339:(PCB) substrates is an interesting alternative due to these differentiating characteristics: commercially available substrates with integrated electronics, sensors and actuators; disposable devices at low cost, and very high potential of commercialization. These devices are known as Lab-on-PCBs (LOPs). The following are some of the advantages of PCB technology: a) PCB-based circuit design offers great flexibility and can be tailored to specific demands. b) PCB technology enables the integration of electronic and sensing modules on the same platform, reducing device size while maintaining accuracy of detection. c) The standardized and established PCB manufacturing process allows for cost-effective large-scale production of PCB-based detection devices. d) The growth of flexible PCB technology has driven the development of wearable detection devices. As a result, over the past decade, there have been numerous reports on the application of Lab-on-PCB to various biomedical fields. e) PCBs are compatible with wet deposition methods, to allow for the fabrication of sensors using novel nanomaterials (e.g. graphene).
557:
for controlled separation and mixing. In such devices it is possible to quickly diagnose and potentially treat diseases. As mentioned above, a big motivation for development of these is that they can potentially be manufactured at very low cost. One more area of research that is being looked into with regards to LOC is with home security. Automated monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is a desired functionality for LOC. If this application becomes reliable, these micro-devices could be installed on a global scale and notify homeowners of potentially dangerous compounds.
236:, developed in 1979 by S.C. Terry at Stanford University. However, only at the end of the 1980s and beginning of the 1990s did the LOC research start to seriously grow as a few research groups in Europe developed micropumps, flowsensors and the concepts for integrated fluid treatments for analysis systems. These μTAS concepts demonstrated that integration of pre-treatment steps, usually done at lab-scale, could extend the simple sensor functionality towards a complete laboratory analysis, including additional cleaning and separation steps.
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276:. Sub-micrometre and nano-sized channels, DNA labyrinths, single cell detection and analysis, and nano-sensors, might become feasible, allowing new ways of interaction with biological species and large molecules. Many books have been written that cover various aspects of these devices, including the fluid transport, system properties, sensing techniques, and bioanalytical applications.
328:. The demand for cheap and easy LOC prototyping resulted in a simple methodology for the fabrication of PDMS microfluidic devices: ESCARGOT (Embedded SCAffold RemovinG Open Technology). This technique allows for the creation of microfluidic channels, in a single block of PDMS, via a dissolvable scaffold (made by e.g.
178:, the physics, manipulation and study of minute amounts of fluids. However, strictly regarded "lab-on-a-chip" indicates generally the scaling of single or multiple lab processes down to chip-format, whereas "μTAS" is dedicated to the integration of the total sequence of lab processes to perform chemical analysis.
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is the gold standard for obtaining CD4 counts, but flow cytometry is a complicated technique that is not available in most developing areas because it requires trained technicians and expensive equipment. Recently such a cytometer was developed for just $ 5. Another active area of LOC research is
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For the chips to be used in areas with limited resources, many challenges must be overcome. In developed nations, the most highly valued traits for diagnostic tools include speed, sensitivity, and specificity; but in countries where the healthcare infrastructure is less well developed, attributes
408:
In the microliter scale that LOCs deal with, surface dependent effects like capillary forces, surface roughness or chemical interactions are more dominant. This can sometimes make replicating lab processes in LOCs quite challenging and more complex than in conventional lab
332:). Furthermore, the LOC field more and more exceeds the borders between lithography-based microsystem technology, nanotechnology and precision engineering. Printing is considered as a well-established yet maturing method for rapid prototyping in chip fabrication.
263:
agents. The added value was not only limited to integration of lab processes for analysis but also the characteristic possibilities of individual components and the application to other, non-analysis, lab processes. Hence the term "lab-on-a-chip" was introduced.
397:
The complex fluidic actuation network requires multiple pumps and connectors, where fine control is difficult. It can be overcome by careful simulation, an intrinsic pump, such as air-bag embed chip, or by using a centrifugal force to replace the pumping, i.e.
272:, but also in synthetic chemistry such as rapid screening and microreactors for pharmaceutics. Besides further application developments, research in LOC systems is expected to extend towards downscaling of fluid handling structures as well, by using
231:
Next to pressure sensors, airbag sensors and other mechanically movable structures, fluid handling devices were developed. Examples are: channels (capillary connections), mixers, valves, pumps and dosing devices. The first LOC analysis system was a
809:
Chokkalingam Venkat; Tel Jurjen; Wimmers
Florian; Liu Xin; Semenov Sergey; Thiele Julian; Figdor Carl G.; Huck Wilhelm T.S. (2013). "Probing cellular heterogeneity in cytokine-secreting immune cells using droplet-based microfluidics".
