation of trade unions and to obtain legislation, such as prohibition of child labor, a national eight-hour workday, and exclusion of Chinese and other foreign contract workers. 4960:

wages. The average first-year raise (for 1000-plus–worker contracts) fell from 9.8 percent to 1.2 percent; in manufacturing, raises fell from 7.2 percent to negative 1.2 percent. Salaries of unionized workers also fell relative to non-union workers. Women and blacks suffered more from these trends.

4913:

A key success for the UFW was in partnering with the Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee (AWOC), which primarily worked with Filipino farm workers, and creating the eventual United Farmworkers Union in 1972. Together, they organized a worker strike and consumer boycott of the grape growers in

4731:. To achieve the successful merger, they jettisoned the more liberal policies of the CIO regarding civil rights and membership rights for blacks, jurisdictional disputes, and industrial unionism. Reuther went along with the compromises and did not contest the selection of Meany to head the AFL-CIO. 4028:

Despite the impact of such changes on the United States' political structure and on workers' empowerment, some scholars have criticized the impacts of these policies from a classical economic perspective. Cole and Ohanian (2004) find that the New Deal's pro-labor policies are an important factor in

3983:

This portion, which was known as Section 7(a), was symbolic to workers in the United States because it stripped employers of their rights to either coerce them or refuse to bargain with them. While no power of enforcement was written into the law, it "recognized the rights of the industrial working

3702:

went on strike, shutting down most telephone service. The company hired college students as strikebreakers, but they came under violent attack by men supporting the strikers. In a few days a settlement was reached giving higher wages. After the success O'Connor began a national campaign to organize

3535:

were often subject to sexual harassment, unsafe conditions, exploitation, and wage discrimination. And yet, as Jews who emerged from a left-wing progressive tradition, these female garment workers nurtured a commitment to social justice, one that served as the catalyst for the labor organizing that

3424:

who helped organize the Young Negroes Cooperative League in the early 1930s, a group that was help pool community resources and provide cheaper goods and services to members. She later cofounded In Friendship, an organization that raised money for the civil rights movement. She went on to help form

3181:

State legislation 1912–1918: 36 states adopted the principle of workmen's compensation for all industrial accidents. Also: prohibition of the use of an industrial poison, several states require one day's rest in seven, the beginning of effective prohibition of night work, of maximum limits upon the

2080:

The Haymarket affair started as a strike organized by the Knights at the McCormick Reaper Factory in Chicago. Along with the McCormick strike, on May 1, 80,000 mostly immigrant workers led a general strike in Chicago, along with 340,000 workers in the rest of the United States. Attending the strike

5124:

sector, typically dealing with the creation, design, development, and engineering of computer hardware and software products, has typically not been unionized as it is considered white-collar jobs, often with high pay rates and benefits. There has been worker activism to try to get the employer to

4976:

By 2011 fewer than seven percent of employees in the private sector belonged to unions. The UAW's numbers of automobile union members are representative of the manufacturing sector: 1,619,000 active members in 1970, 1,446,000 in 1980, 952,000 in 1990, 623,000 in 2004, and 377,000 in 2010 (with far

4955:

implemented a backup plan (of supervisors and military air controllers) to keep the system running. The strikers were given 48 hours to return to work, else they would be fired and banned from ever again working in a federal capacity. A fourth of the strikers came back to work, but 13,000 did not.

4495:

The amendments required unions and employers to give sixty days' notice before they may undertake strikes or other forms of economic action in pursuit of a new collective bargaining agreement; it did not, on the other hand, impose any "cooling-off period" after a contract expired. Although the Act

4388:

to include restrictions on unions as well as management. It was a response to public demands for action after the wartime coal strikes and the postwar strikes in steel, autos and other industries that were perceived to have damaged the economy, as well as a threatened 1946 railroad strike that was

4193:

However, Lewis opposed Roosevelt on foreign policy grounds in 1940, but his members ignored his advice to voted against FDR and he resigned as CIO chief. During the 22 months 1939-1941 when Stalin and Hitler supported each other, the far-left opposed American aid to Britain's war against Germany.

4171:

Historians of the union movement in the 1930s have tried to explain its remarkable success in terms of the rank and file—what motivated them to suddenly rally around leaders (such as John L. Lewis) who had been around for decades with little success. Why was the militancy of the mid-1930s so short

4037:

The AFL was growing rapidly, from 2.1 million members in 1933 to 3.4 million in 1936. But it was experiencing severe internal stresses regarding how to organize new members. Traditionally, the AFL organized unions by craft rather than industry, where electricians or stationary engineers would form

4009:

and the NIRA, workers who were previously unorganized in a number of industries—such as rubber workers, oil and gas workers and service workers—began to look for organizations that would allow them to band together. The NIRA strengthened workers' resolve to unionize and instead of participating in

3877:

hit the 25 percent mark. Unions lost members during this time because laborers could not afford to pay their dues and furthermore, numerous strikes against wage cuts left the unions impoverished: "one might have expected a reincarnation of organizations seeking to overthrow the capitalistic system

3712:

Labor unions were much less able to organize strikes. In 1919, more than 4 million workers (or 21 percent of the labor force) participated in about 3,600 strikes. In contrast, 1929 witnessed about 289,000 workers (or 1.2 percent of the labor force) stage only 900 strikes. The aftermath of the 1910

3711:

The 1920s marked a period of sharp decline for the labor movement. Union membership and activities fell sharply due to many factors including generalized economic prosperity, a lack of leadership within the movement, and anti-union sentiments from employers, governments and the general population.

2159:

The AFL was formed in large part because of the dissatisfaction of many trade union leaders with the Knights of Labor, an organization that contained many trade unions and that had played a leading role in some of the largest strikes of the era. The new AFL distinguished itself from the Knights by

4959:

Schulman and Zelizer argue that the breaking of PATCO, "sent shock waves through the entire U.S. labor relations regime. ... strike rates plummeted, and union power sharply declined." Unions suffered a continual decline of power during the Reagan administration, with a concomitant effect on

4231:

The war caused the military mobilization of 16 million American men, leaving a huge hole in the urban work force. (Men in farming were exempt from the draft.) In 1945, 37% of women were employed, encouraged by factors such as patriotism and the chance for high wages. One in 4 married women

4057:

both years. After the defeat at the 1935 convention, nine leaders from the industrial faction led by Lewis met and organized the Committee for Industrial Organization within the AFL to "encourage and promote organization of workers in the mass production industries" for "educational and advisory"

3681:

Lewis, facing criminal charges and sensitive to the propaganda campaign, withdrew his strike call. Lewis did not fully control the faction-ridden UAW and many locals ignored his call. As the strike dragged on into its third week, supplies of the nation's main fuel were running low and the public

3163:

presumably exempted unions from the antitrust prohibition and established for the first time the Congressional principle that "the labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce". However, judicial interpretation so weakened it that prosecutions of labor under the antitrust acts

3289:

During WWI, large numbers of women were recruited into jobs that had either been vacated by men who had gone to fight in the war, or had been created as part of the war effort. The high demand for weapons and the overall wartime situation resulted in munitions factories collectively becoming the

1851:

had refused to work for any master who paid lower wages, or with any laborer who accepted lower wages than what the combination had stipulated. The court held that methods used to obtain higher wages would be unlawful if they were judged to be deleterious to the general welfare of the community.

3724:

was $ 566 in 1921 and $ 793 in 1929, a real gain of 40 percent. The economic prosperity of the decade led to stable prices, eliminating one major incentive to join unions. Unemployment fell from 11.7 percent in 1921 to 2.4 percent in 1923 and remained in the range of 2 to 5 percent until 1930.

3527:

Jewish women played a significant role in the American labor movement of the 20th century. Jewish mass immigration came to the United States in the early twentieth century, just as the ready-made clothing industry skyrocketed. In the Old Country, most Jewish women were married off as quickly as

3449: 4671:

By the 1970s, a rapidly increasing flow of imports (such as automobiles, steel and electronics from Germany and Japan, and clothing and shoes from Asia) undercut American producers. By the 1980s there was a large-scale shift in employment with fewer workers in high-wage sectors and more in the

5351:

Historian Joseph Slater, says, "Unfortunately for public sector unions, the most searing and enduring image of their history in the first half of the twentieth century was the Boston police strike. The strike was routinely cited by courts and officials through the end of the 1940s." Governor

4948:— which had supported Reagan — rejected the government's pay raise offer and sent its 16,000 members out on strike to shut down the nation's commercial airlines. They demanded a reduction in the workweek to 32 from 40 hours, a $ 10,000 bonus, pay raises up to 40 percent, and early retirement. 4643:

was initially a boon for unions, it also sowed the seeds of the labor movement's decline. The act enshrined the right to unionize, but the system of workplace elections it created meant that unions had to organize each new factory or firm individually rather than organize by industry. In many

4317:

The results were mixed, with the unions making some gains, but the economy was disordered by the rapid termination of war contracts, the complex reconversion to peacetime production, the return to the labor force of 12 million servicemen, and the return home of millions of women workers. The

3885:

Though unions were not acting yet, cities across the nation witnessed local and spontaneous marches by frustrated relief applicants. In March 1930, hundreds of thousands of unemployed workers marched through New York City, Detroit, Washington, San Francisco and other cities in a mass protest

4535:

The AFL had always opposed communists inside the labor movement. After 1945 they took their crusade worldwide. The CIO had major communist elements who played a key role in organizational work in the late 1930s and war years. By 1949 they were purged. The AFL and CIO strongly supported the

4513:

By the 1950s most observers agreed that Taft-Hartley was no more disastrous for workers than the Wagner Act had been for employers. What ordinarily mattered most in labor relations was not government laws such as Taft-Hartley, but the relative power of unions and management in the economic

4236:

less change. Their husbands' income effect was historically even more positive than white women's. During the war, African American women engagement as domestic servants decreased from 59.9% to 44.6%, but Karen Anderson in 1982 characterized their experience as “last hired, first fired.”

4168:, about 180,000 Electrical Workers, and about 100,000 Rubber Workers. The CIO also included 550,000 members of the United Mine Workers, which did not formally withdraw from the CIO until later in the year. The remaining membership of 700,000 was scattered among thirty-odd smaller unions. 5415:

After 1960, public sector unions grew rapidly and secured good wages and high pensions for their members. While manufacturing and farming steadily declined, state- and local-government employment quadrupled from 4 million workers in 1950 to 12 million in 1976 and 16.6 million in 2009.

5018:

The number of union members nationwide increased from 2016 to 2017, and some states saw union growth for the first time in several years or decades. Nearly half a million workers went on strike in 2018 and 2019, the largest numbers in three decades. Union growth in 2017 was primarily

11398: 4109:

in 1935, Lewis traded on the tremendous appeal that Roosevelt had with workers in those days, sending organizers into the coal fields to tell workers "The President wants you to join the Union." His UMW was one of FDR's main financial supporters in 1936, contributing over $ 500,000.

2980:

Nationwide from 1890 to 1914 the unionized wages in manufacturing rose from $ 17.63 a week to $ 21.37, and the average work week fell from 54.4 to 48.8 hours a week. The pay for all factory workers was $ 11.94 and $ 15.84 because unions reached only the more skilled factory workers.

12299: 3754:

US courts were less hospitable to union activities during the 1920s than in the past. In this decade, corporations used twice as many court injunctions against strikes than any comparable period. In addition, the practice of forcing employees (by threat of termination) to sign

4722:

Unification would help the central organization fight corruption, yet would not contaminate the CIO unions. The defeat of the New Deal in the 1952 election further emphasized the need for unity to maximize political effectiveness. From the CIO side the merger was promoted by

2275:

onto trains. When these switchmen were disciplined, the entire ARU struck the railroads on June 26, 1894. Within four days, 125,000 workers on twenty-nine railroads had people quit work rather than handle Pullman cars. Strikers and their supporters also engaged in riots and

4010:

unemployment or hunger marches, they started to participate in strikes for union recognition in various industries". In 1933, the number of work stoppages jumped to 1,695, double its figure from 1932. In 1934, 1,865 strikes occurred, involving more than 1.4 million workers.

4346:

autonomy, and non-partisanship, and had developed instead a new political approach marked by the same style of centralization, national coordination, and partisan alliances that characterized the CIO. After these moves, the CIO and AFL were in a good position to fight off

5024:

or layoffs in particular sectors, and cautioned against interpreting one-year changes as trends. The percentage of the workforce belonging to unions was 10.7 percent in 2017, unchanged over the previous year, but down from 11.1 percent in 2015, and 12.1 percent in 2007.

3806:, starting on January 23. Anywhere from 40,000 to 68,000 workers struck and it lasted until around November for most mills. The immediate cause was a proposal for a 20% wage cut and increased working hours. The strike led to a reversal of the wage cut for most workers. 3913:, where they would plan union activity. Sheriff J. H. Blair led a force of 140 deputies who were mostly paid by the coal company. Various skirmishes between striking miners and deputies ensued in Evarts. As the situation escalated, socialist organizations such as the 1684:

in post-revolutionary America. Whether the English common law applied—and in particular whether the common law notion that a conspiracy to raise wages was illegal applied—was frequently the subject of debate between the defense and the prosecution. For instance, in

1543:. Liberal Republicans who supported unions in the Northeast lost power after 1964. In recent decades, an enduring alliance was formed between labor unions and the Democrats, whereas the Republican Party has become hostile to unions and collective bargaining rights. 3101:(AWO) of the IWW claimed a hundred thousand itinerant farm workers in the heartland of North America. Eventually the concept of One Big Union spread from dock workers to maritime workers, and thus was communicated to many different parts of the world. Dedicated to 3550:. Schneiderman worked as a cap maker in New York City and, after encountering poor working conditions, decided to organize a local union of the United Cloth and Cap Makers in New York City. Soon after, Schneiderman began serving as vice president of the New York 4197:

Lewis realized that he had enormous leverage over the nation's energy supply. In 1943, the middle of the war, when the rest of labor was observing a policy against strikes, Lewis led the coal miners out on a twelve-day strike for higher wages. The bipartisan

3145:(the Danbury Hatters' Case). In 1902 the Hatters' Union instituted a nationwide boycott of the hats made by a nonunion company in Connecticut. Owner Dietrich Loewe brought suit against the union for unlawful combinations to restrain trade in violation of the 2291:

which prohibited "Every contract, combination in the form of trust or otherwise, or conspiracy, in restraint of trade or commerce among the several States". Debs and other leaders of the ARU ignored the injunction, and federal troops were called into action.

2315:. During the course of the strike, 13 strikers were killed and 57 were wounded. An estimated $ 340,000 worth of property damage occurred during the strike. Debs went to prison for six months for violating the federal court order, and the ARU disintegrated. 5434:

tried to drastically reduce the abilities of unions to collectively bargain. Conservatives argued that public unions were too powerful since they helped elect their bosses, and that overly generous pension systems were too heavy a drain on state budgets.

2012:

they promoted nationalization of the railroads, and conducted a national strike in 1919. Both programs failed, and the brotherhoods were largely stagnant in the 1920s. They generally were independent politically, but supported the third party campaign of

3954:, which had been lobbying Congress to pass it for slightly more than five years. It also marked a large change in public policy. Up until the passage of this act, the collective bargaining rights of workers were severely hampered by judicial control. 4629:

Since its peak in the mid-20th century, the American labor movement has been in steady decline, with losses in the private sector larger than gains in the public sector. In the early 1950s, as the AFL and CIO merged, around a third of the American

2287:, appointed as a special federal attorney with responsibility for dealing with the strike. Walker went to federal court and obtained an injunction barring union leaders from supporting the boycott in any way. The court injunction was based on the 5236:. A second location in Buffalo followed, winning an election certified by the NLRB in January 2022. During this time, the number of stores filing petitions to the NLRB grew to over ten locations, seven of them being outside of the Buffalo area. 5050:(NLRB) reported that the amount of union representation petitions filed with the board increased by 58% in the first three quarters of the 2022 fiscal year. This was more than the total amount of petitions filed in the entire 2021 fiscal year. 1558:

was gaining popularity broadly, with a new emphasis on the history of workers, including unorganized workers, and their gender and race. Much scholarship has attempted to bring the social history perspectives into the study of organized labor.

3543:, an organization that was founded in 1900 and, while initially founded by and only accessible to men, went on to be run by many Jewish women who advocated for education as a means of shaping a society that could support the working class. 3033:, it publicized the cause and lobbied for minimum wages and restrictions on hours of work and child labor. Also under Dreier's leadership, they were able to pass crucial legislation for wage workers, and establish new safety regulations. 2160:

emphasizing the autonomy of each trade union affiliated with it and limiting membership to workers and organizations made up of workers, unlike the Knights which, because of its producerist focus, welcomed some who were not wage workers.

4914:

California that lasted for over five years. Through collaboration with consumers and student protesters, the UFW was able to secure a three-year contract with the state's top grape growers to increase the safety and pay of farm workers.

4469:. On the other hand, a few years after the passage of the Act Congress repealed the provisions requiring a vote by workers to authorize a union shop, when it became apparent that workers were approving them in virtually every case. 4209:

A statistical analysis of the AFL and CIO national and local leaders in 1945 shows that opportunity for advancement in the labor movement was wide open. In contrast with other elites, the labor leaders did not come from established

5239:

The number of Starbucks stores that have decided to vote on unionization has since grown significantly. As of August 2022, 209 Starbucks locations have voted for unionization, with another 45 locations voting against unionization.

4266:

took control of the UAW, and soon led major strikes in 1946. He ousted the Communists from the positions of power, especially at the Ford local. He was one of the most articulate and energetic leaders of the CIO, and of the merged

9567: 6230: 5483:

reached its peak, and the former's decline coincided with the collapse of the latter. Gerstle argues that capitalist elites were much less willing to compromise with the working class once the threat of communism disappeared and

4426:, of 1935. The amendments added to the NLRA a list of prohibited actions, or "unfair labor practices", on the part of unions. The NLRA had previously prohibited only unfair labor practices committed by employers. It prohibited 1659:, decreased hours, or improved conditions—which were beyond their ability to obtain as individuals. The cases overwhelmingly resulted in convictions. However, in most instances the plaintiffs' desire was to establish favorable 2174:

The unions of the AFL were composed primarily of skilled men; unskilled workers, African-Americans, and women were generally excluded. The AFL saw women as threatening the jobs of men, since they often worked for lower wages.

4683:

Union membership among workers in private industry shrank dramatically, though after 1970 there was growth in employees unions of federal, state and local governments. The intellectual mood in the 1970s and 1980s favored

3661:

called a strike for November 1, 1919, in all soft (bituminous) coal fields. They had agreed to a wage agreement to run until the end of World War I and now sought to make permanent their wartime gains. US Attorney General

1756:

of American trade-unionism", illustrating its perceived standing as the major point of divergence in the American and English legal treatment of unions which, "removed the stigma of criminality from labor organizations".

5326:

Labor unions generally ignored government employees because they were controlled mostly by the patronage system used by the political parties before the arrival of civil service. Post Office workers did form unions. The

4781: 3742:

Employers across the nation led a successful campaign against unions known as the "American Plan", which sought to depict unions as "alien" to the nation's individualistic spirit. In addition, some employers, like the

3670:, a wartime measure that made it a crime to interfere with the production or transportation of necessities. Ignoring the court order 400,000 coal workers walked out. The coal operators played the radical card, saying 4120:

Lewis was the first president of the Committee of Industrial Organizations. Lewis, in fact, was the CIO: his UMWA provided the great bulk of the financial resources that the CIO poured into organizing drives by the

3893:

The leadership behind these organizations often came from radical groups like Communist and Socialist parties, who wanted to organize "unfocused neighborhood militancy into organized popular defense organizations".

4163:

The CIO's actual membership (as opposed to publicity figures) was 2,850,000 for February 1942. This included 537,000 members of the auto workers (UAW), nearly 500,000 Steel Workers, almost 300,000 members of the

4160:, which held out for a few years). However it had negative ramifications, as the Gallup Poll reported, "More than anything else the use of the sit-down strike alienated the sympathies of the middle classes". 4625:

Labor income as a share of GDP (vs. income from capital) has declined 1970 to 2016, measured based on total compensation as well as salaries & wages. All employment is included, not just union members.

4792:

played a major role working for the committee. Public opinion polls showed growing distrust toward unions, and especially union leaders — or "labor bosses," as Republicans called them. The bipartisan

2152:

In 1886, as the relations between the trade union movement and the Knights of Labor worsened, McGuire and other union leaders called for a convention to be held at Columbus, Ohio, on December 8. The

2141:

The Federation made some efforts to obtain favorable legislation, but had little success in organizing or chartering new unions. It came out in support of the proposal, traditionally attributed to

1726:

in Massachusetts in 1842, peaceable combinations of workingmen to raise wages, shorten hours or ensure employment, were illegal in the United States, as they had been under English common law. In

4296:. Pegler's popularity reflected a loss of support for unions and liberalism generally, especially as shown by the dramatic Republican gains in the 1946 elections, often using an anti-union theme. 5068:

happened garnering nationwide attention due to their success, as well as the fact that several of them were in states where public-employee strikes are illegal. Many of the major strikes were in

3780:

The Battle of Blair Mountain, August 25, 1921 – September 2, 1921, was the largest labor uprising in United States history. The conflict occurred in Logan County, West Virginia, as part of the

4940:

Dana Cloud argues, "the emblematic moment of the period from 1955 through the 1980s in American labor was the tragic PATCO strike in 1981." Most unions were strongly opposed to Reagan in the

5359:

The police strike chilled union interest in the public sector in the 1920s. The major exception was the emergence of unions of public school teachers in the largest cities; they formed the

4438:, in which unions picket, strike, or refuse to handle the goods of a business with which they have no primary dispute but which is associated with a targeted business. A later statute, the 4190:

Both the AFL and CIO supported Roosevelt in 1940 and 1944, with 75 percent or more of their votes, after spending millions of dollars, and mobilizing tens of thousands of precinct workers.

3828:

the local level. The often unpalatable concessions — coupled with memories of the violence and tension during the strike — soured relations between the railroads and the shopmen for years.

2977:, were concerned that the United States was becoming increasingly inegalitarian to the point of becoming like old Europe, and "further and further away from its original pioneering ideal." 5334:

Several competing organizations of postal clerks emerged starting in the 1890s. Merger discussions dragged on for years, until finally the NFPOC, UNMAPOC and others merged in 1961 as the

5000:. By contrast it had 800,000 members in the late 1930s. However it remains responsible for pensions and medical benefits for 40,000 retired miners, and for 50,000 spouses and dependents. 3739:, "lacked the aggressiveness and the imagination of the AFL's first president". The AFL was down to less than 3 million members in 1925 after hitting a peak of 4 million members in 1920. 3070:

The Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), whose members became known as "Wobblies", was founded in Chicago in 1905 by a group of about 30 labor radicals. Their most prominent leader was

2949:

American industry had the highest rate of accidents in the world. The US was also the only industrial power to have no workman's compensation program in place to support injured workers.

8458: 4956:

The strike collapsed, PATCO vanished, and the union movement as a whole suffered a major reversal, which accelerated the decline of membership across the board in the private sector.

1550:

has been a specialty of scholars since the 1890s, and has produced a large amount of scholarly literature focused on the structure of organized unions. In the 1960s, the sub-field of

1531:

In most industrial nations, the labor movement sponsored its own political parties, with the US as a conspicuous exception. Both major American parties vied for union votes, with the

4776:

Justice Department, the Labor Department, and especially from congressional investigations focused on criminal activity and racketeering in high-profile labor unions, especially the

3113:

for better conditions. The IWW proved that unskilled workers could be organized. The IWW exists today, but its most significant impact was during its first two decades of existence.

6701: 8223:

Daniel B. Cornfield and Holly J. McCammon, "Approaching merger: The converging public policy agendas of the AFL and CIO, 1938–1955." in Nella Van Dyke and Holly J. McCammon, eds.,

11393:

Isaac, Larry W., Rachel G. McKane, and Anna W. Jacobs. "Pitting the Working Class against Itself: Solidarity, Strikebreaking, and Strike Outcomes in the Early US Labor Movement."

3599:

about the broader events & cause of the strikes. While the AFL did call some strikes, many independent strikes occurred, the AFL was not the cause, it was the end of the war.

4017:

might have reflected the "radical upheaval sweeping the country", as Roosevelt won the greatest majority either party ever held in the Senate and 322 Democrats won seats in the

3717: 4601:

argues that anti-communism was part of a strategy by big business, Republicans and conservatives to single out and destroy the members of the coalition that forced through the

3253:

and nearly all labor unions were strong supporters of the war effort. They used their leverage to gain recognition and higher wages. They minimized strikes as wages soared and

1989:. Their main goal was building insurance and medical packages for their members, as well as negotiating work rules, such as those involving seniority and grievance procedures. 5539: 5065: 5059: 3265:. They fiercely opposed efforts to reduce recruiting and slow war production by the anti-war IWW and left-wing Socialists. President Wilson appointed Gompers to the powerful 1904:

stated, "The doctrine that a combination to raise wages is illegal was allowed to die by common consent. No leading case was required for its overthrow". Nevertheless, while

1495: 8210:

Joseph E. Hower, "'Our conception of non-partisanship means a partisan non-partisanship': the search for political identity in the American Federation of Labor, 1947–1955."

1570:

The history of labor disputes in America substantially precedes the Revolutionary period. In 1636, for instance, there was a fishermen's strike on an island off the coast of

12521: 2149:

holiday on the first Monday in September. It also threw itself behind the eight hour movement, which sought to limit the workday by either legislation or union negotiation.

10821:," The History of Violence in America: A Report to the National Commission on the Causes and Prevention of Violence, ed. Hugh Davis Graham and Ted Robert Gurr, 1969. p. 221 4530: 3947:, which were documents some employers forced their employees to sign to ensure they would not join a union; employees who refused to sign were terminated from their jobs. 40: 1715:... t is in the volumes of the common law we are to seek for information in the far greater number, as well as the most important causes that come before our tribunals." 1711:

illegal, recorder Moses Levy strongly disagreed, writing that "he acts of the legislature form but a small part of that code from which the citizen is to learn his duties

3011:

brokered a compromise solution that kept the flow of coal going, and higher wages and shorter hours, but did not include recognition of the union as a bargaining agent.

3445:—were also essential in promoting social justice and fair labor standards. Their combined efforts made a big difference in creating a more diverse and equal workplace. 8394: 10652: 5270:, and received administrative and legal support from already existing unions, but decided not to become a part of any larger established union. Two locations, one in 8426: 7127: 5093: 4563:

purged the UAW of communist members. He was active in the CIO umbrella as well, taking the lead in expelling eleven communist-dominated unions from the CIO in 1949.

4500:

to intervene in strikes or potential strikes that create a national emergency, the President has used that power less and less frequently in each succeeding decade.

3261:

in 1918, which forced management to negotiate with existing unions. The AFL unions and the railway brotherhoods strongly encouraged their young men to enlist in the

756: 308: 10536:

Chad Alan Goldberg, "Contesting the Status of Relief Workers during the New Deal The Workers Alliance of America and the Works Progress Administration, 1935-1941."

