Antibody - Knowledge

234:). Durable protection from infections caused by a given microbe – that is, the ability of the microbe to enter the body and begin to replicate (not necessarily to cause disease) – depends on sustained production of large quantities of antibodies, meaning that effective vaccines ideally elicit persistent high levels of antibody, which relies on long-lived plasma cells. At the same time, many microbes of medical importance have the ability to mutate to escape antibodies elicited by prior infections, and long-lived plasma cells cannot undergo affinity maturation or class switching. This is compensated for through memory B cells: novel variants of a microbe that still retain structural features of previously encountered antigens can elicit memory B cell responses that adapt to those changes. It has been suggested that long-lived plasma cells secrete B cell receptors with higher affinity than those on the surfaces of memory B cells, but findings are not entirely consistent on this point. 1643:

cell-surface IgM and IgD with identical antigen binding regions. Each isotype is adapted for a distinct function; therefore, after activation, an antibody with an IgG, IgA, or IgE effector function might be required to effectively eliminate an antigen. Class switching allows different daughter cells from the same activated B cell to produce antibodies of different isotypes. Only the constant region of the antibody heavy chain changes during class switching; the variable regions, and therefore antigen specificity, remain unchanged. Thus the progeny of a single B cell can produce antibodies, all specific for the same antigen, but with the ability to produce the effector function appropriate for each antigenic challenge. Class switching is triggered by cytokines; the isotype generated depends on which cytokines are present in the B cell environment.

162:. Human IgG and IgA antibodies are also divided into discrete subclasses (IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4; IgA1 and IgA2). The class refers to the functions triggered by the antibody (also known as effector functions), in addition to some other structural features. Antibodies from different classes also differ in where they are released in the body and at what stage of an immune response. Between species, while classes and subclasses of antibodies may be shared (at least in name), their functions and distribution throughout the body may be different. For example, mouse IgG1 is closer to human IgG2 than human IgG1 in terms of its function. 1719:) are connected to the variable domain of the heavy and light chain via a short linker peptide. The linker is rich in glycine, which gives it more flexibility, and serine/threonine, which gives it specificity. Two different scFv fragments can be connected together, via a hinge region, to the constant domain of the heavy chain or the constant domain of the light chain. This gives the antibody bispecificity, allowing for the binding specificities of two different antigens. The "knobs-into-holes" format enhances heterodimer formation but does not suppress homodimer formation. 1457: 269: 258: 2484:

experimental conditions such as pH, solvent, state of tissue etc. Multiple attempts have been made to improve both the way that researchers validate antibodies and ways in which they report on antibodies. Researchers using antibodies in their work need to record them correctly in order to allow their research to be reproducible (and therefore tested, and qualified by other researchers). Less than half of research antibodies referenced in academic papers can be easily identified. Papers published in

1628: 1920: 1755:-infected red blood cells. In fact, these antibodies underwent affinity maturation that enhanced affinity for RIFIN but abolished affinity for collagen. These "LAIR1-containing" antibodies have been found in 5-10% of donors from Tanzania and Mali, though not in European donors. European donors did show 100-1000 nucleotide stretches inside the elbow joints as well, however. This particular phenomenon may be specific to malaria, as infection is known to induce genomic instability. 226:

work indicates that survival niches can readily be established within the mucosal tissues- though the classes of antibodies involved show a different hierarchy from those in the bone marrow. B cells can also differentiate into memory B cells which can persist for decades similarly to long-lived plasma cells. These cells can be rapidly recalled in a secondary immune response, undergoing class switching, affinity maturation, and differentiating into antibody-secreting cells.

1126: 221:), and rely on survival niches comprising specific cell types and cytokines to persist. Plasma cells will secrete huge quantities of antibody regardless of whether or not their cognate antigen is present, ensuring that antibody levels to the antigen in question do not fall to 0, provided the plasma cell stays alive. The rate of antibody secretion, however, can be regulated, for example, by the presence of adjuvant molecules that stimulate the immune response such as 245: 1607:. Some point mutations will result in the production of antibodies that have a weaker interaction (low affinity) with their antigen than the original antibody, and some mutations will generate antibodies with a stronger interaction (high affinity). B cells that express high affinity antibodies on their surface will receive a strong survival signal during interactions with other cells, whereas those with low affinity antibodies will not, and will die by 1301: 523:(FcRn) binds to the Fc region of IgG antibodies to transport it across the placenta, from the mother to the fetus. In addition to this, binding to FcRn endows IgG with an exceptionally long half-life relative to other plasma proteins of 3-4 weeks. IgG3 in most cases (depending on allotype) has mutations at the FcRn binding site which lower affinity for FcRn, which are thought to have evolved to limit the highly inflammatory effects of this subclass. 583: 1545:. In the bone marrow, each developing B cell will assemble an immunoglobulin variable region by randomly selecting and combining one V, one D and one J gene segment (or one V and one J segment in the light chain). As there are multiple copies of each type of gene segment, and different combinations of gene segments can be used to generate each immunoglobulin variable region, this process generates a huge number of antibodies, each with different 1518: 2311: 1503:(CDR1, CDR2 and CDR3). CDRs are supported within the variable domains by conserved framework regions. The heavy chain locus contains about 65 different variable domain genes that all differ in their CDRs. Combining these genes with an array of genes for other domains of the antibody generates a large cavalry of antibodies with a high degree of variability. This combination is called V(D)J recombination discussed below. 1843: 42: 1711:

part of the constant region in antibodies. The "knobs" part is engineered by replacing a small amino acid with a larger one. It fits into the "hole", which is engineered by replacing a large amino acid with a smaller one. What connects the "knobs" to the "holes" are the disulfide bonds between each chain. The "knobs-into-holes" shape facilitates antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity.

444:(CDRs), since their shape complements that of an antigen. Three CDRs from each of the heavy and light chains together form an antibody-binding site whose shape can be anything from a pocket to which a smaller antigen binds, to a larger surface, to a protrusion that sticks out into a groove in an antigen. Typically though, only a few residues contribute to most of the binding energy. 181:, though this classification can become complicated. For example, natural IgM, which are made by B-1 lineage cells that have properties more similar to innate immune cells than adaptive, refers to IgM antibodies made independently of an immune response that demonstrate polyreactivity- they recognize multiple distinct (unrelated) antigens. These can work with the 960:(κ). However, there is no known functional difference between them, and both can occur with any of the five major types of heavy chains. Each antibody contains two identical light chains: both κ or both λ. Proportions of κ and λ types vary by species and can be used to detect abnormal proliferation of B cell clones. Other types of light chains, such as the 713:, while the suffix denotes the type of heavy chain the antibody contains: the heavy chain types α (alpha), γ (gamma), δ (delta), ε (epsilon), μ (mu) give rise to IgA, IgG, IgD, IgE, IgM, respectively. The distinctive features of each class are determined by the part of the heavy chain within the hinge and Fc region. 1529:, involves the generation of a unique immunoglobulin variable region. The variable region of each immunoglobulin heavy or light chain is encoded in several pieces—known as gene segments (subgenes). These segments are called variable (V), diversity (D) and joining (J) segments. V, D and J segments are found in 213:, which differ mainly in the degree to which they secrete antibody, their lifespan, metabolic adaptations, and surface markers. Plasmablasts are rapidly proliferating, short-lived cells produced in the early phases of the immune response (classically described as arising extrafollicularly rather than from the 2297:

to prevent sensitization that may occur when a Rh-negative mother has a Rh-positive fetus. Treatment of a mother with Anti-RhD antibodies prior to and immediately after trauma and delivery destroys Rh antigen in the mother's system from the fetus. This occurs before the antigen can stimulate maternal

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occurring after activation of the B cell, which allows the cell to produce different classes of antibody (IgA, IgE, or IgG). The different classes of antibody, and thus effector functions, are defined by the constant (C) regions of the immunoglobulin heavy chain. Initially, naive B cells express only

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for initiation of an immune response. Hence in this capacity, the function of antibodies is more akin to that of innate immunity than adaptive. Nonetheless, in general antibodies are regarded as part of the adaptive immune system because they demonstrate exceptional specificity (with some exception),

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Heterodimeric antibodies have a greater range in shapes they can take and the drugs that are attached to the arms do not have to be the same on each arm, allowing for different combinations of drugs to be used in cancer treatment. Pharmaceuticals are able to produce highly functional bispecific, and

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models that predict successful docking of antibodies with their unique antigen. However, describing an antibody's binding site using only one single static structure limits the understanding and characterization of the antibody's function and properties. To improve antibody structure prediction and

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Heterodimeric antibodies, which are also asymmetrical antibodies, allow for greater flexibility and new formats for attaching a variety of drugs to the antibody arms. One of the general formats for a heterodimeric antibody is the "knobs-into-holes" format. This format is specific to the heavy chain

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in humans. One of these domains is called the variable domain, which is present in each heavy and light chain of every antibody, but can differ in different antibodies generated from distinct B cells. Differences between the variable domains are located on three loops known as hypervariable regions

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is one commonly used method for determining antibody structures. However, crystallizing an antibody is often laborious and time-consuming. Computational approaches provide a cheaper and faster alternative to crystallography, but their results are more equivocal, since they do not produce empirical

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ligands. Long-lived plasma cells can live for potentially the entire lifetime of the organism. Classically, the survival niches that house long-lived plasma cells reside in the bone marrow, though it cannot be assumed that any given plasma cell in the bone marrow will be long-lived. However, other

1611:. Thus, B cells expressing antibodies with a higher affinity for the antigen will outcompete those with weaker affinities for function and survival allowing the average affinity of antibodies to increase over time. The process of generating antibodies with increased binding affinities is called 1442:

Virtually all microbes can trigger an antibody response. Successful recognition and eradication of many different types of microbes requires diversity among antibodies; their amino acid composition varies allowing them to interact with many different antigens. It has been estimated that humans

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The structures of CDRs have been clustered and classified by Chothia et al. and more recently by North et al. and Nikoloudis et al. However, describing an antibody's binding site using only one single static structure limits the understanding and characterization of the antibody's function and

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To further improve the function of heterodimeric antibodies, many scientists are looking towards artificial constructs. Artificial antibodies are largely diverse protein motifs that use the functional strategy of the antibody molecule, but are not limited by the loop and framework structural

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Antibodies used in research are some of the most powerful, yet most problematic reagents with a tremendous number of factors that must be controlled in any experiment including cross reactivity, or the antibody recognizing multiple epitopes and affinity, which can vary widely depending on

910:." The naive B lymphocyte expresses both surface IgM and IgD. The co-expression of both of these immunoglobulin isotypes renders the B cell ready to respond to antigen. B cell activation follows engagement of the cell-bound antibody molecule with an antigen, causing the cell to divide and 2622:

of antibody: to highlight unwanted interactions (toxicity) of antibodies with previously characterized tissues. This study can be performed in vitro (reactivity of the antibody or immunoconjugate should be determined with a quick-frozen adult tissues) or in vivo (with appropriates animal

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The ability to describe the antibody through binding affinity to the antigen is supplemented by information on antibody structure and amino acid sequences for the purpose of patent claims. Several methods have been presented for computational design of antibodies based on the structural

1354:. Since an antibody has at least two paratopes, it can bind more than one antigen by binding identical epitopes carried on the surfaces of these antigens. By coating the pathogen, antibodies stimulate effector functions against the pathogen in cells that recognize their Fc region. 2298:

B cells to "remember" Rh antigen by generating memory B cells. Therefore, her humoral immune system will not make anti-Rh antibodies, and will not attack the Rh antigens of the current or subsequent babies. Rho(D) Immune Globulin treatment prevents sensitization that can lead to

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Antibodies are central to the immune protection elicited by most vaccines and infections (although other components of the immune system certainly participate and for some diseases are considerably more important than antibodies in generating an immune response, e.g.