267:
Although the application of LOCs is still novel and modest, a growing interest of companies and applied research groups is observed in different fields such as chemical analysis, environmental monitoring, medical diagnostics and
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fabrication. Because of demands for e.g. specific optical characteristics, bio- or chemical compatibility, lower production costs and faster prototyping, new processes have been developed such as glass, ceramics and metal
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The micro-manufacturing process required to make them is complex and labor-intensive, requiring both expensive equipment and specialized personnel. It can be overcome by the recent technology advancement on low-cost
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such as ease of use and shelf life must also be considered. The reagents that come with the chip, for example, must be designed so that they remain effective for months even if the chip is not kept in a
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to identify patients who should receive the drugs. Many researchers believe that LOC technology may be the key to powerful new diagnostic instruments. The goal of these researchers is to create
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Fenech-Salerno, Benji; Holicky, Martin; Yao, Chengning; Cass, Anthony E. G.; Torrisi, Felice (2023). "A sprayed graphene transistor platform for rapid and low-cost chemical sensing".
279:
The size of the global lab on chip market was estimated at US$ 5,698 million in 2021 and is projected to increase to US$ 14,772 million by 2030, at a CAGR of 11.5% from 2022 to 2030
1443:
Sanchez-Salmeron, A. J.; Lopez-Tarazon, R.; Guzman-Diana, R.; Ricolfe-Viala, C. (2005-08-30). "Recent development in micro-handling systems for micro-manufacturing".
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AK Yetisen; L Jiang; J R Cooper; Y Qin; R Palanivelu; Y Zohar (May 2011). "A microsystem-based assay for studying pollen tube guidance in plant reproduction".
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A.Manz, N.Graber and H.M.Widmer: Miniaturized total
Chemical Analysis systems: A Novel Concept for Chemical Sensing, Sensors and Actuators, B 1 (1990) 244–248.
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that would be treatable in a developed nation are often deadly. In some cases, poor healthcare clinics have the drugs to treat a certain illness but lack the
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Most LOCs are novel proof of concept application that are not yet fully developed for widespread use. More validations are needed before practical employment.
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safer platform for chemical, radioactive or biological studies because of integration of functionality, smaller fluid volumes and stored energies
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in a person's blood is an accurate way to determine if a person has HIV and to track the progress of an HIV infection . At the moment, flow
239:
A big boost in research and commercial interest came in the mid-1990s, when μTAS technologies turned out to provide interesting tooling for
1020:"Fabrication and Functionalization of 3D Printed Polydimethylsiloxane-Based Microfluidic Devices Obtained through Digital Light Processing"
575:. Specifically, plant on a chip is a miniaturized device in which pollen tissues and ovules could be incubated for plant sciences studies.
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faster analysis and response times due to short diffusion distances, fast heating, high surface to volume ratios, small heat capacities.
220:-compatibility limited processes, a tool box became available to create micrometre or sub-micrometre sized mechanical structures in
924:
Ghallab, Y.; Badawy, W. (2004-01-01). "Sensing methods for dielectrophoresis phenomenon: from bulky instruments to lab-on-a-chip".
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infections are a good example. Around 36.9 million people are infected with HIV in the world today and 59% of these people receive
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One of the most prominent and well known LOC devices to reach the market is the at home pregnancy test kit, a device that utilizes
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Pawell, Ryan S.; Taylor, Robert A.; Morris, Kevin V.; Barber, Tracie J. (2015). "Automating microfluidic part verification".
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Zhao, Wenhao; Tian, Shulin; Huang, Lei; Liu, Ke; Dong, Lijuan (2020). "The review of Lab‐on‐PCB for biomedical application".
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better process control because of a faster response of the system (e.g. thermal control for exothermic chemical reactions)
82:
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Geschke, Klank & Telleman, eds.: Microsystem
Engineering of Lab-on-a-chip Devices, 1st ed, John Wiley & Sons.
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Paul Yager; Thayne
Edwards; Elain Fu; Kristen Helton; Kjell Nelson; Milton R. Tam; Bernhard H. Weigl (July 2006).
