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emerge from a column in narrow, Gaussian peaks. Wide separation of peaks, preferably to baseline, is desired for maximum purification. The speed at which any component of a mixture travels down the column in elution mode depends on many factors. But for two substances to travel at different speeds, and thereby be resolved, there must be substantial differences in some interaction between the biomolecules and the chromatography matrix. Operating parameters are adjusted to maximize the effect of this difference. In many cases, baseline separation of the peaks can be achieved only with gradient elution and low column loadings. Thus, two drawbacks to elution mode chromatography, especially at the preparative scale, are operational complexity, due to gradient solvent pumping, and low throughput, due to low column loadings. Displacement chromatography has advantages over elution chromatography in that components are resolved into consecutive zones of pure substances rather than "peaks". Because the process takes advantage of the
2041:
used to lengthen the stationary phase indefinitely. In the moving bed technique of preparative chromatography the feed entry and the analyte recovery are simultaneous and continuous, but because of practical difficulties with a continuously moving bed, simulated moving bed technique was proposed. In the simulated moving bed technique instead of moving the bed, the sample inlet and the analyte exit positions are moved continuously, giving the impression of a moving bed. True moving bed chromatography (TMBC) is only a theoretical concept. Its simulation, SMBC is achieved by the use of a multiplicity of columns in series and a complex valve arrangement. This valve arrangement provides for sample and solvent feed and analyte and waste takeoff at appropriate locations of any column, whereby it allows switching at regular intervals the sample entry in one direction, the solvent entry in the opposite direction, whilst changing the analyte and waste takeoff positions appropriately as well.
1589:
gas chromatography, being cheaper and easier to use and often giving adequate performance. Capillary columns generally give far superior resolution and although more expensive are becoming widely used, especially for complex mixtures. Further, capillary columns can be split into three classes: porous layer open tubular (PLOT), wall-coated open tubular (WCOT) and support-coated open tubular (SCOT) columns. PLOT columns are unique in a way that the stationary phase is adsorbed to the column walls, while WCOT columns have a stationary phase that is chemically bonded to the walls. SCOT columns are in a way the combination of the two types mentioned in a way that they have support particles adhered to column walls, but those particles have liquid phase chemically bonded onto them. Both types of column are made from non-adsorbent and chemically inert materials. Stainless steel and glass are the usual materials for packed columns and quartz or fused silica for capillary columns.
1857:
groups. These groups can range from methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, octyl, or phenyl groups. At high salt concentrations, non-polar sidechains on the surface on proteins "interact" with the hydrophobic groups; that is, both types of groups are excluded by the polar solvent (hydrophobic effects are augmented by increased ionic strength). Thus, the sample is applied to the column in a buffer which is highly polar, which drives an association of hydrophobic patches on the analyte with the stationary phase. The eluent is typically an aqueous buffer with decreasing salt concentrations, increasing concentrations of detergent (which disrupts hydrophobic interactions), or changes in pH. Of critical importance is the type of salt used, with more
1824:
proteins, contaminants, cells, and cell debris, is then passed upward through the expanded bed. Target proteins are captured on the adsorbent, while particulates and contaminants pass through. A change to elution buffer while maintaining upward flow results in desorption of the target protein in expanded-bed mode. Alternatively, if the flow is reversed, the adsorbed particles will quickly settle and the proteins can be desorbed by an elution buffer. The mode used for elution (expanded-bed versus settled-bed) depends on the characteristics of the feed. After elution, the adsorbent is cleaned with a predefined cleaning-in-place (CIP) solution, with cleaning followed by either column regeneration (for further use) or storage.
2056:
different heating techniques are used in actual pyrolyzers: Isothermal furnace, inductive heating (Curie point filament), and resistive heating using platinum filaments. Large molecules cleave at their weakest points and produce smaller, more volatile fragments. These fragments can be separated by gas chromatography. Pyrolysis GC chromatograms are typically complex because a wide range of different decomposition products is formed. The data can either be used as fingerprints to prove material identity or the GC/MS data is used to identify individual fragments to obtain structural information. To increase the volatility of polar fragments, various methylating reagents can be added to a sample before pyrolysis.
1985:
928:
1870:
Franzreb described the effects of temperature on HIC using Bovine Serum
Albumin (BSA) with four different types of hydrophobic resin. The study altered temperature as to effect the binding affinity of BSA onto the matrix. It was concluded that cycling temperature from 40 to 10 degrees Celsius would not be adequate to effectively wash all BSA from the matrix but could be very effective if the column would only be used a few times. Using temperature to effect change allows labs to cut costs on buying salt and saves money.
1388:(flash). The technique is very similar to the traditional column chromatography, except that the solvent is driven through the column by applying positive pressure. This allowed most separations to be performed in less than 20 minutes, with improved separations compared to the old method. Modern flash chromatography systems are sold as pre-packed plastic cartridges, and the solvent is pumped through the cartridge. Systems may also be linked with detectors and fraction collectors providing automation. The introduction of
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fluid (the "mobile phase") and a porous solid (the stationary phase). In FPLC the mobile phase is an aqueous solution, or "buffer". The buffer flow rate is controlled by a positive-displacement pump and is normally kept constant, while the composition of the buffer can be varied by drawing fluids in different proportions from two or more external reservoirs. The stationary phase is a resin composed of beads, usually of cross-linked
1797:
time in the pores depends upon the effective size of the analyte molecules. However, molecules that are larger than the average pore size of the packing are excluded and thus suffer essentially no retention; such species are the first to be eluted. It is generally a low-resolution chromatography technique and thus it is often reserved for the final, "polishing" step of a purification. It is also useful for determining the
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cleaning function at the top of the expanded bed, a better distribution of the feedstock liquor added into the expanded bed ensuring that the fluid passed through the expanded bed layer displays a state of piston flow. The expanded bed layer displays a state of piston flow. The expanded bed chromatographic separation column has advantages of increasing the separation efficiency of the expanded bed.
1305:â the matter analyzed in chromatography. It may consist of a single component or it may be a mixture of components. When the sample is treated in the course of an analysis, the phase or the phases containing the analytes of interest is/are referred to as the sample whereas everything out of interest separated from the sample before or in the course of the analysis is referred to as
2150:
breakthrough product is captured on the subsequent column(s). In a next step the columns are disconnected from one another. The first column is washed and eluted, while the other column(s) are still being loaded. Once the (initially) first column is re-equilibrated, it is re-introduced to the loading stream, but as last column. The process then continues in a cyclic fashion.
1137:. Since then, the technology has advanced rapidly. Researchers found that the main principles of Tsvet's chromatography could be applied in many different ways, resulting in the different varieties of chromatography described below. Advances are continually improving the technical performance of chromatography, allowing the separation of increasingly similar molecules.
1973:
especially impressive considering that previous studies used channels that were 80 mm in length. For a biological application, in 2007, Huh, et al. proposed a microfluidic sorting device based on HDC and gravity, which was useful for preventing potentially dangerous particles with diameter larger than 6 microns from entering the bloodstream when injecting
1450:
1649:, or a porous membrane. Monoliths are "sponge-like chromatographic media" and are made up of an unending block of organic or inorganic parts. HPLC is historically divided into two different sub-classes based on the polarity of the mobile and stationary phases. Methods in which the stationary phase is more polar than the mobile phase (e.g.,
2060:
pyrolysis applications. The main advantage is that no dedicated instrument has to be purchased and pyrolysis can be performed as part of routine GC analysis. In this case, quartz GC inlet liners have to be used. Quantitative data can be acquired, and good results of derivatization inside the PTV injector are published as well.
1968:. The first successful apparatus for HDC-on-a-chip system was proposed by Chmela, et al. in 2002. Their design was able to achieve separations using an 80 mm long channel on the timescale of 3 minutes for particles with diameters ranging from 26 to 110 nm, but the authors expressed a need to improve the retention and
1384:
wall leaving an open, unrestricted path for the mobile phase in the middle part of the tube (open tubular column). Differences in rates of movement through the medium are calculated to different retention times of the sample. In 1978, W. Clark Still introduced a modified version of column chromatography called
2122:
In the CPC (centrifugal partition chromatography or hydrostatic countercurrent chromatography) instrument, the column consists of a series of cells interconnected by ducts attached to a rotor. This rotor rotates on its central axis creating the centrifugal field necessary to hold the stationary phase
2102:
The operating principle of CCC instrument requires a column consisting of an open tube coiled around a bobbin. The bobbin is rotated in a double-axis gyratory motion (a cardioid), which causes a variable gravity (G) field to act on the column during each rotation. This motion causes the column to see
1856:
between that analyte and the chromatographic matrix. It can provide a non-denaturing orthogonal approach to reversed phase separation, preserving native structures and potentially protein activity. In hydrophobic interaction chromatography, the matrix material is lightly substituted with hydrophobic
1843:
Reversed-phase chromatography (RPC) is any liquid chromatography procedure in which the mobile phase is significantly more polar than the stationary phase. It is so named because in normal-phase liquid chromatography, the mobile phase is significantly less polar than the stationary phase. Hydrophobic
1588:
Gas chromatography (GC), also sometimes known as gas-liquid chromatography, (GLC), is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a gas. Gas chromatographic separation is always carried out in a column, which is typically "packed" or "capillary". Packed columns are the routine work horses of
2162:. In the case of enantiomers, these have no chemical or physical differences apart from being three-dimensional mirror images. To enable chiral separations to take place, either the mobile phase or the stationary phase must themselves be made chiral, giving differing affinities between the analytes.
2040:
The simulated moving bed (SMB) technique is a variant of high performance liquid chromatography; it is used to separate particles and/or chemical compounds that would be difficult or impossible to resolve otherwise. This increased separation is brought about by a valve-and-column arrangement that is
1596:
of analyte between a solid or viscous liquid stationary phase (often a liquid silicone-based material) and a mobile gas (most often helium). The stationary phase is adhered to the inside of a small-diameter (commonly 0.53 â 0.18mm inside diameter) glass or fused-silica tube (a capillary column) or a
2074:
Fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC), is a form of liquid chromatography that is often used to analyze or purify mixtures of proteins. As in other forms of chromatography, separation is possible because the different components of a mixture have different affinities for two materials, a moving
1886:
of larger droplets is prevented from being as close to the sides of the column as smaller droplets because of their larger overall size. Larger droplets will elute first from the middle of the column while smaller droplets stick to the sides of the column and elute last. This form of chromatography
1796:
and separates molecules according to their size (or more accurately according to their hydrodynamic diameter or hydrodynamic volume). Smaller molecules are able to enter the pores of the media and, therefore, molecules are trapped and removed from the flow of the mobile phase. The average residence
1344:
Chromatography is based on the concept of partition coefficient. Any solute partitions between two immiscible solvents. When one make one solvent immobile (by adsorption on a solid support matrix) and another mobile it results in most common applications of chromatography. If the matrix support, or
963:
is fixed. Because the different constituents of the mixture tend to have different affinities for the stationary phase and are retained for different lengths of time depending on their interactions with its surface sites, the constituents travel at different apparent velocities in the mobile fluid,
1873:
If high salt concentrations along with temperature fluctuations want to be avoided one can use a more hydrophobic to compete with one's sample to elute it. This so-called salt independent method of HIC showed a direct isolation of Human
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) from serum with satisfactory yield and
1869:
In general, Hydrophobic
Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is advantageous if the sample is sensitive to pH change or harsh solvents typically used in other types of chromatography but not high salt concentrations. Commonly, it is the amount of salt in the buffer which is varied. In 2012, MĂŒller and
1383:
Column chromatography is a separation technique in which the stationary bed is within a tube. The particles of the solid stationary phase or the support coated with a liquid stationary phase may fill the whole inside volume of the tube (packed column) or be concentrated on or along the inside tube
1283:
the mobile phase consists of a non-polar solvent(s) such as hexane in normal phase or a polar solvent such as methanol in reverse phase chromatography and the sample being separated. The mobile phase moves through the chromatography column (the stationary phase) where the sample interacts with the
1819:
An expanded bed chromatographic adsorption (EBA) column for a biochemical separation process comprises a pressure equalization liquid distributor having a self-cleaning function below a porous blocking sieve plate at the bottom of the expanded bed, an upper part nozzle assembly having a backflush
1720:
However, liquid chromatography techniques exist that do utilize affinity chromatography properties. Immobilized metal affinity chromatography (IMAC) is useful to separate the aforementioned molecules based on the relative affinity for the metal. Often these columns can be loaded with different
1564:
is: A molecule with a high affinity for the chromatography matrix (the displacer) competes effectively for binding sites, and thus displaces all molecules with lesser affinities. There are distinct differences between displacement and elution chromatography. In elution mode, substances typically
983:. This process is associated with higher costs due to its mode of production. Analytical chromatography is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for establishing the presence or measuring the relative proportions of analytes in a mixture. The two types are not mutually exclusive.