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Antibody-antigen interactions: the basis of quantitative and qualitative assays. Experimentally, if a known concentration of antibody is mixed with increasing amounts of specific antigen, then cross-linked antibody-antigen complexes begin to precipitate from the

629:. Small antigens can cross-link two antibodies, also leading to the formation of antibody dimers, trimers, tetramers, etc. Multivalent antigens (e.g., cells with multiple epitopes) can form larger complexes with antibodies. An extreme example is the clumping, or 2427:

In research, purified antibodies are used in many applications. Antibodies for research applications can be found directly from antibody suppliers, or through use of a specialist search engine. Research antibodies are most commonly used to identify and locate

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Antibody diversification typically occurs through somatic hypermutation, class switching, and affinity maturation targeting the BCR gene loci, but on occasion more unconventional forms of diversification have been documented. For example, in the case of

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To allow the immune system to recognize millions of different antigens, the antigen-binding sites at both tips of the antibody come in an equally wide variety. The rest of the antibody structure is much less variable; in humans, antibodies occur in five

217:) which have the potential to differentiate further into plasma cells. The literature is sloppy at times and often describes plasmablasts as just short-lived plasma cells- formally this is incorrect. Plasma cells, in contrast, do not divide (they are 488:(the trunk of the Y shape) is composed of constant domains from the heavy chains. Its role is in modulating immune cell activity: it is where effector molecules bind to, triggering various effects after the antibody Fab region binds to an antigen. 1447:

available to make these proteins is limited by the size of the human genome. Several complex genetic mechanisms have evolved that allow vertebrate B cells to generate a diverse pool of antibodies from a relatively small number of antibody genes.

1751:, in the elbow joint. This represents a form of interchromosomal transposition. LAIR1 normally binds collagen, but can recognize repetitive interspersed families of polypeptides (RIFIN) family members that are highly expressed on the surface of 463:

properties. To improve antibody structure prediction and to take the strongly correlated CDR loop and interface movements into account, antibody paratopes should be described as interconverting states in solution with varying probabilities.

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constraints of the natural antibody. Being able to control the combinational design of the sequence and three-dimensional space could transcend the natural design and allow for the attachment of different combinations of drugs to the arms.

683:. A typical human B cell will have 50,000 to 100,000 antibodies bound to its surface. Upon antigen binding, they cluster in large patches, which can exceed 1 micrometer in diameter, on lipid rafts that isolate the BCRs from most other 1937:

observed that antigens could be precipitated by antibodies and went on to show that antibodies are made of protein. The biochemical properties of antigen-antibody-binding interactions were examined in more detail in the late 1930s by

1549:, and thus different antigen specificities. The rearrangement of several subgenes (i.e. V2 family) for lambda light chain immunoglobulin is coupled with the activation of microRNA miR-650, which further influences biology of B-cells. 3010:

Antibodies (A–D) can recognize virtually any antigen whether large or small, and which can have diverse chemical compositions from small molecules (A) to carbohydrates to lipids to peptides (B) to proteins (C and D) and combinations

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databases. Many versions of shotgun protein sequencing are able to increase the coverage by utilizing CID/HCD/ETD fragmentation methods and other techniques, and they have achieved substantial progress in attempt to fully sequence

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from the mother. Early endogenous antibody production varies for different kinds of antibodies, and usually appear within the first years of life. Since antibodies exist freely in the bloodstream, they are said to be part of the

2001:. The Fv fragment was prepared and characterized by David Givol. While most of these early studies focused on IgM and IgG, other immunoglobulin isotypes were identified in the 1960s: Thomas Tomasi discovered secretory antibody ( 1422:. These antibodies can activate the classical complement pathway leading to lysis of enveloped virus particles long before the adaptive immune response is activated. Many natural antibodies are directed against the disaccharide 2499:

Antibody regions can be used to further biomedical research by acting as a guide for drugs to reach their target. Several application involve using bacterial plasmids to tag plasmids with the Fc region of the antibody such as

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There are several ways to obtain antibodies, including in vivo techniques like animal immunization and various in vitro approaches, such as the phage display method. Traditionally, most antibodies are produced by hybridoma

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safety testing of antibody is designed to identify possible toxicity in humans, to estimate the likelihood and severity of potential adverse events in humans, and to identify a safe starting dose and dose escalation, when

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can enter the mother's system. In the case of an Rh-incompatible mother and child, consequential blood mixing may sensitize an Rh- mother to the Rh antigen on the blood cells of the Rh+ child, putting the remainder of the

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The antibody's paratope interacts with the antigen's epitope. An antigen usually contains different epitopes along its surface arranged discontinuously, and dominant epitopes on a given antigen are called determinants.

1900: – in a "lock-and-key" interaction – and that this binding reaction is the trigger for the production of antibodies. Other researchers believed that antibodies existed freely in the blood and, in 1904, 1413:

Humans and higher primates also produce "natural antibodies" that are present in serum before viral infection. Natural antibodies have been defined as antibodies that are produced without any previous infection,

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and initiate activation of the "classical" complement system. This results in the killing of bacteria in two ways. First, the binding of the antibody and complement molecules marks the microbe for ingestion by

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generate about 10 billion different antibodies, each capable of binding a distinct epitope of an antigen. Although a huge repertoire of different antibodies is generated in a single individual, the number of

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Feasibility testing: These are pilot studies whose objectives include, among others, early characterization of safety and initial proof of concept in a small specific patient population (in vitro or in vivo

675:(BCR), which allows a B cell to detect when a specific antigen is present in the body and triggers B cell activation. The BCR is composed of surface-bound IgD or IgM antibodies and associated Ig-α and Ig-β 7479:"Green synthesis as a simple and rapid route to protein modified magnetic nanoparticles for use in the development of a fluorometric molecularly imprinted polymer-based assay for detection of myoglobin" 906:

and activation. Immature B cells, which have never been exposed to an antigen, express only the IgM isotype in a cell surface bound form. The B lymphocyte, in this ready-to-respond form, is known as a "

389:(Fc), forming the trunk of the Y shape. In between them is a hinge region of the heavy chains, whose flexibility allows antibodies to bind to pairs of epitopes at various distances, to form complexes ( 1686:

if it has specificity for a single antigen or epitope, or bispecific if it has affinity for two different antigens or two different epitopes on the same antigen. A group of antibodies can be called

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is often treated as synonymous with the antibody response, describing the function of the immune system that exists in the body's humors (fluids) in the form of soluble proteins, as distinct from

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testing..., product safety data needed before the initiation of feasibility trials in serious or immediately life-threatening conditions, it serves to evaluate dangerous potential of the product.

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in English). As such, the original construction of the word contains a logical flaw; the antitoxin is something directed against a toxin, while the antibody is a body directed against something.

97:. Antigen literally means "antibody generator", as it is the presence of an antigen that drives the formation of an antigen-specific antibody. Each tip of the "Y" of an antibody contains a 1747:

some antibodies from those who had been infected demonstrated an insertion from chromosome 19 containing a 98-amino acid stretch from leukocyte-associated immunoglobulin-like receptor 1,

93:, including those that cause disease. Antibodies can recognize virtually any size antigen with diverse chemical compositions from molecules. Each antibody recognizes one or more specific 9465: 2709:

to take the strongly correlated CDR loop and interface movements into account, antibody paratopes should be described as interconverting states in solution with varying probabilities.

3945:"Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. IV. Streptococcal IgA1 protease, digestion, Fab and Fc fragments, and the complete amino acid sequence of the alpha 1 heavy chain" 1474:

The chromosomal region that encodes an antibody is large and contains several distinct gene loci for each domain of the antibody—the chromosome region containing heavy chain genes (

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even multispecific, antibodies. The degree to which they can function is impressive given that such a change of shape from the natural form should lead to decreased functionality.

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appear to be the most primitive animals that are able to make antibodies similar to those of mammals, although many features of their adaptive immunity appeared somewhat earlier.

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or an infected cell for attack by other parts of the immune system, or can neutralize it directly (for example, by blocking a part of a virus that is essential for its invasion).

934:, a mechanism that causes the production of antibodies to change from IgM or IgD to the other antibody isotypes, IgE, IgA, or IgG, that have defined roles in the immune system. 1361:

of IgA, IgG, and IgE antibodies. The engagement of a particular antibody with the Fc receptor on a particular cell triggers an effector function of that cell; phagocytes will

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Antibody and antigen interact by spatial complementarity (lock and key). The molecular forces involved in the Fab-epitope interaction are weak and non-specific – for example

709:. In humans there are five antibody classes known as IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, which are further subdivided into subclasses such as IgA1, IgA2. The prefix "Ig" stands for 8913:

Pham V, Henzel WJ, Arnott D, Hymowitz S, Sandoval WN, Truong BT, et al. (May 2006). "De novo proteomic sequencing of a monoclonal antibody raised against OX40 ligand".

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proteins play an important role with V(D)J recombination in cutting DNA at a particular region. Without the presence of these proteins, V(D)J recombination would not occur.

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molecules; that will ultimately result in destruction of the invading microbe. The activation of natural killer cells by antibodies initiates a cytotoxic mechanism known as

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Lieber MR, Yu K, Raghavan SC (September 2006). "Roles of nonhomologous DNA end joining, V(D)J recombination, and class switch recombination in chromosomal translocations".

1781:) appears in the conclusion of his article "Experimental Studies on Immunity", published in October 1891, which states that, "if two substances give rise to two different 1965:

Further work concentrated on characterizing the structures of the antibody proteins. A major advance in these structural studies was the discovery in the early 1960s by

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Liu X, Dekker LJ, Wu S, Vanduijn MM, Luider TM, Tolić N, et al. (July 2014). "De novo protein sequencing by combining top-down and bottom-up tandem mass spectra".

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Perkins DN, Pappin DJ, Creasy DM, Cottrell JS (December 1999). "Probability-based protein identification by searching sequence databases using mass spectrometry data".

1405:. The Fc receptors are isotype-specific, which gives greater flexibility to the immune system, invoking only the appropriate immune mechanisms for distinct pathogens. 5921:

Or-Guil M, Wittenbrink N, Weiser AA, Schuchhardt J (April 2007). "Recirculation of germinal center B cells: a multilevel selection strategy for antibody maturation".

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Ma B, Zhang K, Hendrie C, Liang C, Li M, Doherty-Kirby A, et al. (2003). "PEAKS: powerful software for peptide de novo sequencing by tandem mass spectrometry".

736:(though other pathways exist as do exist symptoms very similar to yet not technically asthma). The antibody's variable region binds to allergic antigen, for example 8724: 5547: 1896:

for antibody and antigen interaction in 1897, when he hypothesized that receptors (described as "side-chains") on the surface of cells could bind specifically to

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is thought to be, in part, the result of natural antibodies circulating in the serum of the recipient binding to α-Gal antigens expressed on the donor tissue.