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low fluid volumes consumption (less waste, lower reagents costs and less required sample volumes for diagnostics)
255:(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency), for their interest in portable systems to aid in the detection of
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291:. Initially most processes were in silicon, as these well-developed technologies were directly derived from
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chips that will allow healthcare providers in poorly equipped clinics to perform diagnostic tests such as
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James B. Angell; Stephen C. Terry; Phillip W. Barth (April 1983). "Silicon
Micromechanical Devices".
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158:(commonly called a "chip") of only millimeters to a few square centimeters to achieve automation and
1609:"Digital dipstick: miniaturized bacteria detection and digital quantification for the point-of-care"
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Gonzalez, Gustavo; Chiappone, Annalisa; Dietlikee, Kurt; Pirri, Fabrizio; Roppolo, Ignazio (2020).
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Iseri, Emre; Biggel, Michael; Goossens, Herman; Moons, Pieter; van der
Wijngaart, Wouter (2020).
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1059:"Simple 3D Printed Scaffold-Removal Method for the Fabrication of Intricate Microfluidic Devices"
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lower fabrication costs, allowing cost-effective disposable chips, fabricated in mass production
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treatment. Only 75% of people living with HIV knew their HIV status. Measuring the number of
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LOCs may provide advantages, which are specific to their application. Typical advantages are:
1893:
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Engel, U; Eckstein, R (2002-09-09). "Microforming – from basic research to its realization".
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Terry J.H.Jerman (1979). "A Gas
Chromatographic Air Analyzer Fabricated on a Silicon Wafer".
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technology. Another active area of LOC research involves ways to diagnose and manage common
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Volpatti, L. R.; Yetisen, A. K. (Jul 2014). "Commercialization of microfluidic devices".
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compactness of the systems due to integration of much functionality and small volumes
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Yetisen A. K. (2013). "Paper-based microfluidic point-of-care diagnostic devices".
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532:. A recent study based on lab-on-a-chip technology, Digital Dipstick, miniaturised
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Lab-on-a-chip technology may soon become an important part of efforts to improve
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Detection principles may not always scale down in a positive way, leading to low
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massive parallelization due to compactness, which allows high-throughput analysis
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251:. A big boost in research support also came from the military, especially from
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manufacturing (1966) as well. Due to further development of these usually
1334:"Manufacturing and wetting low-cost microfluidic cell separation devices"
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in mind as they choose what materials and fabrication techniques to use.
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Micro- and
Nanoscale Fluid Mechanics: Transport in Microfluidic Devices
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162:. LOCs can handle extremely small fluid volumes down to less than
1699:"Chip-scale gas chromatography: From injection through detection"
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Lab-on-a-chip: Techniques, Circuits, and
Biomedical Applications
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1507:"Microfluidic diagnostic technologies for global public health"
1108:"Simple fabrication of complex microfluidic devices (ESCARGOT)"
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Device integrating laboratory functions on a integrated circuit
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Lab-on-a-Chip
Technology: Biomolecular Separation and Analysis
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316:-based 3D printing as well as fast replication methods via
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This article is about the technology. For the journal, see
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Akbar, Muhammad; Restaino, Michael; Agah, Masoud (2015).
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into a dipstick format and enabled it to be used at the
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Methods in Molecular Biology – Microfluidic Diagnostics
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Lab-on-a-Chip Technology: Fabrication and Microfluidics
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Testing the safety and efficacy of new drugs, as with
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devices. In countries with few healthcare resources,
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The most prominent disadvantages of labs-on-chip are:
1849:(2012) Gareth Jenkins & Colin D Mansfield (eds):
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1657:"Global HIV & AIDS statistics — 2019 fact sheet"
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from the original on 2021-12-22 – via YouTube.
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Lab-on-a-chip devices could be used to characterize
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70:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1476:. Microsystems. Vol. 10. SpringerLink. 2002.
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887:Karniadakis, G.M.; Beskok, A.; Aluru, N. (2005).
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1182:"Lab-on-PCB and Flow Driving: A Critical Review"
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287:The basis for most LOC fabrication processes is
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656:: detection of bacteria, viruses and cancers.
150:) is a device that integrates one or several
1127:"Integrated Printed Microfluidic Biosensors"
476:environment. Chip designers must also keep
208:structures for microelectronic chips, these
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283:Chip materials and fabrication technologies
170:(MEMS) devices and sometimes called "micro
1445:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
1418:Journal of Materials Processing Technology
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369:part quality may be verified automatically
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1057:Saggiomo, V.; Velders, H. A. (Jul 2015).