1956:
when compared to off-line MALS than SEC in significantly less time. This is largely due to SEC being a more destructive technique because of the pores in the column degrading the analyte during separation, which tends to impact the mass distribution. However, the main disadvantage of HDC is low
1823:
Expanded-bed adsorption (EBA) chromatography is a convenient and effective technique for the capture of proteins directly from unclarified crude sample. In EBA chromatography, the settled bed is first expanded by upward flow of equilibration buffer. The crude feed, which is a mixture of soluble
1740:
Ion exchange chromatography (usually referred to as ion chromatography) uses an ion exchange mechanism to separate analytes based on their respective charges. It is usually performed in columns but can also be useful in planar mode. Ion exchange chromatography uses a charged stationary phase to
2021:
that are indistinguishable by one-dimensional chromatography. Furthermore, the separation on the second dimension occurs faster than the first dimension. An example of a TDC separation is where the sample is spotted at one corner of a square plate, developed, air-dried, then rotated by 90° and
1716:
of a metal (Zn, Cu, Fe, etc.). Columns are often manually prepared and could be designed specifically for the proteins of interest. Traditional affinity columns are used as a preparative step to flush out unwanted biomolecules, or as a primary step in analyzing a protein with unknown physical
2059:
Besides the usage of dedicated pyrolyzers, pyrolysis GC of solid and liquid samples can be performed directly inside
Programmable Temperature Vaporizer (PTV) injectors that provide quick heating (up to 30 °C/s) and high maximum temperatures of 600â650 °C. This is sufficient for some
2055:
Pyrolysis is the thermal decomposition of materials in an inert atmosphere or a vacuum. The sample is put into direct contact with a platinum wire, or placed in a quartz sample tube, and rapidly heated to 600â1000 °C. Depending on the application even higher temperatures are used. Three
1769:
that interact with oppositely charged groups of the compound to retain. There are two types of ion exchange chromatography: Cation-Exchange and Anion-Exchange. In the Cation-Exchange
Chromatography the stationary phase has negative charge and the exchangeable ion is a cation, whereas, in the
2187:
Aqueous normal-phase (ANP) chromatography is characterized by the elution behavior of classical normal phase mode (i.e. where the mobile phase is significantly less polar than the stationary phase) in which water is one of the mobile phase solvent system components. It is distinguished from
1972:
parameters. In a 2010 publication by
Jellema, Markesteijn, Westerweel, and Verpoorte, implementing HDC with a recirculating bidirectional flow resulted in high resolution, size based separation with only a 3 mm long channel. Having such a short channel and high resolution was viewed as
2149:
than to counter current chromatography. PCC uses multiple columns, which during the loading phase are connected in line. This mode allows for overloading the first column in this series without losing product, which already breaks through the column before the resin is fully saturated. The
1637:
Liquid chromatography (LC) is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a liquid. It can be carried out either in a column or a plane. Present day liquid chromatography that generally utilizes very small packing particles and a relatively high pressure is referred to as
3321:
Brewer AK, Striegel AM (April 2011). "Characterizing string-of-pearls colloidal silica by multidetector hydrodynamic chromatography and comparison to multidetector size-exclusion chromatography, off-line multiangle static light scattering, and transmission electron microscopy".
2012:
In some cases, the selectivity provided by the use of one column can be insufficient to provide resolution of analytes in complex samples. Two-dimensional chromatography aims to increase the resolution of these peaks by using a second column with different physico-chemical
3361:
1844:
molecules in the mobile phase tend to adsorb to the relatively hydrophobic stationary phase. Hydrophilic molecules in the mobile phase will tend to elute first. Separating columns typically comprise a C8 or C18 carbon-chain bonded to a silica particle substrate.
2025:
Two-dimensional chromatography can be applied to GC or LC separations. The heart-cutting approach selects a specific region of interest on the first dimension for separation, and the comprehensive approach uses all analytes in the second-dimension separation.
1543:
Possibility of cross-contamination is low since each separation is performed on a new layer. Compared to paper, it has the advantage of faster runs, better separations, better quantitative analysis, and the choice between different adsorbents. For even better
1106:. Since these components separate in bands of different colors (green, orange, and yellow, respectively) they directly inspired the name of the technique. New types of chromatography developed during the 1930s and 1940s made the technique useful for many
1865:
providing the most water structuring around the molecule and resulting hydrophobic pressure. Ammonium sulfate is frequently used for this purpose. The addition of organic solvents or other less polar constituents may assist in improving resolution.
2107:
liquid phases used. There are many types of CCC available today. These include HSCCC (High Speed CCC) and HPCCC (High
Performance CCC). HPCCC is the latest and best-performing version of the instrumentation available currently.
1279:, CEC), a gas (GC), or a supercritical fluid (supercritical-fluid chromatography, SFC). The mobile phase consists of the sample being separated/analyzed and the solvent that moves the sample through the column. In the case of
1874:
used ÎČ-cyclodextrin as a competitor to displace IgG from the matrix. This largely opens up the possibility of using HIC with samples which are salt sensitive as we know high salt concentrations precipitate proteins.
2093:
Countercurrent chromatography (CCC) is a type of liquid-liquid chromatography, where both the stationary and mobile phases are liquids and the liquid stationary phase is held stagnant by a strong centrifugal force.
2144:
In contrast to
Counter current chromatography (see above), periodic counter-current chromatography (PCC) uses a solid stationary phase and only a liquid mobile phase. It thus is much more similar to conventional
1688:
Affinity chromatography is based on selective non-covalent interaction between an analyte and specific molecules. It is very specific, but not very robust. It is often used in biochemistry in the purification of
1190:
or a variety of other detectors) corresponding to the response created by the analytes exiting the system. In the case of an optimal system the signal is proportional to the concentration of the specific analyte
1515:
Thin-layer chromatography (TLC) is a widely employed laboratory technique used to separate different biochemicals on the basis of their relative attractions to the stationary and mobile phases. It is similar to
1409:
chromatography utilizes the binding affinity of many DNA-binding proteins for phosphocellulose. The stronger a protein's interaction with DNA, the higher the salt concentration needed to elute that protein.
2123:
in place. The separation process in CPC is governed solely by the partitioning of solutes between the stationary and mobile phases, which mechanism can be easily described using the partition coefficients (
3669:
Prebihalo SE, Berrier KL, Freye CE, Bahaghighat HD, Moore NR, Pinkerton DK, Synovec RE (January 2018). "Multidimensional Gas
Chromatography: Advances in Instrumentation, Chemometrics, and Applications".
2130:) of solutes. CPC instruments are commercially available for laboratory, pilot, and industrial-scale separations with different sizes of columns ranging from some 10 milliliters to 10 liters in volume.
1981:. This study also made advances for environmental sustainability in microfluidics due to the lack of outside electronics driving the flow, which came as an advantage of using a gravity based device.
1378:
3010:
Singh NK, DSouza RN, Bibi NS, FernĂĄndez-Lahore M (2015). "Direct
Capture of His6-Tagged Proteins Using Megaporous Cryogels Developed for Metal-Ion Affinity Chromatography". In Reichelt S (ed.).
1937:. HDC differs from other types of chromatography because the separation only takes place in the interstitial volume, which is the volume surrounding and in between particles in a packed column.
1645:
In HPLC the sample is forced by a liquid at high pressure (the mobile phase) through a column that is packed with a stationary phase composed of irregularly or spherically shaped particles, a
2347:
GonzĂĄlez-GonzĂĄlez M, Mayolo-Deloisa K, Rito-Palomares M (1 January 2020), Matte A (ed.), "Chapter 5 - Recent advances in antibody-based monolith chromatography for therapeutic applications",
1907:. Open tube offers rapid separation times for small particles, whereas packed column HDC can increase resolution and is better suited for particles with an average molecular mass larger than
1203:â a physical method of separation that distributes components to separate between two phases, one stationary (stationary phase), the other (the mobile phase) moving in a definite direction.
2052:
is a method of chemical analysis in which the sample is heated to decomposition to produce smaller molecules that are separated by gas chromatography and detected using mass spectrometry.
1540:. TLC is very versatile; multiple samples can be separated simultaneously on the same layer, making it very useful for screening applications such as testing drug levels and water purity.
1171:â the visual output of the chromatograph. In the case of an optimal separation, different peaks or patterns on the chromatogram correspond to different components of the separated mixture.
100:
3889:
Kulsing C, Nolvachai Y, Marriott PJ, Boysen RI, Matyska MT, Pesek JJ, Hearn MT (February 2015). "Insights into the origin of the separation selectivity with silica hydride adsorbents".
3181:
MĂŒller TK, Franzreb M (October 2012). "Suitability of commercial hydrophobic interaction sorbents for temperature-controlled protein liquid chromatography under low salt conditions".
1399:, a fluidized bed is used, rather than a solid phase made by a packed bed. This allows omission of initial clearing steps such as centrifugation and filtration, for culture broths or
1653:
as the mobile phase, silica as the stationary phase) are termed normal phase liquid chromatography (NPLC) and the opposite (e.g., water-methanol mixture as the mobile phase and C18 (
1493:, and the compounds within the mixture travel further if they are less polar. More polar substances bond with the cellulose paper more quickly, and therefore do not travel as far.
1421:
is a separation technique in which the stationary phase is present as or on a plane. The plane can be a paper, serving as such or impregnated by a substance as the stationary bed (
1770:
Anion-Exchange Chromatography the stationary phase has positive charge and the exchangeable ion is an anion. Ion exchange chromatography is commonly used to purify proteins using
3216:
Ren J, Yao P, Chen J, Jia L (November 2014). "Salt-independent hydrophobic displacement chromatography for antibody purification using cyclodextrin as supermolecular displacer".
3445:
Isenberg SL, Brewer AK, CÎté GL, Striegel AM (September 2010). "Hydrodynamic versus size exclusion chromatography characterization of alternan and comparison to off-line MALS".
2017:) properties. Since the mechanism of retention on this new solid support is different from the first dimensional separation, it can be possible to separate compounds by
2388:
Alternative bioseparation operations: life beyond packed-bed chromatography T.M. Przybycien, N.S. Pujar and L.M. Steele Curr Opin Biotechnol, 15 (5) (2004), pp. 469-478
1125:. They established the principles and basic techniques of partition chromatography, and their work encouraged the rapid development of several chromatographic methods:
1671:
Supercritical fluid chromatography is a separation technique in which the mobile phase is a fluid above and relatively close to its critical temperature and pressure.