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Vogel CL, Cobleigh MA, Tripathy D, Gutheil JC, Harris LN, Fehrenbacher L, et al. (2001). "First-line Herceptin monotherapy in metastatic breast cancer".

7538:"New Dioxaborolane Chemistry Enables [(18)F]-Positron-Emitting, Fluorescent [(18)F]-Multimodality Biomolecule Generation from the Solid Phase" 1785:, then they themselves must be different". However, the term was not accepted immediately and several other terms for antibody were proposed; these included 691:. In humans, the cell surface is bare around the B cell receptors for several hundred nanometers, which further isolates the BCRs from competing influences. 716:

The classes differ in their biological properties, functional locations and ability to deal with different antigens, as depicted in the table. For example,

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in 2014 and 2015 provide researchers with a guide for reporting research antibody use. The RRID paper, is co-published in 4 journals that implemented the

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Kabir S (2002). "Immunoglobulin purification by affinity chromatography using protein A mimetic ligands prepared by combinatorial chemical synthesis".

2501: 2077:) to characterize the antibody profile of patient. Elevations in different classes of immunoglobulins are sometimes useful in determining the cause of 1338:; these phagocytes are attracted by certain complement molecules generated in the complement cascade. Second, some complement system components form a 7241:

Preud'homme JL, Petit I, Barra A, Morel F, Lecron JC, Lelièvre E (October 2000). "Structural and functional properties of membrane and secreted IgD".

6958: 2270:; individuals that are Rh-positive (Rh+) have this antigen on their red blood cells and individuals that are Rh-negative (Rh–) do not. During normal 1558:

After a B cell produces a functional immunoglobulin gene during V(D)J recombination, it cannot express any other variable region (a process known as

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fraction. Conversely, most gamma-globulins are antibodies, which is why the two terms were historically used as synonyms, as were the symbols Ig and

2803:, and comparatively low production costs. Antibody mimetics have being developed and commercialized as research, diagnostic and therapeutic agents. 2704:, which incorporates sophisticated techniques to minimize CDR loops and optimize the relative orientation of the light and heavy chains, as well as 2134:

Practically, several immunodiagnostic methods based on detection of complex antigen-antibody are used to diagnose infectious diseases, for example

1674:(NHEJ) to the desired constant region (γ, α or ε). This process results in an immunoglobulin gene that encodes an antibody of a different isotype. 1297:. Antibodies will also trigger vasoactive amine degranulation to contribute to immunity against certain types of antigens (helminths, allergens). 1254:

that survive in the body for years afterward in order to allow the immune system to remember an antigen and respond faster upon future exposures.

470:, CDRs are also called idiotypes. According to immune network theory, the adaptive immune system is regulated by interactions between idiotypes. 3414:"Plasma cell toll-like receptor (TLR) expression differs from that of B cells, and plasma cell TLR triggering enhances immunoglobulin production" 2492:

Standard for research resource citation, which draws data from the antibodyregistry.org as the source of antibody identifiers (see also group at

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The existence of two identical antibody-binding sites allows antibody molecules to bind strongly to multivalent antigen (repeating sites such as

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Schematic structure of an antibody: two heavy chains (blue, yellow) and the two light chains (green, pink). The antigen binding site is circled.

7783: 5339:"A new high molecular weight immunoglobulin class from the carcharhine shark: implications for the properties of the primordial immunoglobulin" 4022: 9459:"Training webinar for the calibration of quantitative serology assays using the WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin" 9458: 9400:"WHO International Standard for evaluation of the antibody response to COVID-19 vaccines: call for urgent action by the scientific community" 9055: 6981: 6262:"Enhancing antibody Fc heterodimer formation through electrostatic steering effects: applications to bispecific molecules and monovalent IgG" 1390: 7392: 6686: 7362: 7171:

Hochman J, Inbar D, Givol D (March 1973). "An active antibody fragment (Fv) composed of the variable portions of heavy and light chains".

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In its four forms, provides the majority of antibody-based immunity against invading pathogens. The only antibody capable of crossing the

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as well, with six units). IgG can also form hexamers, though no J chain is required. IgA tetramers and pentamers have also been reported.

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Fung Kee Fung K, Eason E, Crane J, Armson A, De La Ronde S, Farine D, et al. (September 2003). "Prevention of Rh alloimmunization".

5058:"Immunoglobulin D enhances immune surveillance by activating antimicrobial, proinflammatory and B cell-stimulating programs in basophils" 6717: 436:– the amino acids seen there vary the most from antibody to antibody. When the protein folds, these regions give rise to three loops of 10841: 6048:

Durandy A (August 2003). "Activation-induced cytidine deaminase: a dual role in class-switch recombination and somatic hypermutation".

4452:"The glycosylation and structure of human serum IgA1, Fab, and Fc regions and the role of N-glycosylation on Fcα receptor interactions" 1584:

rapidly. In these rapidly dividing cells, the genes encoding the variable domains of the heavy and light chains undergo a high rate of

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by showing that the interactions between antibodies and antigens depend more on their shape than their chemical composition. In 1948,

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A phagocyte (C) approaches the pathogen, and the Fc region (D) of the antibody binds to one of the Fc receptors (E) of the phagocyte.

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on an antigen, allowing the two molecules to bind together with precision. Using this mechanism, antibodies can effectively "tag" a

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cell surface proteins, and generated in response to production of this sugar by bacteria contained in the human gut. Rejection of

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are organic compounds, like antibodies, that can specifically bind antigens. They consist of artificial peptides or proteins, or

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in three ways: They prevent pathogens from entering or damaging cells by binding to them; they stimulate removal of pathogens by

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each. These domains are usually represented in simplified schematics as rectangles. Light chains consist of one variable domain V

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in the earliest phases of an immune response to help facilitate clearance of the offending antigen and delivery of the resulting

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Tini M, Jewell UR, Camenisch G, Chilov D, Gassmann M (March 2002). "Generation and application of chicken egg-yolk antibodies".

7039:"The nature of Bence-Jones proteins. Chemical similarities to polypetide chains of myeloma globulins and normal gamma-globulins" 2058:

is estimated from the blood. If those antibodies are not present, either the person is not infected or the infection occurred a

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Barclay AN (August 2003). "Membrane proteins with immunoglobulin-like domains—a master superfamily of interaction molecules".

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can then refer to both forms. Since they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, the terms are often treated as synonymous.

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Plosker GL, Figgitt DP (2003). "Rituximab: a review of its use in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia".

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Al-Lazikani B, Lesk AM, Chothia C (November 1997). "Standard conformations for the canonical structures of immunoglobulins".

3998: 3335: 3130: 3053: 1998: 10791: 10492: 2534:". The manufacturing process should be appropriately described and validated. Validation studies should at least include: 1107:

towards an antigen is relative rather than absolute. Relatively weak binding also means it is possible for an antibody to

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Another role of the Fc region is to selectively distribute different antibody classes across the body. In particular, the

8856:"OptMAVEn--a new framework for the de novo design of antibody variable region models targeting specific antigen epitopes" 7423: 3798: 809:

Functions mainly as an antigen receptor on B cells that have not been exposed to antigens. It has been shown to activate

10966: 10846: 9535: 6313:"The first constant domain (CH1 and CL) of an antibody used as heterodimerization domain for bispecific miniantibodies" 5569:

Milland J, Sandrin MS (December 2006). "ABO blood group and related antigens, natural antibodies and transplantation".

5539: 5395:

Salinas, I., & Parra, D. (2015). Fish mucosal immunity: Intestine. In Mucosal Health in Aquaculture. Elsevier Inc.

1892:, proposing that a mediator in serum could react with a foreign antigen. His idea prompted Paul Ehrlich to propose the 1662:

upstream of each constant region gene (except in the δ-chain). The DNA strand is broken by the activity of a series of

1500: 1339: 441: 412:. This variant terminology fell out of use due to the correspondence being inexact and due to confusion with γ (gamma) 9085:

Bandeira N, Tang H, Bafna V, Pevzner P (December 2004). "Shotgun protein sequencing by tandem mass spectra assembly".

2736:(LC-MS/MS). High volume antibody sequencing methods require computational approaches for the data analysis, including 2239:, result in partial or complete lack of antibodies. These diseases are often treated by inducing a short-term form of 1350:

To combat pathogens that replicate outside cells, antibodies bind to pathogens to link them together, causing them to

2440:

to differentiate cell types by the proteins they express; different types of cells express different combinations of

432:

region. It is the subregion of Fab that binds to an antigen. More specifically, each variable domain contains three

10880: 10820: 10671: 9881: 8620: 2284: 8680: 8671: 9983: 7128:

Raju TN (September 1999). "The Nobel chronicles. 1972: Gerald M Edelman (b 1929) and Rodney R Porter (1917–85)".

3865:

Woof JM, Burton DR (February 2004). "Human antibody-Fc receptor interactions illuminated by crystal structures".

896:. Eliminates pathogens in the early stages of B cell-mediated (humoral) immunity before there is sufficient IgG. 9122:"Automated protein (re)sequencing with MS/MS and a homologous database yields almost full coverage and accuracy" 2662:

testing: Use for determinate clinical dosages, antibody activities, evaluation of the potential clinical effects

10930: 10708: 10437: 9876: 5604:

Mian IS, Bradwell AR, Olson AJ (January 1991). "Structure, function and properties of antibody binding sites".

2444:

molecules on their surface, and produce different intracellular and secretable proteins. They are also used in

1985:-linked heavy and light chains. Around the same time, antibody-binding (Fab) and antibody tail (Fc) regions of 1856: 1712: 1635: 479: 386: 17: 8695: 5791:

Bergman Y, Cedar H (October 2004). "A stepwise epigenetic process controls immunoglobulin allelic exclusion".

1357:

Those cells that recognize coated pathogens have Fc receptors, which, as the name suggests, interact with the

1200:(fixation), in which antibodies that are latched onto a foreign cell encourage complement to attack it with a 10698: 9819: 8404:"On the reproducibility of science: unique identification of research resources in the biomedical literature" 5139:

Goding JW (1978). "Allotypes of IgM and IgD Receptors in the Mouse: A Probe for Lymphocyte Differentiation".

2838: 2468:

to examine protein expression in tissue sections or to locate proteins within cells with the assistance of a

1552: 397: 2247:. Passive immunity is achieved through the transfer of ready-made antibodies in the form of human or animal 1321:

Antibodies that bind to surface antigens (for example, on bacteria) will attract the first component of the

120:) can refer to the free (secreted) form of these proteins, as opposed to the membrane-bound form found in a 10631: 10168: 4294: 2177: 513: 9304:

Gebauer M, Skerra A (June 2009). "Engineered protein scaffolds as next-generation antibody therapeutics".

7088:"Bence Jones proteins: a powerful tool for the fundamental study of protein chemistry and pathophysiology" 6954: 4583:

Diebolder CA, Beurskens FJ, de Jong RN, Koning RI, Strumane K, Lindorfer MA, et al. (14 March 2014).

2799:. Common advantages over antibodies are better solubility, tissue penetration, stability towards heat and 10836: 10808: 10771: 10763: 10691: 8993:"PEAKS DB: de novo sequencing assisted database search for sensitive and accurate peptide identification" 4969:

Underdown BJ, Schiff JM (1986). "Immunoglobulin A: strategic defense initiative at the mucosal surface".