4578:. He had left the Socialist Party in 1939, and throughout the 1950s and 1960s was a leading spokesman for liberal interests in the CIO and in the Democratic Party. 12511: 10770: 5957: 4945: 4677: 6714:

Philip S. Foner, History of the Labor Movement in the United States, Vol. 4, The Industrial Workers of the World 1905–1917, International Publishers, 1997, p. 166

5419:

In 2009, the US membership of public sector unions surpassed membership of private sector unions for the first time, at 7.9 million and 7.4 million respectively.

4926:

Nationwide unions have been seeking opportunities to enroll Hispanic members. Much of their limited success has been in the hotel industry, especially in Nevada.

10677: 9922: 4591: 4335: 4133:

and other newly formed or struggling unions. Lewis hired back many of the people he had exiled from the UMWA in the 1920s to lead the CIO and placed his protégé

2218: 4688:

and free competition. Numerous industries were deregulated, including airlines, trucking, railroads and telephones, over the objections of the unions involved.

3093:

Much of the IWW's organizing took place in the West, and most of its early members were miners, lumbermen, cannery, and dock workers. In 1912 the IWW organized

12454: 9768: 5219: 3075: 2966: 2050:

Powderly hoped to gain their ends through politics and education rather than through economic coercion. The Knights were especially successful in developing a

1512:

in the United States is the outcome of historical tensions among counter-acting forces involving workplace rights, wages, working hours, political expression,

618: 475: 9398: 5308:, voted to unionize, becoming the fast food chain's first union in the United States. Workers at this location voted 11 to three, opting to unionize with the 3281: 12469: 10349: 5590: 4797: 4439: 2222: 1046: 1948:

was founded in the northeast in 1867 and claimed 50,000 members by 1870, by far the largest union in the country. A closely associated union of women, the

5206:

The food service industry has one of the lowest unionization rates in the United States, with just 1.2% of workers belonging to a union in 2020 and 2021.

2213:, for the conspiratorial assassination of Idaho's former governor. Although both were found innocent, the WFM, headed by Moyer, separated itself from the 12160: 10922: 9626: 5491:

became the dominant global system. He emphasizes that this analysis is not meant to rehabilitate communist governments, which he describes as tyrannies.

4698:

Union weakness in the South undermined unionization and social reform throughout the nation, and such weakness is largely responsible for the anaemic US

3716:

also contributed to a widespread decline in unionization. The bombing, one of dozens of terrorist sabotage events nationwide organized by members of the

3488: 3372: 782: 772: 10628: 3735:

died in 1924 after serving as the organization's president for 37 years. Observers said successor William Green, who was the secretary-treasurer of the

2054:, involving women, families, sports, and leisure activities and educational projects for the membership. The Knights strongly promoted their version of 12193: 11450:

Lipold, Paul F., and Larry W. Isaac. "Striking deaths: Lethal contestation and the ‘exceptional’ character of the American labor movement, 1870–1970.”

1488: 1015: 578: 11966:. 31 December 1999. Jewish Women's Archive. (Viewed on October 31, 2023) <https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/labor-movement-in-united-states>. 5399:

By the 1960s and 1970s public-sector unions expanded rapidly to cover teachers, clerks, firemen, police, prison guards and others. In 1962, President

4271:. Using brilliant negotiating tactics he leveraged high profits for the Big Three automakers into higher wages and superior benefits for UAW members. 3412:

their working conditions, pay, and hours. These women took part in neighborhood projects addressing labor rights in addition to being involved in the

5569: 2190: 1525: 1420: 9710: 4457:

and only if the contract allows the worker at least thirty days after the date of hire or the effective date of the contract to join the union. The

12342: 10374: 9176:

Majka, Theo J.; Majka, Linda C. (October 1, 1992). "Decline of the Farm Labor Movement in California: Organizational Crisis and Political Change".

7376: 4695:

as idea farms, began to push through legislative blueprints to curb the power of public employee unions as well as eliminate business regulations.

4583: 4571: 1974: 1927: 973: 603: 552: 10422: 10006: 9381:

Ruth Milkman, and Joseph A. McCartin, "The legacy and lessons of the PATCO strike after 30 years: A dialogue." Labor History 54.2 (2013): 123-137.

5321: 5285:, have petitioned for unionization with the NLRB, and would potentially become the third unionized location out of over 500 Trader Joe's stores. 2153: 2123: 1982: 1532: 613: 429: 4715:

and Reuther. The CIO was no longer the radical dynamo, and was no longer a threat in terms of membership for the AFL had twice as many members.

2061:

One of the earliest railroad strikes was also one of the most successful. In 1885, the Knights of Labor led railroad workers to victory against

12526: 4992:, and there were only 60,000 active coal miners. The UMW has 35,000 members, of whom 20,000 were coal miners, chiefly in underground mines in 4910:

Chavez's use of non-violent methods combined with Huerta's organizational skills allowed for many of the bigger successes of the organization.

748: 3690:

One important strike was won by labor. Moved to action by the rising cost of living, the president of the Boston Telephone Operator's Union,

8444: 5559: 1481: 11026: 10176: 8617: 3720:, killed 21 and injured over 100. The guilty verdicts "devastated the American labor movement, virtually paralyzing it until the New Deal." 12516: 12264: 10955: 5554: 4181: 3546:

Strikes in the women's garment industry occurred almost yearly in one city or another. A notable example took place in 1909 and was led by

643: 583: 468: 407: 385: 352: 319: 264: 220: 198: 165: 132: 99: 12089:(1986– ) definitive multivolume edition of all important letters to and from Gompers. 9 volumes have been completed to 1917. The index is 11246: 9444: 5475:

Some historians have attempted to explain why a labor party did not emerge in the United States, in contrast to Western Europe. Historian

12506: 9680: 9073:

Rose, Margaret (1990). "Traditional and Nontraditional Patterns of Female Activism in the United Farm Workers of America, 1962 to 1980".

3820:

The Great Railroad Strike of 1922, a nationwide railroad shop workers strike, began on July 1. The immediate cause of the strike was the

3245: 2163:

The AFL grew steadily in the late 19th century while the Knights all but disappeared. Although Gompers at first advocated something like

1437: 1394: 762: 524: 9471: 2058:

that stressed the centrality of free labor, preaching harmony and cooperation among producers, as opposed to parasites and speculators.

12347: 10864:""Striking Deaths" at their Roots: Assaying the Social Determinants of Extreme Labor-Management Violence in US Labor History—1877–1947" 10323: 10237: 9827: 4952: 3540: 1092: 1037: 1010: 588: 3998:

Although the National Industrial Recovery Act was ultimately deemed unconstitutional by the Supreme Court in 1935 and replaced by the

1847:, however, the court held that the combination's existence itself was not unlawful, but nevertheless reached a conviction because the 7179: 5564: 5549: 4665: 4587: 4339: 3991:

were able to reignite the coal labor movement in Kentucky and West Virginia with Section 7(a) and eliminated compulsory residence in

3849: 3430: 2612: 661: 598: 593: 560: 546: 481: 11353: 4891:

Hispanics form a large fraction of the farm labor force, but due to the fact that agricultural workers were not protected under the

4617:

Income inequality and union participation have had a distinctly inverse relationship, with the disparity increasing since the 1980s.

4514:

marketplace. Where unions were strong they usually managed all right; when they were weak, new laws did them little additional harm.

3269:, where he set up the War Committee on Labor. The AFL membership soared to 2.4 million in 1917. Anti-war socialists controlled the 2217:(IWW) (launched by Haywood and other labor radicals, socialists, and anarchists in 1905) just a few years after that organization's 12464: 12425: 10580: 9493: 5525: 5081: 5027:

In recent years, efforts have also been made to extend the protections of the National Labor Relations Act of 1935, which excluded

4941: 4389:

called off at the last minute before it shut down the national economy. The Act was bitterly fought by unions, vetoed by President

4351: 4153: 3977: 3976:

took office on March 4, 1933, and immediately began implementing programs to alleviate the economic crisis. In June, he passed the

3967: 3931:

Organized labor became more active in 1932, with the passage of the Norris–La Guardia Act. On March 23, 1932, Republican President

3426: 3413: 3258: 1699:

59 (1806), a case against a combination of journeymen cordwainers in Philadelphia for conspiracy to raise their wages, the defense

927: 913: 777: 728: 681: 676: 623: 573: 518: 4796:, with the aid of liberals such as the Kennedy brothers, won new Congressional restrictions on organized labor in the form of the 4430:, in which a union strikes in order to pressure an employer to assign particular work to the employees that union represents, and 9414: 7351: 5328: 4165: 3602: 2939: 2620: 1965: 1384: 1005: 608: 567: 538: 6646:"The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire of 1911: Social Change, Industrial Accidents, and the Evolution of Common-Sense Causality" 3420:. Their principal battle was for equal treatment in society. A particularly famous leader of the African-American community was 12367: 12315: 12275: 12186: 11195:

Arnesen, Eric. "'Like Banquo's Ghost, It Will Not Down': The Race Question and the American Railroad Brotherhoods, 1880-1920."

10388: 5309: 5089: 4777: 4636: 4029:

explaining the weak recovery from the Great Depression and the rise in real wages in some industrial sectors during this time.

4018: 3940: 2581: 1931: 671: 510: 495: 12144: 11804:

McCoy, Austin (2016). "Bringing the social back: rethinking the declension narrative of twentieth-century US labour history".

3682:

called for ever stronger government action. Final agreement came after five weeks with the miners getting a 14 percent raise.

11894:

Tomlins, Christopher (2013). "The State, the Unions, and the critical synthesis in labor law history: a 25-year retrospect".

10796: 9145: 8976:

Paul Frymer, "Acting when elected officials won't: federal courts and civil rights enforcement in US labor unions, 1935–85."

7274: 6517: 6484: 6379: 6295: 6056: 5233: 4472:

The amendments also authorized individual states to outlaw union security clauses entirely in their jurisdictions by passing

3909:

to organize, leading to the eviction of the mine workers from the coal town. These evicted workers immigrated to the town of

3860: 3744: 3558:" a landmark garment workers' strike that took place from 1909 to 1910 and eventually led to basic improvements for workers. 1459: 1087: 1051: 992: 900: 650: 532: 489: 297: 87: 11685: 10644: 8920:

Elizabeth Tandy Shermer, "Counter-Organizing the Sunbelt: Right-to-Work Campaigns and Anti-Union Conservatism, 1943–1958."

8391: 4053:

The issue came up at the annual AFL convention in San Francisco in 1934 and 1935, but the majority voted against a shift to

3539:

A number of unions were created in the Lower East Side during the beginning of the 20th century. Most were organized by the

2957:

argues that this disparity along with precarious working and living conditions for the working classes prompted the rise of

1908:

was not the first case to hold that labor combinations were legal, it was the first to do so explicitly and in clear terms.

10693: 9600: 8037:; Claudia Olivetti (2013). "Shocking labor supply: A reassessment of the role of World War II on US women's labor supply". 7124: 5530: 5191: 5101: 4892: 4640: 4423: 4385: 4106: 4087: 4074: 4062: 3999: 12134: 12093: 12070:

The Voice of the People: Primary Sources on the History of American Labor, Industrial Relations, and Working-Class Culture

8418: 4944:, despite the fact that Reagan remains the only union leader (or even member) to become president. On August 3, 1981, the 12459: 12332: 11077: 6537: 5605: 5462: 5040: 4845:

in the 1950s and 1960s. More traditional unions favored their white members and encountered federal court intervention.

4393:, and passed over his veto. Repeated union efforts to repeal or modify it always failed, and it remains in effect today. 4038:

their own skill-oriented unions, rather than join a large automobile-making union. Most AFL leaders, including president

3905:, when the Harlan County Coal Operators Association cut wages by 10% in the winter of 1931. This decision had caused the 2607: 2382: 1945: 1921: 1736: 1447: 934: 689: 69: 11833:

Mapes, Kathleen; Storch, Randi (2016). "The Making and Remaking of a Labor Historian: Interview with James R. Barrett".

10708: 7575: 5954: 5043:

in New York, California, and Hawaii, while several states have passed legislation expanding the rights of farm workers.

11320: 11124: 10936: 10846: 10674: 10561: 10034: 9366: 8828: 8504: 8345: 8275: 8155: 7719:

Great Depression Labor Historiography in the 1970s: Middle-Range Questions, Ethnocultures, and Levels of Generalization

6555: 6453: 6013: 5686: 5458: 5335: 5036: 4138: 3136: 2055: 1442: 999: 628: 500: 11180: 9950: 6795:

Labor's great war: the struggle for industrial democracy and the origins of modern American labor relations, 1912-1921

2942:

for US industrial workers was higher than in Europe. He compares wages and the standard of living in Pittsburgh with

12419: 12327: 12253: 12179: 11932: 11667: 11509: 11343: 10740: 10464: 10297: 10062: 9978: 9338: 9295: 8948: 8698: 8671: 8644: 8594: 8564: 8537: 8372: 8305: 8248: 8195: 7822: 7795: 7702: 7058: 6348: 5914: 5595: 5574: 5431: 5085: 5077: 4771:

Labor unions were a whole high-profile target of Republican activists throughout the 1940s and 1950s, especially the

4039: 4006: 3936: 3874: 3514: 3398: 3318: 3165: 3130: 3098: 2958: 2491: 1651:. The central question in these cases was invariably whether workmen in combination would be permitted to use their 1517: 666: 656: 57: 10142: 6133:

Death in the Haymarket: A Story of Chicago, the First Labor Movement and the Bombing that Divided Gilded Age America

3496: 3380: 12337: 10992: 10626:"Census Bureau Reports State and Local Government Employment Remains at 16.6 Million" (press release Aug. 10, 2010) 10108: 9391: 5232:, became Starbucks' only unionized location among 9,000 stores in the United States, joining Workers United of the 5105: 5073: 5069: 4981: 4800:(1959). The main impact was to force more democracy on the previously authoritarian union hierarchies. However, in 4735:

conducted by a small, select group of advisors. The draft constitution was primarily written by AFL Vice President

4645: 4631: 4575: 4330: 4215:

and less involved with local civic activities. Otherwise the AFL and CIO leaders were quite similar in background.

4130: 3325:. This group helped develop standards for women who were working in industries connected to the war, alongside the 3037: 2753: 2625: 2476: 1986: 960: 735: 374: 11863: 11210: 10263: 7670: 7090: 4453:, in which new recruits must join the union within a certain amount of time, are permitted, but only as part of a 3698:

Company. Wages of operators averaged a third less than women in manufacturing. In April, 9,000 women operators in

3329:, of which van Kleeck was also a member. After the war, the Women in Industry Service group developed into the US 3196: 12120: 9038:

Gordon, Robert (1999). "Poisons in the Fields: The United Farm Workers, Pesticides, and Environmental Politics".

8769: 8760: 7721: 6587: 5360: 5187: 4849: 4657: 4567: 3914: 3797: 3330: 3270: 3053: 2905: 2828: 2214: 1153: 895: 846: 11715:

Fink, Leon (1991). ""Intellectuals" versus "Workers": Academic Requirements and the Creation of Labor History".

10578:"Letter on the Resolution of Federation of Federal Employees Against Strikes in Federal Service August 16, 1937" 8278: June 7, 1965) ("Held: Section 504 constitutes a bill of attainder and is therefore unconstitutional."). 1941:(NLU), founded in 1866, was the first national labor federation in the United States. It was dissolved in 1872. 1707:

as the embodiment of the democratic promise of the revolution. In ruling that a combination to raise wages was

11573: 11302: 7963: 7931: 7649: 6920: 6422: 5364: 5047: 4935: 4504: 4497: 4458: 4405: 4126: 4113:

Lewis expanded his base by organizing the so-called "captive mines", those held by the steel producers such as

3988: 3492: 3376: 3110: 2962: 2526: 2521: 2296: 2156:

merged with the new organization, known as the American Federation of Labor or AFL, formed at that convention.

636: 505: 12020:

Hardman, J. B. S. (1962). "The Jewish Labor Movement in the United States: Jewish and Non-Jewish Influences".

10625: 9890: 4358:'s reelection. The CIO and AFL no longer had major points of conflict, so they merged amicably in 1955 as the 8265: 5376: 5339: 5173: 4963: 4661: 4416: 4211: 3815: 3551: 3160: 3146: 3026: 3020: 2813: 2288: 2086: 2070: 1866: 1792: 1619:

combination cases in America. Over the first half of the 19th century, there are twenty-three known cases of

1338: 955: 940: 870: 860: 831: 821: 9800: 9740: 3224:. The peak of the violence came after months of back-and-forth murders that culminated in the 20 April 1914 3149:. The Court ruled that the union was subject to an injunction and liable for the payment of triple damages. 10838: 10350:"Chipotle union files complaint with labor board after chain shutters Maine restaurant seeking to organize" 7102: 5516: 5423: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4801: 4311: 4305: 4014: 3951: 3732: 3334: 3294: 3273:, which fought against the war effort and was in turn shut down by legal action of the federal government. 3229: 3094: 3063: 2788: 2312: 2184: 2098: 945: 919: 905: 875: 865: 816: 742: 275: 28: 9270:

Jake Rosenfeld and Meredith Kleykamp, "Hispanics and Organized Labor in the United States, 1973 to 2007,"

2000:

in the 1890s. They consolidated their power in 1916, after threatening a national strike, by securing the

12139: 11437:

Labor and the Left; a study of socialist and radical influences in the American labor movement, 1881–1924

9927: 9860: 5987: 5183: 4466: 3532: 3266: 1978: 1730:, criminal conspiracy laws were first held to include combinations in restraint of trade in the Court of 1562:

By most measures, the strength of organized labor has declined in the United States over recent decades.

1369: 1263: 836: 826: 12171: 11648: 11638:

Proletarians of the North: A history of Mexican industrial workers in Detroit and the Midwest, 1917-1933

10204: 6881: 5636: 12431: 12217: 11686:"Making and Unmaking the Working Class: E.P. Thompson and the 'New Labor History' in the United States" 9652: 9627:"Correction: First Three Quarters' Union Election Petitions Up 58%, Exceeding All FY21 Petitions Filed" 5585: 5472:

According to labor historians, the US has the most violent labor history of any industrialized nation.

5013: 4465:

clauses and have required them to make extensive financial disclosures to all members as part of their

3262: 2862: 2798: 2035:

The first effective labor organization that was more than regional in membership and influence was the

1547: 965: 950: 810: 11614:

The state and the unions: labor relations, law, and the organized labor movement in America, 1880–1960

10577: 5720: 12352: 11294: 9532: 6780: 6736: 6445: 6414: 5342:(APWU). In 2012 the APWU had 330,000 members. The various postal unions did not engage in strikes. 3926: 3866: 3713: 3667: 3153: 3122: 2818: 2546: 2486: 2066: 1374: 1303: 1268: 841: 330: 10755:

Richard B. Freeman and Eunice Han. "The war against public sector collective bargaining in the US."

1528:

against a backdrop of changing values and priorities, and periodic federal government intervention.

12389: 12378: 11565: 8758:

The Political Economy of Early Southern Unionism: Race, Politics, and Labor in the South, 1880-1953

8052:

Anderson, Karen Tucker (1982). "Last hired, first fired: Black women workers during World War II".

5331:

started in 1889 and grew quickly. By the mid-1960s it had 175,000 members in 6,400 local branches.

4756: 4566:

As a leader of the anti-communist center-left, Reuther was a founder of the liberal umbrella group

4481: 4462: 3775: 3477: 3361: 3326: 3041: 2793: 2768: 2496: 2397: 1949: 1343: 1248: 1208: 803: 11942:

Zieger, Robert H. (1972). "Workers and scholars: Recent trends in American labor historiography".

11500:

Old labor and new immigrants in American political development: union, party, and state, 1875–1920

11373:

Hazard, Blanche E. "The organization of the boot and shoe industry in Massachusetts before 1875."

8610: 6943: 5430:, as well as Indiana, New Jersey and Ohio from conservative Republican legislatures. Conservative 4804:, taking place during a sharp economic recession, the unions fought back especially against state 4613: 4586:

dedicated to promoting free trade and democratic unionism worldwide. Carey in 1949 had formed the

12486: 12407: 11631:

American Labor's Global Ambassadors: The International History of the AFL-CIO during the Cold War

11477:

Collision course: Ronald Reagan, the air traffic controllers, and the strike that changed America

11292:

The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power.

10928: 9837: 6749:

McClurg, Donald J. (1963). "The Colorado Coal Strike of 1927 -- Tactical Leadership of the IWW".

5610: 5508: 5427: 5092:. Additional smaller protests were held in Kentucky and North Carolina. The protests spread to a 3898: 3890:. In 1931, more than 400 relief protests erupted in Chicago and that number grew to 550 in 1932. 3878:

that was now performing so poorly. Some workers did indeed turn to such radical movements as the

3632: 3481: 3365: 3213: 3201: 3083: 2808: 2337: 1608:

under a master, followed by moving into independent production. However, over the course of the

1308: 1298: 1293: 1273: 11970:

Herberg, Will (1952). "Jewish Labor Movement in the United States: World War I to the Present".

11521:

The Fall of the House of Labor: The Workplace, the State, and American Labor Activism, 1865–1925

10732: 8852:

M. Stephen Weatherford, "The Eisenhower Transition: Labor Policy in the New Political Economy."

6509: 6501: 6476: 6470: 6441:

The Age of Acquiescence: The Life and Death of American Resistance to Organized Wealth and Power

6371: 6365: 2243: 12357: 10868: 6983: 5367:(NEA) became active, but it insisted it was not a labor union but a professional organization. 5294: 5267: 5249: 4793: 4649: 4323: 4199: 3567: 3555: 3221: 3217: 3191: 3030: 2773: 2743: 2735: 2506: 2260: 1997: 1854: 1687: 1410: 1389: 1223: 1138: 1082: 154: 46: 11312:

Black and Blue: African Americans, the Labor Movement, and the Decline of the Democratic Party

10818: 10499: 9328: 8688: 8634: 8584: 8494: 6340: 5676: 5422:

In 2011, states faced a growing fiscal crisis and the Republicans had made major gains in the

4002:

two months after that, it fueled workers to join unions and strengthened those organizations.

3648:, a conservative newspaper, demands federal action to stop the coal strike, November 22, 1919. 2918: 12223: 10551: 10456: 9868: 9688: 9285: 9021:"The Decision to Exclude Agricultural and Domestic Workers from the 1935 Social Security Act" 8554: 8529: 8362: 8297: 8185: 7759: 7573:

New Deal Policies and the Persistence of the Great Depression: A General Equilibrium Analysis

6957: 6439: 5404: 5380: 5259: 5195: 5164:

voted in favor of a union, becoming Amazon's first unionized workplace in the United States.

4842: 4815:. Its troubles gained national attention from highly visible Senate hearings. The target was 4526: 4427: 4255: 4145: 4098: 3973: 3417: 3321:

created a Women in Industry group, headed by prominent labor researcher and social scientist

3293:

World War I saw women taking traditionally men's jobs in large numbers for the first time in

2803: 2763: 2748: 2471: 2377: 2051: 2014: 1652: 1609: 1258: 1253: 1128: 854: 418: 363: 341: 11744:

Fitzpatrick, Ellen (1991). "Rethinking the Intellectual Origins of American Labor History".

11560: 11480: 11334:

Pure and Simple Politics: The American Federation of Labor and Political Activism, 1881–1917

11154: 10832: 8238: 5646: 9220:

The Union of Their Dreams: Power, Hope, and Struggle in Cesar Chavez's Farm Worker Movement

5392: 5346: 5138: 5072:

majority state legislatures, leading to the name "Red State Revolt". Protests were held in

4811:

The Teamsters union was expelled from the AFL for its notorious corruption under president

4772: 4760: 4621: 4454: 4377: 4371: 4293: 4203: 4032: 3821: 2852: 2783: 2602: 2437: 2407: 2198: 2194: 2131: 1938: 1917: 1668: 1595: 1469: 1348: 1313: 1218: 1193: 890: 880: 187: 176: 121: 10177:"Unions are forming at Starbucks, Apple and Google. Here's why workers are organizing now" 9524: 9233:

Beyond the Fields: Cesar Chavez, the UFW, and the Struggle for Justice in the 21st Century

9020: 6547: 5356:

broke the strike and the legislature took control of the police away from city officials.

4449:, which were contractual agreements that required an employer to hire only union members. 3678:

had ordered the strike and were financing it, and some of the press echoed that language.

8: 12321: 11999:

Yellowitz, Irwin (1981). "Jewish Immigrants and the American Labor Movement, 1900–1920".

10797:"Where hard work doesn't pay off: An index of US labor policies compared to peer nations" 6287: 6231:

Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets off a Struggle for the Soul of America

6110: 6086: 5134: 4904: 4882: 4560: 4401: 4259: 4249: 4122: 4091: 4083: 4054: 3944: 3906: 3887: 3879: 3840:

Open battle between striking teamsters armed with pipes and the police in the streets of

3756: 3736: 3695: 3654: 3442: 3209: 3102: 3087: 3079: 3004: 2990: 2898: 2778: 2432: 2226: 2202: 2164: 2040: 1960: 1333: 1283: 1238: 1228: 1213: 1203: 1188: 1168: 1143: 1133: 1123: 885: 710: 700: 110: 11645:

Chants democratic: New York City & the rise of the American working class, 1788-1850

9501: 8925: 8878:

David Witwer, "The Racketeer Menace and Antiunionism in the Mid-Twentieth Century US."

8271: 7154:

History of the Labor Movement in the United States Volume 8: Postwar Struggles 1918–1920

6937: 6006:

Men of the Steel Rails: Workers on the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railroad, 1869–1900

5130:

employees may already have and the blue-collar nature that union association may bring.

4780:. Republicans wanted to delegitimize unions by focusing on their shady activities. The 4652:

faded away. Intellectuals lost interest in unions, focusing their attention more on the

3943:, numerous states would pass similar acts in the future. Additionally, the act outlawed 3601:

Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the

12287: 12241: 12080: 12029: 12008: 11987: 11911: 11850: 11821: 11792: 11761: 11732: 11612: 11585: 11429: 11419: 11362:

Gutman, Herbert G. "Work, culture, and society in industrializing America, 1815-1919."

11104: 11043: 10924:

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era

10887: 10725: 9983: 9955: 9201: 9090: 9055: 8144: 8069: 8016: 8008: 7991:

Schweitzer, Mary M. (1980). "World War II and Female Labor Force Participation Rates".

7691: 7332: 6860: 6825: 6674: 6666: 6662: 6333: 6114: 6106: 5749: 5600: 5109: 4853: 4157: 3663: 3106: 3008: 2681: 2541: 2300: 1836: 1540: 1536: 1353: 1328: 1233: 1173: 1148: 1118: 1108: 720: 715: 705: 695: 231: 209: 11709:

In Search of the Working Class: Essays in American Labor History and Political Culture

5737: 4025:

from below thus strengthened the independence of the executive branch of government".