1932:
964:
causing them to separate. The separation is based on the differential partitioning between the mobile and the stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compound's
2277:
1989:
1944:(SEC) but the two processes still vary in many ways. In a study comparing the two types of separation, Isenberg, Brewer, CÎté, and Striegel use both methods for
1882:
Hydrodynamic chromatography (HDC) is derived from the observed phenomenon that large droplets move faster than small ones. In a column, this happens because the
1433:
in the sample mixture travel different distances according to how strongly they interact with the stationary phase as compared to the mobile phase. The specific
1353:
etc.) it is forward phase chromatography. Otherwise this technique is known as reversed phase, where a non-polar stationary phase (e.g., non-polar derivative of
1601:; though the high temperatures used in GC make it unsuitable for high molecular weight biopolymers or proteins (heat denatures them), frequently encountered in
4136:
2079:, packed into a cylindrical glass or plastic column. FPLC resins are available in a wide range of bead sizes and surface ligands depending on the application.
2049:
1296:â the characteristic time it takes for a particular analyte to pass through the system (from the column inlet to the detector) under set conditions. See also:
931:
Thin-layer chromatography is used to separate components of a plant extract, illustrating the experiment with plant pigments which gave chromatography its name
4844:
1485:
and sealed. As the solvent rises through the paper, it meets the sample mixture, which starts to travel up the paper with the solvent. This paper is made of
3578:
Jellema LJ, Markesteijn AP, Westerweel J, Verpoorte E (May 2010). "Tunable hydrodynamic chromatography of microparticles localized in short microchannels".
2542:
Ettre LS, Sakodynskii KI (March 1993). "M. S. Tswett and the discovery of chromatography II: Completion of the development of chromatography (1903â1910)".
2173:
mixtures of enantiomers may be separated unexpectedly by conventional liquid chromatography (e.g. HPLC without chiral mobile phase or stationary phase ).
1961:
of analyte peaks, which makes SEC a more viable option when used with chemicals that are not easily degradable and where rapid elution is not important.
1569:
of the isotherms, a larger column feed can be separated on a given column with the purified components recovered at significantly higher concentrations.
3362:"Comparison of Resolving Power and Separation Time in Thermal Field-Flow Fractionation, Hydrodynamic Chromatography, and Size-Exclusion Chromatography"
1406:
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1654:
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one partitioning step per revolution and components of the sample separate in the column due to their partitioning coefficient between the two
1060:, which means "to write". The combination of these two terms was directly inherited from the invention of the technique first used to separate
2517:
649:
1852:
Hydrophobic Interaction Chromatography (HIC) is a purification and analytical technique that separates analytes, such as proteins, based on
5072:
912:
1552:
can be used. An older popular use had been to differentiate chromosomes by observing distance in gel (separation of was a separate step).
5077:
4131:
1709:, which bind to the stationary phase specifically. After purification, these tags are usually removed and the pure protein is obtained.
2188:
hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) in that the retention mechanism is due to adsorption rather than partitioning.
980:
6372:
4126:
3994:
2858:
Rahman M, El-Aty A, Choi JH, Shin HC, Shin SC, Shim JH (November 2015). "Chapter 3 Basic Overview on Gas Chromatography Columns".
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3088:"Opportunities and challenges of the tag-assisted protein purification techniques: Applications in the pharmaceutical industry"
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2883:
Wilchek M, Chaiken I (2000). "An Overview of Affinity Chromatography". In Bailon P, Ehrlich GK, Fung WJ, Berthold W (eds.).
979:. The purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for later use, and is thus a form of
5111:
5050:
2117:
1321:â any substance capable of solubilizing another substance, and especially the liquid mobile phase in liquid chromatography.
2696:
Still WC, Kahn M, Mitra A (1978). "Rapid chromatographic technique for preparative separations with moderate resolution".
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4964:
4752:
2242:
2182:
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4608:
4248:
2815:
2262:
2069:
1771:
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1197:â an instrument that enables a sophisticated separation, e.g. gas chromatographic or liquid chromatographic separation.
1993:
3747:"Heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography: a review of recent evolution, applications, and future prospects"
2945:
2867:
2454:
2326:
1118:
959:, which carries it through a system (a column, a capillary tube, a plate, or a sheet) on which a material called the
642:
6229:
1165:â a stationary phase that is covalently bonded to the support particles or to the inside wall of the column tubing.
905:
3251:
Song H, Tice JD, Ismagilov RF (February 2003). "A microfluidic system for controlling reaction networks in time".
5916:
4937:
4413:
4070:
2400:"Challenges and strategies in the preparation of large-volume polymer-based monolithic chromatography adsorbents"
1290:â the use of chromatography to purify sufficient quantities of a substance for further use, rather than analysis.
1276:
56:
17:
3753:. A selection of papers presented at the 12th International Symposium on Extraction Technologies (ExTech 2010).
2169:
Conventional chromatography are incapable of separating racemic mixtures of enantiomers. However, in some cases
5795:
4957:
4874:
4640:
4423:
4110:
2018:
615:
1155:â the use of chromatography to determine the existence and possibly also the concentration of analyte(s) in a
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4992:
4901:
4601:
4403:
4241:
4100:
4095:
3086:
Mahmoudi Gomari M, Saraygord-Afshari N, Farsimadan M, Rostami N, Aghamiri S, Farajollahi MM (December 2020).
2088:
1941:
1838:
1783:
1269:â a stationary phase that is immobilized on the support particles, or on the inner wall of the column tubing.
316:
153:
4378:
3987:
3399:
Small H (1 July 1974). "Hydrodynamic chromatography a technique for size analysis of colloidal particles".
2163:
1520:. However, instead of using a stationary phase of paper, it involves a stationary phase of a thin layer of
1149:â the substance to be separated during chromatography. It is also normally what is needed from the mixture.
635:
356:
242:
4438:
3087:
1984:
1182:
Plotted on the x-axis is the retention time and plotted on the y-axis a signal (for example obtained by a
6377:
6367:
5515:
5002:
4645:
4453:
4203:
4196:
4050:
2476:
1958:
1949:
1735:
1561:
1545:
898:
704:
694:
311:
220:
103:
3710:
Stoll DR, Carr PW (January 2017). "Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatography: A State of the Art Tutorial".
3051:
Gaberc-Porekar V, Menart V (October 2001). "Perspectives of immobilized-metal affinity chromatography".
2838:
5892:
5441:
5412:
5392:
5345:
4818:
4473:
4040:
1178:
846:
5030:
4721:
4711:
4513:
4398:
4189:
4105:
4019:
3746:
1614:
1502:
1426:
1114:
1073:
227:
2711:
2577:
1173:
5785:
5701:
5340:
4792:
4556:
4283:
1610:
1122:
841:
522:
517:
306:
299:
132:
3530:"A chip system for size separation of macromolecules and particles by hydrodynamic chromatography"
6362:
6336:
5943:
5723:
5634:
5597:
5481:
5407:
5228:
5211:
5154:
4881:
4762:
4670:
4323:
4222:
4035:
4014:
3980:
2399:
2267:
2237:
2217:
2197:
2146:
2014:
1953:
1814:
1683:
1396:
585:
580:
249:
3615:"Gravity-driven microfluidic particle sorting device with hydrodynamic separation amplification"
1237:â the stream flowing out of a chromatographic column. In practise, it is used synonymously with
5641:
5629:
5520:
5385:
5159:
5025:
4860:
4418:
4348:
4162:
3952:
2706:
2318:
2166:(with a chiral stationary phase) in both normal and reversed phase are commercially available.
1969:
1805:
of purified proteins, especially since it can be carried out under native solution conditions.
1646:
1297:
760:
137:
31:
2741:
2735:
1340:â the instrument used for qualitative and quantitative detection of analytes after separation.
6124:
6092:
5790:
5687:
5672:
5602:
5525:
5357:
5307:
5216:
5141:
5040:
4660:
4538:
4533:
4338:
4298:
4152:
4055:
4045:
1593:
1537:
1371:
965:
717:
560:
178:
3957:
2349:
Approaches to the Purification, Analysis and Characterization of Antibody-Based Therapeutics
2310:
1910:
955:
into its components. The mixture is dissolved in a fluid solvent (gas or liquid) called the
6294:
6289:
6246:
6196:
6087:
6066:
5780:
5735:
5510:
5330:
5260:
5017:
4997:
4716:
4680:
4632:
4624:
4488:
4373:
4318:
4172:
4090:
3962:
3758:
3529:
3489:
3408:
2288:
2035:
1802:
1598:
1517:
1477:
1472:
1466:
1422:
1126:
1107:
944:
793:
770:
713:
699:
398:
215:
195:
183:
127:
2765:
Bourgeois S, Pfahl M (1976). "Repressors". In Anfinsen CB, Edsall JT, Richards FM (eds.).
1241:, but the term more precisely refers to the stream independent of separation taking place.
8:
6251:
6219:
6061:
6029:
5803:
5757:
5682:
5655:
5553:
5535:
5488:
5426:
5322:
5302:
5171:
5166:
5067:
4757:
4308:
4157:
3838:
3501:
2247:
1079:
968:
result in differential retention on the stationary phase and thus affect the separation.
927:
808:
600:
448:
341:
47:
3762:
3613:
Huh D, Bahng JH, Ling Y, Wei HH, Kripfgans OD, Fowlkes JB, et al. (February 2007).
3493:
3412:
1471:
Paper chromatography is a technique that involves placing a small dot or line of sample
1213:) â the solvent or solvent fixure used in elution chromatography and is synonymous with
6279:
6271:
6256:
6224:
6204:
6112:
5936:
5880:
5846:
5708:
5677:
5558:
5500:
5198:
5181:
5176:
5131:
5094:
5084:
5045:
4787:
4782:
4777:
4650:
4368:
4264:
4167:
4075:
4060:
3639:
3614:
3560:
3123:
2559:
2372:
2357:
1978:
1853:
1798:
1762:
1583:
1130:
1061:
948:
885:
813:
620:
254:
210:
205:
3064:
2937:
2774:
2674:
1327:â the substance fixed in place for the chromatography procedure. Examples include the
6316:
5899:
5861:
5826:
5809:
5747:
5665:
5660:
5588:
5573:
5543:
5464:
5431:
5402:
5397:
5372:
5362:
5282:
5270:
5149:
5062:
4920:
4853:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4726:
4685:
4665:
4508:
4383:
4343:
3906:
3815:
3774:
3727:
3687:
3644:
3595:
3552:
3505:
3462:
3424:
3420:
3381:
3339:
3303:
3268:
3233:
3198:
3146:
3127:
3115:
3107:
3103:
3068:
3033:
3023:
2992:
2951:
2941:
2906:
2896:
2863:
2821:
2811:
2788:
2778:
2745:
2496:
2450:
2427:
2419:
2376:
2362:
2322:
2311:
2209:
1862:
1618:
1490:
1441:) of each chemical can be used to aid in the identification of an unknown substance.
1430:
1259:
1187:
1183:
1156:
936:
803:
750:
237:
188:
2563:
6236:
6102:
5988:
5904:
5821:
5476:
5335:
5312:
5265:
5206:
4925:
4833:
3898:
3872:
3864:
3846:
3805:
3766:
3719:
3679:
3634:
3626:
3587:
3564:
3544:
3497:
3454:
3416:
3373:
3331:
3295:
3260:
3225:
3190:
3099:
3060:
3015:
2982:
2971:"Fundamental laboratory approaches for biochemistry and biotechnology, 2nd edition"
2933:
2888:
2770:
2716:
2649:
2618:
2551:
2411:
2352:
2283:
2257:
2213:
1766:
1566:
1449:
1434:
994:
872:
835:
575:
550:
463:
438:
433:
388:
2471:
1657:) as the stationary phase) is termed reversed phase liquid chromatography (RPLC).