2696:(PIGS) enable computational modeling of antibody variable regions. Rosetta Antibody is a novel antibody F 2626: 2232: 2193: 1855:

is a sculpture based on the antibody structure published by E. Padlan. Created for the Florida campus of

1191:-soluble antigens, forcing them to precipitate out of solution in clumps that are attractive targets for 1165: 209:

into antibody-secreting cells or into memory B cells. Antibody-secreting cells comprise plasmablasts and

8807:"AbDesign: An algorithm for combinatorial backbone design guided by natural conformations and sequences" 8402:

Vasilevsky NA, Brush MH, Paddock H, Ponting L, Tripathy SJ, Larocca GM, et al. (2 September 2013).

7459: 6739: 1615:. Affinity maturation occurs in mature B cells after V(D)J recombination, and is dependent on help from 1596:

change per variable gene, per cell division. As a consequence, any daughter B cells will acquire slight

1289:

and other cells by coating the pathogen; and they trigger destruction of pathogens by stimulating other

10739: 10723: 10587: 10556: 9976: 9705: 2939: 2883: 2538:

The demonstration that the process is able to produce in good quality (the process should be validated)

2441: 2329: 1970: 1695: 1671: 1534: 1530: 949: 943: 555: 413: 326: 320: 74: 8384: 7585:

Feldmann M, Maini RN (2001). "Anti-TNF alpha therapy of rheumatoid arthritis: what have we learned?".

3748:"Lack of affinity signature for germinal center cells that have initiated plasma cell differentiation" 1603:

This serves to increase the diversity of the antibody pool and impacts the antibody's antigen-binding

10925: 10664: 10432: 9413: 9354: 7305:"Evidence for somatic rearrangement of immunoglobulin genes coding for variable and constant regions" 2213: 2090: 1431: 1184: 646: 218: 33: 9527: 7811: 4540:

Roux KH (October 1999). "Immunoglobulin structure and function as revealed by electron microscopy".

3315: 2402:, and will continually grow and secrete antibody in culture. Single hybridoma cells are isolated by 2081:

damage in patients for whom the diagnosis is unclear. For example, elevated IgA indicates alcoholic

10862: 10485: 10043: 8573: 4187:"A complete, multi-level conformational clustering of antibody complementarity-determining regions" 3526:

Halliley JL, Tipton CM, Liesveld J, Rosenberg AF, Darce J, Gregoretti IV, et al. (July 2015).

2788: 2753:, or combined top-down and bottom up approaches. Current technologies have the ability to assemble 2733: 2448:

to separate proteins and anything bound to them (co-immunoprecipitation) from other molecules in a

1243: 1096: 911: 622: 456: 366: 206: 10728: 9398:

Knezevic I, Mattiuzzo G, Page M, Minor P, Griffiths E, Nuebling M, et al. (26 October 2021).

9339:

Kristiansen PA, Page M, Bernasconi V, Mattiuzzo G, Dull P, Makar K, et al. (10 April 2021) .

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Doggrell SA (June 2003). "Is natalizumab a breakthrough in the treatment of multiple sclerosis?".

7020: 6709: 2025:

showed that genetic material can rearrange itself to form the vast array of available antibodies.

10885: 10753: 10624: 10103: 10053: 10039: 9885: 9643: 9498: 8746:

Adolf-Bryfogle J, Kalyuzhniy O, Kubitz M, Weitzner BD, Hu X, Adachi Y, et al. (April 2018).

6679:"New Sculpture Portraying Human Antibody as Protective Angel Installed on Scripps Florida Campus" 2843: 2421: 2293:

antibodies are specific for human RhD antigen. Anti-RhD antibodies are administered as part of a

1351: 1201: 1175: 1104: 512:

protein complex. IgG or IgM can bind to C1q, but IgA cannot, therefore IgA does not activate the

6678: 6539:

Robbiani DF, Deroubaix S, Feldhahn N, Oliveira TY, Callen E, Wang Q, et al. (August 2015).

6362:"Making artificial antibodies: a format for phage display of combinatorial heterodimeric arrays" 4764:"Mapping the distribution of specific antibody interaction forces on individual red blood cells" 3528:"Long-Lived Plasma Cells Are Contained within the CD19−CD38hiCD138+ Subset in Human Bone Marrow" 3471:"Generation of human long-lived plasma cells by developmentally regulated epigenetic imprinting" 1877: 1698:, if not otherwise noted, consists of a variety of different IgG (polyclonal IgG). In contrast, 1178:, in which antibodies "glue together" foreign cells into clumps that are attractive targets for 440:, localized near one another on the surface of the antibody. These loops are referred to as the 10956: 9907: 9625: 9561: 5964:

Neuberger MS, Ehrenstein MR, Rada C, Sale J, Batista FD, Williams G, et al. (March 2000).

4450:

Mattu TS, Pleass RJ, Willis AC, Kilian M, Wormald MR, Lellouch AC, et al. (January 1998).

4403:"Glycans in the immune system and The Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review" 3412:

Dorner M, Brandt S, Tinguely M, Zucol F, Bourquin JP, Zauner L, et al. (6 November 2009).

2919: 2878: 2792: 2749:, especially antibodies. Other methods have assumed the existence of similar proteins, a known 2728:, etc.; albeit one of the most common modern uses for peptide/protein identification is liquid 2531: 2527: 2395: 2290: 892:

Expressed on the surface of B cells (monomer) and in a secreted form (pentamer) with very high

688: 178: 170: 8203: 8195: 8119: 8111: 7972:

Cole SP, Campling BG, Atlaw T, Kozbor D, Roder JC (June 1984). "Human monoclonal antibodies".

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5495:

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3122: 3115: 1270:. Circulating antibodies are produced by clonal B cells that specifically respond to only one 1197: 1010:(such as camels, llamas, alpacas) are also notable for producing heavy-chain-only antibodies. 10813: 10681: 10655: 10129: 9854: 9710: 9688: 6247: 6174: 4930:"The diverse potential effector and immunoregulatory roles of mast cells in allergic disease" 2904: 2684: 2412: 2390:. To obtain antibody that is specific for a single epitope of an antigen, antibody-secreting 2370: 2236: 2151: 1764: 1742: 1699: 1571: 1267: 1169: 551: 467: 7864:

Urbaniak SJ, Greiss MA (March 2000). "RhD haemolytic disease of the fetus and the newborn".

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Emil von Behring – Biographical. NobelPrize.org. Nobel Media AB 2020. Mon. 20 January 2020.

5290:"Immunoglobulins of the non-galliform birds: antibody expression and repertoire in the duck" 4736: 4401:

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2522:

lines through immortalization of antibody-producing cells by chemically induced fusion with

2062:

long time ago, and the B cells generating these specific antibodies have naturally decayed.

10896: 10604: 10386: 10202: 9871: 9804: 9715: 9639: 9516: 9260: 8957: 8867: 8759: 7490: 7316: 6487: 6373: 6260:

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Fanning LJ, Connor AM, Wu GE (April 1996). "Development of the immunoglobulin repertoire".

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Tellier J, Tarasova I, Nie J, Smillie CS, Fedele PL, Cao WH, et al. (3 January 2024).

2914: 2889: 2683:, modifying the antigen binding affinity, and identifying an epitope, of a given antibody. 2461: 2221: 2197: 2155: 2094: 1930: 1923: 1650:

by a mechanism called class switch recombination (CSR). This mechanism relies on conserved

1419: 1262: 999: 701: 520: 455:, or other sites at some distance apart), as well as to form antibody complexes and larger 134: 8717:"Written Description Problems of the Monoclonal Antibody Patents after Centocor v. Abbott" 8202:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 104. Totowa, N.J. : Humana Press. pp. 7206:

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Sutton HJ, Gao X, Kelly HG, Parker BJ, Lofgren M, Dacon C, et al. (12 January 2024).

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1631:

Mechanism of class switch recombination that allows isotype switching in activated B cells

1537:. Multiple copies of the V, D and J gene segments exist, and are tandemly arranged in the 8: 10961: 10951: 10867: 10676: 10478: 10381: 10321: 10067: 10057: 10047: 9931: 9866: 9849: 9683: 9601: 6474:

Pieper K, Tan J, Piccoli L, Foglierini M, Barbieri S, Chen Y, et al. (August 2017).

3630:

Landsverk OJ, Snir O, Casado RB, Richter L, Mold JE, Réu P, et al. (February 2017).

2899: 2680: 2445: 2328:

as shown in green, are marked by an antibody conjugated to a green fluorescing molecule,

2252: 2100: 2066: 1974: 1852: 1575: 1512: 1394: 1378: 1172:

block parts of the surface of a bacterial cell or virion to render its attack ineffective

1100: 680: 571: 497: 452: 86: 9264: 8961: 8871: 8763: 7494: 7320: 6491: 6377: 5970:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences

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Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology. Part A, Molecular & Integrative Physiology

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Lapidoth GD, Baran D, Pszolla GM, Norn C, Alon A, Tyka MD, et al. (August 2015).

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Bandrowski A, Brush M, Grethe JS, Haendel MA, Kennedy DN, Hill S, et al. (2015).

8127: 8087: 8062: 7950: 7915: 7339: 7304: 7254: 7141: 6769: 6752: 6329: 6312: 6206:"Alternative molecular formats and therapeutic applications for bispecific antibodies" 5851: 5768: 5741: 5410:"From B cell to plasma cell: regulation of V(D)J recombination and antibody secretion" 4649: 4241:"Ensembles in solution as a new paradigm for antibody structure prediction and design" 3961: 3944: 3921: 3413: 1562:) thus each B cell can produce antibodies containing only one kind of variable chain. 1456: 1227:

More indirectly, an antibody can signal immune cells to present antibody fragments to

10902: 10416: 10316: 10259: 9799: 9565: 9507: 9439: 9380: 9321: 9286: 9229: 9194: 9143: 9102: 9059: 9024: 8973: 8930: 8895: 8836: 8787: 8748:"RosettaAntibodyDesign (RAbD): A general framework for computational antibody design" 8663: 8537: 8486: 8435: 8358: 8317: 8307: 8276: 8256: 8225: 8215: 8176: 8141: 8131: 8092: 8032: 7989: 7954: 7919: 7881: 7803: 7756: 7721: 7717: 7686: 7637: 7602: 7598: 7567: 7518: 7344: 7285: 7258: 7223: 7219: 7188: 7145: 7107: 7068: 7004: 6936: 6913: 6856: 6815: 6774: 6659: 6655: 6624: 6612: 6570: 6541:"Plasmodium Infection Promotes Genomic Instability and AID-Dependent B Cell Lymphoma" 6521: 6503: 6448: 6440: 6401: 6396: 6361: 6334: 6293: 6227: 6184: 6157: 6122: 6065: 6030: 5995: 5938: 5934: 5900: 5865: 5808: 5773: 5694: 5656: 5621: 5617: 5586: 5582: 5512: 5477: 5473: 5431: 5396: 5378: 5373: 5338: 5319: 5270: 5250: 5211: 5162: 5152: 5119: 5087: 5038: 5024: 4986: 4951: 4902: 4898: 4861: 4828: 4793: 4712: 4704: 4685: 4677: 4630: 4612: 4557: 4522: 4473: 4432: 4370: 4362: 4313: 4270: 4218: 4167: 4118: 4083: 4004: 3994: 3966: 3925: 3882: 3821: 3779: 3767: 3728: 3710: 3669: 3651: 3616: 3604: 3596: 3557: 3508: 3490: 3451: 3433: 3429: 3398: 3386: 3378: 3331: 3297: 3289: 3240: 3222: 3175: 3167: 3126: 3092: 3049: 3001: 2983: 2754: 2721: 2217: 2124: 2046:

depend on these methods. For example, in biochemical assays for disease diagnosis, a

2039: 1978: 1893: 1860: 1847: 1604: 1559: 1462: 1398: 1294: 931: 785: 587: 505: 315: 182: 9138: 9121: 9071: 8658: 8522: 8370: 8044: 8001: 7768: 7649: 7553: 7157: 7016: 6868: 6460: 6420: 6346: 6077: 5950: 5524: 5443: 4914: 4860:(11 ed.). Hagerstown, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 453–456. 4569: 4382: 3894: 3833: 3469:

Joyner CJ, Ley AM, Nguyen DC, Ali M, Corrado A, Tipton C, et al. (March 2022).