1807:

for conspiracies followed within the next three decades. However, only one such case,

1718:

As a result of the spate of convictions against combinations of laborers, the typical

12413: 12401: 12383: 12281: 12247: 12229: 11928: 11915: 11854: 11825: 11663: 11569: 11505: 11498: 11466: 11408: 11339: 11332: 11316: 11298: 11257: 11120: 11067: 10932: 10891: 10842: 10736: 10557: 10460: 10449: 10396: 10368: 10271: 10212: 10150: 10116: 10039: 9805: 9575: 9362: 9334: 9291: 9205: 9193: 9141: 9135: 8944: 8824: 8694: 8667: 8640: 8590: 8560: 8533: 8522: 8500: 8368: 8341: 8301: 8290: 8244: 8191: 8151: 8020: 7927: 7920: 7868: 7818: 7791: 7698: 7384: 7270: 7054: 6916: 6678: 6551: 6513: 6480: 6449: 6418: 6375: 6344: 6291: 6118: 6052: 6009: 5753: 5741: 5682: 5443: 5305: 5271: 5229: 4895:

of 1935, there was little successful unionization before the arrival in the 1960s of

4819:(1913–1975), who replaced Beck and held total power until he was imprisoned in 1964. 4805: 4789: 4748: 4724: 4473: 4431: 4412: 4409: 3902: 3691: 3644: 3547: 3310: 2926: 2872: 2823: 2758: 2701: 2511: 2367: 1858:

continued to refine this standard, stating that, "an agreement of two or more to the

1579: 1551: 1465: 1288: 1243: 1183: 1158: 1113: 1056: 75: 11271: 11207:

Fueling the Gilded Age: Railroads, Miners, and Disorder in Pennsylvania Coal Country

9949:

Wakabayashi, Daisuke; Griffith, Erin; Tsang, Amie; Conger, Kate (November 1, 2018).

8187:

Cold War in the Working Class: The Rise and Decline of the United Electrical Workers

6691:

Joseph A. McCartin, et al., "Power, politics, and 'pessimism of the intelligence'",

5721:"US Labor Studies in the Twenty-First Century: Understanding Laborism Without Labor" 4570:

in 1947. In 1949 he led the CIO delegation to the London conference that set up the

4442:, passed in 1959, tightened these restrictions on secondary boycotts still further. 4202:

in Congress passed anti-union legislation over liberal opposition, most notably the

12372: 12258: 12235: 11979: 11951: 11903: 11875: 11842: 11813: 11784: 11753: 11724: 10877: 9185: 9082: 9047: 8867:

Perfect Villains, Imperfect Heroes: Robert F. Kennedy's War Against Organized Crime

8387: 8061: 8000: 6852: 6817: 6758: 6695:, August 1999, Vol. 40 Issue 3, pp. 345+, an evaluation of the standard history by 6658: 6633:

Dye, N. S. (1980). As Equal As Sisters. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press.

6283: 6225: 6098: 5733: 5215: 5149: 4598: 4347: 4280: 3910: 3870: 3763: 3302: 3233: 3082:

rather than craft unionism; in fact, they went even further, pursuing the goal of "

2974: 2857: 2847: 2402: 2308: 2142: 2074: 2036: 2030: 2026: 1993: 1636: 1318: 1198: 1163: 1061: 984: 979: 461: 286: 11864:"Twentieth century US labor history: Pedagogy, politics, and controversies Part 1" 11817: 10090: 10007:"A massive telecom union just launched a new campaign to unionize game developers" 7899:

Labor's Men: A Collective Biography of Union Officialdom during the New Deal Years

6249:

The Pullman Strike: The Story of a Unique Experiment and of a Great Labor Upheaval

4743:, while the joint policy statements were written by Woll, CIO Secretary-Treasurer 3437:—who worked to help improve opportunities for African-American women—and activist 12395: 12361: 12097: 11907: 11310: 10681: 10632: 10584: 10035:"Kickstarter employees vote to unionize, relieving tension among game developers" 9801:"Red-state revolt continues: Teachers strike in Oklahoma and protest in Kentucky" 9657: 9402: 8938: 8764: 8661: 8621: 8449: 8398: 8335: 7812: 7785: 7725: 7686: 7674: 7579: 7131: 7094: 7048: 6696: 6591: 6335:

Working-Class Life: The 'American Standard' in Comparative Perspective, 1899–1913

6276: 6046: 5961: 5579: 5442:

found that the United States ranks among the worst among developed countries for

5400: 5353: 5255: 5190:

industries of the United States took place, mainly focused on the strikes of the

5028: 4985: 4861: 4857: 4740: 4728: 4541: 4489: 4390: 4355: 4319: 4223: 4022: 3573: 3322: 3254: 3225: 3173: 3141: 3058: 2996: 2877: 2691: 2649: 2571: 2357: 2304: 2256: 2193:

the American Federation of Labor, the WFM spawned new federations, including the

1992:

They were not members of the AFL, and fought off more radical rivals such as the

1700: 1509: 1379: 1323: 1278: 1178: 253: 11925:

Rethinking U.S. Labor History: Essays on the Working-Class Experience, 1756-2009

11656: 11087: 9653:"Pueblo teachers reach tentative agreement with district for 2 percent pay hike" 4555:

Left-wing elements in the CIO protested and were forced out of the main unions.

2004:, a federal law that provided 10 hours pay for an eight-hour day. At the end of 12269: 12108: 12090: 11597: 11378: 10324:"Chipotle restaurant in Maine becomes chain's first to file for union election" 10109:"Starbucks workers at a Buffalo store unionize in a big symbolic win for labor" 9711:"What's driving the latest wave of teacher strikes? Pension problems, some say" 9553: 9189: 8034: 7898: 7136: 6533: 5298: 5153: 4900: 4865: 4744: 4582:

also helped influence the CIO's pullout from the WFTU and the formation of the

4579: 4556: 4461:

and the courts have added other restrictions on the power of unions to enforce

4397: 4285: 4263: 4149: 4043: 3932: 3728: 3671: 3438: 3434: 3250: 3086:" and the abolition of the wage system. Many, though not all, Wobblies favored 2970: 2935: 2891: 2716: 2711: 2696: 2659: 2481: 2327: 2284: 2264: 2238: 2168: 2127: 2115: 1901: 1703:

referred to the common law as arbitrary and unknowable and instead praised the

1605: 1555: 1066: 143: 11955: 9681:"Not just a 'red-state revolt': The story behind the Oklahoma teacher walkout" 8841:

Selling free enterprise: The business assault on labor and liberalism, 1945-60

8004: 7572: 6762: 6102: 1539:

that dominated national politics from the 1930s into the mid-1960s during the

12500: 12437: 11846: 11116: 10599:

Vol. 30, No. 2, "Unionization of Municipal Employees" (Dec. 1970), pp. 81-93

10423:"Chipotle restaurant in Michigan votes to unionize, in a first for the chain" 10400: 10275: 10216: 10154: 10120: 9579: 9197: 8552: 7915: 7388: 6543: 5745: 5179: 5161: 5157: 4997: 4752: 4699: 4673: 4545: 4134: 4079: 4047: 3992: 3802:

The New England Textile strike was widespread textile mill strike throughout

3658: 3298: 2641: 2576: 2536: 2501: 2427: 2252: 2206: 1644: 1575: 10063:"Amazon workers at New York warehouse vote to form company's first US union" 9951:"Google Walkout: Employees Stage Protest Over Handling of Sexual Harassment" 8519: 5986:

In 1969, all except the BLE joined with the Switchmen's Union to become the

5975:

Working for the Railroad: The Organization of Work in the Nineteenth Century

5137:. Numerous publicized events since 2004 have revealed the excessive use of " 5125:

change their practices related to labor, such as a November 2018 walkout at

11485: 10918: 9900: 8813:

Soderstrom, Carl; Soderstrom, Robert; Stevens, Chris; Burt, Andrew (2018).

8402: 7741:

David Brody, "Labor and the Great Depression: The Interpretive Prospects,"

6157:

Glen A. Gildemeister, "The founding of the American Federation of Labor."

5476: 4896: 4886: 4736: 4712: 4685: 4485: 4289: 4240:

the number in 1944, leaving 13% left the labor force to become housewives.

3675: 3236:. The strike is considered the deadliest labor unrest in American history. 3071: 2721: 2686: 2669: 2566: 2551: 2516: 2466: 2461: 2453: 2387: 2210: 1874: 1745: 1731: 1628: 1535:

usually much more successful. Labor unions became a central element of the

1513: 11788: 11546:

A Working People: A History of African American Workers since Emancipation

6199:

Glen A. Gildemeister, "The Founding of the American Federation of Labor,"

5201: 4822: 4279:

New enemies appeared for the labor unions after 1935. Newspaper columnist

4086:(UMW) from 1920 to 1960, and the driving force behind the founding of the 3882:, but, in general, the nation seemed to have been shocked into inaction". 3727:

The 1920s also saw a lack of strong leadership within the labor movement.

12201: 11775:

Krueger, Thomas A. (1971). "American Labor Historiography, Old and New".

10089:

U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics (January 20, 2022).

9979:"Employee Activism Is Alive in Tech. It Stops Short of Organizing Unions" 9137:

Dark Sweat, White Gold: California Farm Workers, Cotton, and the New Deal

5663:

The Decline and Fall of the Liberal Republicans: From 1952 to the Present

5534: 5520: 5275: 5262:, voted to become the first unionized location in the grocery store chain 5142: 5020: 5009: 4816: 4785: 4653: 4446: 4359: 4268: 4046:

and started to clash with other leaders within the organization, such as

3841: 3803: 3699: 3306: 2954: 2595: 2422: 2392: 2372: 2272: 2268: 2044: 2005: 2001: 1890: 1824: 1820: 1781: 1753: 1704: 1677: 1666:

One of the central themes of the cases prior to the landmark decision in

1616: 1521: 12033: 12012: 11426:

Labor's home front: the American Federation of Labor during World War II

11388: 10982: 10882: 10863: 8236: 7787:

Labor's Home Front: The American Federation of Labor During World War II

7365:(1). Institute for Massachusetts Studies and Westfield State University. 7336: 7320: 7087: 4841:

The UAW under Reuther played a major role in funding and supporting the

4094:(USWA) and organized millions of other industrial workers in the 1930s. 4033:

The American Federation of Labor: craft unionism vs. industrial unionism

3751:

tactics to discredit unionism by linking them to subversive activities.

3257:

was reached. To keep factories running smoothly, Wilson established the

11991: 11886:

Shelton, Jon. "Labor and Working Class—A Historiographical Survey." in

11879: 11796: 11765: 11736: 11532: 11367: 11232:

Workers in Industrial America: Essays on the Twentieth Century Struggle

11200: 11016: 10999:

Major Problems in the History of American Workers: Documents and Essays

10972: 10600: 10595:

Anthony C. Russo, "Management's View of the New York City Experience,"

9108: 9094: 9059: 8909: 8757: 8146:

The Crisis of American Labor: Operation Dixie and the Defeat of the CIO

8073: 8012: 7718: 7663: 7022: 6864: 6829: 6584: 6175: 5706: 5544: 5488: 5485: 5133:

One area where unionization efforts have become more intense is in the

5032: 4692: 4477: 4450: 3577: 3421: 3126: 3000: 2943: 2867: 2561: 2556: 2189:

The Western Federation of Miners (WFM) was created in 1893. Frequently

2082: 1848: 1796: 1769: 1681: 1624: 1620: 396: 242: 7693:

The CIO Challenge to the AFL: A History of the American Labor Movement

6670: 6645: 6278:

The Pullman Case: The Clash of Labor and Capital in Industrial America

5479:

asserts that organized labor in the US was strongest when the fear of

2111: 1663:, not to impose harsh penalties, and the fines were typically modest. 11273:

Women and the American Labor Movement from World War I to the Present

10011: 9778: 9601:"When labor laws left farm workers behind -- and vulnerable to abuse" 9354: 8686: 8392:

Organized labor's decline in the US is well-known. But what drove it?

8183: 5991: 5480: 5266:

Workers at this location chose to create an independent union called

5225: 5121: 5100:, where nearly 250 bus drivers participated. The strikes included an 4812: 4435: 4422:

The Taft-Hartley Act amended the Wagner Act, officially known as the

3950:

The passage of the Norris–La Guardia Act signified a victory for the

3836: 3781: 3762:

Although the labor movement fell in prominence during the 1920s, the

3748: 3441:—who lobbied on behalf of migrant farmers and eventually founded the 2676: 2417: 2412: 2283:

The railroads were able to get Edwin Walker, general counsel for the

2146: 2062: 1898: 1859: 1719: 1660: 1640: 12166: 11983: 11757: 11728: 9525:"Overall union membership rises in 2017, union density holds steady" 9086: 9051: 8893:

Eisenhower and Landrum-Griffin: A study in labor-management politics

8816:

Forty Gavels: The Life of Reuben Soderstrom and the Illinois AFL-CIO

8065: 6856: 6821: 5937: 3920: 3466: 3350: 3285:

The Secretary of the Navy with female munition workers from New York

2043:

they championed a variety of causes, sometimes through political or

1734:

early in the 17th century. The precedent was solidified in 1721 by

12040:

Antler, Joyce. "The History of Jewish Women in the United States."

11013:

In Labor's Cause: Main Themes on the History of the American Worker

10512:

A city in terror: Calvin Coolidge and the 1919 Boston police strike

9773: 8481:

Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth-Century America

7922:

Mobilizing women for war: German and American propaganda, 1939-1945

6186:

George Brooks, "History of union efforts to reduce working hours."

5282: 4993: 4602: 4590:, a new CIO union for electrical workers, because the old one, the 4537: 4318:

conservative control of Congress blocked liberal legislation, and "

4114: 4102: 3963: 3759:

that said they would not join a union was not outlawed until 1932.

3448: 2531: 2277: 1648: 1632: 12298: 9472:"The number of workers on strike hits the highest since the 1980s" 9326: 7017:

Robert K. Murray, "Communism and the great steel strike of 1919."

5363:(AFT), affiliated with the AFL. In suburbs and small cities, the 3062:

Flyer distributed in Lawrence, Massachusetts, September 1912. The

2347: 2271:

on all railroads. ARU members across the nation refused to switch

11101:

Out to work: A history of wage-earning women in the United States

9832: 9163:

The Politics Of Insurgency: The Farm worker Movement In The 1960s

6702:

We Shall Be All: A History of the Industrial Workers of the World

5396:

Management complained but the unions had power in city politics.

5145:, whose employees voted in favor of unionizing in February 2020. 5097: 4989: 3873:. By the winter of 1932–33, the economy was so perilous that the 2706: 1804: 1727: 1601: 11383:

Hill, Herbert. "The problem of race in American labor history."

8578: 8576: 6008:. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 41–42, 108–16, 134–38. 4042:, were reluctant to shift from the organization's long-standing 3587: 2922:

New York City shirtwaist workers on strike, taking a lunch break

12155: 11490:

Women, work, and protest: a century of US women's labor history

10722: 10673:

John Logan, "Is this the end for organised labour in the US?,"

9741:"Arizona teachers walk out of their poorly equipped classrooms" 6739:, Columbia University, 1920, p. 350 (200,000 membership cards). 5126: 4946:

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO) union

3957: 3784:, a series of early-20th-century labor disputes in Appalachia. 3718:

International Association of Bridge and Structural Iron Workers

3685: 3637: 3182:

length of the working day, and of minimum wage laws for women.

2654: 2311:

on the premise that the strike interfered with the delivery of

1977:(BLE), Brotherhood of Maintenance of Way Division (BMWED), the 1894: 1741: 12481: 11962:

Kessler-Harris, Alice. "Labor Movement in the United States."

11284:

Labor Will Rule: Sidney Hillman and the rise of American labor

10997:

Boris, Eileen, Nelson Lichtenstein, and Thomas Paterson, eds.

10553:

Special Interest: Teachers Unions and America's Public Schools

9948: 9568:"The New Labor Movement Fighting for Domestic Workers' Rights" 8814: 5701:

David Brody, "Reconciling the Old Labor History and the New,"

5502: 5446:, including the right to organize, ranking 32 out of 38 among 4292:

in Hollywood labor unions, focusing on the criminal career of

2065:

and his entire southwestern railway system, consisting of the

11923:

Walkowitz, Daniel J.; Haverty-Stacke, Donna T., eds. (2010).

9429:

Kris Maher, "Mine Workers Union Shrinks but Boss Fights On,"

8573: 8225:

Strategic Alliances: Coalition Building and Social Movements

6984:"United States Women's Bureau | United States federal agency" 5439: 2995:

The United Mine Workers was successful in its strike against

2664: 2267:, which supported their strike by launching a boycott of all 1968:

was a trade union strike involving more than 200,000 workers.

1828: 1816: 1785: 1776:

was by itself illegal. More often combination cases prior to

1571: 11888:

The Routledge History of the Twentieth-Century United States

11527:

Montgomery, David. "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America,"

7352:"The New England Textile Strike of 1922: Focus on Fitchburg" 6412:

America: A Narrative History (Brief Ninth Edition) (Vol. 2).

2259:

cut wages in its factories. Discontented workers joined the

2201:). The WFM took a conservative turn in the aftermath of the 2167:, he retreated from that in the face of opposition from the 2103: 1574:

and in 1677 twelve carmen were fined for going on strike in

11604:

Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877-1917

11240:

Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era

10819:

American Labor Violence: Its Causes, Character, and Outcome

9895: 9769:"The Red-State Teacher Revolt Has Been Brewing For Decades" 9287:

We Are the Union: Democratic Unionism and Dissent at Boeing

8088:

Women at War with America: Private Lives in a Patriotic Era

6339:. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. 6030:

Good, Reliable, White Men: Railroad Brotherhoods, 1877–1917

5447: 4605:, namely organized labor, socialist and communist parties. 4549: 3854: 1840: 1812: 1773: 1656: 12047:

Walkowitz, Daniel. "The Jewish Working Class in America."

10771:"New Study: U.S. Tops Rich Nations As Worst Place To Work" 10205:"Trader Joe's workers vote to unionize for the first time" 8690:

The Future of Private Sector Unionism in the United States

7839:

The Communist Party vs. the CIO: A Study in Power Politics

7413:

Power at Odds: The 1922 National Railroad Shopmen's Strike

6808:

Gregg, Richard B. (1919). "The National War Labor Board".

6170:

David Montgomery, "Strikes in Nineteenth-Century America"

5540:

Communists in the United States labor movement (1937–1950)

4258:

of 1936–37 was the decisive event in the formation of the

2107:

The American Federation of Labor union label, c. 1900

1893:

that asked whether the combination was a but-for cause of

1811:, also held that a combination for the purpose of raising 11354:"The Coal Strike of 1902 – Turning Point in U.S. Policy" 10727:

The Tea Party and the Remaking of Republican Conservatism

10264:"Trader Joe's Workers Vote to Unionize at a Second Store" 10067: 9745: 9718: 9330:

Rightward Bound: Making America Conservative in the 1970s

8783: 8781: 8779: 6286:. Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas. pp. 4876: 4678:

Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (PATCO)

3706: 2999:

mines in the Midwest in 1900, but its strike against the

1865:

Another line of cases, led by Justice John Gibson of the

1862:

of the rights of others or of society" would be illegal.

11624:

Workers on arrival: Black labor in the making of America

11168:

American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century

10389:"Michigan Chipotle outlet the chain's first to unionize" 10238:"1st Trader Joe's union approved at Massachusetts store" 10143:"Union wins election at a second Buffalo-area Starbucks" 10088: 9359:

An injury to all : the decline of American Unionism

8965:

The UAW and the Heyday of American Liberalism, 1945–1968

8715:

American Workers, American Unions: The Twentieth Century

8524:

Running in Place: Recent Trends in U.S. Living Standards

7105:

is a coal mining district in the state of Pennsylvania.)

6048:

Beyond Labor's Veil: The Culture of the Knights of Labor

5003: 4090:(CIO). Using UMW organizers the new CIO established the 1819:. Several other cases held that the methods used by the 11922: 11835:

Labor: Studies in Working-Class History of the Americas

10613:

Encyclopedia of public administration and public policy

7597:

The A. F. of L. from the Death of Gompers to the Merger

7471: 7469: 7467: 7465: 6508:. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. pp. 5202:

Unionization in the food service and grocery industries

5115: 5060:

2018–19 education workers' strikes in the United States

4823:

1960s: Liberal achievement in Civil Rights and backlash

4592:

United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America

4480:

and a number of traditionally Republican states in the

4336:

United Electrical, Radio and Machine Workers of America

4021:

versus 103 Republicans. It is possible that "the great

1768:

was actually unusual in strictly following the English

12455:

List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States

8776: 8553:

James Charles Cobb and William Whitney Stueck (2005).

8492: 8033: 7526: 7407: 7405: 7301: 7299: 7156:

New York: International Publishers Co., 1988. p. 88–92

6475:. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. p. 6370:. New York: Harper Perennial Modern Classics. p. 5938:

The Knights of St. Crispin in Massachusetts, 1869-1878

5220:

List of Starbucks union petitions in the United States

4218: 2247:

The condition of laboring man at Pullman, July 7, 1894

2223:

International Union of Mine, Mill, and Smelter Workers

12470:

List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

11161:

The ABC-CLIO Companion To The American Labor Movement

11135:

Labor under Fire: A History of the AFL-CIO since 1979

11025:(4 vol. 1921–1957), highly detailed classic to 1920. 9861:"DeKalb County School Bus Drivers Protest In Sickout" 9313:

Herbert R. Northrup, "The Rise and Demise of PATCO",

8520:

Frank Levy, Larry Mishel and Jared Bernstein (1996).

7552: 7479:, p. 76. Charles E. Merrill Publishing Company, 1979. 7449: 7433:, The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994, p. 11–19. 6254: 5591:

List of worker deaths in United States labor disputes

5407:, upgrading the status of unions of federal workers. 4540:

policies of the Truman administration, including the

4531:

Socialist movement in the United States, 20th Century

3917:

sent aid to the miners, giving it national coverage.

3897:

However the Great Depression spawned labor action in

3791: 3095:

a strike of more than twenty thousand textile workers

1627:

for criminal conspiracy, taking place in six states:

12522:

Industrial Workers of the World in the United States

11459:

Rainbow at Midnight: Labor and Culture in the 1940s.

11181:

History of coal mining § Coal miners and unions

10969:

Encyclopedia of U.S. Labor and Working-Class History

8586:

Public Policy: Continuity and Change, Second Edition

8124: 8122: 7462: 6585:

The Anthracite Strike of 1902: A Record of Confusion

6051:. University Park, PA: Penn State University Press. 5498: 4711:

AFL and Murray of the CIO in late 1952, replaced by

3301:

of factories, producing trucks and munitions, while

1600:

By the early 19th century, the career path for most

11593:

The AF Of L From the Death of Gompers to the Merger

9445:"Wisconsin union membership grew by 11,000 in 2017" 7756:

The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980,

7402: 7296: 5915:"Oldest U.S. Union's 150th anniversary approaching" 5657: 5655: 4971: 11655: 11611: 11497: 11331: 11270: 11256: 10987:Boone, Graham. "Labor law highlights, 1915–2015." 10724: 10448: 8904:John H. Fenton, "The right-to-work vote in Ohio." 8521: 8289: 8287: 8143: 7948:An Injury to All: The Decline of American Unionism 7919: 7690: 7075:Red Scare: A Study in National Hysteria, 1919–1920 6851:(2). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 175–187. 6727:, Charles H. Kerr Publishing Company, 1987, p. 70. 6644: 6332: 6275: 6073:The Great Southwest Railroad Strike and Free Labor 5719: 5678:The Unions and the Democrats: An Enduring Alliance 5631:The Rise and Fall of the New Deal Order, 1930-1980 5386: 4322:", the CIO's efforts to expand massively into the 4227:Women at work in the United States in World War II 3314:rare exceptions, women did not protest the draft. 3047: 1722:of early American labor law states that, prior to 12049:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. 12042:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History. 11242:(Harvard UP, 1984) women workers in World War II. 11191:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 11189:Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? 10979:Labor Relations: Major Issues in American History 10906:Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? 10525:Blackboard Unions: The AFT and the NEA, 1900-1980 9914: 9767:Jamieson, Dave; Waldron, Travis (April 7, 2018). 8719:Union-Free America: Workers and Antiunion Culture 8410: 8337:Walter Reuther: The Most Dangerous Man in Detroit 8237:Judith Stepan-Norris and Maurice Zeitlin (2003). 8119: 8101:Walter Reuther: The most dangerous man in Detroit 6843:Tyler, Robert L. (1960). "The IWW and the West". 5765: 5763: 5570:Labor federation competition in the United States 5391:Change came in the 1950s. In 1958 New York mayor 5338:. Another round of mergers in 1971 produced the 5178:From May 2 to November 9, 2023, a series of long 5167: 3921:The Norris–La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act of 1932 3228:that killed over a dozen women and children when 3038:fire broke out in the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory 2085:formed as a result of the police violence of the 1520:and their umbrella labor federations such as the 12498: 11248:Crying the News: A History of America's Newsboys 11040:Industrialism and the American worker, 1865-1920 9828:"More school buses on roads on day 2 of sickout" 8582: 8499:. Brookings Institution Press. pp. 288–90. 8442: 8292:Grand Expectations: The United States, 1945-1974 8184:Ronald L. Filippelli; Mark D. McColloch (1995). 7884:(1986) ch 18–19; poll data from Hadley Cantril, 7758:ed. Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle (1989), 55-84 7459:, p. 117-121. University of Arizona Press, 1990. 7180:of The Times in 1910 set labor back a generation 7140:, December 11, 1919, Retrieved January 26, 2010. 6410:Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. (2012). 6267: 5828: 5826: 5652: 4680:strike in 1981, dealing a major blow to unions. 4584:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 4572:International Confederation of Free Trade Unions 4175: 3809: 3623:back to positions similar to those around 1910. 2973:notes that economists during this time, such as 2938:confirms the findings of many scholars that the 1928:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers and Trainmen 1565: 12512:History of labor relations in the United States 11217:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History 11143:State of the Union: A Century of American Labor 11033:Working Americans, 1880-1999: The Working Class 11006:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History 10597:Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science 10496:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History 9766: 8636:The Encyclopedia of Strikes in American History 8613:Statistical Abstract of the United States: 2012 7086:Irwin Marcus, Eileen Cooper and Beth O'Leary, " 6913:American Women in World War I: They Also Served 6532: 5816: 5814: 5426:. Public sector unions came under heavy attack 5375:In the mid-1930s efforts were made to unionize 5322:Public-sector trade unions in the United States 2178: 2154:Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions 2124:Federation of Organized Trades and Labor Unions 2092: 11553:The work ethic in industrial America 1850-1920 10446: 9976: 9554:Databases, Tables & Calculators by Subject 9309: 9307: 8687:James T. Bennett and Bruce E. Kaufman (2002). 8438: 8436: 8360: 8240:Left Out: Reds and America's Industrial Unions 8045: 7182:. The Los Angeles Times, accessed 11 July 2023 5777: 5775: 5760: 5674: 5304:In late August 2022, workers at a Chipotle in 4856:into hawks (led by Johnson and Vice-president 4310:With the end of the war in August 1945 came a 12187: 11468:Samuel Gompers and Organized Labor in America 11445:Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II. 10981:(2005) over 100 annotated primary documents; 9977:Conger, Kate; Scheiber, Noam (July 8, 2019). 9327:Bruce J. Schulman; Julian E. Zelizer (2008). 9283: 8992:Alan Draper, "Labor and the 1966 Elections." 8880:International Labor and Working-Class History 8804:. New York, New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 85–86. 8632: 8090:(Harvard University Press, 1984), pp 225–226. 7679: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7046: 6393: 6391: 6326: 6324: 5870: 5868: 5823: 5560:Immigration policies of American labor unions 4440:Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act 4061:The CIO, which later changed its name to the 3831: 3014: 2899: 2318: 1489: 12343:Westmoreland County coal strike of 1910–1911 12061:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Joseph McCartin, eds. 11308: 11254: 11140: 10956:Labor unions in the United States/References 10373:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 9923:"VCU raises tuition 6.4 percent for 2018-19" 8940:Corruption and Reform in the Teamsters Union 8724: 8333: 8027: 7814:Labor's War at Home: The CIO in World War II 7810: 7536:, p. 122. University of Arizona Press, 1990. 6935: 6598:Vol. 48, No. 2 (September 1961), pp. 229-251 5882: 5880: 5858: 5856: 5811: 5555:History of unfree labor in the United States 4903:, who mobilized California workers into the 4808:and defeated many conservative Republicans. 4274: 4182:United States home front during World War II 4152:. It enabled CIO unionization of GM and the 4068: 3958:FDR and the National Industrial Recovery Act 3686:Women telephone operators win strike in 1919 2253:major economic depression of the early 1890s 11832: 11743: 11405:Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor 11255:Dubofsky, Melvyn; Time, Warren Van (1986). 10768: 10556:. Brookings Institution Press. p. 33. 10348:Rogers, Amelia Lucas,Kate (July 20, 2022). 10060: 9304: 9007:America divided: The civil war of the 1960s 8559:. University of Georgia Press. p. 41. 8433: 7865:Sidney Hillman: Statesman of American Labor 7804: 7790:. New York, NY: New York University Press. 7697:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7515: 7513: 7511: 7269:. McFarland & Company. pp. 51–53. 6040: 6038: 5784: 5772: 5112:, leading to an increase in adjunct wages. 4951:Federal law forbade such a strike, and the 4608: 3769: 3495:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3379:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 3276: 3246:United States home front during World War I 1585: 12194: 12180: 11539:William Green: Biography of a Labor Leader 11518: 11055:Dubofsky, Melvyn, and Foster Rhea Dulles. 10723:Theda Skocpol; Vanessa Williamson (2012). 10298:"Trader Joe's could be the next Starbucks" 9347: 9175: 7990: 7908: 7571:Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian (2004) " 7425: 7423: 7421: 7349: 7249: 7231:Historical Statistics of the United States 7205:Historical Statistics of the United States 7193:Historical Statistics of the United States 6572:Historical Statistics of the United States 6388: 6321: 5955:The 10 Biggest Strikes in American History 5865: 5035:, to those groups on the state level. The 4953:United States Department of Transportation 4755:, Brotherhood of Railway Clerks President 4705: 3541:International Ladies Garment Workers Union 3177:, 208 U.S. 274 (1908), 235 U.S. 522 (1915) 2984: 2953:44 percent claimed 1.1 percent. Historian 2906: 2892: 1676:111 (1842), which settled the legality of 1496: 1482: 12265:Coeur d'Alene, Idaho labor strike of 1892 11998: 11964:Shalvi/Hyman Encyclopedia of Jewish Women 11265:best biography of key 20th century leader 11224:Steelworkers in America: The nonunion era 11094:Biographical Dictionary of American Labor 10971:(2006), 2064pp; 650 articles by experts; 10881: 10830: 10794: 9920: 9891:"VCUarts teachers protest for higher pay" 9516: 9494:"Young Workers Lead Union Growth in 2017" 9259:The Crusades of Cesar Chavez: A Biography 8854:Studies in American Political Development 8823:. Peoria, IL: CWS Publishing. pp. 95-96. 8496:Imports, Exports, and the American Worker 8416: 8243:. Cambridge University Press. p. 9. 7926:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 7817:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 7754:Steve Fraser, "The 'Labor Question,'" in 7318: 7088:The Coal Strike of 1919 in Indiana County 7006:Labor in crisis: The steel strike of 1919 6915:. Boulder: University Press of Colorado. 6433: 6431: 5877: 5853: 5717: 5565:International comparisons of labor unions 5550:History of labor law in the United States 4848:After the smashing reelection victory of 4588:International Union of Electrical Workers 4574:in opposition to the communist-dominated 4408:. (That provision was declared to be an 4243: 3850:Strikes in the United States in the 1930s 3515:Learn how and when to remove this message 3431:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee 3399:Learn how and when to remove this message 3185: 2118:in 1894; he was the AFL leader 1886–1924. 12465:Anti-union violence in the United States 12068:Rees, Jonathan, and Z. S. Pollack, eds. 12063:American Labor: A Documentary Collection 11166:Zieger, Robert H., and Gilbert J. Gall. 11023:History of Labour In The United States. 10492:Joseph Slater, "The Boston Police Strike 10261: 10174: 10140: 10106: 9469: 9140:. New York: Houghton Mifflin Courtyard. 8443:Western, Bruce; Rosenfeld, Jake (2012). 8141: 8051: 7777: 7685: 7634:Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren R. Van Tine, 7508: 7267:Chronology of Labor in the United States 7148: 7146: 6792: 6397:Tindall, George Brown and Shi, David E. 6330: 6035: 5526:Anti-union violence in the United States 5457: 4962: 4936:Presidency of Ronald Reagan § Labor 4620: 4612: 4288:for reporting, for his work in exposing 4222: 3968:National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 3855:The Great Depression and organized labor 3835: 3766:would ultimately bring it back to life. 3636: 3447: 3427:Southern Christian Leadership Conference 3280: 3195: 3057: 2925: 2917: 2285:Chicago, Milwaukee, and St. Paul Railway 2242: 2145:of the Carpenters Union, for a national 2110: 2102: 1959: 1955: 1835:, cordwainers were again convicted of a 1803:in 1806, eighteen other prosecutions of 1772:and holding that a combination to raise 12019: 11969: 11893: 11861: 11774: 11683: 11609: 11464: 11434: 10917: 10645:"The Trouble with Public Sector Unions" 10199: 10197: 9858: 9678: 9565: 9235:(University of California Press, 2008). 9160: 8930: 8713:Robert H. Zieger, and Gilbert J. Gall, 8327: 7783: 7523:, Monthly Review Press, 1982, p. 30–32. 7418: 6942:. The John C. Winstoncompany. pp. 6748: 6526: 6506:A People's History of the United States 6472:A People's History of the United States 6367:A People's History of the United States 6203:Spring 1981, Vol. 22 Issue 2, pp 262-70 5379:workers, but were opposed by President 5329:National Association of Letter Carriers 5315: 4766: 3232:opened fire on a striker encampment at 3116: 2225:, which was eventually absorbed by the 1966:Great Southwest Railroad Strike of 1886 1744:guilty of a conspiracy to raise wages. 1680:, was the applicability of the English 22:This article is part of a series on the 12499: 12348:Paint Creek–Cabin Creek strike of 1912 12316:Streetcar strikes in the United States 12276:Streetcar strikes in the United States 11941: 11702:Rethinking the American labor movement 11662:. University of North Carolina Press. 11653: 11452:International Review of Social History 11329: 11281: 11186: 11174: 11110: 11074:Rethinking the American Labor Movement 11001:(2002); primary and secondary sources. 10861: 10834:Political Repression in Modern America 10655:from the original on February 11, 2018 10347: 10061:O'Brien, Sara Ashley (April 1, 2022). 9888: 9798: 9650: 9522: 9442: 9037: 9005:Maurice Isserman, and Michael Kazin. 8936: 8666:. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis. 8653: 8172:Communism, Anti-communism, and the CIO 7986: 7984: 7958: 7956: 7350:Thomas Jr., Edmund B. (January 1987). 7343: 7264: 6775:McGovern, George; Guttridge, Leonard. 6642: 6437: 6428: 6084: 6003: 5997: 5642: 5310:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 5066:statewide teacher strikes and protests 4877:Chavez and the and United Farm Workers 4784:hearings targeted Teamsters president 4378:Labor Management Relations Act of 1947 4299: 4019:United States House of Representatives 3707:Weakness of organized labor, 1920–1929 3626: 2126:began in 1881 under the leadership of 1932:International Brotherhood of Teamsters 1760:However, case law in America prior to 12527:History of the United States by topic 12175: 11972:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 11803: 11268: 10769:Ghilarducci, Teresa (June 14, 2023). 10420: 10321: 10295: 10004: 9708: 9566:Hilgers, Lauren (February 21, 2019). 9523:Mishel, Lawrence (January 19, 2018). 9470:Raimonde, Olivia (October 21, 2019). 9353: 9315:Industrial and Labor Relations Review 9133: 9075:Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies 9009:(6th ed. Oxford UP, 2020) pp 187-203. 8659: 8322:Communism, Anticommunism, and the CIO 7880:Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine. 7143: 6910: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6876: 6874: 6842: 6807: 6273: 6032:(University of Illinois Press, 2009). 5927:Kessler-Harris, Out to Work, pp. 85–6 5850:(1721) 8 Mod 10, 88 ER 9; Commons, iv 5281:As of September 23, 2022, workers in 5234:Service Employees International Union 5004:Rise in union activity (2016-present) 4727:of the Steelworkers and his top aide 4476:. Currently all of the states in the 4082:(1880–1969) was the president of the 3861:Great Depression in the United States 3745:National Association of Manufacturers 3164:continued until the enactment of the 12022:American Jewish Historical Quarterly 11714: 11590: 11578: 11495: 10194: 10032: 9738: 9072: 8906:Midwest Journal of Political Science 8663:Grounded: Reagan and the PATCO Crash 8556:Globalization and the American South 8039:National Bureau of Economic Research 7914: 7019:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 7008:(University of Illinois Press, 1965) 6596:Mississippi Valley Historical Review 6499: 6468: 6363: 6044: 5629:Steve Fraser and Gary Gerstle, eds. 5531:Congress of Industrial Organizations 5116:Unionization in the high tech sector 4929: 4676:—a former union president—broke the 4088:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4075:Congress of Industrial Organizations 4063:Congress of Industrial Organizations 3867:stock market crashed in October 1929 3581: 3493:adding citations to reliable sources 3460: 3377:adding citations to reliable sources 3344: 3003:mines of Pennsylvania turned into a 1911: 1526:competed, evolved, merged, and split 12517:Social history of the United States 12460:Union violence in the United States 12333:1907 San Francisco streetcar strike 12065:(Palgrave Macmillan US), 2004 312pp 11890:(Routledge, 2018) pp. 149–160. 11113:A History of America in Ten Strikes 11059:(8th ed. 2010); wide-ranging survey 11004:Brenner, Aaron Brenner et al. eds. 10549: 10141:Scheiber, Noam (January 10, 2022). 10107:Scheiber, Noam (December 9, 2021). 10054: 10033:Hall, Charlie (February 18, 2020). 9500:. February 15, 2018. Archived from 9443:Thomas, Arthur (January 19, 2018). 9290:. U of Illinois Press. p. 23. 8730:Martha Derthick and Paul J. Quirk, 8717:(3rd ed. 2002); Lawrence Richards, 8633:Aaron Brenner; et al. (2011). 8589:. Waveland Press. pp. 256–57. 8367:. Xlibris Corporation. p. 35. 8296:. Oxford University Press. p. 7981: 7953: 7897:Walter Licht and Hal Seth Barron, " 7501:Sloane, Arthur, and Robert Witney: 7369: 7359:Historical Journal of Massachusetts 7312: 7216:Sloane, Arthur, and Robert Witney: 6964:. Smith College Special Collections 6886:National Museum of American History 6539:Capital in the Twenty-First Century 5606:Union violence in the United States 5037:National Domestic Workers' Alliance 4977:more retired than active members). 4893:National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) 4850:President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 4527:Anti-communism § United States 4365: 4219:Women take new jobs in World War II 3886:organized by the Communist Party's 3531:Unfortunately, women who worked in 3078:, and organized along the lines of 2582:Workers' right to access the toilet 2020: 1975:Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers 1946:Order of the Knights of St. Crispin 1922:Order of the Knights of St. Crispin 1737:R v Journeymen Tailors of Cambridge 1655:power to obtain benefits—increased 13: 12507:Labor history of the United States 12368:Copper Country strike of 1913–1914 12297: 12161:Labor history of the United States 12126:Labor history of the United States 12055: 11581:The AF of L in the Time of Gompers 11541:(1989), 20th century AFL leader . 10908:(Princeton University Press, 2007) 10795:Henderson, Kaitlyn (May 3, 2023). 10455:. U. of Pittsburgh Press. p. 10262:Scheiber, Noam (August 12, 2022). 10175:Schoolov, Katie (August 5, 2022). 9921:Mattingly, Justin (May 11, 2018). 9889:Wilder, Drew (February 28, 2018). 9392:"Labor law highlights, 1915–2015" 9018: 8461:from the original on June 10, 2012 8429:from the original on July 8, 2023. 7772:A New Deal for the American people 7053:. Da Capo Press. pp. 176–83. 6962:Collection: Mary van Kleeck papers 6899: 6871: 6663:10.1111/j.1747-4469.1995.tb01072.x 5990:(UTU). In 2004 the BLE joined the 5463:Number of striking workers by year 5336:United Federation of Postal Clerks 5053: 4415:by a 1965 Supreme Court decision, 4139:Steel Workers Organizing Committee 3792:New England Textile Strike of 1922 3694:, asked for higher wages from the 3561: 3066:was a strike of immigrant workers. 2930:Garment workers on strike, c. 1913 1615:These conditions led to the first 439: Modern Era 14: 12538: 12114: 11677: 11640:(Univ of California Press, 1993). 11229: 11163:(ABC-CLIO, 1993); an encyclopedia 11064:American labor since the New Deal 11021:Commons, John R. and Associates. 10831:Goldstein, Robert Justin (2001). 10451:Congress Oversees the Bureaucracy 10421:Lucas, Amelia (August 25, 2022). 9679:Carlson, Deven (April 12, 2018). 8978:American Political Science Review 8417:Leonhardt, David (July 7, 2023). 7431:American Workers, American Unions 7289:Sloane, Arthur, and Fred Witney: 7242:Sloane, Arthur, and Fred Witney: 7167:American Workers, American Unions 7035:The A.F.L. in the time of Gompers 6401:(Brief 9th ed. 2012) vol 2 p. 590 5738:10.1146/annurev-soc-073018-022559 5718:Rosenfeld, Jake (July 30, 2019). 5596:Minimum wage in the United States 5575:Labor unions in the United States 5039:has successfully advocated for a 4759:, and Illinois AFL-CIO President 4520: 4492:regions have right-to-work laws. 4396:The Act was sponsored by Senator 3340: 3319:United States Department of Labor 3220:, in what is better known as the 3099:Agricultural Workers Organization 3005:national political crisis in 1902 2232: 2205:and the trials of its president, 1983:Brotherhood of Locomotive Firemen 12480: 12426:Gulf Coast longshoremen's strike 12338:Pressed Steel Car strike of 1909 12154: 12105:Thirty years of labor, 1859–1889 10911: 10898: 10855: 10824: 10811: 10788: 10762: 10749: 10716: 10701: 10686: 10667: 10637: 10618: 10605: 10589: 10570: 10543: 10530: 10517: 10504: 10486: 10473: 10440: 10414: 10381: 10341: 10315: 10289: 10255: 10230: 10168: 10134: 10100: 10082: 10026: 9998: 9970: 9942: 9882: 9859:Terrell, Ross (April 19, 2018). 9852: 9820: 9792: 9760: 9732: 9702: 9672: 9644: 9619: 9593: 9559: 9546: 9486: 9463: 9436: 9423: 9407: 9384: 9375: 9320: 9277: 9264: 9251: 9238: 9225: 9212: 9169: 9154: 9127: 9101: 9066: 9031: 9012: 8999: 8986: 8970: 8957: 8943:. University of Illinois Press. 8914: 8898: 8885: 8872: 8859: 8846: 8833: 8807: 8794: 8750: 8737: 8707: 8693:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 373–78. 8680: 8639:. M.E. Sharpe. pp. 234–35. 8626: 8603: 8546: 8513: 8486: 8473: 8381: 8354: 8314: 8281: 8257: 8230: 8217: 8204: 8177: 8164: 8135: 8106: 8093: 8080: 7964:"American Women in World War II" 7940: 7891: 7874: 7857: 7844: 7831: 7764: 7748: 7735: 7711: 7656: 7641: 7628: 7615: 7602: 7589: 7565: 7562:, p. 104. Haymarket Books, 2006. 7549:, p. 107. Haymarket Books, 2006. 7539: 7495: 7492:, p. 103. Haymarket Books, 2006. 6247:, 1997, p. 310; Almont Lindsey, 5501: 5254:In late July 2022, workers at a 5106:Virginia Commonwealth University 5041:Domestic Workers' Bill of Rights 4982:coal mining in the United States 4972:Decline of private sector unions 4691:Republicans, using conservative 4594:, was tightly held by the left. 4576:World Federation of Trade Unions 4342:to take away the UE membership. 3978:National Industrial Recovery Act 3586: 3465: 3349: 2477:Diversity, equity, and inclusion 2346: 2081:were a rising movement of armed 1987:Brotherhood of Railroad Trainmen 1516:, and other working conditions. 1464: 1455: 1454: 1416: 1415: 39: 12077:Seventy Years of Life and Labor 11610:Tomlins, Christopher L (1985). 10954:For a more detailed guide, see 10949: 10757:Journal of Industrial Relations 10447:Morris S. Ogul (May 15, 1976). 10322:Lucas, Amelia (June 23, 2022). 10296:Molla, Rani (August 13, 2022). 10005:Statt, Nick (January 7, 2020). 9552:US Bureau of Labor Statistics, 9415:"UAW membership up 6 percent", 9261:(Bloomsbury, 2014) pp. 473–476. 8770:The Journal of Economic History 8493:Susan Margaret Collins (1998). 8054:The Journal of American History 7993:The Journal of Economic History 7784:Kersten, Andrew Edmund (2006). 7482: 7446:, p. 72. Haymarket Books, 2006. 7436: 7309:, Haymarket Books, 2006, p. 97. 