6304:
6284:
5762:
5718:
5713:
5607:
5583:
5417:
5380:
5233:
5223:
5106:
4566:
4503:
4428:
4408:
4388:
4363:
4303:
3723:
3683:
3229:
3194:
3085:
3019:
2845:
2252:
2159:
1529:
1377:
565:
489:
453:
403:
334:
323:
268:
170:
3794:"Countercurrent chromatography in analytical chemistry (IUPAC Technical Report)"
2892:
1597:
solid matrix inside a larger metal tube (a packed column). It is widely used in
6326:
6241:
5646:
5624:
5619:
5614:
5569:
5565:
5548:
5505:
5436:
5297:
5292:
5277:
5007:
4582:
3792:
Berthod A, Maryutina T, Spivakov B, Shpigun O, Sutherland IA (1 January 2009).
2449:(Second ed.). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 50.
2447:
Preparative Chromatography Techniques Applications in Natural Product Isolation
2272:
2205:
1974:
1945:
1883:
1694:
1090:
in the first decade of the 20th century, primarily for the separation of plant
740:
570:
428:
294:
200:
3850:
3770:
1891:(or molecular mass), size, shape, and structure when used in conjunction with
6356:
6209:
6022:
5851:
5740:
5696:
5421:
5255:
5250:
5243:
5121:
4772:
4523:
4498:
3819:
3810:
3793:
3428:
3385:
3307:
3111:
2996:
2825:
2698:
2423:
2346:
2201:
1965:
1934:
1900:
1606:
1083:
1045:
745:
678:
610:
443:
2925:
2654:
2637:
1113:
Chromatography technique developed substantially as a result of the work of
6311:
6141:
6117:
6107:
6012:
6000:
5993:
5728:
5578:
5493:
5469:
5459:
5451:
5352:
5287:
5186:
5035:
4808:
4731:
4483:
4468:
4358:
4328:
3925:"Chromatography: Definition, Working, and Importance in Various Industries"
3910:
3876:
3833:
3778:
3731:
3691:
3648:
3599:
3556:
3509:
3466:
3343:
3272:
3264:
3237:
3202:
3119:
3072:
3037:
2955:
2910:
2887:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 147. Humana Press. pp. 1â6.
2431:
2415:
1602:
1425:) or a layer of solid particles spread on a support such as a glass plate (
1275:â the phase that moves in a definite direction. It may be a liquid (LC and
798:
775:
595:
590:
555:
287:
6299:
6165:
6046:
6041:
6017:
5126:
4701:
4458:
4313:
3528:
Chmela E, Tijssen R, Blom MT, Gardeniers HJ, van den Berg A (July 2002).
2792:
2104:
1858:
1103:
1095:
605:
508:
4949:
3377:
3299:
2720:
2622:
1712:
Affinity chromatography often utilizes a biomolecule's affinity for the
6331:
6174:
6170:
6146:
6075:
6056:
5752:
4767:
4675:
4593:
4478:
4463:
4353:
4288:
4233:
3968:
Chromatography Equations Calculators â MicroSolv Technology Corporation
2555:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1750:
1525:
1354:
1350:
527:
423:
3967:
3902:
3630:
3591:
3548:
3480:
Striegel AM, Brewer AK (19 July 2012). "Hydrodynamic chromatography".
3458:
3335:
2987:
2970:
1457:
6186:
6129:
6051:
5978:
5959:
5814:
5116:
4981:
4736:
4561:
3577:
2224:
1808:
1533:
1521:
1486:
1389:
1346:
670:
499:
494:
328:
3286:
Small H, Langhorst MA (1 July 1982). "Hydrodynamic Chromatography".
3168:
Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology
3143:
Fundamental Laboratory Approaches for Biochemistry and Biotechnology
1996:
6341:
6136:
6097:
6082:
6005:
5983:
5836:
4518:
4493:
4278:
2220:
2097:
1629:
1099:
478:
383:
363:
349:
6214:
6179:
6159:
6036:
5973:
5856:
4393:
3972:
3014:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 1286. pp. 201â12.
2076:
1758:
1754:
1713:
1706:
1698:
1690:
1650:
1482:
1091:
952:
831:
232:
3668:
1507:
4333:
3963:
Chromatography Videos â MIT OCW â Digital Lab Techniques Manual
3791:
3745:
Tranchida PQ, Sciarrone D, Dugo P, Mondello L (February 2012).
3360:
Stegeman G, van Asten AC, Kraak JC, Poppe H, Tijssen R (1994).
3009:
2000:
1746:
1702:
1674:
Specific techniques under this broad heading are listed below.
1572:
1400:
1328:
735:
373:
3888:
3744:
2638:"Nomenclature for chromatography (IUPAC Recommendations 1993)"
1392:
pumps resulted in quicker separations and less solvent usage.
1255:. It is a sample component leaving the chromatographic column.
4528:
2444:
2111:
1742:
1549:
1481:. The paper is placed in a container with a shallow layer of
1263:â a list of solvents ranked according to their eluting power.
1053:
765:
277:
27:
Set of physico-chemical techniques for separation of mixtures
5928:
5831:
3527:
3359:
1621:
fields. It is also used extensively in chemistry research.
1036:
1030:
1012:
1006:
3444:
2932:. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 463. pp. 417â438.
2133:
1360:
1021:
5841:
2609:
Borman S (1987). "Eluent, Effluent, Eluate, and Eluite".
1847:
1024:
755:
413:
2278:
Multicolumn countercurrent solvent gradient purification
1121:
during the 1940s and 1950s, for which they won the 1952
1086:
in 1900. He developed the technique and coined the term
2737:
Experimental organic chemistry: Principles and Practice
1964:
HDC plays an especially important role in the field of
2176:
2029:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2063:
1913:
1788:
Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) is also known as
1761:. In conventional methods the stationary phase is an
1724:
1660:
1033:
1000:
997:
59:
3050:
2857:
2196:
Chromatography is used in many fields including the
1948:
characterization and conclude that HDC coupled with
1721:
metals to create a column with a targeted affinity.
1315:â the sample components in partition chromatography.
1027:
1018:
1003:
3958:
Overlapping Peaks Program â Learning by Simulations
2317:(2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole. pp.
1015:
1009:
2727:
2595:
2397:
1926:
1809:Expanded bed adsorption chromatographic separation
1548:and faster separation that utilizes less solvent,
1496:
94:
3664:
3662:
3660:
3658:
3250:
3165:
2740:(Illustrated ed.). WileyBlackwell. pp.
2518:"M.S. Tswett and the Invention of Chromatography"
2493:75 Years of Chromatography: A Historical Dialogue
2158:Chiral chromatography involves the separation of
2007:
6354:
3440:
3438:
3355:
3353:
2541:
2445:Hostettmann K, Marston A, Hostettmann M (1998).
2098:Hydrodynamic countercurrent chromatography (CCC)
2082:
2022:usually redeveloped in a second solvent system.
1832:
1777:
3612:
2313:Organic chemistry: with biological applications
2044:
4137:Pyrolysisâgas chromatographyâmass spectrometry
3655:
3523:
3521:
3519:
3479:
3320:
3285:
3180:
3053:Journal of Biochemical and Biophysical Methods
2923:
2882:
2769:. Vol. 30. Academic Press. pp. 6â7.
2764:
2695:
2050:Pyrolysisâgas chromatographyâmass spectrometry
1903:. The two main types of HDC are open tube and
1877:
1729:
1555:
1332:
986:
5944:
4965:
4609:
4249:
3988:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3473:
3435:
3350:
3215:
1988:Two-dimensional chromatograph GCxGC-TOFMS at
906:
643:
2975:Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Education
2733:
2491:Ettre LS, Zlatkis A, eds. (26 August 2011).
2490:
1573:Techniques by physical state of mobile phase
3516:
2862:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 823â834.
2463:
95:{\displaystyle J=-D{\frac {d\varphi }{dx}}}
5951:
5937:
4972:
4958:
4616:
4602:
4256:
4242:
3995:
3981:
3698:
2930:Guide to Protein Purification, 2nd Edition
2342:
2340:
2338:
2112:Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC)
1677:
913:
899:
650:
636:
4979:
3809:
3709:
3638:
2986:
2710:
2653:
2356:
4623:
4263:
3836:, MieczysĆaw Sajewicz, Teresa Kowalska
3401:Journal of Colloid and Interface Science
2968:
2805:
2153:
1983:
1940:HDC shares the same order of elution as
1628:
1624:
1506:
1456:
1448:
1413:
1365:
1078:Chromatography was first devised at the
926:
4132:Liquid chromatographyâmass spectrometry
2335:
2308:
2140:Periodic counter-current chromatography
2134:Periodic counter-current chromatography
1444:
1361:Techniques by chromatographic bed shape
14:
6355:
4868:Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry
4081:Micellar electrokinetic chromatography
4066:High-performance liquid chromatography
3166:Ninfa AJ, Ballou DP, Benore M (2010).
2671:"How does column chromatography work?"
2608:
2484:
2398:Ongkudon CM, Kansil T, Wong C (2014).
1848:Hydrophobic interaction chromatography
1640:high-performance liquid chromatography
1135:high-performance liquid chromatography
1082:by the Italian-born Russian scientist
5932:
4953:
4656:High-performance liquid chromatograph
4597:
4237:
3976:
3953:IUPAC Nomenclature for Chromatography
3482:Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry
3398:
3140:
2808:Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography
2635:
2515:
1887:is useful for separating analytes by
1827:
1741:separate charged compounds including
1577:
5887:
4908:
4127:Gas chromatographyâmass spectrometry
3502:10.1146/annurev-anchem-062011-143107
2926:"Chapter 26 Affinity Chromatography"
2118:Centrifugal partition chromatography
30:For the album by Second Person, see
5911:
4932:
3891:The Journal of Physical Chemistry B
2578:"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1952"
2243:Aqueous normal-phase chromatography
2183:Aqueous normal-phase chromatography
2177:Aqueous normal-phase chromatography
2030:Simulated moving-bed chromatography
1697:are labeled with compounds such as
1605:, it is well suited for use in the
24:
6262:Fluorescence in situ hybridization
4002:
2668:
2469:
2358:10.1016/b978-0-08-103019-6.00005-9
2263:Chromatography in blood processing
2164:Chiral chromatography HPLC columns
2070:Fast protein liquid chromatography
2064:Fast protein liquid chromatography
1725:Techniques by separation mechanism
1667:Supercritical fluid chromatography
1661:Supercritical fluid chromatography
1345:stationary phase, is polar (e.g.,
1284:stationary phase and is separated.
25:
6389:
3946:
2924:Urh M, Simpson D, Zhao K (2009).
1592:Gas chromatography is based on a
1133:, and what would become known as
1119:Richard Laurence Millington Synge
6230:Oral and maxillofacial pathology
5910:
5898:
5886:
5875:
5874:
4931:
4919:
4907:
4896:
4895:
4437:
4218:
4217:
3862:JĂŒrgen Martens, Ravi Bhushan,
3104:10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107653
1453:Paper chromatography in progress
1376:
1231:(see Eluent) exiting the column.