3187: 1103:. This means binding between antibody and antigen is reversible, and the antibody's 10540: 10535: 10530: 10525: 10520: 10515: 9999: 9919: 9859: 9831: 9826: 9794: 9781: 9771: 9429: 9421: 9370: 9362: 9313: 9276: 9268: 9221: 9184: 9174: 9133: 9094: 9051: 9014: 9004: 8965: 8922: 8885: 8875: 8826: 8818: 8777: 8767: 8653: 8527: 8517: 8476: 8466: 8425: 8415: 8348: 8299: 8266: 8248: 8207: 8168: 8123: 8082: 8078: 8074: 8024: 7981: 7946: 7911: 7873: 7795: 7748: 7713: 7676: 7629: 7594: 7557: 7549: 7508: 7498: 7334: 7324: 7250: 7215: 7180: 7137: 7099: 7058: 7050: 6996: 6982:"Labeled antigens and antibodies: the evolution of magic markers and magic bullets" 6903: 6895: 6846: 6805: 6764: 6651: 6604: 6560: 6552: 6511: 6495: 6476:"Public antibodies to malaria antigens generated by two LAIR1 insertion modalities" 6432: 6391: 6381: 6324: 6283: 6273: 6217: 6149: 6112: 6104: 6057: 6022: 5985: 5977: 5930: 5892: 5855: 5847: 5820: 5800: 5763: 5753: 5706: 5686: 5648: 5613: 5578: 5504: 5469: 5421: 5368: 5358: 5309: 5301: 5260: 5242: 5201: 5193: 5144: 5077: 5069: 5028: 5020: 4978: 4941: 4894: 4853: 4820: 4783: 4775: 4669: 4620: 4604: 4549: 4512: 4504: 4463: 4422: 4414: 4352: 4344: 4303: 4260: 4252: 4208: 4198: 4157: 4149: 4110: 4073: 3956: 3917: 3874: 3813: 3775: 3759: 3718: 3700: 3659: 3643: 3588: 3547: 3539: 3498: 3482: 3441: 3425: 3370: 3323: 3279: 3271: 3230: 3214: 3159: 3082: 2991: 2973: 2868: 2848: 2812: 2796: 2776: 2741: 2676: 2659: 2655: 2649: 2619: 2523: 2403: 2244: 2116: 1986: 1889: 1873: 1647: 1108: 1088: 1030: 985: 789: 630: 603: 304: 198:

are produced through genetic rearrangements (rather than being encoded directly in

166: 8471: 7400: 4256: 3071:"Phylogenetic diversification of immunoglobulin genes and the antibody repertoire" 3042: 2407: 558:: it is composed of between 7 (for constant domains) and 9 (for variable domains) 177:(especially cytotoxic T cells). In general, antibodies are considered part of the 10874: 10158: 10079: 9814: 8880: 8772: 8699: 8684: 8624: 6810: 6793: 6222: 6205: 6153: 5758: 4036: 3763: 3543: 2750: 2485: 2457: 2147: 2086: 2022: 2010: 1951: 1290: 737: 658: 538:

sites occur in the Fc region and influence interactions with effector molecules.

214: 9163:"Template proteogenomics: sequencing whole proteins using an imperfect database" 9056:

10.1002/(SICI)1522-2683(19991201)20:18<3551::AID-ELPS3551>3.0.CO;2-2

8303: 8252: 8211: 8172: 7370: 5148: 4078: 4061: 3576: 2740:

directly from tandem mass spectra and database search methods that use existing

1135:

The antibodies bind to pathogens, and can do so in different formations such as:

10274: 10231: 10148: 10019: 9841: 9786: 9727: 9647: 9620: 9317: 9179: 8506:"Reporting research antibody use: how to increase experimental reproducibility" 7503: 7309:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

6556: 6366:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

5056:

Chen K, Xu W, Wilson M, He B, Miller NW, Bengtén E, et al. (August 2009).

4418: 3705: 3592: 2909: 2729: 2714: 2645: 2519: 2437: 2267: 2112: 1982: 1966: 1901: 1585: 1056: 969: 903: 855: 684: 634: 448: 405: 401: 335: 331: 186: 7665:"A human interleukin-12/23 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of psoriasis" 7438: 6436: 6418: 5508: 5305: 5246: 4153: 3837: 3218: 2978: 614:

with five Ig units (like shark IgW or mammalian IgM, which occasionally forms

10945: 10391: 10373: 10311: 10269: 10265: 10097: 9809: 9698: 8926: 7633: 6507: 6444: 5426: 5409: 4883:"Viewing the antigen-induced initiation of B-cell activation in living cells" 4681: 4616: 4366: 4348: 4008: 3771: 3714: 3655: 3600: 3494: 3437: 3382: 3293: 3226: 3171: 2987: 2894: 2784: 2672: 2561: 2433: 2429: 2368:

for large quantities of antibody. Blood isolated from these animals contains

2294: 2225: 1990: 1943: 1885: 1864: 1627: 1616: 1581: 1491: 1479: 1460:

The complementarity determining regions of the heavy chain are shown in red (

1427: 1374: 1251: 1120: 1092: 927: 923: 818: 781: 745: 599: 535: 489: 390: 292: 78: 9009: 7477:

Sullivan MV, Stockburn WJ, Hawes PC, Mercer T, Reddy SM (26 February 2021).

7329: 6386: 6278: 4946: 4929: 4673: 4608: 4508: 1919: 1546: 10647: 10063: 10007: 9776: 9761: 9756: 9693: 9591: 9443: 9384: 9325: 9290: 9233: 9198: 9147: 9106: 9063: 9028: 8977: 8934: 8899: 8840: 8791: 8667: 8541: 8490: 8439: 8362: 8321: 8180: 8145: 8096: 8036: 7958: 7923: 7885: 7877: 7807: 7760: 7725: 7690: 7641: 7606: 7571: 7522: 7289: 7262: 7149: 7072: 7008: 6940: 6917: 6860: 6819: 6778: 6595:

Lindenmann J (April 1984). "Origin of the terms 'antibody' and 'antigen'".

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Kanyavuz A, Marey-Jarossay A, Lacroix-Desmazes S, Dimitrov JD (June 2019).

6405: 6297: 6231: 6161: 6126: 6069: 6034: 5999: 5981: 5942: 5869: 5812: 5777: 5698: 5652: 5590: 5516: 5481: 5435: 5363: 5323: 5274: 5215: 5091: 5042: 4955: 4906: 4797: 4689: 4634: 4561: 4526: 4468: 4451: 4436: 4374: 4332: 4317: 4274: 4222: 4171: 4114: 3929: 3886: 3825: 3783: 3747: 3732: 3673: 3608: 3561: 3512: 3486: 3455: 3390: 3301: 3259: 3244: 3179: 3005: 2629: 2453: 2375: 2321: 2248: 2162: 2143: 2074: 2070: 2055: 1947: 1939: 1934: 1909: 1770: 1495: 1362: 1335: 1236: 1232: 1214: 1192: 1179: 907: 858:, though in the present, IgE is primarily related to allergies and asthma. 638: 607: 527: 8280: 8229: 8028: 7993: 7799: 7227: 7192: 7111: 7054: 6663: 6616: 6421:"Breaking the law: unconventional strategies for antibody diversification" 6338: 6061: 5904: 5660: 5625: 5382: 4990: 4856:(2004). Greer JG, Foerster F, Lukens JN, Rodgers GM, Paraskevas F (eds.). 4832: 4477: 4122: 4087: 3988: 3275: 3096: 257: 10422: 10412: 10304: 10255: 10192: 10173: 10133: 10122: 10090: 9521: 8991:

Zhang J, Xin L, Shan B, Chen W, Xie M, Yuen D, et al. (April 2012).

7681: 7664: 7348: 6013:

Stavnezer J, Amemiya CT (August 2004). "Evolution of isotype switching".

5166: 3970: 3647: 2666: 2637: 2449: 2417: 2325: 2173: 2120: 1959: 1521:

Simplified overview of V(D)J recombination of immunoglobulin heavy chains

1415: 1286: 1247: 1188: 915: 676: 642: 501: 210: 8628: 8455:"The Resource Identification Initiative: A cultural shift in publishing" 7184: 7103: 6899: 6499: 6108: 4357: 3632:"Antibody-secreting plasma cells persist for decades in human intestine" 3577:"Unraveling the diversity and functions of tissue-resident plasma cells" 3359:"The establishment of the plasma cell survival niche in the bone marrow" 3284: 2526:

cells. In some cases, additional fusions with other lines have created "

1125: 621:

Antibodies also form complexes by binding to antigen: this is called an

559: 268: 10746: 10353: 9899: 9652: 9558: 9345: 8822: 7985: 6851: 6834: 4585:"Complement Is Activated by IgG Hexamers Assembled at the Cell Surface" 4308: 4289: 3358: 2873: 2823:

detecting the same class of immunoglobulins with the same specificity.

2601: 2565: 2546: 2542: 2469: 2391: 2299: 2271: 2108: 1994: 1881: 1651: 1597: 1593: 1370: 1309: 1300: 1261:

and neonatal stages of life, the presence of antibodies is provided by

1218: 989: 965: 563: 547: 531: 493: 437: 339: 190: 9515:

History and applications of antibodies in the treatment of disease at

9272: 9225: 9098: 8745: 8420: 8353: 8336: 7752: 7536:

Rodriguez EA, Wang Y, Crisp JL, Vera DR, Tsien RY, Ting R (May 2016).

4779: 4553: 4203: 3374: 2720:

There are a variety of methods used to sequence an antibody including

2472:. Proteins can also be detected and quantified with antibodies, using 1466: 278: 244: 10782: 10718: 10358: 10345: 10217: 10197: 9957: 9662: 9557: 8969: 6740:

https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/1901/behring/biographical/

5742:"V(D)J recombination and the evolution of the adaptive immune system" 3147: 2929: 2858: 2399: 2379: 2318: 2280: 2263: 2205: 2128: 2082: 1997:

sequence of IgG, a feat for which they were jointly awarded the 1972

1827: 1608: 1423: 1386: 1366: 1358: 1342:

to assist antibodies to kill the bacterium directly (bacteriolysis).