7283: 7236: 7223: 7210: 7198: 7185: 7172: 7159: 7117: 7108: 7080: 7067: 7040: 7027: 7011: 6998: 6976: 6950: 6939:America's Part in the World War 6929: 6836: 6801: 6786: 6769: 6742: 6730: 6717: 6708: 6685: 6636: 6627: 6614: 6601: 6577: 6564: 6493: 6462: 6404: 6357: 6304: 6237: 6219: 6206: 6193: 6180: 6164: 6151: 6138: 6125: 6078: 6065: 6022: 5980: 5967: 5964:". Fox Business. August 9, 2011 5947: 5942:The Journal of Economic History 5930: 5921: 5907: 5898: 5889: 5844: 5835: 5802: 5793: 5410: 5370: 5361:American Federation of Teachers 5243: 4568:Americans for Democratic Action 4455:collective bargaining agreement 4097:Lewis threw his support behind 4092:United Steel Workers of America 3915:Industrial Workers of the World 3798:1922 New England Textile Strike 3456: 3433:. Two other important leaders, 3200:Armed strikers in front of the 3054:Industrial Workers of the World 3048:Industrial Workers of the World 2215:Industrial Workers of the World 2209:, and its secretary treasurer, 12328:1905 Chicago teamsters' strike 12254:Cotton pickers' strike of 1891 11746:The American Historical Review 11717:The American Historical Review 11626:(U of California Press, 2019). 11416:The Communist Party vs The CIO 11375:Quarterly Journal of Economics 11315:. Princeton University Press. 11151:A theory of the labor movement 10817:Philip Taft and Philip Ross, " 10675:guardian.co.uk, March 11, 2011 9799:Pearce, Matt (April 2, 2018). 9651:Whaley, Monte (May 12, 2018). 9631:National Labor Relations Board 9025:Social Security Administration 8756:Friedman, Gerald (June 2000). 8419:"How Elba Makes a Living Wage" 8190:. SUNY Press. pp. 10–11. 7650:The American Historical Review 7050:A. Mitchell Palmer: politician 5711: 5695: 5668: 5623: 5365:National Education Association 5168:Hollywood labor disputes, 2023 5048:National Labor Relations Board 4498:President of the United States 4459:National Labor Relations Board 4406:National Labor Relations Board 4354:and work enthusiastically for 4144:The most dramatic success was 4127:United Steelworkers of America 4084:United Mine Workers of America 3989:United Mine Workers of America 3443:United Farm Workers of America 3239: 3212:declared a strike against the 3210:United Mine Workers of America 2527:Occupational safety and health 2522:Occupational safety and health 2227:United Steelworkers of America 2171:that made up most of the AFL. 1791:, but rather found some other 1524:and citywide federations have 1: 11818:10.1080/03071022.2015.1108705 11141:Lichtenstein, Nelson (2003). 10494:in Aaron Brenner et al. eds. 9739:Weir, Bill (April 26, 2018). 9244:José-Antonio Orosco, Review, 8528:. DIANE Publishing. pp. 8445:"Workers of the World Divide" 8334:Lichtenstein, Nelson (1995). 8266:United States v. Brown (1965) 8142:Griffith, Barbara S. (1988). 7811:Lichtenstein, Nelson (1982). 7505:, p. 72. Prentice Hall, 1997. 7293:, p. 70. Prentice Hall, 1997. 7246:, p. 71. Prentice Hall, 1997. 7220:, p. 70. Prentice Hall, 1997. 5705:72 (February 1993), 111-126. 5377:Works Progress Administration 5340:American Postal Workers Union 5174:2023 Hollywood labor disputes 4860:) and doves (led by Senators 4639:has increased. "Although the 4338:(UE), and set up a new rival 4176:Union upsurge in World War II 3984:class in the United States". 3816:Great Railroad Strike of 1922 3810:Great Railroad Strike of 1922 3131:Norris–La Guardia Act of 1932 2650:Chronological list of strikes 2221:. In 1916 the WFM became the 2087:Great Railroad Strike of 1877 2071:Denver and Rio Grande Railway 1867:Supreme Court of Pennsylvania 1566:Organized labor prior to 1900 12420:West Coast waterfront strike 12204:American labor union history 12145:Resources in other libraries 11908:10.1080/0023656X.2013.773148 11606:(U of Illinois Press, 2009). 11504:. Cornell University Press. 11461:(U of Illinois Press, 1994). 11226:(U of Illinois Press, 1960). 10839:University of Illinois Press 9709:Eason, Brian (May 1, 2018). 9272:American Sociological Review 8937:Witwer, David Scott (2003). 8843:(U of Illinois Press, 1994). 8773:Vol. 60, No. 2, pp. 384-413. 8747:(1985) pp. vii, 11, 104, 137 8745:The Politics of Deregulation 8732:The Politics of Deregulation 8114:Truman and the 80th Congress 8103:(U of Illinois Press, 1997). 7732:(1983) 11, no. 2 pp. 300-319 7584:Journal of Political Economy 7321:"New England Textile Strike" 6793:McCartin, Joseph A. (1997). 6502:"13 The Socialist Challenge" 6399:America: A Narrative History 5681:. Cornell University Press. 5517:American Federation of Labor 5209: 4871: 4837:1968 United States elections 4833:1966 United States elections 4829:1964 United States elections 4641:National Labor Relations Act 4424:National Labor Relations Act 4334:third-largest affiliate the 4166:Amalgamated Clothing Workers 3952:American Federation of Labor 3733:American Federation of Labor 3452:Picture of Rose Schneiderman 3111:Colorado general coal strike 2969:movements. French economist 2295:The strike was broken up by 2185:Western Federation of Miners 2179:Western Federation of Miners 2099:American Federation of Labor 2093:American Federation of Labor 914:Hispanic and Latino American 7: 12103:Powderly, Terence Vincent. 12096:September 23, 2012, at the 11555:(U of Chicago Press, 2014). 11531:(1980) 4#1 pp. 81–104 11385:Reviews in American History 11057:Labor in America: A History 9928:The Richmond Times-Dispatch 9333:. Harvard UP. p. 225. 9246:Journal of American History 8288:James T. Patterson (1996). 8150:. Temple University Press. 7730:Reviews in American History 7534:The Invention of Appalachia 7457:The Invention of Appalachia 7319:E. Tilden, Leonard (1923). 7265:Wright, Russell O. (2003). 6331:Shergold, Peter R. (1982). 6282:. Landmark law cases & 6146:A History of American Labor 5988:United Transportation Union 5582:(many in the United States) 5494: 5453: 5288: 4467:duty of fair representation 4105:. After the passage of the 4101:(FDR) at the outset of the 3554:, where she organized the " 3297:. Many women worked on the 3267:Council of National Defense 1979:Order of Railway Conductors 1934:— was founded in May 1863. 1748:went so far as to refer to 10: 12543: 11519:Montgomery, David (1987). 11465:Livesay, Harold C (1993). 11435:Laslett, John H M (1970). 11364:American Historical Review 11197:American Historical Review 11178: 10961: 10953: 10680:November 22, 2015, at the 10583:November 16, 2015, at the 9401:December 26, 2016, at the 9190:10.1177/089692059201900301 9161:Jenkins, J. Craig (1985). 8660:Round, Michael A. (1999). 8407:Retrieved January 4, 2014. 7882:John L. Lewis: A Biography 7636:John L. Lewis: a biography 7521:The Politics of U.S. Labor 7477:Labor in the United States 6415:W. W. Norton & Company 5726:Annual Review of Sociology 5586:List of US strikes by size 5467:Bureau of Labor Statistics 5438:A 2023 study published by 5344: 5319: 5247: 5213: 5171: 5057: 5014:Amazon worker organization 5007: 4942:1980 presidential election 4933: 4880: 4826: 4524: 4369: 4352:1948 presidential election 4303: 4247: 4179: 4146:the 1936-7 sit-down strike 4072: 3961: 3924: 3858: 3847: 3832:Organized labor, 1929–1955 3813: 3795: 3773: 3630: 3571: 3565: 3552:Women's Trade Union League 3263:United States Armed Forces 3243: 3208:On 23 September 1913, the 3189: 3120: 3076:pioneered creative tactics 3072:William "Big Bill" Haywood 3051: 3027:Women's Trade Union League 3021:Women's Trade Union League 3018: 3015:Women's Trade Union League 2988: 2319:Organized labor, 1900–1920 2257:Pullman Palace Car Company 2236: 2182: 2096: 2024: 1915: 1593: 1548:history of organized labor 12478: 12447: 12353:1913 Ipswich Mills strike 12308: 12295: 12210: 12202:Major armed conflicts in 12140:Resources in your library 12087:The Samuel Gompers Papers 11956:10.1080/00236567208584204 11777:Journal of Social History 11684:Barrett, James R (2015). 11654:Zieger, Robert H (1995). 11622:Trotter Jr, Joe William. 11295:Little, Brown and Company 11103:(Oxford UP, 1982, 2003); 11008:(ME Sharpe, 2009) 789 pp. 9533:Economic Policy Institute 9274:74 (December 2009) 916-37 9248:(2015) 102#2 pp. 624-625. 9040:Pacific Historical Review 8922:Pacific Historical Review 8839:Elizabeth A. Fones-Wolf, 8800:Goldberg, Arthur (1956). 8620:October 20, 2011, at the 8583:Carter A. Wilson (2013). 8397:December 1, 2017, at the 8005:10.1017/S0022050700104577 7664:Testing Public Opinion", 7229:US Bureau of the Census, 7191:US Bureau of the Census, 7178:Lew Irwin (Oct 3, 2010). 7101:(1989) 56#3 pp. 177-195 ( 6986:. Encyclopedia Britannica 6958:"Biographical/Historical" 6763:10.1080/00236566308583916 6737:Paul Frederick Brissenden 6446:Little, Brown and Company 6274:Papke, David Ray (1999). 6111:10.1525/lal.2006.18.3.283 6103:10.1525/lal.2006.18.3.283 6004:Ducker, James H. (1983). 5703:Pacific Historical Review 4967:Union cash advantage 2014 4921: 4788:as a public enemy. Young 4561:United Automobile Workers 4275:PAC and politics of 1940s 4260:United Auto Workers Union 4123:United Automobile Workers 4069:John L. Lewis and the CIO 3714:Los Angeles Times Bombing 3123:National Civic Federation 2613:International comparisons 2547:Right to rest and leisure 2487:Employment discrimination 2067:Missouri Pacific Railroad 1889:illegality in favor of a 12390:Battle of Blair Mountain 12379:1920 Alabama coal strike 11847:10.1215/15476715-3460852 11629:van der Linden, Marcel. 11566:Harvard University Press 11561:What Unions No Longer Do 11558:Rosenfeld, Jake (2014). 11496:Mink, Gwendolyn (1986). 11199:99.5 (1994): 1601–1633. 11096:(Greenwood Press, 1984). 11086:(Greenwood Press, 1977) 11050:Labor Leaders in America 10862:Lipold, Paul F. (2015). 10759:(2012) 54#3 pp: 386-408. 10631:August 11, 2014, at the 10540:(2005) 29#3 pp: 337-371. 9556:, accessed May 19, 2018. 8340:. New York: BasicBooks. 7666:Public Opinion Quarterly 6781:Houghton Mifflin Company 6651:Law & Social Inquiry 6045:Weir, Robert E. (2006). 5944:18 (June 1958), 161-175. 5616: 5192:Writers Guild of America 4739:and CIO General Counsel 4609:Union decline, 1955–2016 4306:Strike wave of 1945–1946 4005:In response to both the 3776:Battle of Blair Mountain 3770:Battle of Blair Mountain 3327:War Labor Policies Board 3277:Women in the labor force 3259:National War Labor Board 3042:Manhattan, New York City 2398:Social movement unionism 2077:in May 1886 in Chicago. 1950:Daughters of St. Crispin 1871:Commonwealth v. Carlisle 1508:The nature and power of 417: 395: 373: 362: 340: 329: 307: 296: 285: 274: 252: 241: 230: 208: 186: 175: 153: 142: 120: 109: 12487:Portal:Organized Labour 12408:Columbine Mine massacre 12001:American Jewish History 11927:. New York: Continuum. 11454:(2009) 54 (2): 167–205. 11211:Excerpt and text search 11099:Kessler-Harris, Alice. 11017:excerpt and text search 10983:excerpt and text search 10973:excerpt and text search 10929:Oxford University Press 9838:Fox Television Stations 8895:(UP of Kentucky, 1990). 8361:James H. Moore (2010). 7653:(1965) 70#3 pp. 691-713 6936:Beamish; March (1919). 6777:The Great Coalfield War 6643:McEvoy, Arthur (1995). 6574:(1976) series D591-D592 6214:Gendering Labor History 6174:(1980) 4#1 pp. 81-104. 6085:Grazia, Edward (2006). 5675:Taylor E. Dark (2001). 5611:United States labor law 5509:Organized labour portal 5428:especially in Wisconsin 4984:had largely shifted to 4706:AFL and CIO merger 1955 3899:Harlan County, Kentucky 3664:A. Mitchell Palmer 3633:UMW Coal Strike of 1919 3536:these women later led. 3230:Colorado National Guard 3202:Mt. San Rafael Hospital 3064:Lawrence textile strike 2985:Coal strikes, 1900–1902 2608:Trade union federations 2603:Trade unions by country 2307:, sent in by President 1998:American Railroad Union 935:Middle Eastern American 757:Technology and industry 12358:Colorado Coalfield War 12302: 12107:(1890, reprint 1967). 11862:Pearson, Chad (2017). 11690:Historical Reflections 11602:Taillon, Paul Michel. 11529:Social Science History 11443:Lichtenstein, Nelson. 11397:46.2 (2022): 315–348. 11395:Social Science History 11387:24.2 (1996): 189–208. 11377:27.2 (1913): 236–262. 11330:Greene, Julie (1998). 11290:Fraser, Steve (2015). 11282:Fraser, Steve (1993). 11269:Foner, Philip (1980). 11215:Brenner, Aaron et al. 11187:Archer, Robin (2007). 11062:Dubofsky, Melvyn, ed. 10869:Social Science History 10538:Social Science History 10091:"Union Members — 2021" 9284:Dana L. Cloud (2011). 8980:97.3 (2003): 483-499. 8763:March 6, 2016, at the 8615:(2011) p 428 table 663 8320:Harvey A. Levenstein, 8170:Harvey A. Levenstein, 7745:(1972) 13#2 pp 231-44. 7047:Stanley Coben (1972). 6911:Gavin, Lettie (2006). 6882:"Women in World War I" 6570:Bureau of the Census, 6438:Fraser, Steve (2015). 6216:(2007), pp. 24, 27, 29 6212:Alice Kessler-Harris, 6172:Social Science History 5469: 5295:Chipotle Mexican Grill 5102:adjunct faculty strike 5046:On July 15, 2022, the 4968: 4794:Conservative Coalition 4747:, CIO vice presidents 4626: 4618: 4428:jurisdictional strikes 4417:United States v. Brown 4384:, in 1947 revised the 4324:Southern United States 4262:(UAW). During the war 4244:Walter Reuther and UAW 4228: 4200:Conservative coalition 3845: 3650: 3597:is missing information 3568:US Strike wave of 1919 3556:Uprising of the 20,000 3453: 3418:civil rights movements 3307:African American women 3286: 3222:Colorado Coalfield War 3218:Colorado Fuel and Iron 3205: 3192:Colorado Coalfield War 3186:Colorado Coalfield War 3067: 3031:Margaret Dreier Robins 2931: 2923: 2507:Freedom of association 2378:Exploitation of labour 2297:United States Marshals 2289:Sherman Anti-Trust Act 2261:American Railway Union 2248: 2197:(later renamed to the 2119: 2108: 1969: 1855:Commonwealth v. Morrow 1688:Commonwealth v. Pullis 1047:Admission to the Union 47:El Cerrito, New Mexico 12432:Memorial Day massacre 12301: 12224:Rock Springs massacre 12218:Great Railroad Strike 12079:(1925, 1985 reprint) 11591:Taft, Philip (1959). 11579:Taft, Philip (1957). 11366:78.3 (1973): 531-588 11309:Frymer, Paul (2008). 11245:DiGirolamo, Vincent. 11111:Loomis, Erik (2020). 10731:. Oxford UP. p. 9869:National Public Radio 9689:Brookings Institution 9433:January 9, 2014, p B1 9317:; 1984 37(2): 167–184 9134:Weber, Devra (1998). 9109:"The Rise of the UFW" 8924:78.1 (2009): 81-118. 8908:3#3 (1959): 241-253. 8882:74#1 (2008): 124-147. 8856:28#2 (2014): 201-223. 8390:(September 2, 2013). 8214:51.3 (2010): 455-478. 8099:Nelson Lichtenstein, 7905:(1978) 19#4 pp 532-45 7599:(1959) pp. 86–93, 199 7383:. February 14, 1922. 6500:Zinn, Howard (2005). 6469:Zinn, Howard (2005). 6364:Zinn, Howard (2005). 6161:22.2 (1981): 262-268. 6028:Paul Michel Taillon, 5461: 5405:Executive Order 10988 5387:"Little New Deal" era 5381:Franklin D. Roosevelt 5293:In late June 2022, a 5260:Hadley, Massachusetts 5248:Further information: 5214:Further information: 5064:In 2018, a series of 4966: 4934:Further information: 4901:Dolores Huerta (1930) 4843:Civil Rights Movement 4624: 4616: 4370:Further information: 4312:wave of major strikes 4256:Flint Sit-Down Strike 4226: 4154:main automobile firms 4131:Textile Workers Union 4099:Franklin D. Roosevelt 4007:Norris–La Guardia Act 3987:For example, the now 3974:Franklin D. Roosevelt 3937:Norris–La Guardia Act 3927:Norris–La Guardia Act 3869:, and ushered in the 3848:Further information: 3839: 3696:New England Telephone 3640: 3451: 3284: 3199: 3166:Norris-La Guardia Act 3154:Oliver Wendell Holmes 3147:Sherman Antitrust Act 3061: 2934:Australian historian 2929: 2921: 2492:Employment protection 2472:Collective bargaining 2303:troops, commanded by 2246: 2114: 2106: 2052:working class culture 2015:Robert M. La Follette 1996:in the 1880s and the 1963: 1956:Railroad brotherhoods 1653:collective bargaining 1610:Industrial Revolution 1038:Territorial evolution 331:Post-World War II Era 12163:at Wikimedia Commons 11475:McCartin, Joseph A. 11403:Josephson, Matthew. 11358:October 1975. online 11356:Monthly Labor Review 11352:Grossman, Jonathan. 11133:Minchin, Timothy J. 10989:Monthly Labor Review 10514:(Beacon Press, 1975) 9607:. September 18, 2016 9451:. Milwaukee BizTimes 9431:Wall Street Journal, 9394:Monthly Labor Review 9165:. pp. 209, 228. 8865:Ronald L. Goldfarb, 8802:AFL-CIO Labor United 8743:Derthick and Quirk, 8272:381 U.S. 437 7717:Bernard Sternsher, " 7673:May 4, 2018, at the 7325:Monthly Labor Review 7125:Miners Finally Agree 7099:Pennsylvania History 6188:Monthly Labor Review 6087:"The Haymarket Bomb" 5533:, 1935 to 1955, now 5347:Boston Police Strike 5316:Public-sector unions 4907:(UFW) organization. 4767:Conservative attacks 4666:environmental issues 4496:also authorized the 4474:"right-to-work" laws 4380:, also known as the 4294:William Morris Bioff 3995:for 350,000 miners. 3945:yellow-dog contracts 3822:Railroad Labor Board 3757:yellow-dog contracts 3642:"Keeping Warm": the 3489:improve this section 3373:improve this section 3117:Government and labor 2853:Industrial relations 2842:Academic disciplines 2438:National-syndicalism 2408:Democratic socialism 2199:American Labor Union 2132:National Labor Union 1939:National Labor Union 1918:National Labor Union 1831:. For instance, in 1669:Commonwealth v. Hunt 1596:Commonwealth v. Hunt 961:Palestinian American 177:Era of Good Feelings 122:Confederation period 59:Timeline and periods 12322:Colorado Labor Wars 12167:Labor History Links 11789:10.1353/jsh/4.3.277 11551:Rodgers, Daniel T. 11428:(NYU Press, 2006). 11424:Kersten, Andrew E. 11175:Specialized studies 11092:Fink, Gary M., ed. 11082:Fink, Gary M., ed. 10967:Arnesen, Eric, ed. 10883:10.1017/ssh.2015.24 10649:nationalaffairs.com 10624:US Census Bureau, 9222:(Bloomsbury, 2009). 8996:30.1 (1989): 76-92. 7863:Matthew Josephson, 7668:(1938) 3#1 pp. 8-14 7207:(1976) series D 725 6725:Memoirs of a Wobbly 6723:Henry E. McGuckin, 6148:(1966) pp 175-1765. 6144:Joseph G. Rayback, 5268:Trader Joe's United 5250:Trader Joe's unions 5135:video game industry 5120:The relatively new 4905:United Farm Workers 4883:United Farm Workers 4798:Landrum-Griffin Act 4782:McClellan Committee 4650:liberal Republicans 4434:and "common situs" 4400:and Representative 4300:Strike wave of 1945 4250:United Auto Workers 4137:at the head of the 4055:industrial unionism 3907:United Mine Workers 3901:, now known as the 3888:Unemployed Councils 3737:United Mine Workers 3655:United Mine Workers 3627:Coal strike of 1919 3161:Clayton Act of 1914 3088:anarcho-syndicalism 3080:industrial unionism 2991:Coal strike of 1902 2944:Birmingham, England 2433:Anarcho-syndicalism 2219:founding convention 2203:Colorado Labor Wars 2195:Western Labor Union 2191:in competition with 2165:industrial unionism 2041:Terence V. Powderly 896:Lithuanian American 847:Vietnamese American 111:American Revolution 45:Highway workers in 12303: 12288:Illinois coal wars 12242:Thibodaux massacre 11880:10.1111/hic3.12433 11704:(Routledge, 2017). 11636:Vargas, Zaragosa. 11492:(Routledge, 2013). 11414:Kampelman, Max M. 11205:Arnold, Andrew B. 11137:(UNC Press, 2017). 11048:Dubofsky, Melvyn. 11038:Dubofsky, Melvyn. 10977:Beik, Millie, ed. 10697:"Public employees" 10479:Gary M Fink, ed., 10268:The New York Times 10147:The New York Times 10113:The New York Times 9984:The New York Times 9956:The New York Times 9572:The New York Times 9413:David Shepardson, 9178:Critical Sociology 8611:US Census Bureau, 8423:The New York Times 8112:Susan M. Hartman, 7837:Max M. Kampelman, 7774:(1991) pp 167-168. 7724:2016-03-16 at the 7623:The CIO, 1935-1955 7621:Robert H. Zieger, 7610:The CIO, 1935–1955 7608:Robert H. Zieger, 7578:2016-11-05 at the 7381:The New York Times 7339:– via JSTOR. 7233:(1976) series D86. 7195:(1976) series F31. 7130:2016-03-04 at the 7093:2015-11-07 at the 7073:Robert K. Murray, 6845:American Quarterly 6810:Harvard Law Review 6622:Trade Union Woman, 6590:2016-06-10 at the 6583:Robert H. Wiebe, " 6312:The Pullman Strike 6190:(1956): 1271-1273. 6091:Law and Literature 6071:Theresa Ann Case, 5960:2013-12-02 at the 5601:New Deal coalition 5470: 5432:state legislatures 5393:Robert Wagner, Jr. 5283:Brooklyn, New York 5148:On April 1, 2022, 5110:Richmond, Virginia 5096:in the suburbs of 4969: 4854:New Deal coalition 4806:Right to Work laws 4802:the 1958 elections 4729:Arthur J. Goldberg 4627: 4619: 4597:Marxian economist 4505:James T. Patterson 4432:secondary boycotts 4229: 4158:Ford Motor Company 3846: 3651: 3454: 3311:elevator operators 3287: 3206: 3107:economic democracy 3097:, and by 1917 the 3068: 3009:Theodore Roosevelt 2940:standard of living 2932: 2924: 2542:Professional abuse 2301:United States Army 2249: 2120: 2109: 1970: 1930:— now part of the 1823:, rather than the 1780:did not hold that 1541:Fifth Party System 1537:New Deal coalition 1016:Transgender people 579:Capital punishment 232:Reconstruction Era 12494: 12493: 12414:Harlan County War 12402:Hanapepe massacre 12384:Battle of Matewan 12282:Lattimer massacre 12248:Morewood massacre 12230:Bay View massacre 12159:Media related to 12121:Library resources 12085:Gompers, Samuel. 12075:Gompers, Samuel. 11700:Faue, Elizabeth. 11658:The CIO 1935–1955 11633:(Springer, 2013). 11544:Reich, Steven A. 11457:Lipsitz, George. 11238:Campbell, D'Ann. 11072:Faue, Elizabeth. 10523:Marjorie Murphy, 10510:Francis Russell, 10483:(1977) pp 291-94 9806:Los Angeles Times 9361:. London: Verso. 9147:978-0-15-600598-2 7841:(1957) pp. 25-27. 7647:Sidney Fine, "", 7612:(1997) pp. 90–110 7560:Subterranean Fire 7547:Subterranean Fire 7490:Subterranean Fire 7444:Subterranean Fire 7307:Subterranean Fire 7276:978-0-7864-1444-4 7152:Philip S. Foner, 7021:(1951): 445-466. 6519:978-0-06-083865-2 6486:978-0-06-083865-2 6381:978-0-06-083865-2 6297:978-0-7006-0954-3 6058:978-0-271-01498-2 5977:(1983) pp. 264–68 5444:labor protections 5306:Lansing, Michigan 5272:Boulder, Colorado 5230:Buffalo, New York 5228:store located in 5094:bus driver strike 4930:Reagan era, 1980s 4790:Robert F. Kennedy 4761:Reuben Soderstrom 4637:income inequality 4445:The Act outlawed 4413:bill of attainder 4015:elections of 1934 3903:Harlan County War 3875:unemployment rate 3703:women operators. 3645:Los Angeles Times 3620: 3619: 3548:Rose Schneiderman 3533:garment factories 3525: 3524: 3517: 3409: 3408: 3401: 3303:department stores 2916: 2915: 2873:Post-work society 2702:Solidarity action 2512:Legal working age 2368:Conflict theories 1912:Early federations 1827:themselves, were 1552:new labor history 1506: 1505: 1428: 1427: 1057:American frontier 956:Lebanese American 941:Egyptian American 871:Estonian American 861:Albanian American 855:European American 832:Japanese American 822:Filipino American 446: 445: 419:Post-Cold War Era 76:Pre-Columbian Era 31: 12534: 12484: 12448:Related articles 12373:Everett massacre 12360:, including the 12259:Homestead Strike 12236:Haymarket affair 12196: 12189: 12182: 12173: 12172: 12158: 12037: 12016: 11995: 11959: 11938: 11919: 11883: 11858: 11829: 11800: 11769: 11740: 11697: 11673: 11661: 11619: 11617: 11596: 11584: 11524: 11515: 11503: 11472: 11440: 11349: 11337: 11326: 11287: 11278: 11276: 11264: 11262: 11235: 11192: 11159:Taylor, Paul F. 11149:Perlman, Selig. 11146: 11130: 10943: 10942: 10915: 10909: 10902: 10896: 10895: 10885: 10876:(3–4): 541–575. 