1177:
1172:
993:
880:
879:
866:
677:
6373:Biological techniques and tools
4071:Capillary electrochromatography
3917:
3882:
3856:
3826:
3785:
3738:
3606:
3571:
3392:
3314:
3279:
3244:
3209:
3174:
3159:
3134:
3079:
3044:
3003:
2962:
2917:
2876:
2851:
2848:. Sachem, Inc. Austin, TX 78737
2839:Displacement Chromatography 101
2832:
2799:
2758:
2689:
2662:
2629:
2570:
2191:
1497:Thin-layer chromatography (TLC)
1277:capillary electrochromatography
4641:Atomic absorption spectrometer
4111:Two-dimensional chromatography
2535:
2509:
2438:
2391:
2382:
2351:, Elsevier, pp. 105â116,
2302:
2019:two-dimensional chromatography
2008:Two-dimensional chromatography
1952:(MALS) achieves more accurate
13:
1:
5958:
5239:Interface and colloid science
4993:Glossary of chemical formulae
4101:Size-exclusion chromatography
4096:Reversed-phase chromatography
3065:10.1016/S0165-022X(01)00207-X
2969:Markwell J (September 2009).
2938:10.1016/S0076-6879(09)63026-3
2860:Analytical Separation Science
2775:10.1016/S0065-3233(08)60478-7
2767:Advances in Protein Chemistry
2734:Harwood LM, Moody CJ (1989).
2404:Journal of Separation Science
2295:
2089:Countercurrent chromatography
2083:Countercurrent chromatography
1942:Size Exclusion Chromatography
1839:Reversed-phase chromatography
1833:Reversed-phase chromatography
1794:gel filtration chromatography
1790:gel permeation chromatography
1784:Size-exclusion chromatography
1778:Size-exclusion chromatography
3724:10.1021/acs.analchem.6b03506
3684:10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04226
3421:10.1016/0021-9797(74)90337-3
3230:10.1016/j.chroma.2014.10.009
3195:10.1016/j.chroma.2012.08.052
3020:10.1007/978-1-4939-2447-9_16
2673:. BrightMags. Archived from
2045:Pyrolysis gas chromatography
7:
5516:Bioorganometallic chemistry
5003:List of inorganic compounds
4646:Flame emission spectrometer
4204:Journal of Chromatography B
4197:Journal of Chromatography A
4086:Normal-phase chromatography
4051:Displacement chromatography
3218:Journal of Chromatography A
3183:Journal of Chromatography A
2893:10.1007/978-1-60327-261-2_1
2477:Online Etymology Dictionary
2230:
1950:multiangle light scattering
1878:Hydrodynamic chromatography
1736:Ion exchange chromatography
1730:Ion exchange chromatography
1562:displacement chromatography
1556:Displacement chromatography
1386:flash column chromatography
991:Chromatography, pronounced
987:Etymology and pronunciation
10:
6394:
5442:Dynamic covalent chemistry
5413:Enantioselective synthesis
5393:Physical organic chemistry
5346:Organolanthanide chemistry
4474:Electrostatic precipitator
4041:Argentation chromatography
3798:Pure and Applied Chemistry
3170:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
2642:Pure and Applied Chemistry
2180:
2137:
2115:
2086:
2067:
2033:
1836:
1812:
1781:
1733:
1681:
1664:
1633:Preparative HPLC apparatus
1581:
1500:
1464:
1369:
1288:Preparative chromatography
1247:â a more precise term for
1071:
1067:
29:
6270:
6195:
5966:
5870:
5773:
5534:
5450:
5371:
5321:
5197:
5140:
5031:Electroanalytical methods
5016:
4988:
4891:
4842:
4801:
4745:
4722:Ion mobility spectrometry
4712:Electroanalytical methods
4694:
4631:
4575:
4547:
4514:Rotary vacuum-drum filter
4446:
4435:
4271:
4213:
4190:Biomedical Chromatography
4181:
4145:
4119:
4106:Thin-layer chromatography
4028:
4010:
3771:10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.015
2844:15 September 2008 at the
1511:Thin layer chromatography
1503:Thin-layer chromatography
1427:thin-layer chromatography
1333:thin-layer chromatography
1153:Analytical chromatography
1115:Archer John Porter Martin
1074:History of chromatography
852:List of unsolved problems
5786:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
5702:Supramolecular chemistry
5341:Organometallic chemistry
4557:Aqueous two-phase system
4379:Liquidâliquid extraction
3811:10.1351/PAC-REP-08-06-05
1861:salts as defined by the
1854:hydrophobic interactions
1611:environmental monitoring
1140:
1123:Nobel Prize in Chemistry
842:List of chemistry awards
154:ClausiusâDuhem (entropy)
104:Fick's laws of diffusion
6337:Microbiological culture
5967:Principles of pathology
5724:Combinatorial chemistry
5635:Food physical chemistry
5598:Environmental chemistry
5482:Bioorthogonal chemistry
5408:Retrosynthetic analysis
5229:Chemical thermodynamics
5212:Spectroelectrochemistry
5155:Computational chemistry
4882:Analytical Biochemistry
4671:Melting point apparatus
4454:API oilâwater separator
4324:Dissolved air flotation
4036:Affinity chromatography
3851:10.1093/chromsci/bmx031
3012:Affinity Chromatography
2885:Affinity Chromatography
2655:10.1351/pac199365040819
2268:Chromatography software
2238:Affinity chromatography
2198:pharmaceutical industry
2147:affinity chromatography
2015:chemical classification
1954:molar mass distribution
1815:Expanded bed adsorption
1684:Affinity chromatography
1678:Affinity chromatography
1647:porous monolithic layer
1560:The basic principle of
1397:expanded bed adsorption
1298:Kovats' retention index
312:NavierâStokes equations
250:Material failure theory
5796:of element discoveries
5642:Agricultural chemistry
5630:Carbohydrate chemistry
5521:Bioinorganic chemistry
5386:Alkane stereochemistry
5331:Coordination chemistry
5160:Mathematical chemistry
5026:Instrumental chemistry
4861:Analytica Chimica Acta
4419:Solid-phase extraction
4182:Prominent publications
4163:Kovats retention index
3877:10.1002/hlca.201300392
3871:, Vol. 97, 161â187. (
3845:, Vol. 55, 748â749. (
3751:Analytica Chimica Acta
3265:10.1002/anie.200390203
3092:Biotechnology Advances
2416:10.1002/jssc.201300995
2004:
1928:
1927:{\displaystyle 10^{5}}
1634:
1512:
1462:
1454:
971:Chromatography may be
932:
96:
32:Chromatography (album)
6300:Diagnostic immunology
6125:Programmed cell death
6093:Liquefactive necrosis
5791:Timeline of chemistry
5688:Post-mortem chemistry
5673:Clandestine chemistry
5603:Atmospheric chemistry
5526:Biophysical chemistry
5358:Solid-state chemistry
5308:Equilibrium chemistry
5217:Photoelectrochemistry
4753:Coning and quartering
4661:Infrared spectrometer
4539:Vacuum ceramic filter
4534:Sublimation apparatus
4339:Electrochromatography
4299:Cross-flow filtration
4153:Distribution constant
4056:Electrochromatography
4046:Column chromatography
2810:. Marcel Dekker Inc.
2516:Ettre LS (May 2003).
2181:Further information:
2154:Chiral chromatography
2138:Further information:
2116:Further information:
2087:Further information:
2068:Further information:
2034:Further information:
1987:
1929:
1813:Further information:
1782:Further information:
1765:that carries charged
1734:Further information:
1693:bound to tags. These
1682:Further information:
1632:
1625:Liquid chromatography
1594:partition equilibrium
1582:Further information:
1510:
1501:Further information:
1465:Further information:
1460:
1452:
1419:Planar chromatography
1414:Planar chromatography
1372:Column chromatography
1370:Further information:
1366:Column chromatography
966:partition coefficient
930:
307:Bernoulli's principle
300:Archimedes' principle
97:
6295:Medical microbiology
6290:Transfusion medicine
6247:Immunohistochemistry
6197:Anatomical pathology
6088:Coagulative necrosis
5781:History of chemistry
5736:Chemical engineering
5511:Bioorganic chemistry
5261:Structural chemistry
4998:List of biomolecules
4875:Analytical Chemistry
4717:Gravimetric analysis
4681:Optical spectrometer
4625:Analytical chemistry
4489:Fractionating column
4284:Acidâbase extraction
4265:Separation processes
4173:Van Deemter equation
4091:Paper chromatography
3929:www.researchdive.com
3712:Analytical Chemistry
3672:Analytical Chemistry
3619:Analytical Chemistry
3580:Analytical Chemistry
3537:Analytical Chemistry
3366:Analytical Chemistry
3324:Analytical Chemistry
3288:Analytical Chemistry
2611:Analytical Chemistry
2289:Van Deemter equation
2036:Simulated moving bed
1911:
1803:quaternary structure
1599:analytical chemistry
1550:high-performance TLC
1518:paper chromatography
1478:chromatography paper
1467:Paper chromatography
1461:Paper chromatography
1445:Paper chromatography
1423:paper chromatography
1127:paper chromatography
1108:separation processes
945:laboratory technique
873:Chemistry portal
794:Analytical chemistry
771:Chemical equilibrium
399:Cohesion (chemistry)
221:Infinitesimal strain
57:
6252:Electron microscopy
6220:Molecular pathology
6098:Gangrenous necrosis
6030:Cellular adaptation
5804:The central science
5758:Ceramic engineering
5683:Forensic toxicology
5656:Chemistry education
5554:Radiation chemistry
5536:Interdisciplinarity
5489:Medicinal chemistry
5427:Fullerene chemistry
5303:Microwave chemistry
5172:Molecular mechanics
5167:Molecular modelling
4309:Cyclonic separation
4158:Freundlich equation
3839:J. Chromatogr. Sci.
3763:2012AcAC..716...66T
3494:2012ARAC....5...15S
3413:1974JCIS...48..147S
3378:10.1021/ac00079a033
3300:10.1021/ac00245a724
2721:10.1021/jo00408a041
2623:10.1021/ac00129a735
2248:Binding selectivity
1619:industrial chemical
1209:(sometimes spelled
1080:University of Kazan
1062:biological pigments
809:Inorganic chemistry
665:Part of a series on
317:Poiseuille equation
48:Continuum mechanics
42:Part of a series on
6378:Russian inventions
6368:Chemical pathology
6280:Clinical chemistry
6272:Clinical pathology
6257:Immunofluorescence
6225:Forensic pathology
6205:Surgical pathology
6113:Fibrinoid necrosis
5847:Chemical substance
5709:Chemical synthesis
5678:Forensic chemistry
5559:Actinide chemistry
5501:Clinical chemistry
5182:Molecular geometry
5177:Molecular dynamics
5132:Elemental analysis
5085:Separation process
4788:Separation process
4783:Sample preparation
4369:Gravity separation
4120:Hyphenated methods
4076:Ion chromatography
4061:Gas chromatography
2806:Bernard F (2003).
2556:10.1007/BF02277520
2525:LCGC North America
2309:McMurry J (2011).
2005:
1924:
1828:Special techniques
1799:tertiary structure
1763:ion-exchange resin
1635:
1584:Gas chromatography
1578:Gas chromatography
1513:
1463:
1455:
1131:gas chromatography
1044:, is derived from
933:
814:Physical chemistry
761:Acidâbase reaction
523:Magnetorheological
518:Electrorheological
255:Fracture mechanics
92:
6350:
6349:
6317:Mass spectrometry
5926:
5925:
5862:Quantum mechanics
5827:Chemical compound
5810:Chemical reaction
5748:Materials science
5666:General chemistry
5661:Amateur chemistry
5589:Photogeochemistry
5574:Stellar chemistry
5544:Nuclear chemistry
5465:Molecular biology
5432:Polymer chemistry
5403:Organic synthesis
5398:Organic reactions
5363:Ceramic chemistry
5353:Cluster chemistry
5283:Chemical kinetics
5271:Molecular physics
5150:Quantum chemistry
5063:Mass spectrometry
4947:
4946:
4829:Standard addition
4824:Internal standard
4814:Calibration curve
4727:Mass spectrometry
4686:Spectrophotometer
4666:Mass spectrometer
4651:Gas chromatograph
4591:
4590:
4509:Rapid sand filter
4404:Recrystallization
4384:Electroextraction
4344:Electrofiltration
4231:
4230:
3903:10.1021/jp5103753
3631:10.1021/ac061542n
3592:10.1021/ac902872d
3549:10.1021/ac0256078
3459:10.1021/bm100687b
3447:Biomacromolecules
3336:10.1021/ac103314c
3253:Angewandte Chemie
3152:978-0-470-47131-9
3141:Ninfa AJ (2009).