1331: 1326: 973: 919: 918:. In this activated form, the B cell starts to produce antibody in a 843: 839: 814: 729: 725: 485: 300: 9968: 6639: 5804: 5690: 5197: 5073: 4882: 3878: 3817: 3163: 2038:

Detection of particular antibodies is a very common form of medical

1868:

thus highlighting the similarity of the antibody and the human body.

1517: 1308:

has five Ig units. Each Ig unit (labeled 1) has two epitope binding

582: 10703: 10207: 10010: 9947: 9732: 9720: 9632: 9596: 9417: 9358: 8294:

Kalyuzhny AE (2005). "Chemistry and biology of the ELISPOT assay".

7000: 5920: 4238: 3203:"B cell memory: building two walls of protection against pathogens" 3148:"The importance of natural IgM: scavenger, protector and regulator" 2761: 2746: 2633: 2590: 2582: 2398:

by fusing them with a cancer cell line. The fused cells are called

2387: 2310: 2169: 2043: 1905: 1382: 1258: 1007: 1003: 872: 847: 835: 810: 793: 721: 611: 231: 199: 98: 9503: 9338: 8703: 7393:"Animated depictions of how antibodies are used in ELISPOT assays" 6360:

Gao C, Mao S, Lo CH, Wirsching P, Lerner RA, Janda KD (May 1999).

4804: 2274:, delivery trauma or complications during pregnancy, blood from a 2069:, levels of individual classes of immunoglobulins are measured by 2021:

reactions. In a landmark series of experiments beginning in 1976,

741: 645:: the large clumps become insoluble, leading to visually apparent 554:

has a similar structure, characteristic of all the members of the

10616: 10336: 10279: 10212: 9952: 9766: 9615: 9586: 8063:"Single-cell microbiology: tools, technologies, and applications" 6538: 5288:

Lundqvist ML, Middleton DL, Radford C, Warr GW, Magor KE (2006).

2853: 2833: 2783:-based nucleic acid molecules with a molar mass of about 3 to 20 2780: 2598: 2594: 2493: 2477: 2383: 2337: 2159: 2104: 2018: 1913: 1842: 1737: 1271: 1070: 1042: 1002:(i.e., lacking light chains) which moreover feature longer chain 893: 851: 777: 615: 595: 296: 282: 106: 102: 94: 82: 70: 46: 32:

This article is about the class of proteins. For other uses, see

8555: 7363:"Animated depictions of how antibodies are used in ELISA assays" 5966:"Memory in the B-cell compartment: antibody affinity maturation" 4648:

Kumar N, Arthur CP, Ciferri C, Matsumoto ML (28 February 2020).

3260:"Plasma cells: The programming of an antibody-secreting machine" 2764:, intensity, and positional confidence scores from database and 2416:. Polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies are often purified using 2410:

that all produce the same antibody; these antibodies are called

1993:. Together, these scientists deduced the structure and complete 1694:) if they have affinity for various antigens or microorganisms. 1565: 1426:α(1,3)-galactose (α-Gal), which is found as a terminal sugar on 740:

particles, while its Fc region (in the ε heavy chains) binds to

530:, that is, they have carbohydrates (glycans) added to conserved 10801: 10796: 10363: 10029: 9924: 9912: 9657: 9608: 9341:"WHO International Standard for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin" 9161:

Castellana NE, Pham V, Arnott D, Lill JR, Bafna V (June 2010).

8677: 8641: 8298:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 302. pp. 15–31. 5337:

Berstein RM, Schluter SF, Shen S, Marchalonis JJ (April 1996).

5336: 4582: 4062:"Recommendations for the nomenclature of human immunoglobulins" 3525: 2800: 2586: 2353: 2341: 2302:, but does not prevent or treat the underlying disease itself. 2209: 2181: 1955: 1663: 1542: 1538: 1402: 1278: 1228: 953: 733: 311: 205:

In the course of an immune response, B cells can progressively

194: 174: 121: 8247:. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 32. pp. 461–6. 8118:. Vol. 62. San Diego, CA : Academic Press. pp. 7662: 7240: 1981:. Edelman went on to discover that antibodies are composed of 1600:

differences in the variable domains of their antibody chains.

1482:, and the loci containing lambda and kappa light chain genes ( 1161:

The main categories of antibody action include the following:

393:, trimers, etc.), and to bind effector molecules more easily. 27:

Protein(s) forming a major part of an organism's immune system

10578: 10470: 10427: 9247:

Tran NH, Rahman MZ, He L, Xin L, Shan B, Li M (August 2016).

8401: 8243:

Reen DJ (1994). "Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)".

7901: 6259: 5287: 4239:

Fernández-Quintero ML, Georges G, Varga JM, Liedl KR (2021).

2863: 2820: 2550: 2489: 2473: 2365: 2361: 2345: 2275: 2135: 2078: 2047: 1973:, and their realization that this protein is the same as the 1897: 1748: 1275: 1207: 957: 876: 409: 90: 49:

in a highly specific interaction analogous to a lock and key.

9249:"Complete De Novo Assembly of Monoclonal Antibody Sequences" 8452: 7738: 7476: 6884:"Michael Heidelberger and the demystification of antibodies" 6835:"Cellular versus humoral immunology: a century-long dispute" 6685:. Vol. 8, no. 34. The Scripps Research Institute. 6093:"Class switching and Myc translocation: how does DNA break?" 3689:"Recent updates on correlates of vaccine-induced protection" 10597: 10592: 10566: 10561: 9041: 6955:"The Linus Pauling Papers: How Antibodies and Enzymes Work" 5963: 4647: 4400: 2725: 2357: 2103:

can often be traced to antibodies that bind the body's own

1769:

The first use of the term "antibody" occurred in a text by

1716: 1667: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1444: 1038: 961: 687:

receptors. These patches may improve the efficiency of the

594:

Secreted antibodies can occur as a single Y-shaped unit, a

41: 9397: 7276:

Johansson SG (2006). "The discovery of immunoglobulin E".

6473: 3629: 2374:—multiple antibodies that bind to the same antigen—in the 1111:

with different antigens of different relative affinities.

854:. Humans and other animals evolved IgE to protect against 277:

A more accurate depiction of an antibody (3D structure at

10713: 8159:

Kurien BT, Scofield RH (April 2006). "Western blotting".

7936: 6935:(2nd ed.). London: His Majesty's Stationery Office. 4331:

Damelang T, Rogerson SJ, Kent SJ, Chung AW (March 2019).

4330: 4234: 4232: 3574: 3411: 2816: 2349: 2123:. The Coombs test is also used for antibody screening in 2014: 2002: 1659: 1305: 884: 863: 826: 801: 768: 717: 509: 417: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 9160: 9084: 8912: 8804: 8337:"An open letter to our readers on the use of antibodies" 7466:. NCBI Bethesda (MD): National Library of Medicine (US). 7424:"Current possibilities of turbidimetry and nephelometry" 4811:

Parker DC (1993). "T cell-dependent B cell activation".

4709:

Elsevier's Integrated Review Immunology and Microbiology

3068: 1525:

Somatic recombination of immunoglobulins, also known as

1132:

Antibodies (A) and pathogens (B) free roam in the blood.

8639: 7971: 6178: 4493:"The history of IgG glycosylation and where we are now" 4449: 4184: 3986: 2005:); David S. Rowe and John L. Fahey discovered IgD; and 663:

The membrane-bound form of an antibody may be called a

7535: 7085: 6250:

Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary. 2004

5006: 4229: 4100: 2667:

Structure prediction and computational antibody design

1702:

are identical antibodies produced by a single B cell.

365:

Structurally an antibody is also partitioned into two

4138:"A new clustering of antibody CDR loop conformations" 2266:, also known as Rh D antigen, is an antigen found on 1888:. Von Behring and Kitasato put forward the theory of 1730: 988:, the structure of antibodies is generally the same. 902:

The antibody isotype of a B cell changes during cell

428:

The variable domains can also be referred to as the F

8640:

Marcatili P, Rosi A, Tramontano A (September 2008).

8060: 6243: 6241: 4135: 3745: 2671:

The importance of antibodies in health care and the

2017:

and showed it was a class of antibodies involved in

1580:

Following activation with antigen, B cells begin to

699:

Antibodies can come in different varieties known as

202:), and are a manifestation of immunological memory. 9211: 8947: 8642:"PIGS: automatic prediction of antibody structures" 7841:. University of South Carolina School of Medicine. 5723:. 2nd ed. Garland Science: New York, 2005. pg.47–62 5540:"Natural antibody protects against viral infection" 5537: 5494: 3799:"Matching cellular dimensions with molecular sizes" 748:: the release of molecules stored in its granules. 9506:Discussion of the structure of antibodies at RCSB 8504:Helsby MA, Fenn JR, Chalmers AD (23 August 2013). 8503: 6791: 5739: 5460:Ravetch JV, Bolland S (2001). "IgG Fc receptors". 5397:https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-417186-2.00006-6 5009:"The riddle of the dual expression of IgM and IgD" 4650:"Structure of the secretory immunoglobulin A core" 3987:Delves PJ, Martin SJ, Burton DR, Roitt IM (2017). 3468: 3114: 3041: 2811:BAU (binding antibody unit, often as BAU/mL) is a 2675:industry demands knowledge of their structures at 1393:(ADCC) – this process may explain the efficacy of 350:, while heavy chains contain one variable domain V 8853: 7170: 6359: 6238: 5603: 5228: 5179: 5113: 4136:North B, Lehmann A, Dunbrack RL (February 2011). 2336:Specific antibodies are produced by injecting an 1859:, the antibody is placed into a ring referencing 1312:, so IgM is capable of binding up to 10 epitopes. 504:(FcR) to the Fc region of an antibody, while the 10943: 8990: 6203: 6139: 6012: 5407: 5007:Geisberger R, Lamers M, Achatz G (August 2006). 4761: 4542:International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 4396: 4394: 4392: 3200: 3145: 2168:New dioxaborolane chemistry enables radioactive 1942:. The next major advance was in the 1940s, when 1154:Phagocytosis occurs as the pathogen is ingested. 1078: 796:. Also found in saliva, tears, and breast milk. 9246: 8196:"Immunohistochemical staining of fixed tissues" 8061:Brehm-Stecher BF, Johnson EA (September 2004). 7086:Stevens FJ, Solomon A, Schiffer M (July 1991). 5638: 4968: 4880: 4762:Yeow N, Tabor RF, Garnier G (3 February 2017). 3112: 2959: 2127:preparation and also for antibody screening in 1666:at two selected S-regions. The variable domain 1646:Class switching occurs in the heavy chain gene 1345: 8158: 7863: 7703: 7302: 5568: 5459: 5229:Litman GW, Rast JP, Fugmann SD (August 2010). 5180:Litman GW, Rast JP, Fugmann SD (August 2010). 5055: 4934:The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 4178: 2283:, and any subsequent pregnancies, at risk for 2165:are used in over the counter pregnancy tests. 1962:, were responsible for generating antibodies. 1946:confirmed the lock-and-key theory proposed by 10632: 10486: 9984: 9543: 9495:Mike's Immunoglobulin Structure/Function Page 9303: 9120:Liu X, Han Y, Yuen D, Ma B (September 2009). 8678:Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure (PIGS) 7584: 7460:"Chapter 4: Hemolytic disease of the newborn" 6710:"Protein sculpture inspired by Vitruvian Man" 6590: 6588: 6586: 6584: 5231:"The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity" 5182:"The origins of vertebrate adaptive immunity" 5002: 5000: 4927: 4881:Tolar P, Sohn HW, Pierce SK (February 2008). 4389: 4290:"Structure and function relationships in IgA" 1566:Somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation 1391:antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 173:, which generally describes the responses of 9119: 7904:Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada 7036: 6794:"Paul Ehrlich—in search of the magic bullet" 6204:Spiess C, Zhai Q, Carter PJ (October 2015). 6179:Shoenfeld Y, Meroni PL, Gershwin ME (2007). 5790: 5401: 4874: 4281: 4185:Nikoloudis D, Pitts JE, Saldanha JW (2014). 3942: 3146:Ehrenstein MR, Notley CA (15 October 2010). 2571:Determination of the virus clearance studies 2093:, while IgG is elevated in viral hepatitis, 1246:into either antibody-producing cells called 570:. The sheets create a "sandwich" shape, the 9504:Antibodies as the PDB molecule of the month 8112:"Chapter 23 Immunoprecipitation Procedures" 8056: 8054: 6979: 6832: 5632: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4842: 4287: 4094: 3316:"B Cell Memory and Plasma Cell Development" 3257: 2556:The characterization of purified antibody ( 2456:analyses to identify proteins separated by 2386:for generation of polyclonal antibodies in 2176:) labeling of antibodies, which allows for 1872:The study of antibodies began in 1890 when 1677: 1437: 1316: 979: 598:. However, some antibody classes also form 550:of each chain is situated at the tip. Each 10639: 10625: 10493: 10479: 9991: 9977: 9550: 9536: 8067:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 6792:Winau F, Westphal O, Winau R (July 2004). 6594: 6581: 5833: 5740:Market E, Papavasiliou FN (October 2003). 5672: 5670: 5455: 5453: 4997: 4021:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 3993:(13th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex. 3864: 3201:Akkaya M, Kwak K, Pierce SK (April 2020). 3121:(5th ed.). Thomson Learning. p. 3062: 3035: 3033: 3031: 3029: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 1705: 338:: somewhat similar sequences of about 110 101:that specifically binds to one particular 10459:disorders of globin and globulin proteins 9433: 9374: 9280: 9188: 9178: 9137: 9018: 9008: 8950:Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry 8889: 8879: 8830: 8781: 8771: 8657: 8531: 8521: 8480: 8470: 8429: 8419: 8352: 8293: 8270: 8193: 8086: 7832: 7680: 7561: 7512: 7502: 7338: 7328: 7275: 7062: 6907: 6850: 6809: 6768: 6707: 6564: 6515: 6395: 6385: 6328: 6287: 6277: 6221: 6116: 6090: 5989: 5916: 5914: 5882: 5859: 5767: 5757: 5735: 5733: 5731: 5729: 5425: 5372: 5362: 5313: 5264: 5241:(8). 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SHM results in approximately one 1516: 1455: 1299: 1124: 590:that bind to multiple antigen molecules. 581: 243: 40: 7421: 7123: 7121: 6930: 6047: 5676: 5667: 5641:Clinical Immunology and Immunopathology 5450: 5114:Pier GB, Lyczak JB, Wetzler LM (2004). 5109: 5107: 5105: 5103: 5101: 3907: 3860: 3858: 3686: 3039: 3016: 2688:structures. Online web servers such as 2648:testing, repeat-dose toxicity testing, 2028: 423: 14: 10944: 8854:Li T, Pantazes RJ, Maranas CD (2014). 8674:from the original on 26 November 2010. 8601:"Antibody Production simply explained" 8598: 7781: 7205: 6676: 6637: 6310: 5911: 5836:"Somatic immunoglobulin hypermutation" 5726: 5538:Racaniello, Vincent (6 October 2009). 5138: 5132: 4810: 4711:(2nd ed.). Elsevier. p. 71. 3258:Tellier J, Nutt SL (15 October 2018). 3103: 2960:Wilson IA, Stanfield RL (3 May 2021). 2694:Prediction of Immunoglobulin Structure 2612: 2196:is employed to treat diseases such as 1506: 1187:, in which antibodies "glue together" 1014:Antibody classes not found in mammals 10620: 10474: 9998: 9972: 9531: 9471:from the original on 18 February 2022 8334: 8014: 7892: 7448: 7303:Hozumi N, Tonegawa S (October 1976). 6753:"The Late Baron Shibasaburo Kitasato" 5550:from the original on 20 February 2010 4702: 4333:"Role of IgG3 in Infectious Diseases" 3977: 3088:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a040000 1999:Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1912:and killing; a process that he named 1670:is rejoined through a process called 1451: 1408: 577: 574:, held together by a disulfide bond. 307:regions that roughly form a Y shape. 8574:"Resource Identification Initiative" 8341:The Journal of Comparative Neurology 8242: 7845:from the original on 18 October 2010 7826: 7457: 7127: 7118: 7043:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 7037:Edelman GM, Gally JA (August 1962). 6961:from the original on 5 December 2010 6933:Chemistry of antigens and antibodies 6888:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 6757:Canadian Medical Association Journal 6720:from the original on 4 November 2010 6689:from the original on 10 January 2011 5827: 5141:Contemporary Topics in Immunobiology 5098: 5049: 4539: 4533: 4490: 3855: 3796: 3636:The Journal of Experimental Medicine 3357:Chu VT, Berek C (19 December 2012). 3322:, Elsevier, pp. 227–249, 2015, 3048:(5th ed.). Garland Publishing. 2115:surface antigens in immune mediated 2033: 1880:described antibody activity against 1418:, other foreign antigen exposure or 1281:fragment). Antibodies contribute to 937: 541: 354:and three to four constant domains C 314:, an antibody unit consists of four 285:in the Fc region are shown in black. 9513:A hundred years of antibody therapy 9306:Current Opinion in Chemical Biology 9167:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8997:Molecular & Cellular Proteomics 8245:Basic Protein and Peptide Protocols 7974:Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry 7669:The New England Journal of Medicine 6750: 6266:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 5897:10.1146/annurev.bi.54.070185.004103 5116:Immunology, Infection, and Immunity 4983:10.1146/annurev.iy.04.040186.002133 4825:10.1146/annurev.iy.11.040193.001555 4743:. The McGill Physiology Virtual Lab 4456:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 3949:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2966:The Journal of Biological Chemistry 2962:"50 Years of structural immunology" 2771: 2581:Product safety testing: Sterility ( 2258: 1501:complementarity-determining regions 652: 442:complementarity-determining regions 24: 10646: 7784:"Fates of human B-cell precursors" 7464:Blood Groups and Red Cell Antigens 6640:"Anatomy of the antibody molecule" 6609:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1984.tb00931.x 6597:Scandinavian Journal of Immunology 4928:Williams CM, Galli SJ (May 2000). 3328:10.1016/b978-0-12-397933-9.00014-x 2757:with high accuracy by integrating 2597:testing for adventitious viruses, 2545:of the antibody purification (all 2382:. Antigens are also injected into 2231:Some immune deficiencies, such as 2187: 2158:. Antibodies raised against human 1731:Interchromosomal DNA Transposition 1622: 948:In mammals there are two types of 720:antibodies are responsible for an 45:Each antibody binds to a specific 25: 10978: 9488: 8116:Methods in Cell Biology Volume 62 7622:Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy 6248:Farlex dictionary > polyvalent 6091:Casali P, Zan H (November 2004). 2436:proteins. Antibodies are used in 2394:are isolated from the animal and 1969:and Joseph Gally of the antibody 1250:that secrete soluble antibody or 930:of the activated B cells undergo 602:with two Ig units (as with IgA), 291:Antibodies are heavy (~150 k 9522:How Lymphocytes Produce Antibody 9450: 9391: 9332: 9297: 9240: 9205: 9154: 9113: 9078: 9035: 8984: 8941: 8906: 8847: 8798: 8739: 8714: 8708: 8689: 8633: 8614: 8592: 8566: 8548: 8497: 8446: 8395: 8377: 8328: 8287: 8236: 8187: 8152: 8103: 8073:(3): 538–59, table of contents. 8008: 7965: 7930: 7857: 7775: 7732: 7718:10.2165/00003495-200363080-00005 7697: 7656: 7613: 7599:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.163 7578: 7529: 7470: 7415: 7385: 7355: 7296: 6980:Silverstein AM (December 2004). 5935:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2007.00507.x 5583:10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00721.x 5474:10.1146/annurev.immunol.19.1.275 5143:. Vol. 8. pp. 203–43. 5025:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2006.02386.x 4899:10.1111/j.1600-065X.2008.00583.x 4037:"MeSH Browser – gamma-Globulins" 3430:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2009.03143.x 3113:Rhoades RA, Pflanzer RG (2002). 2285:hemolytic disease of the newborn 2255:, into the affected individual. 1204:, which leads to the following: 875:to give passive immunity to the 267: 256: 9457:Knezevic I (10 November 2021). 