10859: 10853: 10852: 10828: 10822: 10815: 10809: 10808: 10806: 10804: 10792: 10786: 10785: 10783: 10781: 10766: 10760: 10753: 10747: 10746: 10730: 10720: 10714: 10710:Washington Post, 10705: 10699: 10690: 10684: 10671: 10665: 10664: 10662: 10660: 10641: 10635: 10622: 10616: 10609: 10603: 10593: 10587: 10574: 10568: 10567: 10547: 10541: 10534: 10528: 10521: 10515: 10508: 10502: 10490: 10484: 10477: 10471: 10470: 10454: 10444: 10438: 10437: 10435: 10433: 10418: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10385: 10379: 10378: 10372: 10364: 10362: 10360: 10345: 10339: 10338: 10336: 10334: 10319: 10313: 10312: 10310: 10308: 10293: 10287: 10286: 10284: 10282: 10259: 10253: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10234: 10228: 10227: 10225: 10223: 10201: 10192: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10172: 10166: 10165: 10163: 10161: 10138: 10132: 10131: 10129: 10127: 10104: 10098: 10097: 10095: 10086: 10080: 10079: 10077: 10075: 10058: 10052: 10051: 10049: 10047: 10030: 10024: 10023: 10021: 10019: 10002: 9996: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9974: 9968: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9946: 9940: 9939: 9937: 9935: 9918: 9912: 9911: 9909: 9907: 9886: 9880: 9879: 9877: 9875: 9856: 9850: 9849: 9847: 9845: 9840:. April 20, 2018 9824: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9813: 9796: 9790: 9789: 9787: 9785: 9764: 9758: 9757: 9755: 9753: 9736: 9730: 9729: 9727: 9725: 9706: 9700: 9699: 9697: 9695: 9676: 9670: 9669: 9667: 9665: 9648: 9642: 9641: 9639: 9637: 9623: 9617: 9616: 9614: 9612: 9597: 9591: 9590: 9588: 9586: 9563: 9557: 9550: 9544: 9543: 9541: 9539: 9520: 9514: 9513: 9511: 9509: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9481: 9479: 9467: 9461: 9460: 9458: 9456: 9440: 9434: 9427: 9421: 9411: 9405: 9388: 9382: 9379: 9373: 9372: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9324: 9318: 9311: 9302: 9301: 9281: 9275: 9268: 9262: 9255: 9249: 9242: 9236: 9229: 9223: 9216: 9210: 9209: 9173: 9167: 9166: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9131: 9125: 9124: 9122: 9120: 9105: 9099: 9098: 9070: 9064: 9063: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9016: 9010: 9003: 8997: 8990: 8984: 8974: 8968: 8967:, (1995), ch. 7. 8961: 8955: 8954: 8934: 8928: 8918: 8912: 8902: 8896: 8889: 8883: 8876: 8870: 8863: 8857: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8831: 8811: 8805: 8798: 8792: 8785: 8774: 8754: 8748: 8741: 8735: 8728: 8722: 8711: 8705: 8704: 8684: 8678: 8677: 8657: 8651: 8650: 8630: 8624: 8607: 8601: 8600: 8580: 8571: 8570: 8550: 8544: 8543: 8527: 8517: 8511: 8510: 8490: 8484: 8477: 8471: 8470: 8468: 8466: 8440: 8431: 8430: 8414: 8408: 8388:Richard D. Wolff 8385: 8379: 8378: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8331: 8325: 8318: 8312: 8311: 8295: 8285: 8279: 8269: 8261: 8255: 8254: 8234: 8228: 8221: 8215: 8208: 8202: 8201: 8181: 8175: 8174:(Praeger, 1981). 8168: 8162: 8161: 8149: 8139: 8133: 8126: 8117: 8110: 8104: 8097: 8091: 8086:D'Ann Campbell, 8084: 8078: 8077: 8049: 8043: 8042: 8031: 8025: 8024: 7988: 7979: 7978: 7976: 7974: 7960: 7951: 7944: 7938: 7937: 7925: 7912: 7906: 7895: 7889: 7878: 7872: 7861: 7855: 7848: 7842: 7835: 7829: 7828: 7808: 7802: 7801: 7781: 7775: 7768: 7762: 7752: 7746: 7739: 7733: 7715: 7709: 7708: 7696: 7687:Galenson, Walter 7683: 7677: 7662:George Gallup, " 7660: 7654: 7645: 7639: 7632: 7626: 7619: 7613: 7606: 7600: 7593: 7587: 7569: 7563: 7556: 7550: 7543: 7537: 7532:Batteau, Allen: 7530: 7524: 7517: 7506: 7499: 7493: 7486: 7480: 7475:Cohen, Sanford: 7473: 7460: 7455:Batteau, Allen: 7453: 7447: 7440: 7434: 7429:Zieger, Robert: 7427: 7416: 7411:Colin J. Davis, 7409: 7400: 7399: 7397: 7395: 7373: 7367: 7366: 7356: 7347: 7341: 7340: 7316: 7310: 7303: 7294: 7287: 7281: 7280: 7262: 7247: 7240: 7234: 7227: 7221: 7214: 7208: 7202: 7196: 7189: 7183: 7176: 7170: 7165:Robert Zieger, 7163: 7157: 7150: 7141: 7121: 7115: 7112: 7106: 7084: 7078: 7071: 7065: 7064: 7044: 7038: 7031: 7025: 7015: 7009: 7002: 6996: 6995: 6993: 6991: 6980: 6974: 6973: 6971: 6969: 6954: 6948: 6947: 6933: 6927: 6926: 6908: 6897: 6896: 6894: 6892: 6878: 6869: 6868: 6840: 6834: 6833: 6805: 6799: 6798: 6790: 6784: 6773: 6767: 6766: 6746: 6740: 6734: 6728: 6721: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6689: 6683: 6682: 6648: 6640: 6634: 6631: 6625: 6618: 6612: 6607:Kessler-Harris, 6605: 6599: 6581: 6575: 6568: 6562: 6561: 6530: 6524: 6523: 6497: 6491: 6490: 6466: 6460: 6459: 6435: 6426: 6408: 6402: 6395: 6386: 6385: 6361: 6355: 6354: 6338: 6328: 6319: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6284:American society 6281: 6271: 6265: 6258: 6252: 6241: 6235: 6226:J. Anthony Lukas 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6178: 6168: 6162: 6155: 6149: 6142: 6136: 6131:James R. Green, 6129: 6123: 6122: 6082: 6076: 6069: 6063: 6062: 6042: 6033: 6026: 6020: 6019: 6001: 5995: 5984: 5978: 5971: 5965: 5951: 5945: 5936:John P. Hall, " 5934: 5928: 5925: 5919: 5918: 5911: 5905: 5902: 5896: 5893: 5887: 5886:Tomlins, 139–147 5884: 5875: 5872: 5863: 5860: 5851: 5848: 5842: 5839: 5833: 5830: 5821: 5818: 5809: 5806: 5800: 5797: 5791: 5788: 5782: 5779: 5770: 5767: 5758: 5757: 5723: 5715: 5709: 5699: 5693: 5692: 5672: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5640: 5634: 5627: 5511: 5506: 5505: 5224:In late 2021, a 5216:Starbucks unions 5098:Atlanta, Georgia 5029:domestic workers 4899:(1927–1993) and 4773:Taft-Hartley Act 4648:, and pro-union 4646:Democratic Party 4599:Richard D. Wolff 4507:concludes that: 4410:unconstitutional 4382:Taft–Hartley Act 4372:Taft–Hartley Act 4366:Taft-Hartley Act 4331:Republican Party 4281:Westbrook Pegler 4204:Taft-Hartley Act 3911:Evarts, Kentucky 3871:Great Depression 3764:Great Depression 3615: 3612: 3606: 3590: 3582: 3520: 3513: 3509: 3506: 3500: 3469: 3461: 3414:women's suffrage 3404: 3397: 3393: 3390: 3384: 3353: 3345: 3295:American history 3152:In 1915 Justice 3137:US Supreme Court 2975:Willford I. King 2908: 2901: 2894: 2858:Labour economics 2848:Critique of work 2692:Pen-down strikes 2403:Social democracy 2350: 2340: 2339:Organized labour 2330: 2323: 2322: 2309:Grover Cleveland 2211:Big Bill Haywood 2143:Peter J. McGuire 2075:Haymarket affair 2037:Knights of Labor 2031:Haymarket affair 2027:Knights of Labor 2021:Knights of Labor 2009: 1994:Knights of Labor 1884: 1833:People v. Melvin 1809:People v. Fisher 1714: 1698: 1694: 1675: 1533:Democratic Party 1518:Organized unions 1498: 1491: 1484: 1468: 1458: 1457: 1419: 1418: 1062:Manifest destiny 1052:Historic regions 1034: 1033: 974:Native Americans 946:Iranian American 920:Mexican American 906:Serbian American 891:Italian American 876:Finnish American 866:English American 817:Chinese American 804:African American 604:Direct democracy 594:The Constitution 553:Higher education 462:American Century 364:Civil Rights Era 342:Civil Rights Era 298:Great Depression 287:Roaring Twenties 155:Jeffersonian Era 65: 64: 60: 43: 29: 18: 17: 12542: 12541: 12537: 12536: 12535: 12533: 12532: 12531: 12497: 12496: 12495: 12490: 12474: 12443: 12396:Herrin massacre 12362:Ludlow Massacre 12304: 12293: 12206: 12200: 12151: 12150: 12149: 12129: 12128: 12124: 12117: 12098:Wayback Machine 12058: 12056:Primary sources 11984:10.2307/2518609 11935: 11868:History Compass 11758:10.2307/2163216 11729:10.2307/2163215 11680: 11670: 11643:Wilentz, Sean. 11537:Phelan, Craig. 11512: 11346: 11323: 11183: 11177: 11127: 10964: 10959: 10952: 10947: 10946: 10939: 10916: 10912: 10903: 10899: 10860: 10856: 10849: 10829: 10825: 10816: 10812: 10802: 10800: 10793: 10789: 10779: 10777: 10767: 10763: 10754: 10750: 10743: 10721: 10717: 10712:"Budget crisis" 10706: 10702: 10691: 10687: 10682:Wayback Machine 10672: 10668: 10658: 10656: 10643: 10642: 10638: 10633:Wayback Machine 10623: 10619: 10611:David Schultz, 10610: 10606: 10594: 10590: 10585:Wayback Machine 10575: 10571: 10564: 10548: 10544: 10535: 10531: 10522: 10518: 10509: 10505: 10491: 10487: 10478: 10474: 10467: 10445: 10441: 10431: 10429: 10419: 10415: 10405: 10403: 10393:Washington Post 10387: 10386: 10382: 10366: 10365: 10358: 10356: 10346: 10342: 10332: 10330: 10320: 10316: 10306: 10304: 10294: 10290: 10280: 10278: 10260: 10256: 10246: 10244: 10236: 10235: 10231: 10221: 10219: 10209:Washington Post 10203: 10202: 10195: 10185: 10183: 10173: 10169: 10159: 10157: 10139: 10135: 10125: 10123: 10105: 10101: 10093: 10087: 10083: 10073: 10071: 10059: 10055: 10045: 10043: 10031: 10027: 10017: 10015: 10003: 9999: 9989: 9987: 9975: 9971: 9961: 9959: 9947: 9943: 9933: 9931: 9919: 9915: 9905: 9903: 9887: 9883: 9873: 9871: 9857: 9853: 9843: 9841: 9826: 9825: 9821: 9811: 9809: 9797: 9793: 9783: 9781: 9765: 9761: 9751: 9749: 9737: 9733: 9723: 9721: 9707: 9703: 9693: 9691: 9677: 9673: 9663: 9661: 9658:The Denver Post 9649: 9645: 9635: 9633: 9625: 9624: 9620: 9610: 9608: 9599: 9598: 9594: 9584: 9582: 9564: 9560: 9551: 9547: 9537: 9535: 9521: 9517: 9507: 9505: 9504:on May 31, 2020 9492: 9491: 9487: 9477: 9475: 9468: 9464: 9454: 9452: 9441: 9437: 9428: 9424: 9412: 9408: 9403:Wayback Machine 9389: 9385: 9380: 9376: 9369: 9352: 9348: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9282: 9278: 9269: 9265: 9257:Miriam Powell, 9256: 9252: 9243: 9239: 9230: 9226: 9217: 9213: 9174: 9170: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9132: 9128: 9118: 9116: 9115:. April 3, 2017 9107: 9106: 9102: 9087:10.2307/3346700 9071: 9067: 9052:10.2307/3641869 9036: 9032: 9019:DeWitt, Larry. 9017: 9013: 9004: 9000: 8991: 8987: 8975: 8971: 8962: 8958: 8951: 8935: 8931: 8919: 8915: 8903: 8899: 8890: 8886: 8877: 8873: 8864: 8860: 8851: 8847: 8838: 8834: 8812: 8808: 8799: 8795: 8786: 8777: 8765:Wayback Machine 8755: 8751: 8742: 8738: 8729: 8725: 8712: 8708: 8701: 8685: 8681: 8674: 8658: 8654: 8647: 8631: 8627: 8622:Wayback Machine 8608: 8604: 8597: 8581: 8574: 8567: 8551: 8547: 8540: 8518: 8514: 8507: 8491: 8487: 8479:Richard Rorty, 8478: 8474: 8464: 8462: 8450:Foreign Affairs 8441: 8434: 8415: 8411: 8399:Wayback Machine 8386: 8382: 8375: 8364:Times Long Past 8359: 8355: 8348: 8332: 8328: 8319: 8315: 8308: 8286: 8282: 8263: 8262: 8258: 8251: 8235: 8231: 8222: 8218: 8209: 8205: 8198: 8182: 8178: 8169: 8165: 8158: 8140: 8136: 8127: 8120: 8111: 8107: 8098: 8094: 8085: 8081: 8066:10.2307/1887753 8050: 8046: 8035:Goldin, Claudia 8032: 8028: 7989: 7982: 7972: 7970: 7962: 7961: 7954: 7945: 7941: 7934: 7913: 7909: 7896: 7892: 7879: 7875: 7862: 7858: 7849: 7845: 7836: 7832: 7825: 7809: 7805: 7798: 7782: 7778: 7769: 7765: 7753: 7749: 7740: 7736: 7726:Wayback Machine 7716: 7712: 7705: 7684: 7680: 7675:Wayback Machine 7661: 7657: 7646: 7642: 7633: 7629: 7620: 7616: 7607: 7603: 7594: 7590: 7580:Wayback Machine 7570: 7566: 7558:Smith, Sharon: 7557: 7553: 7545:Smith, Sharon: 7544: 7540: 7531: 7527: 7519:Milton, David: 7518: 7509: 7503:Labor Relations 7500: 7496: 7488:Smith, Sharon: 7487: 7483: 7474: 7463: 7454: 7450: 7442:Smith, Sharon: 7441: 7437: 7428: 7419: 7410: 7403: 7393: 7391: 7375: 7374: 7370: 7354: 7348: 7344: 7317: 7313: 7305:Smith, Sharon, 7304: 7297: 7291:Labor Relations 7288: 7284: 7277: 7263: 7250: 7244:Labor Relations 7241: 7237: 7228: 7224: 7218:Labor Relations 7215: 7211: 7203: 7199: 7190: 7186: 7177: 7173: 7164: 7160: 7151: 7144: 7132:Wayback Machine 7122: 7118: 7113: 7109: 7095:Wayback Machine 7085: 7081: 7072: 7068: 7061: 7045: 7041: 7032: 7028: 7016: 7012: 7003: 6999: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6981: 6977: 6967: 6965: 6956: 6955: 6951: 6934: 6930: 6923: 6909: 6900: 6890: 6888: 6880: 6879: 6872: 6857:10.2307/2710755 6841: 6837: 6822:10.2307/1328084 6806: 6802: 6791: 6787: 6774: 6770: 6747: 6743: 6735: 6731: 6722: 6718: 6713: 6709: 6697:Melvyn Dubofsky 6690: 6686: 6641: 6637: 6632: 6628: 6619: 6615: 6606: 6602: 6592:Wayback Machine 6582: 6578: 6569: 6565: 6558: 6534:Piketty, Thomas 6531: 6527: 6520: 6498: 6494: 6487: 6467: 6463: 6456: 6436: 6429: 6409: 6405: 6396: 6389: 6382: 6362: 6358: 6351: 6329: 6322: 6309: 6305: 6298: 6272: 6268: 6259: 6255: 6243:Anthony Lukas, 6242: 6238: 6224: 6220: 6211: 6207: 6198: 6194: 6185: 6181: 6169: 6165: 6156: 6152: 6143: 6139: 6130: 6126: 6083: 6079: 6070: 6066: 6059: 6043: 6036: 6027: 6023: 6016: 6002: 5998: 5985: 5981: 5972: 5968: 5962:Wayback Machine 5952: 5948: 5935: 5931: 5926: 5922: 5913: 5912: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5894: 5890: 5885: 5878: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5849: 5845: 5840: 5836: 5831: 5824: 5819: 5812: 5807: 5803: 5798: 5794: 5789: 5785: 5780: 5773: 5769:Commons, ii-iii 5768: 5761: 5716: 5712: 5700: 5696: 5689: 5673: 5669: 5660: 5653: 5641: 5637: 5628: 5624: 5619: 5580:List of strikes 5507: 5500: 5497: 5456: 5413: 5401:John F. Kennedy 5389: 5373: 5354:Calvin Coolidge 5349: 5324: 5318: 5291: 5252: 5246: 5222: 5212: 5204: 5176: 5170: 5152:workers at the 5118: 5062: 5056: 5054:Teacher strikes 5016: 5006: 4974: 4938: 4932: 4924: 4889: 4881:Main articles: 4879: 4874: 4862:Eugene McCarthy 4858:Hubert Humphrey 4839: 4827:Main articles: 4825: 4778:Teamsters Union 4769: 4757:George Harrison 4741:Arthur Goldberg 4708: 4611: 4542:Truman Doctrine 4533: 4525:Main articles: 4523: 4490:Rocky Mountains 4391:Harry S. Truman 4374: 4368: 4356:Harry S. Truman 4320:Operation Dixie 4308: 4302: 4277: 4252: 4246: 4221: 4184: 4178: 4148:that paralyzed 4077: 4071: 4035: 4023:social movement 3970: 3962:Main articles: 3960: 3929: 3923: 3880:Communist Party 3863: 3857: 3852: 3834: 3818: 3812: 3800: 3794: 3778: 3772: 3709: 3688: 3649: 3635: 3629: 3616: 3610: 3607: 3600: 3591: 3580: 3574:First Red Scare 3570: 3564: 3562:Strikes of 1919 3521: 3510: 3504: 3501: 3486: 3470: 3459: 3405: 3394: 3388: 3385: 3370: 3354: 3343: 3323:Mary van Kleeck 3279: 3255:full employment 3248: 3242: 3226:Ludlow Massacre 3194: 3188: 3174:Loewe v. Lawlor 3142:Loewe v. Lawlor 3133: 3119: 3056: 3050: 3023: 3017: 2993: 2987: 2912: 2883: 2882: 2878:Refusal of work 2843: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2738: 2728: 2727: 2726: 2717:Wildcat strikes 2712:Whipsaw strikes 2697:Sitdown strikes 2644: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2598: 2588: 2587: 2586: 2572:Toxic workplace 2456: 2446: 2445: 2442: 2360: 2358:Labour movement 2338: 2328: 2321: 2299:and some 2,000 2241: 2235: 2187: 2181: 2101: 2095: 2033: 2025:Main articles: 2023: 2007: 1958: 1924: 1916:Main articles: 1914: 1882: 1869:'s decision in 1712: 1696: 1692: 1673: 1604:still involved 1598: 1592: 1568: 1510:organized labor 1502: 1430: 1429: 1031: 1023: 1022: 928:Jewish American 901:Polish American 881:German American 837:Korean American 827:Indian American 798: 790: 789: 644:Merchant Marine 614:Law enforcement 482:Racial violence 456: 448: 447: 254:Progressive Era 62: 58: 50: 32: 30:History of the 12: 11: 5: 12540: 12530: 12529: 12524: 12519: 12514: 12509: 12492: 12491: 12479: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12462: 12457: 12451: 12449: 12445: 12444: 12442: 12441: 12435: 12429: 12423: 12417: 12411: 12405: 12399: 12393: 12387: 12381: 12376: 12370: 12365: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12319: 12312: 12310: 12306: 12305: 12296: 12294: 12292: 12291: 12285: 12279: 12273: 12270:Pullman Strike 12267: 12262: 12256: 12251: 12245: 12239: 12233: 12227: 12221: 12214: 12212: 12208: 12207: 12199: 12198: 12191: 12184: 12176: 12170: 12169: 12164: 12148: 12147: 12142: 12137: 12131: 12130: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12115:External links 12113: 12112: 12111: 12101: 12083: 12073: 12066: 12057: 12054: 12053: 12052: 12045: 12038: 12017: 12007:(2): 188–217. 11996: 11967: 11960: 11950:(2): 245–266. 11939: 11933: 11920: 11902:(2): 208–221. 11891: 11884: 11859: 11830: 11806:Social History 11801: 11783:(3): 277–285. 11772: 11771: 11770: 11752:(2): 422–428. 11723:(2): 395–421. 11712: 11705: 11698: 11679: 11678:Historiography 11676: 11675: 11674: 11668: 11651: 11641: 11634: 11627: 11620: 11607: 11600: 11588: 11576: 11556: 11549: 11542: 11535: 11525: 11516: 11510: 11493: 11483: 11473: 11462: 11455: 11448: 11441: 11432: 11422: 11412: 11401: 11391: 11381: 11371: 11360: 11350: 11344: 11327: 11322:978-0691134659 11321: 11306: 11288: 11279: 11266: 11252: 11243: 11236: 11230:Brody, David. 11227: 11222:Brody, David. 11220: 11213: 11203: 11193: 11176: 11173: 11172: 11171: 11164: 11157: 11147: 11138: 11131: 11126:978-1620976272 11125: 11108: 11097: 11090: 11080: 11070: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11036: 11031:Derks, Scott. 11029: 11019: 11011:Brody, David. 11009: 11002: 10995: 10985: 10975: 10963: 10960: 10951: 10948: 10945: 10944: 10938:978-0197519646 10937: 10931:. p. 12. 10910: 10904:Robin Archer, 10897: 10854: 10848:978-0252069642 10847: 10823: 10810: 10787: 10761: 10748: 10741: 10715: 10700: 10695:New York Times 10685: 10666: 10636: 10617: 10604: 10588: 10569: 10563:978-0815721307 10562: 10542: 10529: 10516: 10503: 10485: 10472: 10465: 10439: 10413: 10380: 10340: 10314: 10288: 10254: 10242:www.boston.com 10229: 10193: 10167: 10133: 10099: 10081: 10053: 10025: 9997: 9969: 9941: 9913: 9881: 9851: 9819: 9791: 9759: 9731: 9701: 9671: 9643: 9618: 9592: 9558: 9545: 9515: 9485: 9462: 9435: 9422: 9406: 9383: 9374: 9368:978-0860919292 9367: 9346: 9339: 9319: 9303: 9296: 9276: 9263: 9250: 9237: 9224: 9218:Miriam Pawel, 9211: 9168: 9153: 9146: 9126: 9100: 9065: 9030: 9011: 8998: 8985: 8969: 8956: 8949: 8929: 8913: 8897: 8891:Alton R. Lee, 8884: 8871: 8858: 8845: 8832: 8829:978-0998257532 8806: 8793: 8775: 8749: 8736: 8723: 8706: 8699: 8679: 8672: 8652: 8645: 8625: 8602: 8595: 8572: 8565: 8545: 8538: 8512: 8506:978-0815714996 8505: 8485: 8472: 8432: 8409: 8380: 8373: 8353: 8347:978-0465090808 8346: 8326: 8313: 8306: 8280: 8256: 8249: 8229: 8227:(2010): 79-98. 8216: 8203: 8196: 8176: 8163: 8157:978-0877225034 8156: 8134: 8118: 8105: 8092: 8079: 8044: 8026: 7980: 7952: 7939: 7932: 7907: 7890: 7886:Public Opinion 7873: 7856: 7843: 7830: 7823: 7803: 7796: 7776: 7763: 7747: 7734: 7710: 7703: 7678: 7655: 7640: 7627: 7614: 7601: 7588: 7564: 7551: 7538: 7525: 7507: 7494: 7481: 7461: 7448: 7435: 7417: 7401: 7368: 7342: 7311: 7295: 7282: 7275: 7248: 7235: 7222: 7209: 7197: 7184: 7171: 7158: 7142: 7137:New York Times 7116: 7107: 7103:Indiana County 7079: 7066: 7059: 7039: 7026: 7010: 6997: 6975: 6949: 6928: 6921: 6898: 6870: 6835: 6800: 6785: 6768: 6741: 6729: 6716: 6707: 6684: 6657:(2): 621–651. 6635: 6626: 6613: 6600: 6576: 6563: 6557:978-0674430006 6556: 6525: 6518: 6492: 6485: 6461: 6455:978-0316185431 6454: 6448:. p. 66. 6427: 6403: 6387: 6380: 6356: 6349: 6320: 6303: 6296: 6266: 6262:Eugene V. Debs 6253: 6236: 6218: 6205: 6201:Labor History, 6192: 6179: 6163: 6150: 6137: 6124: 6097:(3): 283–322. 6077: 6075:(2010) pp. 1–2 6064: 6057: 6034: 6021: 6015:978-0803216624 6014: 5996: 5979: 5973:Walter Licht, 5966: 5946: 5929: 5920: 5906: 5897: 5888: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5843: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5801: 5792: 5783: 5771: 5759: 5732:(1): 449–465. 5710: 5694: 5688:978-0801487330 5687: 5667: 5661:Nicol C. Rae, 5651: 5635: 5621: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5614: 5613: 5608: 5603: 5598: 5593: 5588: 5583: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5528: 5523: 5513: 5512: 5496: 5493: 5455: 5452: 5424:2010 elections 5412: 5409: 5388: 5385: 5372: 5369: 5345:Main article: 5320:Main article: 5317: 5314: 5299:Augusta, Maine 5297:restaurant in 5290: 5287: 5245: 5242: 5211: 5208: 5203: 5200: 5180:labor disputes 5172:Main article: 5169: 5166: 5154:JFK8 warehouse 5117: 5114: 5082:North Carolina 5058:Main article: 5055: 5052: 5005: 5002: 4986:open-pit mines 4973: 4970: 4931: 4928: 4923: 4920: 4878: 4875: 4873: 4870: 4866:Robert Kennedy 4824: 4821: 4786:James R. Hoffa 4768: 4765: 4749:David McDonald 4725:David McDonald 4707: 4704: 4610: 4607: 4580:James B. Carey 4557:Walter Reuther 4522: 4521:Anti-communism 4519: 4518: 4517: 4516: 4515: 4463:union security 4398:Robert A. Taft 4367: 4364: 4304:Main article: 4301: 4298: 4286:Pulitzer Prize 4276: 4273: 4264:Walter Reuther 4248:Main article: 4245: 4242: 4220: 4217: 4180:Main article: 4177: 4174: 4150:General Motors 4073:Main article: 4070: 4067: 4044:craft unionism 4034: 4031: 3959: 3956: 3941:federal courts 3933:Herbert Hoover 3925:Main article: 3922: 3919: 3859:Main article: 3856: 3853: 3833: 3830: 3814:Main article: 3811: 3808: 3796:Main article: 3793: 3790: 3774:Main article: 3771: 3768: 3729:Samuel Gompers 3708: 3705: 3692:Julia O'Connor 3687: 3684: 3672:Vladimir Lenin 3641: 3631:Main article: 3628: 3625: 3618: 3617: 3594: 3592: 3585: 3566:Main article: 3563: 3560: 3523: 3522: 3505:September 2024 3473: 3471: 3464: 3458: 3455: 3439:Dolores Huerta 3435:Dorothy Height 3407: 3406: 3389:September 2024 3357: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3341:Women of color 3339: 3331:Women's Bureau 3299:assembly lines 3278: 3275: 3251:Samuel Gompers 3244:Main article: 3241: 3238: 3190:Main article: 3187: 3184: 3179: 3178: 3118: 3115: 3052:Main article: 3049: 3046: 3019:Main article: 3016: 3013: 2989:Main article: 2986: 2983: 2971:Thomas Piketty 2936:Peter Shergold 2914: 2913: 2911: 2910: 2903: 2896: 2888: 2885: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2875: 2870: 2865: 2863:Labour history 2860: 2855: 2850: 2844: 2841: 2840: 2837: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2826: 2824:United Kingdom 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2801: 2796: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2776: 2771: 2766: 2761: 2756: 2751: 2746: 2740: 2739: 2736:Labour parties 2734: 2733: 2730: 2729: 2725: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2709: 2704: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2684: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2660:General strike 2657: 2652: 2646: 2645: 2640: 2639: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2623: 2617: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2579: 2574: 2569: 2564: 2559: 2554: 2549: 2544: 2539: 2534: 2529: 2524: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2482:Eight-hour day 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2458: 2457: 2452: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2395: 2390: 2385: 2380: 2375: 2370: 2364: 2361: 2356: 2355: 2352: 2351: 2343: 2342: 2334: 2333: 2320: 2317: 2265:Eugene V. Debs 2263:(ARU), led by 2239:Pullman Strike 2237:Main article: 2234: 2233:Pullman Strike 2231: 2183:Main article: 2180: 2177: 2128:Samuel Gompers 2116:Samuel Gompers 2097:Main article: 2094: 2091: 2022: 2019: 1957: 1954: 1913: 1910: 1740:, which found 1606:apprenticeship 1594:Main article: 1591: 1584: 1567: 1564: 1556:social history 1504: 1503: 1501: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1478: 1475: 1474: 1473: 1472: 1462: 1451: 1450: 1448:Historiography 1445: 1440: 1432: 1431: 1426: 1425: 1424: 1423: 1413: 1405: 1404: 1400: 1399: 1398: 1397: 1392: 1387: 1382: 1377: 1372: 1364: 1363: 1359: 1358: 1357: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1341: 1336: 1331: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1311: 1306: 1301: 1296: 1291: 1286: 1281: 1276: 1271: 1266: 1261: 1256: 1251: 1246: 1241: 1236: 1231: 1226: 1221: 1216: 1211: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1191: 1186: 1181: 1176: 1171: 1166: 1161: 1156: 1151: 1146: 1141: 1136: 1131: 1126: 1121: 1116: 1111: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1095: 1093:The West Coast 1090: 1085: 1077: 1076: 1072: 1071: 1070: 1069: 1067:Indian removal 1064: 1059: 1054: 1049: 1041: 1040: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1025: 1024: 1021: 1020: 1019: 1018: 1013: 1008: 996: 989: 988: 987: 982: 970: 969: 968: 966:Saudi American 963: 958: 953: 951:Iraqi American 948: 943: 931: 924: 923: 922: 910: 909: 908: 903: 898: 893: 888: 886:Irish American 883: 878: 873: 868: 863: 851: 850: 849: 844: 839: 834: 829: 824: 819: 811:Asian American 807: 799: 796: 795: 792: 791: 788: 787: 786: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 753: 752: 751: 749:Sexual slavery 739: 732: 725: 724: 723: 718: 713: 708: 703: 698: 686: 685: 684: 679: 674: 669: 664: 659: 647: 640: 633: 632: 631: 626: 621: 619:Postal service 616: 611: 609:Foreign policy 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 564: 557: 556: 555: 543: 542: 541: 529: 528: 527: 515: 514: 513: 508: 503: 498: 486: 485: 484: 472: 465: 457: 454: 453: 450: 449: 444: 443: 440: 436: 435: 433: 425: 424: 421: 414: 413: 411: 403: 402: 399: 392: 391: 389: 381: 380: 377: 370: 369: 366: 359: 358: 356: 348: 347: 344: 337: 336: 333: 326: 325: 323: 315: 314: 311: 304: 303: 300: 293: 292: 289: 282: 281: 278: 271: 270: 268: 260: 259: 256: 249: 248: 245: 238: 237: 234: 227: 226: 224: 216: 215: 212: 205: 204: 202: 194: 193: 190: 188:Jacksonian Era 183: 182: 179: 172: 171: 169: 161: 160: 157: 150: 149: 146: 144:Federalist Era 139: 138: 136: 128: 127: 124: 117: 116: 113: 106: 105: 103: 95: 94: 91: 83: 82: 79: 63: 56: 55: 52: 51: 44: 36: 35: 25: 24: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12539: 12528: 12525: 12523: 12520: 12518: 12515: 12513: 12510: 12508: 12505: 12504: 12502: 12489: 12488: 12483: 12477: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12463: 12461: 12458: 12456: 12453: 12452: 12450: 12446: 12439: 12438:Hilo massacre 12436: 12433: 12430: 12427: 12424: 12421: 12418: 12415: 12412: 12409: 12406: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12394: 12391: 12388: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12363: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12323: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12313: 12311: 12307: 12300: 12289: 12286: 12283: 12280: 12277: 12274: 12271: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12260: 12257: 12255: 12252: 12249: 12246: 12243: 12240: 12237: 12234: 12231: 12228: 12225: 12222: 12219: 12216: 12215: 12213: 12209: 12205: 12197: 12192: 12190: 12185: 12183: 12178: 12177: 12174: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12157: 12153: 12152: 12146: 12143: 12141: 12138: 12136: 12133: 12132: 12127: 12122: 12110: 12106: 12102: 12099: 12095: 12092: 12088: 12084: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12072:(2004), 264pp 12071: 12067: 12064: 12060: 12059: 12050: 12046: 12043: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12028:(2): 98–132. 