3029:978-1-4939-2447-9
2988:10.1002/bmb.20321
2902:978-1-60327-261-2
2784:978-0-12-034230-3
2751:978-0-632-02017-1
2705:(14): 2923â2925.
2636:Ettre LS (1993).
2502:978-0-08-085817-3
2368:978-0-08-103019-6
2210:chemical industry
1863:Hofmeister series
1767:functional groups
1536:on a flat, inert
1403:of broken cells.
1267:Immobilized phase
1260:Eluotropic series
1227:(see Eluite) and
1223:â the mixture of
1188:mass spectrometer
1184:spectrophotometer
937:chemical analysis
923:
922:
804:Organic chemistry
751:Chemical reaction
684:Science of matter
660:
659:
535:
534:
469:
468:
238:Contact mechanics
161:
160:
90:
16:(Redirected from
6385:
6237:Gross processing
6103:Caseous necrosis
5953:
5946:
5939:
5930:
5929:
5914:
5913:
5902:
5890:
5889:
5878:
5877:
5822:Chemical element
5477:Chemical biology
5336:Magnetochemistry
5313:Mechanochemistry
5266:Chemical physics
5207:Electrochemistry
5112:Characterization
4974:
4967:
4960:
4951:
4950:
4935:
4934:
4923:
4911:
4910:
4899:
4898:
4834:Isotope dilution
4618:
4611:
4604:
4595:
4594:
4441:
4258:
4251:
4244:
4235:
4234:
4221:
4220:
4168:Retention factor
3997:
3990:
3983:
3974:
3973:
3940:
3939:
3937:
3935:
3921:
3915:
3914:
3886:
3880:
3865:Helv. Chim. Acta
3860:
3854:
3832:JĂŒrgen Martens,
3830:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3789:
3783:
3782:
3742:
3736:
3735:
3707:
3696:
3695:
3666:
3653:
3652:
3642:
3610:
3604:
3603:
3575:
3569:
3568:
3534:
3525:
3514:
3513:
3477:
3471:
3470:
3442:
3433:
3432:
3396:
3390:
3389:
3372:(7): 1147â1160.
3357:
3348:
3347:
3318:
3312:
3311:
3294:(8): 892Aâ898A.
3283:
3277:
3276:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3178:
3172:
3171:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3083:
3077:
3076:
3048:
3042:
3041:
3007:
3001:
3000:
2990:
2966:
2960:
2959:
2921:
2915:
2914:
2880:
2874:
2873:
2855:
2849:
2836:
2830:
2829:
2803:
2797:
2796:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2731:
2725:
2724:
2714:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2677:on 21 April 2017
2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2633:
2627:
2626:
2606:
2593:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2574:
2568:
2567:
2550:(5â6): 329â338.
2539:
2533:
2532:
2522:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2472:"chromatography"
2467:
2461:
2460:
2442:
2436:
2435:
2395:
2389:
2386:
2380:
2379:
2360:
2344:
2333:
2332:
2316:
2306:
2284:Purnell equation
2258:Chromatofocusing
2214:forensic science
1990:Chemical Faculty
1933:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1893:light scattering
1475:onto a strip of
1435:Retention factor
1407:Phosphocellulose
1380:
1325:Stationary phase
1181:
1176:
1043:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
961:stationary phase
915:
908:
901:
888:
883:
882:
875:
871:
870:
869:
847:List of journals
681:
662:
661:
652:
645:
638:
484:
483:
449:Gay-Lussac's law
439:Combined gas law
389:Capillary action
274:
273:
117:
116:
101:
99:
98:
93:
91:
89:
81:
73:
39:
38:
21:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6387:
6386:
6384:
6383:
6382:
6353:
6352:
6351:
6346:
6305:Immunopathology
6285:Hematopathology
6266:
6191:
5962:
5957:
5927:
5922:
5866:
5769:
5763:Polymer science
5719:Click chemistry
5714:Green chemistry
5608:Ocean chemistry
5584:Biogeochemistry
5530:
5446:
5418:Total synthesis
5381:Stereochemistry
5367:
5317:
5234:Surface science
5224:Thermochemistry
5193:
5136:
5107:Crystallography
5012:
4984:
4978:
4948:
4943:
4887:
4838:
4797:
4741:
4690:
4633:Instrumentation
4627:
4622:
4592:
4587:
4571:
4549:
4543:
4504:Protein skimmer
4442:
4433:
4429:Ultrafiltration
4409:Reverse osmosis
4389:Microfiltration
4364:Froth flotation
4304:Crystallization
4267:
4262:
4232:
4227:
4209:
4177:
4141:
4115:
4024:
4006:
4001:
3949:
3944:
3943:
3933:
3931:
3923:
3922:
3918:
3887:
3883:
3861:
3857:
3831:
3827:
3790:
3786:
3743:
3739:
3708:
3699:
3667:
3656:
3611:
3607:
3586:(10): 4027â35.
3576:
3572:
3532:
3526:
3517:
3478:
3474:
3443:
3436:
3397:
3393:
3358:
3351:
3319:
3315:
3284:
3280:
3249:
3245:
3214:
3210:
3179:
3175:
3164:
3160:
3153:
3139:
3135:
3084:
3080:
3059:(1â3): 335â60.
3049:
3045:
3030:
3008:
3004:
2967:
2963:
2948:
2922:
2918:
2903:
2881:
2877:
2870:
2856:
2852:
2846:Wayback Machine
2837:
2833:
2818:
2804:
2800:
2785:
2763:
2759:
2752:
2732:
2728:
2712:10.1.1.476.6501
2694:
2690:
2680:
2678:
2667:
2663:
2634:
2630:
2607:
2596:
2586:
2584:
2576:
2575:
2571:
2544:Chromatographia
2540:
2536:
2520:
2514:
2510:
2503:
2489:
2485:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2443:
2439:
2396:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2369:
2345:
2336:
2329:
2307:
2303:
2298:
2293:
2253:Chiral analysis
2233:
2194:
2185:
2179:
2156:
2142:
2136:
2128:
2120:
2114:
2100:
2091:
2085:
2072:
2066:
2047:
2038:
2032:
2010:
1975:contrast agents
1918:
1914:
1912:
1909:
1908:
1880:
1850:
1841:
1835:
1830:
1817:
1811:
1786:
1780:
1738:
1732:
1727:
1695:fusion proteins
1686:
1680:
1669:
1663:
1627:
1586:
1580:
1575:
1558:
1505:
1499:
1491:polar substance
1469:
1447:
1440:
1416:
1374:
1368:
1363:
1143:
1076:
1070:
1056:", and ÎłÏÎŹÏΔÎčÎœ
1052:, which means "
996:
992:
989:
919:
878:
867:
865:
864:
857:
856:
827:
819:
818:
789:
781:
780:
731:
723:
709:
686:
656:
627:
626:
625:
545:
537:
536:
490:Viscoelasticity
481:
471:
470:
458:
408:
404:Surface tension
368:
271:
269:Fluid mechanics
261:
260:
259:
173:
171:Solid mechanics
163:
162:
114:
106:
82:
74:
72:
58:
55:
54:
35:
28:
23:
22:
18:Chromatographic
15:
12:
11:
5:
6391:
6381:
6380:
6375:
6370:
6365:
6363:Chromatography
6348:
6347:
6345:
6344:
6339:
6334:
6329:
6327:Flow cytometry
6324:
6322:Chromatography
6319:
6314:
6308:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6292:
6287:
6282:
6276:
6274:
6268:
6267:
6265:
6264:
6259:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6242:Histopathology
6239:
6233:
6232:
6227:
6222:
6217:
6212:
6207:
6201:
6199:
6193:
6192:
6190:
6189:
6184:
6183:
6182:
6177:
6168:
6156:
6150:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6133:
6132:
6122:
6121:
6120:
6115:
6110:
6105:
6100:
6095:
6090:
6080:
6078:
6072:
6071:
6070:
6069:
6064:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6032:
6026:
6025:
6020:
6015:
6010:
6009:
6008:
5998:
5997:
5996:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5970:
5968:
5964:
5963:
5956:
5955:
5948:
5941:
5933:
5924:
5923:
5921:
5920:
5908:
5896:
5884:
5871:
5868:
5867:
5865:
5864:
5859:
5854:
5849:
5844:
5839:
5834:
5829:
5824:
5819:
5818:
5817:
5807:
5800:
5799:
5798:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5771:
5770:
5768:
5767:
5766:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5745:
5744:
5743:
5733:
5732:
5731:
5726:
5721:
5716:
5706:
5705:
5704:
5693:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5685:
5675:
5670:
5669:
5668:
5663:
5652:
5651:
5650:
5649:
5647:Soil chemistry
5639:
5638:
5637:
5632:
5625:Food chemistry
5622:
5620:Carbochemistry
5617:
5615:Clay chemistry
5612:
5611:
5610:
5605:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5576:
5570:Astrochemistry
5566:Cosmochemistry
5563:
5562:
5561:
5556:
5551:
5549:Radiochemistry
5540:
5538:
5532:
5531:
5529:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5506:Neurochemistry
5503:
5498:
5497:
5496:
5486:
5485:
5484:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5467:
5456:
5454:
5448:
5447:
5445:
5444:
5439:
5437:Petrochemistry
5434:
5429:
5424:
5415:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5395:
5390:
5389:
5388:
5377:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5365:
5360:
5355:
5350:
5349:
5348:
5338:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5319:
5318:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5305:
5300:
5298:Spin chemistry
5295:
5293:Photochemistry
5290:
5285:
5280:
5278:Femtochemistry
5275:
5274:
5273:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5247:
5246:
5236:
5231:
5226:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5203:
5201:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5189:
5179:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5163:
5162:
5152:
5146:
5144:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5103:
5102:
5097:
5090:Chromatography
5087:
5082:
5081:
5080:
5075:
5070:
5060:
5059:
5058:
5053:
5048:
5043:
5033:
5028:
5022:
5020:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5008:Periodic table
5005:
5000:
4995:
4989:
4986:
4985:
4977:
4976:
4969:
4962:
4954:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4941:
4929:
4917:
4905:
4892:
4889:
4888:
4886:
4885:
4878:
4871:
4864:
4857:
4849:
4847:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4836:
4831:
4826:
4821:
4816:
4811:
4805:
4803:
4799:
4798:
4796:
4795:
4790:
4785:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4749:
4747:
4743:
4742:
4740:
4739:
4734:
4729:
4724:
4719:
4714:
4709:
4707:Chromatography
4704:
4698:
4696:
4692:
4691:
4689:
4688:
4683:
4678:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4653:
4648:
4643:
4637:
4635:
4629:
4628:
4621:
4620:
4613:
4606:
4598:
4589:
4588:
4586:
4585:
4583:Unit operation
4579:
4577:
4573:
4572:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4545:
4544:
4542:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4526:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4506:
4501:
4496:
4491:
4486:
4481:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4444:
4443:
4436:
4434:
4432:
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4411:
4406:
4401:
4396:
4391:
4386:
4381:
4376:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4331:
4326:
4321:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4301:
4296:
4294:Chromatography
4291:
4286:
4281:
4275:
4273:
4269:
4268:
4261:
4260:
4253:
4246:
4238:
4229:
4228:
4226:
4225:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4193:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4176:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4149:
4147:
4143:
4142:
4140:
4139:
4134:
4129:
4123:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4113:
4108:
4103:
4098:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4038:
4032:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4023:
4022:
4017:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4004:Chromatography
4000:
3999:
3992:
3985:
3977:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3948:
3947:External links
3945:
3942:
3941:
3916:
3881:
3855:
3825:
3804:(2): 355â387.