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622:: detection of cancer cells and bacteria.
212:-based technologies were soon applied in
130:Learn how and when to remove this message
984:Biological Applications of Microfluidics
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166:. Lab-on-a-chip devices are a subset of
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1831:Yehya H. Ghallab; Wael Badawy (2010).
1474:Microfluidics and BioMEMS Applications
1125:Loo J, Ho A, Turner A, Mak WC (2019).
312:(OSTEmer) processing, thick-film- and
1812:Herold, KE; Rasooly, A, eds. (2009).
1793:Herold, KE; Rasooly, A, eds. (2009).
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540:. When it comes to viral infections,
335:The development of LOC devices using
1672:"Diagnosis in the palm of your hand"
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310:Off-stoichiometry thiol-ene polymers
68:adding citations to reliable sources
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1703:Microsystems & Nanoengineering
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1106:Vittorio Saggiomo (17 July 2015).
926:IEEE Circuits and Systems Magazine
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492:Examples of global LOC application
196:, sometimes called "lab on a chip"
25:
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744:10.1038/scientificamerican0483-44
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520:. A gold standard for diagnosing
400:centrifugal micro-fluidic biochip
204:(≈1954) for realizing integrated
1457:10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2005.06.027
998:"Acumen Research and Consulting"
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55:needs additional citations for
1383:Microfluidics and Nanofluidics
1180:Perdigones, Francisco (2021).
851:. Cambridge University Press.
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226:microelectromechanical systems
191:Microelectromechanical systems
168:microelectromechanical systems
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1835:. Artech House. p. 220.
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1430:10.1016/S0924-0136(02)00415-6
1143:10.1016/j.tibtech.2019.03.009
699:10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.010
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967:Berthier, J.; Silberzan, P.
908:Introduction to Microfluidic
759:IEEE Trans. Electron Devices
463:with no laboratory support.
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1816:. Caister Academic Press.
1797:. Caister Academic Press.
300:, deposition and bonding,
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1716:10.1038/micronano.2015.39
1482:10.1007/978-1-4757-3534-5
1395:10.1007/s10404-014-1464-1
938:10.1109/MCAS.2004.1337805
874:Theoretical Microfluidics
498:paper-based microfluidics
304:(PDMS) processing (e.g.,
245:capillary electrophoresis
160:high-throughput screening
889:Microflows and Nanoflows
526:urinary tract infections
228:(MEMS) era had started.
1424:(Supplement C): 35–44.
1131:Trends in Biotechnology
779:10.1109/T-ED.1979.19791
687:Trends in Biotechnology
534:microbiological culture
447:microbiological culture
200:After the invention of
174:" (μTAS). LOCs may use
1732:J. Micromech. Microeng
1332:Pawell Ryan S (2013).
1247:10.1002/elps.201900444
1075:10.1002/advs.201500125
1036:10.1002/admt.202000374
414:signal-to-noise ratios
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172:total analysis systems
154:functions on a single
1676:Multimedia::Cytometer
666:Total analysis system
632:Ion channel screening
431:point-of-care testing
337:printed circuit board
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1241:(16–17): 1433–1445.
845:Kirby, B.J. (2010).
572:Arabidopsis thaliana
302:polydimethylsiloxane
64:improve this article
1874:Integrated circuits
1744:2011JMiMi..21e4018Y
1534:10.1038/nature05064
1525:2006Natur.442..412Y
771:1979ITED...26.1880T
736:1983SciAm.248d..44A
723:Scientific American
502:infectious diseases
435:infectious diseases
243:applications, like
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1290:10.1039/d2nr05838c
1201:10.3390/mi12020175
872:Bruus, H. (2007).
824:10.1039/C3LC50945A
615:Biochemical assays
550:CD4+ T lymphocytes
474:climate controlled
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156:integrated circuit
1859:978-1-62703-133-2
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1823:978-1-904455-47-9
1804:978-1-904455-46-2
1678:. The Daily Bruin
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1519:(7101): 412–418.
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1350:10.1063/1.4821315
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858:978-0-521-11903-0
818:(24): 4740–4744.
765:(12): 1880–1886.
620:Dielectrophoresis
607:Technology portal
530:microbial culture
467:Global challenges
322:injection molding
314:stereolithography
234:gas chromatograph
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