12027: 12023: 12018: 12014: 12010: 12006: 12002: 11997: 11993: 11989: 11985: 11981: 11977: 11973: 11968: 11965: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11949: 11945: 11944:Labor History 11940: 11936: 11934:9781441145758 11930: 11926: 11921: 11917: 11913: 11909: 11905: 11901: 11897: 11896:Labor History 11892: 11889: 11885: 11881: 11877: 11873: 11869: 11865: 11860: 11856: 11852: 11848: 11844: 11840: 11836: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11815: 11811: 11807: 11802: 11798: 11794: 11790: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11773: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11751: 11747: 11742: 11741: 11738: 11734: 11730: 11726: 11722: 11718: 11713: 11710: 11706: 11703: 11699: 11695: 11691: 11687: 11682: 11681: 11671: 11669:9780807821824 11665: 11660: 11659: 11652: 11650: 11646: 11642: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11628: 11625: 11621: 11616: 11615: 11608: 11605: 11601: 11599: 11594: 11589: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11564: 11562: 11557: 11554: 11550: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11536: 11534: 11530: 11526: 11522: 11517: 11513: 11511:9780801418631 11507: 11502: 11501: 11494: 11491: 11487: 11486:Milkman, Ruth 11484: 11482: 11478: 11474: 11470: 11469: 11463: 11460: 11456: 11453: 11449: 11446: 11442: 11438: 11433: 11431: 11427: 11423: 11421: 11417: 11413: 11410: 11406: 11402: 11400: 11396: 11392: 11390: 11386: 11382: 11380: 11376: 11372: 11369: 11365: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11351: 11347: 11345:9780521433983 11341: 11336: 11335: 11328: 11324: 11318: 11314: 11313: 11307: 11304: 11300: 11296: 11293: 11289: 11285: 11280: 11275: 11274: 11267: 11261: 11260: 11253: 11250: 11249: 11244: 11241: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11225: 11221: 11218: 11214: 11212: 11208: 11204: 11202: 11198: 11194: 11190: 11185: 11184: 11182: 11169: 11165: 11162: 11158: 11156: 11152: 11148: 11144: 11139: 11136: 11132: 11128: 11122: 11118: 11117:The New Press 11114: 11109: 11106: 11102: 11098: 11095: 11091: 11089: 11085: 11081: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11069: 11065: 11061: 11058: 11054: 11051: 11047: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11034: 11030: 11028: 11024: 11020: 11018: 11014: 11010: 11007: 11003: 11000: 10996: 10994: 10990: 10986: 10984: 10980: 10976: 10974: 10970: 10966: 10965: 10957: 10940: 10934: 10930: 10926: 10925: 10920: 10919:Gerstle, Gary 10914: 10907: 10901: 10893: 10889: 10884: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10858: 10850: 10844: 10841:. p. 3. 10840: 10836: 10835: 10827: 10820: 10814: 10798: 10791: 10776: 10772: 10765: 10758: 10752: 10744: 10742:9780199912834 10738: 10734: 10729: 10728: 10719: 10713: 10711: 10704: 10698: 10696: 10689: 10683: 10679: 10676: 10670: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10640: 10634: 10630: 10627: 10621: 10615:(2004) p. 143 10614: 10608: 10602: 10598: 10592: 10586: 10582: 10579: 10573: 10565: 10559: 10555: 10554: 10546: 10539: 10533: 10526: 10520: 10513: 10507: 10501: 10500: 10495: 10489: 10482: 10476: 10468: 10466:9780822976097 10462: 10458: 10453: 10452: 10443: 10428: 10424: 10417: 10402: 10398: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10376: 10370: 10355: 10351: 10344: 10329: 10325: 10318: 10303: 10299: 10292: 10277: 10273: 10269: 10265: 10258: 10243: 10239: 10233: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10206: 10200: 10198: 10182: 10178: 10171: 10156: 10152: 10148: 10144: 10137: 10122: 10118: 10114: 10110: 10103: 10092: 10085: 10070: 10069: 10064: 10057: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10029: 10014: 10013: 10008: 10001: 9986: 9985: 9980: 9973: 9958: 9957: 9952: 9945: 9930: 9929: 9924: 9917: 9902: 9898: 9897: 9892: 9885: 9870: 9866: 9862: 9855: 9839: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9823: 9808: 9807: 9802: 9795: 9780: 9776: 9775: 9770: 9763: 9748: 9747: 9742: 9735: 9720: 9716: 9712: 9705: 9690: 9686: 9685:brookings.edu 9682: 9675: 9660: 9659: 9654: 9647: 9632: 9628: 9622: 9606: 9602: 9596: 9581: 9577: 9573: 9569: 9562: 9555: 9549: 9534: 9530: 9526: 9519: 9503: 9499: 9495: 9489: 9473: 9466: 9450: 9446: 9439: 9432: 9426: 9420: 9419:April 1, 2011 9418: 9417:Detroit News 9410: 9404: 9400: 9397: 9395: 9387: 9378: 9370: 9364: 9360: 9356: 9350: 9342: 9340:9780674027572 9336: 9332: 9331: 9323: 9316: 9310: 9308: 9299: 9297:9780252093418 9293: 9289: 9288: 9280: 9273: 9267: 9260: 9254: 9247: 9241: 9234: 9228: 9221: 9215: 9207: 9203: 9199: 9195: 9191: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9172: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9143: 9139: 9138: 9130: 9119:September 27, 9114: 9110: 9104: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9069: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9041: 9034: 9026: 9022: 9015: 9008: 9002: 8995: 8994:Labor History 8989: 8983: 8979: 8973: 8966: 8963:Kevin Boyle, 8960: 8952: 8950:9780252028250 8946: 8942: 8941: 8933: 8927: 8923: 8917: 8911: 8907: 8901: 8894: 8888: 8881: 8875: 8868: 8862: 8855: 8849: 8842: 8836: 8830: 8826: 8822: 8819: 8817: 8810: 8803: 8797: 8790: 8784: 8782: 8780: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8762: 8759: 8753: 8746: 8740: 8734:(1985) p. 218 8733: 8727: 8720: 8716: 8710: 8702: 8700:9780765608529 8696: 8692: 8691: 8683: 8675: 8673:9780815335061 8669: 8665: 8664: 8656: 8648: 8646:9780765626455 8642: 8638: 8637: 8629: 8623: 8619: 8616: 8614: 8606: 8598: 8596:9781478610625 8592: 8588: 8587: 8579: 8577: 8568: 8566:9780820326474 8562: 8558: 8557: 8549: 8541: 8539:9780788145735 8535: 8531: 8526: 8525: 8516: 8508: 8502: 8498: 8497: 8489: 8482: 8476: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8451: 8446: 8439: 8437: 8428: 8424: 8420: 8413: 8406: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8384: 8376: 8374:9781450034180 8370: 8366: 8365: 8357: 8349: 8343: 8339: 8338: 8330: 8323: 8317: 8309: 8307:9780195076806 8303: 8299: 8294: 8293: 8284: 8277: 8276:Supreme Court 8273: 8268: 8267: 8260: 8252: 8250:9780521798402 8246: 8242: 8241: 8233: 8226: 8220: 8213: 8212:Labor History 8207: 8199: 8197:9780791421826 8193: 8189: 8188: 8180: 8173: 8167: 8159: 8153: 8148: 8147: 8138: 8131: 8125: 8123: 8115: 8109: 8102: 8096: 8089: 8083: 8075: 8071: 8067: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8048: 8040: 8036: 8030: 8022: 8018: 8014: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7987: 7985: 7969: 7965: 7959: 7957: 7949: 7943: 7935: 7929: 7924: 7923: 7917: 7911: 7904: 7903:Labor History 7900: 7894: 7888:(1947) p. 561 7887: 7883: 7877: 7870: 7866: 7860: 7853: 7847: 7840: 7834: 7826: 7824:9780521335737 7820: 7816: 7815: 7807: 7799: 7797:9780814747865 7793: 7789: 7788: 7780: 7773: 7770:Roger Biles, 7767: 7761: 7757: 7751: 7744: 7743:Labor History 7738: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7720: 7714: 7706: 7704:9780674131507 7700: 7695: 7694: 7688: 7682: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7667: 7659: 7652: 7651: 7644: 7637: 7631: 7624: 7618: 7611: 7605: 7598: 7595:Philip Taft, 7592: 7585: 7581: 7577: 7574: 7568: 7561: 7555: 7548: 7542: 7535: 7529: 7522: 7516: 7514: 7512: 7504: 7498: 7491: 7485: 7478: 7472: 7470: 7468: 7466: 7458: 7452: 7445: 7439: 7432: 7426: 7424: 7422: 7414: 7408: 7406: 7390: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7372: 7364: 7360: 7353: 7346: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7322: 7315: 7308: 7302: 7300: 7292: 7286: 7278: 7272: 7268: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7245: 7239: 7232: 7226: 7219: 7213: 7206: 7201: 7194: 7188: 7181: 7175: 7168: 7162: 7155: 7149: 7147: 7139: 7138: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7120: 7111: 7104: 7100: 7096: 7092: 7089: 7083: 7076: 7070: 7062: 7060:9780306702082 7056: 7052: 7051: 7043: 7036: 7033:Philip Taft, 7030: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7007: 7004:David Brody, 7001: 6990:September 17, 6985: 6979: 6968:September 17, 6963: 6959: 6953: 6945: 6941: 6940: 6932: 6924: 6918: 6914: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6891:September 17, 6887: 6883: 6877: 6875: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6839: 6831: 6827: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6789: 6782: 6778: 6772: 6764: 6760: 6756: 6752: 6751:Labor History 6745: 6738: 6733: 6726: 6720: 6711: 6704: 6703: 6698: 6694: 6693:Labor History 6688: 6680: 6676: 6672: 6668: 6664: 6660: 6656: 6652: 6647: 6639: 6630: 6623: 6617: 6610: 6604: 6597: 6593: 6589: 6586: 6580: 6573: 6567: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6544:Belknap Press 6541: 6540: 6535: 6529: 6521: 6515: 6511: 6507: 6503: 6496: 6488: 6482: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6465: 6457: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6442: 6434: 6432: 6424: 6420: 6416: 6413: 6407: 6400: 6394: 6392: 6383: 6377: 6373: 6369: 6368: 6360: 6352: 6350:9780822976981 6346: 6342: 6337: 6336: 6327: 6325: 6317: 6313: 6307: 6299: 6293: 6289: 6285: 6280: 6279: 6270: 6263: 6257: 6250: 6246: 6240: 6233: 6232: 6227: 6222: 6215: 6209: 6202: 6196: 6189: 6183: 6177: 6173: 6167: 6160: 6159:Labor History 6154: 6147: 6141: 6134: 6128: 6120: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6081: 6074: 6068: 6060: 6054: 6050: 6049: 6041: 6039: 6031: 6025: 6017: 6011: 6007: 6000: 5993: 5989: 5983: 5976: 5970: 5963: 5959: 5956: 5950: 5943: 5939: 5933: 5924: 5917:. April 2013. 5916: 5910: 5901: 5892: 5883: 5881: 5871: 5869: 5859: 5857: 5847: 5838: 5832:Lloyd, 107-24 5829: 5827: 5817: 5815: 5808:Commons, viii 5805: 5796: 5787: 5778: 5776: 5766: 5764: 5755: 5751: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5731: 5727: 5722: 5714: 5708: 5704: 5698: 5690: 5684: 5680: 5679: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5656: 5648: 5644: 5639: 5632: 5626: 5622: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5597: 5594: 5592: 5589: 5587: 5584: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5514: 5510: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5490: 5487: 5482: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5464: 5460: 5451: 5449: 5445: 5441: 5436: 5433: 5429: 5425: 5420: 5417: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5397: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5378: 5368: 5366: 5362: 5357: 5355: 5348: 5343: 5341: 5337: 5332: 5330: 5323: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5302: 5300: 5296: 5286: 5284: 5279: 5277: 5274:, and one in 5273: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5251: 5241: 5237: 5235: 5231: 5227: 5221: 5217: 5207: 5199: 5197: 5193: 5189: 5185: 5181: 5175: 5165: 5163: 5162:New York City 5159: 5158:Staten Island 5155: 5151: 5146: 5144: 5140: 5136: 5131: 5128: 5123: 5113: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5090:West Virginia 5087: 5083: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5067: 5061: 5051: 5049: 5044: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5025: 5022: 5015: 5011: 5001: 4999: 4998:West Virginia 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4978: 4965: 4961: 4957: 4954: 4949: 4947: 4943: 4937: 4927: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4888: 4884: 4869: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4851: 4846: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4830: 4820: 4818: 4814: 4809: 4807: 4803: 4799: 4795: 4791: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4774: 4764: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4753:Joseph Curran 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4730: 4726: 4720: 4716: 4714: 4703: 4701: 4700:welfare state 4696: 4694: 4689: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674:Ronald Reagan 4669: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4642: 4638: 4633: 4623: 4615: 4606: 4604: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4581: 4577: 4573: 4569: 4564: 4562: 4558: 4553: 4551: 4547: 4546:Marshall Plan 4543: 4539: 4532: 4528: 4512: 4511: 4510: 4509: 4508: 4506: 4501: 4499: 4493: 4491: 4487: 4483: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4443: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4418: 4414: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4373: 4363: 4361: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4348:Henry Wallace 4343: 4341: 4337: 4332: 4327: 4325: 4321: 4315: 4313: 4307: 4297: 4295: 4291: 4287: 4282: 4272: 4270: 4265: 4261: 4257: 4251: 4241: 4237: 4233: 4225: 4216: 4213: 4207: 4205: 4201: 4195: 4191: 4188: 4183: 4173: 4169: 4167: 4161: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4147: 4142: 4140: 4136: 4135:Philip Murray 4132: 4128: 4124: 4118: 4116: 4111: 4108: 4104: 4100: 4095: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4080:John L. Lewis 4076: 4066: 4064: 4059: 4056: 4051: 4049: 4048:John L. Lewis 4045: 4041: 4040:William Green 4030: 4026: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4011: 4008: 4003: 4001: 3996: 3994: 3993:company towns 3990: 3985: 3981: 3979: 3975: 3969: 3965: 3955: 3953: 3948: 3946: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3895: 3891: 3889: 3883: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3862: 3851: 3843: 3838: 3829: 3825: 3823: 3817: 3807: 3805: 3799: 3789: 3785: 3783: 3777: 3767: 3765: 3760: 3758: 3752: 3750: 3746: 3740: 3738: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3704: 3701: 3697: 3693: 3683: 3679: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3665: 3660: 3659:John L. Lewis 3656: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3634: 3624: 3614: 3604: 3598: 3595:This article 3593: 3589: 3584: 3583: 3579: 3575: 3569: 3559: 3557: 3553: 3549: 3544: 3542: 3537: 3534: 3529: 3519: 3516: 3508: 3498: 3494: 3490: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3474:This section 3472: 3468: 3463: 3462: 3450: 3446: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3432: 3428: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3403: 3400: 3392: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3368: 3367: 3363: 3358:This section 3356: 3352: 3347: 3346: 3338: 3336: 3335:Mary Anderson 3332: 3328: 3324: 3320: 3315: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3291: 3283: 3274: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3237: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3203: 3198: 3193: 3183: 3176: 3175: 3171: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3162: 3157: 3155: 3150: 3148: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3114: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3085: 3084:One Big Union 3081: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3060: 3055: 3045: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3032: 3028: 3022: 3012: 3010: 3006: 3002: 2998: 2992: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2960: 2956: 2950: 2947: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2928: 2920: 2909: 2904: 2902: 2897: 2895: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2879: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2869: 2866: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2849: 2846: 2845: 2839: 2838: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2792: 2790: 2789:New Caledonia 2787: 2785: 2782: 2780: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2767: 2765: 2762: 2760: 2757: 2755: 2752: 2750: 2747: 2745: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2732: 2731: 2723: 2720: 2718: 2715: 2713: 2710: 2708: 2705: 2703: 2700: 2698: 2695: 2693: 2690: 2688: 2687:Overtime bans 2685: 2683: 2680: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2663: 2662: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2647: 2643: 2642:Strike action 2638: 2637: 2627: 2624: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2583: 2580: 2578: 2577:Unfree labour 2575: 2573: 2570: 2568: 2565: 2563: 2560: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2550: 2548: 2545: 2543: 2540: 2538: 2537:Paid time off 2535: 2533: 2530: 2528: 2525: 2523: 2520: 2518: 2515: 2513: 2510: 2508: 2505: 2503: 2502:Four-day week 2500: 2498: 2495: 2493: 2490: 2488: 2485: 2483: 2480: 2478: 2475: 2473: 2470: 2468: 2465: 2463: 2460: 2459: 2455: 2454:Labour rights 2450: 2449: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2428:Union busting 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2394: 2391: 2389: 2386: 2384: 2381: 2379: 2376: 2374: 2371: 2369: 2366: 2365: 2363: 2362: 2359: 2354: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2344: 2341: 2336: 2335: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2316: 2314: 2310: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2293: 2290: 2286: 2281: 2279: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2258: 2254: 2245: 2240: 2230: 2228: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2207:Charles Moyer 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2186: 2176: 2172: 2170: 2166: 2161: 2157: 2155: 2150: 2148: 2144: 2139: 2135: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2117: 2113: 2105: 2100: 2090: 2088: 2084: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2064: 2059: 2057: 2056:republicanism 2053: 2048: 2046: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2018: 2016: 2011: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1990: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1967: 1962: 1953: 1951: 1947: 1944:The regional 1942: 1940: 1935: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1919: 1909: 1907: 1903: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1881: 1876: 1872: 1868: 1863: 1861: 1857: 1856: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1793:justification 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1763: 1758: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1738: 1733: 1729: 1725: 1721: 1716: 1710: 1706: 1702: 1690: 1689: 1683: 1679: 1671: 1670: 1664: 1662: 1658: 1654: 1650: 1646: 1645:Massachusetts 1642: 1638: 1634: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1597: 1589: 1586:Legality and 1583: 1581: 1577: 1576:New York City 1573: 1563: 1560: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1544: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1519: 1515: 1511: 1499: 1494: 1492: 1487: 1485: 1480: 1479: 1477: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1463: 1461: 1453: 1452: 1449: 1446: 1444: 1443:List of years 1441: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1434: 1433: 1422: 1414: 1412: 1411:Urban history 1409: 1408: 1407: 1406: 1402: 1401: 1396: 1393: 1391: 1388: 1386: 1383: 1381: 1378: 1376: 1373: 1371: 1368: 1367: 1366: 1365: 1361: 1360: 1355: 1352: 1350: 1347: 1345: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1335: 1332: 1330: 1327: 1325: 1322: 1320: 1317: 1315: 1312: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1290: 1287: 1285: 1282: 1280: 1277: 1275: 1272: 1270: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1257: 1255: 1252: 1250: 1247: 1245: 1242: 1240: 1237: 1235: 1232: 1230: 1227: 1225: 1222: 1220: 1217: 1215: 1212: 1210: 1207: 1205: 1202: 1200: 1197: 1195: 1192: 1190: 1187: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1177: 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1165: 1162: 1160: 1157: 1155: 1152: 1150: 1147: 1145: 1142: 1140: 1137: 1135: 1132: 1130: 1127: 1125: 1122: 1120: 1117: 1115: 1112: 1110: 1107: 1106: 1105: 1104: 1100: 1099: 1094: 1091: 1089: 1086: 1084: 1081: 1080: 1079: 1078: 1074: 1073: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1044: 1043: 1042: 1039: 1036: 1035: 1027: 1026: 1017: 1014: 1012: 1009: 1007: 1004: 1003: 1002: 1001: 997: 995: 994: 990: 986: 983: 981: 978: 977: 976: 975: 971: 967: 964: 962: 959: 957: 954: 952: 949: 947: 944: 942: 939: 938: 937: 936: 932: 930: 929: 925: 921: 918: 917: 916: 915: 911: 907: 904: 902: 899: 897: 894: 892: 889: 887: 884: 882: 879: 877: 874: 872: 869: 867: 864: 862: 859: 858: 857: 856: 852: 848: 845: 843: 842:Thai American 840: 838: 835: 833: 830: 828: 825: 823: 820: 818: 815: 814: 813: 812: 808: 806: 805: 801: 800: 794: 793: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 760: 759: 758: 754: 750: 747: 746: 745: 744: 740: 738: 737: 733: 731: 730: 726: 722: 719: 717: 714: 712: 709: 707: 704: 702: 699: 697: 694: 693: 692: 691: 690:Party Systems 687: 683: 680: 678: 675: 673: 670: 668: 665: 663: 660: 658: 655: 654: 653: 652: 648: 646: 645: 641: 639: 638: 634: 630: 629:Voting rights 627: 625: 622: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 572: 571: 570: 569: 565: 563: 562: 558: 554: 551: 550: 549: 548: 544: 540: 537: 536: 535: 534: 530: 526: 523: 522: 521: 520: 516: 512: 509: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 493: 492: 491: 487: 483: 480: 479: 478: 477: 473: 471: 470: 466: 464: 463: 459: 458: 452: 451: 441: 438: 437: 434: 432: 431: 427: 426: 422: 420: 416: 415: 412: 410: 409: 405: 404: 400: 398: 394: 393: 390: 388: 387: 383: 382: 378: 376: 372: 371: 367: 365: 361: 360: 357: 355: 354: 350: 349: 345: 343: 339: 338: 334: 332: 328: 327: 324: 322: 321: 317: 316: 312: 310: 306: 305: 301: 299: 295: 294: 290: 288: 284: 283: 279: 277: 273: 272: 269: 267: 266: 262: 261: 257: 255: 251: 250: 246: 244: 240: 239: 235: 233: 229: 228: 225: 223: 222: 218: 217: 213: 211: 210:Civil War Era 207: 206: 203: 201: 200: 196: 195: 191: 189: 185: 184: 180: 178: 174: 173: 170: 168: 167: 163: 162: 158: 156: 152: 151: 147: 145: 141: 140: 137: 135: 134: 130: 129: 125: 123: 119: 118: 114: 112: 108: 107: 104: 102: 101: 97: 96: 92: 90: 89: 85: 84: 80: 78: 77: 72: 71: 67: 66: 61: 54: 53: 48: 42: 38: 37: 34: 33:United States 27: 26: 23: 20: 19: 16: 12485: 12309:20th century 12211:19th century 12203: 12135:Online books 12125: 12104: 12086: 12076: 12069: 12062: 12048: 12041: 12025: 12021: 12004: 12000: 11978:(1): 44–66. 