3784:
3737:
3718:(1): 519â531.
3697:
3678:(1): 505â532.
3654:
3625:(4): 1369â76.
3605:
3570:
3543:(14): 3470â5.
3515:
3472:
3453:(9): 2505â11.
3434:
3407:(1): 147â161.
3391:
3349:
3330:(8): 3068â75.
3313:
3278:
3243:
3208:
3173:
3158:
3151:
3133:
3078:
3043:
3028:
3002:
2981:(5): 317â318.
2961:
2946:
2916:
2901:
2875:
2868:
2850:
2831:
2817:978-0824748661
2816:
2798:
2783:
2757:
2750:
2726:
2688:
2661:
2648:(4): 819â872.
2628:
2594:
2582:nobelprize.org
2569:
2534:
2508:
2501:
2483:
2462:
2455:
2437:
2410:(5): 455â464.
2390:
2381:
2367:
2334:
2327:
2300:
2299:
2297:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2286:
2281:
2275:
2273:Glowmatography
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2245:
2240:
2234:
2232:
2229:
2208:industry, the
2193:
2190:
2178:
2175:
2155:
2152:
2135:
2132:
2126:
2113:
2110:
2099:
2096:
2084:
2081:
2065:
2062:
2046:
2043:
2031:
2028:
2009:
2006:
1946:polysaccharide
1921:
1917:
1901:refractometers
1884:center of mass
1879:
1876:
1849:
1846:
1837:Main article:
1834:
1831:
1829:
1826:
1810:
1807:
1779:
1776:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1679:
1676:
1665:Main article:
1662:
1659:
1655:octadecylsilyl
1626:
1623:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1557:
1554:
1498:
1495:
1446:
1443:
1438:
1415:
1412:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1342:
1341:
1335:
1322:
1316:
1310:
1300:
1294:Retention time
1291:
1285:
1270:
1264:
1256:
1242:
1232:
1218:
1204:
1201:Chromatography
1198:
1192:
1166:
1160:
1150:
1142:
1139:
1088:chromatography
1072:Main article:
1069:
1066:
988:
985:
941:chromatography
921:
920:
918:
917:
910:
903:
895:
892:
891:
890:
889:
876:
859:
858:
855:
854:
849:
844:
839:
828:
825:
824:
821:
820:
817:
816:
811:
806:
801:
796:
790:
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
768:
763:
758:
753:
748:
743:
738:
732:
730:Key components
729:
728:
725:
724:
722:
721:
710:
708:
707:
702:
697:
691:
688:
687:
682:
674:
673:
667:
666:
658:
657:
655:
654:
647:
640:
632:
629:
628:
624:
623:
618:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
547:
546:
543:
542:
539:
538:
533:
532:
531:
530:
525:
520:
512:
511:
505:
504:
503:
502:
497:
492:
482:
477:
476:
473:
472:
467:
466:
460:
459:
457:
456:
451:
446:
441:
436:
431:
426:
420:
417:
416:
410:
409:
407:
406:
401:
396:
394:Chromatography
391:
386:
380:
377:
376:
370:
369:
367:
366:
347:
346:
345:
326:
314:
309:
297:
284:
281:
280:
272:
267:
266:
263:
262:
258:
257:
252:
247:
246:
245:
235:
230:
225:
224:
223:
218:
208:
203:
198:
193:
192:
191:
181:
175:
174:
169:
168:
165:
164:
159:
158:
157:
156:
148:
147:
143:
142:
141:
140:
135:
130:
122:
121:
115:
112:
111:
108:
107:
102:
88:
85:
80:
77:
71:
68:
65:
62:
51:
50:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6390:
6379:
6376:
6374:
6371:
6369:
6366:
6364:
6361:
6360:
6358:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6335:
6333:
6330:
6328:
6325:
6323:
6320:
6318:
6315:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6301:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6291:
6288:
6286:
6283:
6281:
6278:
6277:
6275:
6273:
6269:
6263:
6260:
6258:
6255:
6253:
6250:
6248:
6245:
6243:
6240:
6238:
6235:
6234:
6231:
6228:
6226:
6223:
6221:
6218:
6216:
6213:
6211:
6210:Cytopathology
6208:
6206:
6203:
6202:
6200:
6198:
6194:
6188:
6185:
6181:
6178:
6176:
6172:
6169:
6167:
6164:
6163:
6162:
6161:
6157:
6155:
6154:Accumulations
6152:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6131:
6128:
6127:
6126:
6123:
6119:
6116:
6114:
6111:
6109:
6106:
6104:
6101:
6099:
6096:
6094:
6091:
6089:
6086:
6085:
6084:
6081:
6079:
6077:
6074:
6073:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6059:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:Wound healing
6021:
6019:
6016:
6014:
6011:
6007:
6004:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5995:
5992:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5976:
5975:
5972:
5971:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5954:
5949:
5947:
5942:
5940:
5935:
5934:
5931:
5919:
5918:
5909:
5907:
5906:
5901:
5897:
5895:
5894:
5885:
5883:
5882:
5873:
5872:
5869:
5863:
5860:
5858:
5855:
5853:
5852:Chemical bond
5850:
5848:
5845:
5843:
5840:
5838:
5835:
5833:
5830:
5828:
5825:
5823:
5820:
5816:
5813:
5812:
5811:
5808:
5805:
5801:
5797:
5794:
5793:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5779:
5778:
5776:
5772:
5764:
5761:
5759:
5756:
5754:
5751:
5750:
5749:
5746:
5742:
5741:Stoichiometry
5739:
5738:
5737:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5725:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5715:
5712:
5711:
5710:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5699:
5698:
5697:Nanochemistry
5695:
5694:
5689:
5686:
5684:
5681:
5680:
5679:
5676:
5674:
5671:
5667:
5664:
5662:
5659:
5658:
5657:
5654:
5653:
5648:
5645:
5644:
5643:
5640:
5636:
5633:
5631:
5628:
5627:
5626:
5623:
5621:
5618:
5616:
5613:
5609:
5606:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5596:
5595:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5575:
5571:
5567:
5564:
5560:
5557:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5546:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5495:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5487:
5483:
5480:
5479:
5478:
5475:
5471:
5468:
5466:
5463:
5462:
5461:
5458:
5457:
5455:
5453:
5449:
5443:
5440:
5438:
5435:
5433:
5430:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5422:Semisynthesis
5419:
5416:
5414:
5411:
5409:
5406:
5404:
5401:
5399:
5396:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5383:
5382:
5379:
5378:
5376:
5374:
5370:
5364:
5361:
5359:
5356:
5354:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5343:
5342:
5339:
5337:
5334:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5301:
5299:
5296:
5294:
5291:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5279:
5276:
5272:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5264:
5262:
5259:
5257:
5256:Sonochemistry
5254:
5252:
5251:Cryochemistry
5249:
5245:
5244:Micromeritics
5242:
5241:
5240:
5237:
5235:
5232:
5230:
5227:
5225:
5222:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5205:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5188:
5185:
5184:
5183:
5180:
5178:
5175:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5153:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5145:
5143:
5139:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5122:Wet chemistry
5120:
5118:
5115:
5113:
5110:
5108:
5105:
5101:
5098:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5088:
5086:
5083:
5079:
5076:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5065:
5064:
5061:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5049:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4990:
4987:
4983:
4975:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4956:
4955:
4952:
4940:
4939:
4930:
4928:
4927:
4922:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4906:
4904:
4903:
4894:
4893:
4890:
4884:
4883:
4879:
4877:
4876:
4872:
4870:
4869:
4865:
4863:
4862:
4858:
4856:
4855:
4851:
4850:
4848:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4827:
4825:
4822:
4820:
4819:Matrix effect
4817:
4815:
4812:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4804:
4800:
4794:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4784:
4781:
4779:
4778:Pulverization
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4754:
4751:
4750:
4748:
4744:
4738:
4735:
4733:
4730:
4728:
4725:
4723:
4720:
4718:
4715:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4703:
4700:
4699:
4697:
4693:
4687:
4684:
4682:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4654:
4652:
4649:
4647:
4644:
4642:
4639:
4638:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4614:
4612:
4607:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4596:
4584:
4581:
4580:
4578:
4574:
4568:
4565:
4563:
4560:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4552:
4546:
4540:
4537:
4535:
4532:
4530:
4527:
4525:
4524:Spinning cone
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4500:
4499:Mixer-settler
4497:
4495:
4492:
4490:
4487:
4485:
4482:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4414:Sedimentation
4412:
4410:
4407:
4405:
4402:
4400:
4399:Precipitation
4397:
4395:
4392:
4390:
4387:
4385:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4335:
4332:
4330:
4327:
4325:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4315:
4312:
4310:
4307:
4305:
4302:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4292:
4290:
4287:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4270:
4266:
4259:
4254:
4252:
4247:
4245:
4240:
4239:
4236:
4224:
4216:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4186:
4184:
4180:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4150:
4148:
4144:
4138:
4135:
4133:
4130:
4128:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4118:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4104:
4102:
4099:
4097:
4094:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4037:
4034:
4033:
4031:
4027:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4012:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3993:
3991:
3986:
3984:
3979:
3978:
3975:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3930:
3926:
3920:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3897:(7): 3063â9.
3896:
3892:
3885:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3867:
3866:
3859:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3841:
3840:
3835:
3829:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3788:
3780:
3776:
3772:
3768:
3764:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3721:
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3713:
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3693:
3689:
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3681:
3677:
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3646:
3641:
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3609:
3601:
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3593:
3589:
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3581:
3574:
3566:
3562:
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3554:
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3531:
3524:
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3520:
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3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3487:
3483:
3476:
3468:
3464:
3460:
3456:
3452:
3448:
3441:
3439:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3375:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3356:
3354:
3345:
3341:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3317:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3259:(7): 768â72.
3258:
3254:
3247:
3239:
3235:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3219:
3212:
3204:
3200:
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3192:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3169:
3162:
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3144:
3137:
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3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
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3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3089:
3082:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3047:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3021:
3017:
3013:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2965:
2957:
2953:
2949:
2947:9780123745361
2943:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2920:
2912:
2908:
2904:
2898:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2879:
2871:
2869:9783527333745
2865:
2861:
2854:
2847:
2843:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2802:
2794:
2790:
2786:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2761:
2753:
2747:
2743:
2739:
2738:
2730:
2722:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2699:J. Org. Chem.
2692:
2676:
2672:
2665:
2656:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2632:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2612:
2605:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2565:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2538:
2531:(5): 458â467.
2530:
2526:
2519:
2512:
2504:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2458:
2456:9783662036310
2452:
2448:
2441:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2405:
2401:
2394:
2385:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2364:
2359:
2354:
2350:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2328:9780495391470
2324:
2320:
2315:
2314:
2305:
2301:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2249:
2246:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2189:
2184:
2174:
2172:
2167:
2165:
2161:
2160:stereoisomers
2151:
2148:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2119:
2109:
2106:
2095:
2090:
2080:
2078:
2071:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2051:
2042:
2037:
2027:
2023:
2020:
2016:
2002:
1998:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1967:
1966:microfluidics
1962:
1960:
1955:
1951:
1947:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1906:
1905:packed column
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1875:
1871:
1867:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1845:
1840:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1806:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1791:
1785:
1775:
1773:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1685:
1675:
1672:
1668:
1658:
1656:
1652:
1648:
1643:
1641:
1631:
1622:
1620:
1616:
1612:
1608:
1607:petrochemical
1604:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1570:
1568:
1563:
1553:
1551:
1547:
1541:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1474:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1442:
1436:
1432:
1429:). Different
1428:
1424:
1420:
1411:
1408:
1404:
1402:
1398:
1393:
1391:
1387:
1381:
1379:
1373:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1348:
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1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1311:
1308:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1295:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1265:
1262:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1240:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1195:Chromatograph
1193:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1144:
1138:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1111:
1109:
1105:
1101:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1084:Mikhail Tsvet
1081:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1059:
1055:
1051:
1047:
1041:
984:
982:
978:
974:
969:
967:
962:
958:
954:
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946:
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938:
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925:
916:
911:
909:
904:
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897:
896:
894:
893:
887:
877:
874:
863:
862:
861:
860:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
837:
833:
830:
829:
823:
822:
815:
812:
810:
807:
805:
802:
800:
797:
795:
792:
791:
785:
784:
777:
774:
772:
769:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
752:
749:
747:
744:
742:
739:
737:
734:
733:
727:
726:
719:
715:
712:
711:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
690:
689:
685:
680:
676:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
663:
653:
648:
646:
641:
639:
634:
633:
631:
630:
622:
619:
617:
614:
612:
609:
607:
604:
602:
599:
597:
594:
592:
589:
587:
584:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
548:
541:
540:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
516:
515:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:
501:
498:
496:
493:
491:
488:
487:
486:
485:
480:
475:
474:
465:
462:
461:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
442:
440:
437:
435:
434:Charles's law
432:
430:
427:
425:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
412:
411:
405:
402:
400:
397:
395:
392:
390:
387:
385:
382:
381:
379:
378:
375:
372:
371:
365:
362:
358:
355:
351:
348:
343:
342:non-Newtonian
340:
336:
332:
331:
330:
327:
325:
322:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
301:
298:
296:
293:
289:
286:
285:
283:
282:
279:
276:
275:
270:
265:
264:
256:
253:
251:
248:
244:
241:
240:
239:
236:
234:
231:
229:
228:Compatibility
226:
222:
219:
217:
216:Finite strain
214:
213:
212:
209:
207:
204:
202:
199:
197:
194:
190:
187:
186:
185:
182:
180:
177:
176:
172:
167:
166:
155:
152:
151:
150:
149:
145:
144:
139:
136:
134:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
123:
120:Conservations
119:
118:
110:
109:
105:
86:
83:
78:
75:
69:
66:
63:
60:
53:
52:
49:
46:
45:
41:
40:
37:
33:
19:
6321:
6312:Enzyme assay
6158:
6153:
6142:Karyorrhexis
6118:Myocytolysis
6108:Fat necrosis
6013:Inflammation
6001:Hemodynamics
5994:Pathogenesis
5915:
5903:
5891:
5879:
5729:Biosynthesis
5579:Geochemistry
5494:Pharmacology
5470:Cell biology
5460:Biochemistry
5288:Spectroscopy
5187:VSEPR theory
5089:
5036:Spectroscopy
4980:Branches of
4936:
4924:
4912:
4900:
4880:
4873:
4866:
4859:
4852:
4845:publications
4809:Chemometrics
4793:Sub-sampling
4732:Spectroscopy
4706:
4484:Filter press
4469:Depth filter
4359:Flocculation
4329:Distillation
4293:
4202:
4195:
4188:
4003:
3932:. Retrieved
3928:
3919:
3894:
3890:
3884:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3842:
3837:
3828:
3801:
3797:
3787:
3754:
3750:
3740:
3715:
3711:
3675:
3671:
3622:
3618:
3608:
3583:
3579:
3573:
3540:
3536:
3488:(1): 15â34.
3485:
3481:
3475:
3450:
3446:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3369:
3365:
3327:
3323:
3316:
3291:
3287:
3281:
3256:
3252:
3246:
3221:
3217:
3211:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3167:
3161:
3142:
3136:
3095:
3091:
3081:
3056:
3052:
3046:
3011:
3005:
2978:
2974:
2964:
2929:
2919:
2884:
2878:
2859:
2853:
2834:
2807:
2801:
2766:
2760:
2736:
2729:
2702:
2697:
2691:
2679:. Retrieved
2675:the original
2664:
2645:
2641:
2631:
2614:
2610:
2585:. Retrieved
2581:
2572:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2528:
2524:
2511:
2495:. Elsevier.
2492:
2486:
2475:
2465:
2446:
2440:
2407:
2403:
2393:
2384:
2348:
2312:
2304:
2195:
2192:Applications
2186:
2170:
2168:
2157:
2143:
2124:
2121:
2101:
2092:
2073:
2058:
2054:
2048:
2039:
2024:
2011:
1963:
1939:
1881:
1872:
1868:
1851:
1842:
1822:
1818:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1739:
1719:
1717:properties.
1711:
1687:
1673:
1670:
1644:
1636:
1603:biochemistry
1591:
1587:
1567:nonlinearity
1559:
1542:
1514:
1476:
1470:
1418:
1417:
1405:
1394:
1385:
1382:
1375:
1343:
1337:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1306:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1273:Mobile phase
1272:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1224:
1220:
1215:mobile phase
1214:
1210:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1169:Chromatogram
1168:
1163:Bonded phase
1162:
1152:
1146:
1112:
1104:xanthophylls
1087:
1077:
1057:
1049:
990:
981:purification
976:
972:
970:
960:
957:mobile phase
956:
940:
934:
924:
799:Biochemistry
776:Chemical law
683:
509:Smart fluids
454:Graham's law
393:
360:
353:
338:
324:Pascal's law
320:
303:
291:
146:Inequalities
36:
6166:Hemosiderin
6047:Hyperplasia
6042:Hypertrophy
6018:Cell damage
5917:WikiProject
5142:Theoretical
5127:Calorimetry
4938:WikiProject
4802:Calibration
4763:Dissolution
4702:Calorimetry
4459:Belt filter
4424:Sublimation
4314:Decantation
3934:25 February
3834:Bhushan, R.
2218:environment
1979:ultrasounds
1897:viscometers
1895:detectors,
1859:kosmotropic
1751:amino acids
1615:remediation
1357:) is used.
1096:chlorophyll
973:preparative
528:Ferrofluids
429:Boyle's law
201:Hooke's law
179:Deformation
6357:Categories
6332:Blood bank
6175:Lipofuscin
6171:Lipochrome
6147:Karyolysis
6076:Cell death
6057:Metaplasia
5753:Metallurgy
5452:Biological
5018:Analytical
4843:Prominent
4768:Filtration
4695:Techniques
4676:Microscope
4548:Multiphase
4479:Evaporator
4464:Centrifuge
4354:Filtration
4349:Extraction
4289:Adsorption
4279:Absorption
4029:Techniques
3224:: 98â104.
3098:: 107653.
2669:Manish T.
2617:(2): 99A.
2470:Harper D.
2296:References
2171:nonracemic
2105:immiscible
1970:dispersion
1959:resolution
1889:molar mass
1546:resolution
1526:silica gel
1191:separated.
977:analytical
949:separation
581:Gay-Lussac
544:Scientists
444:Fick's law
424:Atmosphere
243:frictional
196:Plasticity
184:Elasticity
6187:Steatosis
6130:Apoptosis
6067:Glandular
6052:Dysplasia
5984:Neoplasia
5979:Infection
5960:Pathology
5815:Catalysis
5323:Inorganic
5117:Titration
4982:chemistry
4737:Titration
4562:Azeotrope
4272:Processes
3820:1365-3075
3757:: 66â75.
3429:0021-9797
3386:0003-2700
3308:0003-2700
3189:: 88â96.
3128:226276355
3112:0734-9750
2997:1470-8175
2826:437068122
2707:CiteSeerX
2587:25 August
2424:1615-9314
2377:226450210
2225:hospitals
1792:(GPC) or
1538:substrate
1534:cellulose
1522:adsorbent
1487:cellulose
1431:compounds
1347:cellulose
1331:layer in
1100:carotenes
671:Chemistry
621:Truesdell
551:Bernoulli
500:Rheometer
495:Rheometry
335:Newtonian
329:Viscosity
79:φ
67:−
6342:Serology
6137:Pyknosis
6083:Necrosis
6062:Squamous
6006:Ischemia
5881:Category
5837:Molecule
5774:See also
5199:Physical
4902:Category
4758:Dilution
4746:Sampling
4576:Concepts
4567:Eutectic
4519:Scrubber
4494:Leachate
4374:Leaching
4319:Dialysis
4223:Category
4015:software
3911:25656442
3779:22284880
3732:27935671
3692:29088543
3649:17297936
3600:20423105
3557:12139056
3510:22708902
3467:20690593
3344:21428298
3273:12596195
3238:25441076
3203:22954746
3120:33157154
3073:11694288
3038:25749956
2956:19892186
2911:10857080
2842:Archived
2564:97052560
2432:24376196
2231:See also
2221:analysis
2206:beverage
1759:proteins
1755:peptides
1707:antigens
1699:His-tags
1691:proteins
1473:solution
1401:slurries
1390:gradient
1338:Detector
1235:Effluent
1094:such as
1092:pigments
1058:graphein
947:for the
886:Category
826:Research
788:Branches
718:timeline
705:Glossary
479:Rheology
384:Adhesion
364:Pressure
350:Buoyancy
295:Dynamics
133:Momentum
6215:Autopsy
6180:Melanin
6160:pigment
6037:Atrophy
5974:Disease
5893:Commons
5857:Alchemy
5373:Organic
4914:Commons
4854:Analyst
4773:Masking
4550:systems
4447:Devices
4394:Osmosis
4020:history
3759:Bibcode
3640:2527745
3565:6948037
3490:Bibcode
3409:Bibcode
2742:180â185
2681:7 April
2280:(MCSGP)
2077:agarose
1935:daltons
1747:cations
1714:cations
1651:toluene
1530:alumina
1483:solvent
1319:Solvent
1253:analyte
1229:solvent
1147:Analyte
1068:History
953:mixture
832:Chemist
714:History
700:Outline
566:Charles
374:Liquids
288:Statics
233:Bending
5905:Portal
5051:UV-Vis
4926:Portal
4334:Drying
4146:Theory
3909:
3818:
3777:
3730:
3690:
3647:
3637:
3598:
3563:
3555:
3508:
3465:
3427:
3384:
3342:
3306:
3271:
3236:
3201:
3149:
3126:
3118:
3110:
3071:
3036:
3026:
2995:
2954:
2944:
2909:
2899:
2866:
2824:
2814:
2793:779429
2791:
2781:
2748:
2709:
2562:
2499:
2453:
2430:
2422:
2375:
2365:
2325:
2223:, and
2200:, the
2003:, 2016
2001:Poland
1997:GdaĆsk
1899:, and
1757:, and
1743:anions
1703:biotin
1617:, and
1351:silica
1329:silica
1313:Solute
1303:Sample
1249:solute
1245:Eluite
1239:eluate
1225:solute
1221:Eluate
1211:eluant
1207:Eluent
1157:sample
1102:, and
1050:chroma
1048:ÏÏáż¶ÎŒÎ±
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