11975: 11971: 11963: 11947: 11943: 11924: 11899: 11895: 11887: 11871: 11867: 11841:(2): 63–79. 11838: 11834: 11809: 11805: 11780: 11776: 11749: 11745: 11720: 11716: 11708: 11707:Fink, Leon. 11701: 11693: 11689: 11657: 11644: 11637: 11630: 11623: 11613: 11603: 11592: 11580: 11559: 11552: 11545: 11538: 11528: 11520: 11499: 11489: 11476: 11467: 11458: 11451: 11444: 11436: 11425: 11415: 11404: 11394: 11384: 11374: 11363: 11355: 11333: 11311: 11291: 11283: 11272: 11259:John L Lewis 11258: 11247: 11239: 11231: 11223: 11216: 11206: 11196: 11188: 11167: 11160: 11150: 11142: 11134: 11112: 11100: 11093: 11084:Labor Unions 11083: 11073: 11063: 11056: 11049: 11039: 11032: 11022: 11012: 11005: 10998: 10988: 10978: 10968: 10950:Bibliography 10923: 10913: 10905: 10900: 10873: 10867: 10857: 10833: 10826: 10813: 10801:. Retrieved 10790: 10778:. Retrieved 10774: 10764: 10756: 10751: 10726: 10718: 10709: 10703: 10694: 10688: 10669: 10657:. Retrieved 10648: 10639: 10620: 10612: 10607: 10596: 10591: 10572: 10552: 10550:Moe (2011). 10545: 10537: 10532: 10524: 10519: 10511: 10506: 10497: 10493: 10488: 10481:Labor Unions 10480: 10475: 10450: 10442: 10430:. Retrieved 10426: 10416: 10404:. Retrieved 10392: 10383: 10357:. Retrieved 10353: 10343: 10331:. Retrieved 10327: 10317: 10305:. Retrieved 10301: 10291: 10279:. Retrieved 10267: 10257: 10245:. Retrieved 10241: 10232: 10220:. Retrieved 10208: 10184:. Retrieved 10180: 10170: 10158:. Retrieved 10146: 10136: 10124:. Retrieved 10112: 10102: 10084: 10072:. Retrieved 10066: 10056: 10046:February 18, 10044:. Retrieved 10038: 10028: 10018:February 18, 10016:. Retrieved 10010: 10000: 9990:February 18, 9988:. Retrieved 9982: 9972: 9962:February 18, 9960:. Retrieved 9954: 9944: 9932:. Retrieved 9926: 9916: 9904:. Retrieved 9901:Raycom Media 9894: 9884: 9872:. Retrieved 9864: 9854: 9842:. Retrieved 9831: 9822: 9810:. Retrieved 9804: 9794: 9772: 9762: 9750:. Retrieved 9744: 9734: 9722:. Retrieved 9714: 9704: 9692:. Retrieved 9684: 9674: 9662:. Retrieved 9656: 9646: 9634:. Retrieved 9630: 9621: 9609:. Retrieved 9605:PBS NewsHour 9604: 9595: 9583:. Retrieved 9571: 9561: 9548: 9536:. Retrieved 9528: 9518: 9506:. Retrieved 9502:the original 9497: 9488: 9476:. Retrieved 9465: 9453:. Retrieved 9449:biztimes.com 9448: 9438: 9430: 9425: 9416: 9409: 9393: 9386: 9377: 9358: 9349: 9329: 9322: 9314: 9286: 9279: 9271: 9266: 9258: 9253: 9245: 9240: 9232: 9231:Randy Shaw, 9227: 9219: 9214: 9181: 9177: 9171: 9162: 9156: 9136: 9129: 9117:. Retrieved 9112: 9103: 9081:(1): 26–32. 9078: 9074: 9068: 9046:(1): 51–77. 9043: 9039: 9033: 9024: 9014: 9006: 9001: 8993: 8988: 8977: 8972: 8964: 8959: 8939: 8932: 8921: 8916: 8905: 8900: 8892: 8887: 8879: 8874: 8866: 8861: 8853: 8848: 8840: 8835: 8820: 8815: 8809: 8801: 8796: 8788: 8768: 8752: 8744: 8739: 8731: 8726: 8718: 8714: 8709: 8689: 8682: 8662: 8655: 8635: 8628: 8612: 8605: 8585: 8555: 8548: 8523: 8515: 8495: 8488: 8480: 8475: 8463:. Retrieved 8454: 8448: 8422: 8412: 8403:The Guardian 8401: 8383: 8363: 8356: 8336: 8329: 8321: 8316: 8291: 8283: 8264: 8259: 8239: 8232: 8224: 8219: 8211: 8206: 8186: 8179: 8171: 8166: 8145: 8137: 8129: 8113: 8108: 8100: 8095: 8087: 8082: 8060:(1): 82–97. 8057: 8053: 8047: 8038: 8029: 7999:(1): 89–95. 7996: 7992: 7971:. Retrieved 7967: 7950:(1988) p 22. 7947: 7942: 7921: 7910: 7902: 7893: 7885: 7881: 7876: 7864: 7859: 7851: 7846: 7838: 7833: 7813: 7806: 7786: 7779: 7771: 7766: 7755: 7750: 7742: 7737: 7729: 7713: 7692: 7681: 7665: 7658: 7648: 7643: 7635: 7630: 7622: 7617: 7609: 7604: 7596: 7591: 7583: 7567: 7559: 7554: 7546: 7541: 7533: 7528: 7520: 7502: 7497: 7489: 7484: 7476: 7456: 7451: 7443: 7438: 7430: 7412: 7392:. Retrieved 7380: 7371: 7362: 7358: 7345: 7331:(5): 13–36. 7328: 7324: 7314: 7306: 7290: 7285: 7266: 7243: 7238: 7230: 7225: 7217: 7212: 7204: 7200: 7192: 7187: 7174: 7169:(1994) p. 5. 7166: 7161: 7153: 7135: 7119: 7114:Coben, 181–3 7110: 7098: 7082: 7074: 7069: 7049: 7042: 7034: 7029: 7018: 7013: 7005: 7000: 6988:. Retrieved 6978: 6966:. Retrieved 6961: 6952: 6938: 6931: 6912: 6889:. Retrieved 6885: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6816:(1): 39–63. 6813: 6809: 6803: 6794: 6788: 6776: 6771: 6757:(1): 68–92. 6754: 6750: 6744: 6732: 6724: 6719: 6710: 6700: 6692: 6687: 6654: 6650: 6638: 6629: 6621: 6616: 6608: 6603: 6595: 6579: 6571: 6566: 6538: 6528: 6505: 6495: 6471: 6464: 6440: 6411: 6406: 6398: 6366: 6359: 6334: 6318:pp. 310–311. 6315: 6311: 6306: 6277: 6269: 6264:(1962) p 170 6261: 6260:Ray Ginger, 6256: 6248: 6244: 6239: 6229: 6221: 6213: 6208: 6200: 6195: 6187: 6182: 6171: 6166: 6158: 6153: 6145: 6140: 6132: 6127: 6094: 6090: 6080: 6072: 6067: 6047: 6029: 6024: 6005: 5999: 5982: 5974: 5969: 5949: 5941: 5932: 5923: 5909: 5900: 5891: 5846: 5837: 5820:Tomlins, 133 5804: 5799:Tomlins, 128 5795: 5790:Tomlins, 112 5786: 5781:Tomlins, 111 5729: 5725: 5713: 5702: 5697: 5677: 5670: 5662: 5638: 5630: 5625: 5477:Gary Gerstle 5474: 5471: 5466: 5437: 5421: 5418: 5414: 5411:Recent years 5398: 5390: 5374: 5371:New Deal era 5358: 5350: 5333: 5325: 5303: 5292: 5280: 5263: 5256:Trader Joe's 5253: 5244:Trader Joe's 5238: 5223: 5205: 5177: 5147: 5132: 5119: 5063: 5045: 5033:farm workers 5026: 5017: 4979: 4975: 4958: 4950: 4939: 4925: 4916: 4912: 4909: 4897:Cesar Chavez 4890: 4887:Cesar Chavez 4847: 4840: 4810: 4770: 4737:Matthew Woll 4733: 4721: 4717: 4713:George Meany 4709: 4697: 4690: 4686:deregulation 4682: 4670: 4628: 4596: 4565: 4554: 4534: 4502: 4494: 4471: 4447:closed shops 4444: 4421: 4402:Fred Hartley 4395: 4381: 4375: 4344: 4328: 4316: 4309: 4290:racketeering 4278: 4253: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4208: 4196: 4192: 4189: 4185: 4170: 4162: 4156:(except the 4143: 4119: 4112: 4096: 4078: 4060: 4052: 4036: 4027: 4012: 4004: 3997: 3986: 3982: 3971: 3949: 3930: 3896: 3892: 3884: 3864: 3844:in June 1934 3826: 3819: 3801: 3786: 3779: 3761: 3753: 3741: 3726: 3722: 3710: 3689: 3680: 3676:Leon Trotsky 3666:invoked the 3652: 3643: 3621: 3608: 3596: 3545: 3538: 3530: 3526: 3511: 3502: 3487:Please help 3475: 3457:Jewish women 3410: 3395: 3386: 3371:Please help 3359: 3333:, headed by 3316: 3292: 3288: 3249: 3207: 3204:, April 1914 3180: 3172: 3158: 3151: 3140: 3135:In 1908 the 3134: 3092: 3069: 3035: 3024: 3007:. President 2994: 2979: 2951: 2948: 2933: 2722:Work-to-rule 2596:Trade unions 2567:Six-hour day 2552:Right to sit 2517:Minimum wage 2467:Child labour 2462:Annual leave 2388:New unionism 2305:Nelson Miles 2294: 2282: 2273:Pullman cars 2269:Pullman cars 2250: 2188: 2173: 2169:craft unions 2162: 2158: 2151: 2140: 2136: 2121: 2079: 2060: 2049: 2034: 1991: 1971: 1943: 1936: 1925: 1905: 1886: 1879: 1873:, held that 1870: 1864: 1853: 1844: 1843:. Unlike in 1832: 1808: 1800: 1788: 1777: 1765: 1761: 1759: 1749: 1746:Leonard Levy 1735: 1732:Star Chamber 1723: 1717: 1708: 1686: 1667: 1665: 1629:Pennsylvania 1614: 1599: 1587: 1569: 1561: 1545: 1530: 1507: 998: 991: 972: 933: 926: 912: 853: 809: 802: 767: 755: 741: 736:Social class 734: 727: 688: 662:Marine Corps 649: 642: 635: 599:Debt ceiling 584:Civil rights 566: 559: 545: 531: 517: 488: 476:Civil unrest 474: 469:Antisemitism 467: 460: 442:2008–present 430:2008–present 428: 406: 384: 351: 318: 309:World War II 263: 219: 197: 164: 131: 98: 88:Colonial Era 86: 74: 68: 21: 15: 12416:, 1931–1932 12364:, 1913–1914 12324:, 1903–1904 12318:, 1895–1929 12290:, 1898–1899 12278:, 1895–1929 11812:(1): 1–13. 10432:October 11, 10359:October 11, 10333:October 11, 9184:(3): 3–36. 8483:(1999) p 77 7973:December 9, 7946:Kim Moody, 7916:Rupp, Leila 7871:pp 544-546. 7854:pp 128-130. 6548:348–50, 506 6546:. pp. 6316:Big Trouble 6245:Big Trouble 5841:Commons, iv 5643:Archer 2007 5519:(AFL), now 5450:countries. 5276:Minneapolis 5182:within the 5143:Kickstarter 5139:crunch time 5010:Striketober 4817:Jimmy Hoffa 4745:James Carey 4693:think tanks 4654:Vietnam War 4632:labor force 4451:Union shops 4125:(UAW), the 4058:functions. 3935:signed the 3842:Minneapolis 3804:New England 3700:New England 3611:August 2023 3240:World War I 3214:Rockefeller 3036:In 1911, a 2955:Howard Zinn 2819:South Korea 2799:Netherlands 2794:New Zealand 2423:Syndicalism 2393:Proletariat 2373:Decent work 2251:During the 2130:. Like the 2045:cooperative 2002:Adamson Act 1902:Edwin Witte 1897:. Thus, as 1849:cordwainers 1764:was mixed. 1754:Magna Carta 1705:legislature 1625:prosecution 1554:emerged as 1362:Territories 1083:New England 763:Agriculture 682:Coast Guard 677:Space Force 525:Immigration 375:Vietnam War 276:World War I 70:Prehistoric 12501:Categories 11574:0674725115 11303:0316185434 11179:See also: 10406:October 2, 10307:October 6, 10281:October 6, 10247:October 6, 10222:October 2, 10186:October 2, 10160:October 2, 10126:October 2, 9782:Retrieved 9636:October 2, 9396:(Oct 2015) 9355:Moody, Kim 8132:pp. 212–13 7933:0691046492 6922:0870818252 6779:. Boston: 6609:Gendering, 6423:0393912671 5904:Witte, 827 5895:Shaler, 24 5874:Witte, 825 5645:, p. 5545:Gilded Age 5489:capitalism 5486:neoliberal 5188:television 5070:Republican 5021:millennial 5008:See also: 4658:minorities 4503:Historian 4478:Deep South 4386:Wagner Act 4326:, failed. 4107:Wagner Act 4000:Wagner Act 3972:President 3578:Red Summer 3572:See also: 3429:, and the 3422:Ella Baker 3127:Injunction 3121:See also: 3074:. The IWW 2868:Labour law 2677:Green bans 2670:newspapers 2562:Sick leave 2557:Sabbatical 2083:anarchists 2047:ventures. 1985:, and the 1837:conspiracy 1797:conviction 1770:common law 1682:common law 1672:, 45 Mass. 1621:indictment 1514:labor laws 637:Journalism 589:Corruption 568:Government 519:Demography 506:Newspapers 397:Reagan Era 243:Gilded Age 81:until 1607 11916:145335573 11855:147867327 11826:147426508 10892:142526387 10401:0190-8286 10276:0362-4331 10217:0190-8286 10155:0362-4331 10121:0362-4331 10012:The Verge 9779:Oath Inc. 9611:March 10, 9585:March 10, 9580:0362-4331 9478:April 30, 9206:153772108 9198:0896-9205 8791:p. 357–69 8128:Ziegler, 8041:. w18676. 8021:154770243 7586:, 112(4). 7389:0362-4331 6679:153859166 6624:pp. 62–63 6343:–7, 222. 6314:; Lukas, 6310:Lindsey, 6119:220316173 5992:Teamsters 5862:Levy, 183 5754:155227856 5746:0360-0572 5481:communism 5226:Starbucks 5210:Starbucks 5196:SAG-AFTRA 5122:high tech 4980:By 2014, 4872:Hispanics 4813:Dave Beck 4436:picketing 4206:of 1947. 3782:Coal Wars 3749:Red Scare 3668:Lever Act 3603:talk page 3476:does not 3360:does not 3305:employed 3168:in 1932. 3103:workplace 3001:hard coal 2997:soft coal 2967:socialist 2963:anarchist 2814:Singapore 2769:Hong Kong 2744:Australia 2497:Equal pay 2418:Communism 2413:Socialism 2147:Labor Day 2063:Jay Gould 2017:in 1924. 2006:World War 1899:economist 1860:prejudice 1839:to raise 1720:narrative 1701:attorneys 1661:precedent 1641:Louisiana 1582:in 1746. 1088:The South 672:Air Force 547:Education 423:1991–2008 408:1991–2008 401:1981–1991 386:1980–1991 379:1964–1975 368:1954–1968 353:1964–1980 346:1954–1968 335:1945–1964 320:1945–1964 313:1941–1945 302:1929–1941 291:1918–1929 280:1917–1918 265:1917–1945 258:1896–1917 247:1877–1896 236:1865–1877 221:1865–1917 214:1849–1865 199:1849–1865 192:1825–1849 181:1817–1825 166:1815–1849 159:1801–1817 148:1788–1801 133:1789–1815 126:1783–1788 115:1765–1783 100:1776–1789 93:1607–1765 12094:Archived 12034:23873714 12013:23882031 11533:in JSTOR 11153:(1928); 11076:(2017); 11066:(1971); 11042:(1975); 11015:(1993); 10991:(2015). 10921:(2022). 10803:July 27, 10780:July 27, 10678:Archived 10653:Archived 10629:Archived 10601:in JSTOR 10581:Archived 10369:cite web 10074:April 1, 9774:HuffPost 9399:Archived 9357:(1988). 8926:in JSTOR 8910:in JSTOR 8787:Zieger, 8761:Archived 8618:Archived 8465:June 10, 8459:Archived 8427:Archived 8395:Archived 7918:(1978). 7850:Zieger, 7722:Archived 7689:(1960). 7671:Archived 7576:Archived 7394:April 2, 7337:41828627 7128:Archived 7091:Archived 6588:Archived 6536:(2014). 5958:Archived 5707:in JSTOR 5495:See also 5454:Analysis 5289:Chipotle 5086:Oklahoma 5078:Colorado 4994:Kentucky 4603:New Deal 4538:Cold War 4115:US Steel 4103:New Deal 3964:New Deal 3139:decided 2959:populist 2809:Portugal 2749:Barbados 2707:Walkouts 2682:Lockouts 2532:Overwork 2383:Timeline 2329:a series 2326:Part of 2278:sabotage 2069:and the 1885:rule of 1805:laborers 1799:. After 1752:as the " 1691:, 3 Doc. 1649:Virginia 1637:New York 1633:Maryland 1602:artisans 1580:Savannah 1460:Category 1011:Lesbians 985:Comanche 980:Cherokee 778:Medicine 729:Religion 651:Military 624:Taxation 574:Abortion 490:Cultural 11992:2518609 11797:3786704 11766:2163216 11737:2163215 11647:(1984) 11479:(2011) 11418:(1957) 11407:(1952) 11251:(2019). 11219:(2009). 11209:(2014) 11170:(2002). 11078:excerpt 11052:(1987). 10962:Surveys 10799:. Oxfam 10498:(2011) 10040:Polygon 9934:May 13, 9833:WAGA-TV 9715:pbs.org 9664:May 13, 9538:May 13, 9529:epi.org 9508:May 13, 9498:uaw.org 9455:May 13, 9095:3346700 9060:3641869 8869:(2002). 8074:1887753 8013:2120427 7968:HISTORY 7867:(1952) 6865:2710755 6830:1328084 6783:, 1972. 6620:Henry, 6510:321–357 5535:AFL–CIO 5521:AFL–CIO 5403:issued 5074:Arizona 4990:Wyoming 4559:of the 4482:Midwest 4360:AFL–CIO 4350:in the 4269:AFL-CIO 4172:lived? 3747:, used 3731:of the 3497:removed 3482:sources 3381:removed 3366:sources 3216:-owned 2774:Ireland 2764:Georgia 2313:US Mail 1829:illegal 1817:illegal 1786:illegal 1742:tailors 1728:England 1522:AFL–CIO 1438:Outline 1075:Regions 1006:Gay men 783:Railway 743:Slavery 539:Banking 533:Economy 49:; 1941. 12440:, 1938 12434:, 1937 12428:, 1935 12422:, 1934 12410:, 1927 12404:, 1924 12398:, 1922 12392:, 1921 12386:, 1920 12375:, 1916 12284:, 1897 12272:, 1894 12261:, 1892 12250:, 1891 12244:, 1887 12238:, 1886 12232:, 1886 12226:, 1885 12220:, 1877 12123:about 12109:online 12091:online 12081:online 12032: 12011: 11990: 11931: 11914: 11874:(12). 11853: 11824: 11795: 11764: 11735: 11711:(1984) 11666: 11649:online 11598:online 11586:online 11572: 11548:(2015) 11508: 11488:, ed. 11481:online 11447:(1987) 11430:online 11420:online 11409:online 11399:online 11389:online 11379:online 11368:online 11342: 11319: 11301: 11201:online 11155:online 11123: 11105:online 11088:online 11068:online 11044:online 11035:(2000) 11027:online 10993:online 10935: 10890: 10845: 10775:Forbes 10739: 10659:May 4, 10560: 10527:(1992) 10463: 10399: 10274: 10215: 10153: 10119: 9906:May 7, 9874:May 2, 9844:May 2, 9812:May 2, 9784:May 2, 9752:May 2, 9724:May 2, 9694:May 2, 9578: 9474:. CNBC 9365: 9337: 9294: 9204: 9196: 9144: 9093: 9058: 8982:online 8947: 8827: 8721:(2010) 8697: 8670: 8643: 8593: 8563: 8536: 8503: 8371: 8344: 8324:(1981) 8304: 8274: ( 8270:, 8247: 8194: 8154: 8116:(1971) 8072: 8019: 8011: 7930: 7869:online 7821: 7794: 7760:online 7701: 7638:(1986) 7625:(1997) 7415:(1997) 7387: 7335: 7273: 7057: 7037:(1957) 7023:online 6919: 6863: 6828: 6705:(1969) 6677: 6671:828955 6669: 6554: 6516: 6483: 6452: 6425:p. 589 6421: 6378: 6347: 6294: 6251:(1943) 6234:(1997) 6176:online 6135:(2007) 6117: 6109: 6055: 6012: 5752: 5744: 5685: 5665:(1989) 5633:(1990) 5150:Amazon 5127:Google 5088:, and 4922:Hotels 4835:, and 4544:, the 4529:; and 4486:Plains 4129:, the 3657:under 3234:Ludlow 3129:, and 2965:, and 2829:Sweden 2804:Norway 2779:Israel 2754:Brazil 2655:Hartal 2255:, the 2008: 1981:, the 1895:injury 1887:per se 1880:Pullis 1875:motive 1845:Pullis 1825:unions 1821:unions 1801:Pullis 1795:for a 1789:per se 1782:unions 1766:Pullis 1713: 1709:per se 1697: 1693: 1678:unions 1674: 1647:, and 1590:(1842) 1470:Portal 1421:Cities 1403:Cities 1101:States 1030:Places 797:Groups 773:Lumber 711:Fourth 701:Second 511:Sports 496:Cinema 455:Topics 12030:JSTOR 12009:JSTOR 11988:JSTOR 11912:S2CID 11851:S2CID 11822:S2CID 11793:JSTOR 11762:JSTOR 11733:JSTOR 10888:S2CID 10094:(PDF) 9202:S2CID 9091:JSTOR 9056:JSTOR 8532:–56. 8457:(3). 8070:JSTOR 8017:S2CID 8009:JSTOR 7355:(PDF) 7333:JSTOR 7077:p 155 6861:JSTOR 6826:JSTOR 6675:S2CID 6667:JSTOR 6611:pg 33 6288:35–37 6115:S2CID 6107:JSTOR 5750:S2CID 5617:Notes 5440:Oxfam 4864:and 4662:women 2784:Malta 2665:Bandh 1883:' 1841:wages 1813:wages 1784:were 1774:wages 1695:Hist. 1657:wages 1617:labor 1572:Maine 1000:LGBTQ 993:Women 768:Labor 721:Sixth 716:Fifth 706:Third 696:First 501:Music 11929:ISBN 11696:(1). 11664:ISBN 11570:ISBN 11506:ISBN 11340:ISBN 11317:ISBN 11299:ISBN 11121:ISBN 10933:ISBN 10843:ISBN 10805:2023 10782:2023 10737:ISBN 10707:see 10692:see 10661:2018 10576:see 10558:ISBN 10461:ISBN 10434:2022 10427:CNBC 10408:2022 10397:ISSN 10375:link 10361:2022 10354:CNBC 10335:2022 10328:CNBC 10309:2022 10283:2022 10272:ISSN 10249:2022 10224:2022 10213:ISSN 10188:2022 10181:CNBC 10162:2022 10151:ISSN 10128:2022 10117:ISSN 10076:2022 10048:2020 10020:2020 9992:2020 9964:2020 9936:2018 9908:2018 9896:WWBT 9876:2018 9865:WABE 9846:2018 9814:2018 9786:2018 9754:2018 9726:2018 9696:2018 9666:2018 9638:2022 9613:2019 9587:2019 9576:ISSN 9540:2018 9510:2018 9480:2020 9457:2018 9390:see 9363:ISBN 9335:ISBN 9292:ISBN 9194:ISSN 9142:ISBN 9121:2018 8945:ISBN 8825:ISBN 8695:ISBN 8668:ISBN 8641:ISBN 8609:See 8591:ISBN 8561:ISBN 8534:ISBN 8501:ISBN 8467:2012 8369:ISBN 8342:ISBN 8302:ISBN 8245:ISBN 8192:ISBN 8152:ISBN 7975:2019 7928:ISBN 7819:ISBN 7792:ISBN 7699:ISBN 7396:2023 7385:ISSN 7271:ISBN 7055:ISBN 6992:2019 6970:2019 6946:–72. 6917:ISBN 6893:2019 6552:ISBN 6514:ISBN 6481:ISBN 6450:ISBN 6419:ISBN 6376:ISBN 6345:ISBN 6292:ISBN 6053:ISBN 6010:ISBN 5742:ISSN 5683:ISBN 5448:OECD 5218:and 5194:and 5186:and 5184:film 5031:and 5012:and 4996:and 4885:and 4751:and 4664:and 4550:NATO 4548:and 4488:and 4376:The 4329:The 4254:The 4212:WASP 4013:The 3966:and 3865:The 3674:and 3653:The 3576:and 3480:any 3478:cite 3425:the 3416:and 3364:any 3362:cite 3317:The 3159:The 3105:and 3025:The 2759:Fiji 2626:WFTU 2621:ITUC 2122:The 2029:and 1964:The 1937:The 1926:The 1920:and 1906:Hunt 1891:rule 1815:was 1778:Hunt 1762:Hunt 1750:Hunt 1724:Hunt 1623:and 1588:Hunt 1546:The 667:Navy 657:Army 561:Flag 73:and 11980:doi 11952:doi 11904:doi 11876:doi 11843:doi 11814:doi 11785:doi 11754:doi 11725:doi 10878:doi 10733:192 10302:Vox 10068:CNN 9746:CNN 9719:PBS 9186:doi 9113:UFW 9083:doi 9048:doi 8789:CIO 8130:CIO 8062:doi 8001:doi 7901:", 7852:CIO 7728:", 7582:", 7134:", 7097:", 6944:259 6853:doi 6818:doi 6759:doi 6659:doi 6594:", 6477:264 6372:256 6099:doi 5940:", 5734:doi 5258:in 5156:in 5108:in 5104:at 4988:in 4868:). 4419:.) 4340:IUE 3491:by 3375:by 3309:as 3271:IWW 3040:in 12503:: 12026:52 12024:. 12005:71 12003:. 11986:. 11974:. 11948:13 11946:. 11910:. 11900:54 11898:. 11872:15 11870:. 11866:. 11849:. 11839:13 11837:. 11820:. 11810:41 11808:. 11791:. 11779:. 11760:. 11750:96 11748:. 11731:. 11721:96 11719:. 11694:41 11692:. 11688:. 11568:. 11338:. 11297:. 11119:. 11115:. 10927:. 10886:. 10874:38 10872:. 10866:. 10837:. 10773:. 10735:. 10651:. 10647:. 10459:. 10457:65 10425:. 10395:. 10391:. 10371:}} 10367:{{ 10352:. 10326:. 10300:. 10270:. 10266:. 10240:. 10211:. 10207:. 10196:^ 10179:. 10149:. 10145:. 10115:. 10111:. 10065:. 10037:. 10009:. 9981:. 9953:. 9925:. 9899:. 9893:. 9867:. 9863:. 9836:. 9830:. 9803:. 9777:. 9771:. 9743:. 9717:. 9713:. 9687:. 9683:. 9655:. 9629:. 9603:. 9574:. 9570:. 9531:. 9527:. 9496:. 9447:. 9306:^ 9200:. 9192:. 9182:19 9180:. 9111:. 9089:. 9079:11 9077:. 9054:. 9044:68 9042:. 9023:. 8778:^ 8767:. 8575:^ 8530:53 8455:91 8453:. 8447:. 8435:^ 8425:. 8421:. 8300:. 8298:52 8121:^ 8068:. 8058:69 8056:. 8015:. 8007:. 7997:40 7995:. 7983:^ 7966:. 7955:^ 7510:^ 7464:^ 7420:^ 7404:^ 7379:. 7363:15 7361:. 7357:. 7329:16 7327:. 7323:. 7298:^ 7251:^ 7145:^ 6960:. 6901:^ 6884:. 6873:^ 6859:. 6849:12 6847:. 6824:. 6814:33 6812:. 6753:. 6699:, 6673:. 6665:. 6655:20 6653:. 6649:. 6550:. 6542:. 6512:. 6504:. 6479:. 6444:. 6430:^ 6417:. 6390:^ 6374:. 6323:^ 6290:. 6228:, 6113:. 6105:. 6095:18 6093:. 6089:. 6037:^ 5879:^ 5867:^ 5855:^ 5825:^ 5813:^ 5774:^ 5762:^ 5748:. 5740:. 5730:45 5728:. 5724:. 5654:^ 5465:, 5312:. 5198:. 5160:, 5084:, 5080:, 5076:, 4831:, 4763:. 4702:. 4668:. 4660:, 4656:, 4552:. 4484:, 4362:. 4284:a 4141:. 4050:. 3337:. 3125:, 3090:. 2961:, 2332:on 2280:. 2229:. 1643:, 1639:, 1635:, 1631:, 1395:VI 1390:PR 1385:MP 1380:GU 1375:AS 1370:DC 1354:WY 1349:WI 1344:WV 1339:WA 1334:VA 1329:VT 1324:UT 1319:TX 1314:TN 1309:SD 1304:SC 1299:RI 1294:PA 1289:OR 1284:OK 1279:OH 1274:ND 1269:NC 1264:NY 1259:NM 1254:NJ 1249:NH 1244:NV 1239:NE 1234:MT 1229:MO 1224:MS 1219:MN 1214:MI 1209:MA 1204:MD 1199:ME 1194:LA 1189:KY 1184:KS 1179:IA 1174:IN 1169:IL 1164:ID 1159:HI 1154:GA 1149:FL 1144:DE 1139:CT 1134:CO 1129:CA 1124:AR 1119:AZ 1114:AK 1109:AL 12195:e 12188:t 12181:v 12100:. 12036:. 12015:. 11994:. 11982:: 11976:6 11958:. 11954:: 11937:. 11918:. 11906:: 11882:. 11878:: 11857:. 11845:: 11828:. 11816:: 11799:. 11787:: 11781:4 11768:. 11756:: 11739:. 11727:: 11672:. 11618:. 11595:. 11583:. 11563:. 11523:. 11514:. 11471:. 11439:. 11411:. 11370:. 11348:. 11325:. 11305:. 11286:. 11277:. 11263:. 11234:. 11145:. 11129:. 11107:. 10958:. 10941:. 10894:. 10880:: 10851:. 10807:. 10784:. 10745:. 10663:. 10566:. 10469:. 10436:. 10410:. 10377:) 10363:. 10337:. 10311:. 10285:. 10251:. 10226:. 10190:. 10164:. 10130:. 10096:. 10078:. 10050:. 10022:. 9994:. 9966:. 9938:. 9910:. 9878:. 9848:. 9816:. 9788:. 9756:. 9728:. 9698:. 9668:. 9640:. 9615:. 9589:. 9542:. 9512:. 9482:. 9459:. 9371:. 9343:. 9300:. 9208:. 9188:: 9150:. 9123:. 9097:. 9085:: 9062:. 9050:: 9027:. 8953:. 8821:3 8818:. 8703:. 8676:. 8649:. 8599:. 8569:. 8542:. 8509:. 8469:. 8405:. 8377:. 8350:. 8310:. 8253:. 8200:. 8160:. 8076:. 8064:: 8023:. 8003:: 7977:. 7936:. 7827:. 7800:. 7707:. 7398:. 7279:. 7123:" 7063:. 6994:. 6972:. 6925:. 6895:. 6867:. 6855:: 6832:. 6820:: 6797:. 6765:. 6761:: 6755:4 6681:. 6661:: 6560:. 6522:. 6489:. 6458:. 6384:. 6353:. 6341:5 6300:. 6121:. 6101:: 6061:. 6018:. 5994:. 5953:" 5756:. 5736:: 5691:. 5649:. 5647:1 5264:. 3613:) 3609:( 3605:. 3518:) 3512:( 3507:) 3503:( 3499:. 3485:. 3402:) 3396:( 3391:) 3387:( 3383:. 3369:. 2907:e 2900:t 2893:v 2010:I 1497:e 1490:t 1483:v

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Labor history of the United States

Index