8523:10.12688/f1000research.2-153.v2 7554:10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.6b00164 7397:Cellular Technology Ltd.—Europe 7367:Cellular Technology Ltd.—Europe 7269: 7234: 7199: 7164: 7079: 7030: 6973: 6947: 6924: 6875: 6826: 6785: 6744: 6732: 6708:Pescovitz D (22 October 2008). 6701: 6670: 6631: 6532: 6467: 6412: 6353: 6304: 6253: 6197: 6183:. 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Antibody fragments, such as 2568:activities, contaminants, ...) 2507: 2111:. Antibodies directed against 1857:the Scripps Research Institute 964:(ι) chain, are found in other 732:, often a sole contributor to 480:Fragment crystallizable region 385:1 domain each, as well as the 13: 1: 9426:10.1016/S2666-5247(21)00266-4 9367:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00527-4 9139:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp366 8659:10.1093/bioinformatics/btn341 8599:Eberle C (20 February 2023). 8472:10.12688/f1000research.6555.2 8128:10.1016/S0091-679X(08)61549-6 7951:10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00508-6 7916:10.1016/S1701-2163(16)31006-4 7255:10.1016/S0161-5890(01)00006-2 7142:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)76658-7 6677:Sauter E (10 November 2018). 6330:10.1016/s0014-5793(98)00021-0 5885:Annual Review of Biochemistry 5852:10.1016/S0952-7915(02)00327-8 5840:Current Opinion in Immunology 4257:10.1080/19420862.2021.1923122 3962:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)30153-9 3922:10.1016/S1044-5323(03)00047-2 2946: 2839:Anti-mitochondrial antibodies 1221:attracting inflammatory cells 1079:Antibody–antigen interactions 10169:Sex hormone-binding globulin 9214:Journal of Proteome Research 8881:10.1371/journal.pone.0105954 8773:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006112 8017:Immunological Investigations 7839:Immunology — Chapter 14 7437:(3): 146–151. Archived from 7220:10.1016/0167-5699(92)90093-M 6882:Van Epps HL (January 2006). 6811:10.1016/j.micinf.2004.04.003 6656:10.1016/0161-5890(94)90001-9 6223:10.1016/j.molimm.2015.01.003 6154:10.1016/j.dnarep.2006.05.013 5759:10.1371/journal.pbio.0000016 5618:10.1016/0022-2836(91)90617-F 5606:Journal of Molecular Biology 4288:Woof JM, Russell RW (2011). 4142:Journal of Molecular Biology 4103:Journal of Molecular Biology 3990:Roitt's essential immunology 3764:10.1016/j.immuni.2023.12.010 3758:(2): S1074–7613(23)00541–1. 3544:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.06.016 3320:Molecular Biology of B Cells 2700:region structure prediction 2178:positron emission tomography 1346:Activation of effector cells 1235:other immune cells to avoid 1059:; related to mammalian IgD. 1045:; related to mammalian IgG. 752:Antibody isotypes of humans 514:classical complement pathway 508:is activated by binding the 473: 334:. Each chain is a series of 237: 7: 10792:Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic 10764:Anti-mitochondrial antibody 8173:10.1016/j.ymeth.2005.11.007 7833:Ghaffer A (26 March 2006). 7587:Annual Review of Immunology 6833:Silverstein AM (May 2003). 6638:Padlan EA (February 1994). 5462:Annual Review of Immunology 5149:10.1007/978-1-4684-0922-2_7 4971:Annual Review of Immunology 4813:Annual Review of Immunology 4079:10.4049/jimmunol.108.6.1733 2826: 2251:, pooled immunoglobulin or 2233:X-linked agammaglobulinemia 2194:monoclonal antibody therapy 2042:, and applications such as 1490:) are found on chromosomes 1114: 1000:heavy-chain-only antibodies 303:in size, arranged in three 81:to identify and neutralize 10: 10983: 10908:Anti-citrullinated peptide 9706:Polyclonal B cell response 9318:10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.04.627 9180:10.1074/mcp.M900504-MCP200 8752:PLOS Computational Biology 8335:Saper CB (December 2005). 6557:10.1016/j.cell.2015.07.019 6027:10.1016/j.smim.2004.08.005 5793:Nature Reviews. Immunology 5679:Nature Reviews. Immunology 5235:Nature Reviews. Immunology 5186:Nature Reviews. Immunology 4419:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002 3867:Nature Reviews. Immunology 3706:10.3389/fimmu.2022.1081107 3593:10.1038/s41590-023-01712-w 2940:Western blot normalization 2884:Intravenous immunoglobulin 2717:studies of antibody CDRs. 2442:cluster of differentiation 2378:, which can now be called 2295:prenatal treatment regimen 1799:substance sensibilisatrice 1762: 1758: 1696:Intravenous immunoglobulin 1682:An antibody can be called 1672:non-homologous end joining 1636:Isotype or class switching 1569: 1510: 1118: 950:immunoglobulin light chain 944:Immunoglobulin light chain 941: 694: 656: 556:immunoglobulin superfamily 534:residues. These conserved 477: 457:antigen-antibody complexes 75:immunoglobulin superfamily 31: 10967:Reagents for biochemistry 10918: 10855: 10829: 10780: 10762: 10699:Anti-topoisomerase/Scl-70 10654: 10549: 10508: 10450: 10433:Vitamin D-binding protein 10400: 10372: 10344: 10335: 10292: 10248: 10230: 10183: 10156: 10147: 10112: 10077: 10027: 10018: 10006: 9940: 9898: 9840: 9741: 9671: 9579: 9572: 9414:World Health Organization 9355:World Health Organization 8304:10.1385/1-59259-903-6:015 8253:10.1385/0-89603-268-X:461 8212:10.1385/0-89603-525-5:133 6437:10.1038/s41577-019-0126-7 6425:Nature Reviews Immunology 5306:10.1016/j.dci.2005.06.019 5247:10.1002/9783527699124.ch4 4154:10.1016/j.jmb.2010.10.030 3219:10.1038/s41577-019-0244-2 3207:Nature Reviews Immunology 3152:Nature Reviews Immunology 2979:10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100745 2644:Animal toxicity studies: 2091:primary biliary cirrhosis 2085:, elevated IgM indicates 1831:and a similar concept to 1499:(HV-1, HV-2 and HV-3) or 1432:xenotransplantated organs 998:(such as sharks) produce 671:(mIg). It is part of the 606:with four Ig units (like 367:antigen-binding fragments 346:and one constant domain C 310:In humans and most other 219:terminally differentiated 34:Antibody (disambiguation) 10044:Alpha 1-antichymotrypsin 8927:10.1016/j.ab.2006.02.001 8683:26 November 2010 at the 7634:10.1517/14656566.4.6.999 7504:10.1088/1361-6528/abce2d 4349:10.1016/j.it.2019.01.005 4072:(6): 1733–4. June 1972. 2734:tandem mass spectrometry 1678:Specificity designations 1438:Immunoglobulin diversity 1317:Activation of complement 1097:hydrophobic interactions 980:In non-mammalian animals 689:cellular immune response 623:antigen-antibody complex 466:In the framework of the 10821:Anti-TPO/Antimicrosomal 10327:7S seed storage protein 10104:Retinol binding protein 9499:University of Cambridge 9010:10.1074/mcp.M111.010587 8915:Analytical Biochemistry 8556:"The Antibody Registry" 7782:LeBien TW (July 2000). 7330:10.1073/pnas.73.10.3628 6387:10.1073/pnas.96.11.6025 6279:10.1074/jbc.M110.117382 4947:10.1067/mai.2000.106485 4674:10.1126/science.aaz5807 4609:10.1126/science.1248943 4407:Journal of Autoimmunity 3693:Frontiers in Immunology 2844:Anti-nuclear antibodies 1706:Asymmetrical antibodies 1340:membrane attack complex 1304:The secreted mammalian 1202:membrane attack complex 1170:neutralizing antibodies 724:response consisting of 679:, which are capable of 669:membrane immunoglobulin 416:which characterize the 387:crystallisable fragment 369:(Fab), containing one V 69:) is a large, Y-shaped 9820:Tolerance in pregnancy 9562:adaptive immune system 7878:10.1054/blre.1999.0123 7542:Bioconjugate Chemistry 6798:Microbes and Infection 6015:Seminars in Immunology 5982:10.1098/rstb.2000.0573 5653:10.1006/clin.1996.0044 5364:10.1073/pnas.93.8.3289 4491:Cobb BA (March 2020). 4469:10.1074/jbc.273.4.2260 4115:10.1006/jmbi.1997.1354 3910:Seminars in Immunology 3797:Reth M (August 2013). 3487:10.26508/lsa.202101285 2920:Single-domain antibody 2879:Immunosuppressive drug 2819:for the comparison of 2795:are not considered as 2576:Before clinical trials 2513:Production and testing 2333: 2291:Rho(D) immune globulin 2214:non-Hodgkin's lymphoma 2119:are detected with the 1989:were characterized by 1926: 1869: 1632: 1588:, by a process called 1522: 1471: 1313: 1158: 665:surface immunoglobulin 591: 249: 179:adaptive immune system 171:cell-mediated immunity 50: 10881:Anti-transglutaminase 10656:Anti-nuclear antibody 10130:alpha-2-Macroglobulin 9855:Somatic hypermutation 9689:Polyclonal antibodies 9684:Monoclonal antibodies 8029:10.1081/IMM-120016245 7800:10.1182/blood.V96.1.9 7055:10.1084/jem.116.2.207 6062:10.1002/eji.200324133 5923:Immunological Reviews 4887:Immunological Reviews 4509:10.1093/glycob/cwz065 4066:Journal of Immunology 3475:Life Science Alliance 3363:Immunological Reviews 3276:10.1002/eji.201847517 2905:Neutralizing antibody 2807:Binding antibody unit 2690:Web Antibody Modeling 2685:X-ray crystallography 2413:monoclonal antibodies 2371:polyclonal antibodies 2313: 2306:Research applications 2253:monoclonal antibodies 2237:hypogammaglobulinemia 2152:immunoelectrophoresis 1977:described in 1845 by 1922: 1845: 1777:(the German word for 1765:History of immunology 1743:Plasmodium falciparum 1700:monoclonal antibodies 1630: 1590:somatic hypermutation 1572:Somatic hypermutation 1570:Further information: 1520: 1511:Further information: 1459: 1395:monoclonal antibodies 1303: 1268:humoral immune system 1198:Complement activation 1128: 1119:Further information: 942:Further information: 850:, and is involved in 586:Some antibodies form 585: 552:immunoglobulin domain 468:immune network theory 434:hypervariable regions 420:class of antibodies. 247: 77:which is used by the 44: 10605:Heavy-chain antibody 10387:Bovine serum albumin 10203:Beta-2 microglobulin 9872:Junctional diversity 9640:Antigen presentation 9517:University of Oxford 9087:Analytical Chemistry 8721:jolt.law.harvard.edu 8698:19 July 2011 at the 8623:17 July 2011 at the 8560:antibodyregistry.org 8200:Mycoplasma Protocols 8194:Scanziani E (1998). 8110:Williams NE (2000). 7682:10.1056/NEJMoa062382 7243:Molecular Immunology 6644:Molecular Immunology 6210:Molecular Immunology 5497:Immunologic Research 5414:Immunologic Research 4337:Trends in Immunology 3648:10.1084/jem.20161590 2915:Secondary antibodies 2890:Magnetic immunoassay 2462:immunohistochemistry 2222:head and neck cancer 2208:, and many forms of 2198:rheumatoid arthritis 2156:magnetic immunoassay 2101:Autoimmune disorders 2095:autoimmune hepatitis 2029:Medical applications 1931:Michael Heidelberger 1924:Michael Heidelberger 1878:Kitasato Shibasaburō 1420:passive immunization 1379:natural killer cells 1334:in a process called 1263:passive immunization 1101:van der Waals forces 1089:electrostatic forces 521:neonatal Fc receptor 498:natural killer cells 453:bacterial cell walls 424:Antigen-binding site 10931:Anti-apolipoprotein 10868:Lupus anticoagulant 10382:Human serum albumin 10322:11S globulin family 10068:Heparin cofactor II 10058:Alpha 2-antiplasmin 10048:Alpha 1-antitrypsin 9867:V(D)J recombination 9850:Affinity maturation 9602:Antigenic variation 9265:2016NatSR...631730T 8962:2003RCMS...17.2337M 8872:2014PLoSO...9j5954L 8764:2018PLSCB..14E6112A 8727:on 13 December 2014 8296:Handbook of ELISPOT 7747:(Suppl. 2): 37–42. 7495:2021Nanot..32i5502S 7321:1976PNAS...73.3628H 7284:(2 Suppl 1): S3–6. 7185:10.1021/bi00730a018 7104:10.1021/bi00242a001 6931:Marrack JR (1938). 6900:10.1084/jem.2031fta 6751:AGN (August 1931). 6500:10.1038/nature23670 6492:2017Natur.548..597P 6378:1999PNAS...96.6025G 6109:10.1038/ni1104-1101 5509:10.1385/IR:33:2:103 5355:1996PNAS...93.3289B 4666:2020Sci...367.1008K 4660:(6481): 1008–1014. 4601:2014Sci...343.1260D 4595:(6176): 1260–1263. 3687:Plotkin SA (2022). 2900:Monoclonal antibody 2681:protein engineering 2613:Preclinical studies 2553:must be eliminated) 2446:immunoprecipitation 2067:clinical immunology 1975:Bence-Jones protein 1861:Leonardo da Vinci's 1853:Julian Voss-Andreae 1613:affinity maturation 1576:Affinity maturation 1527:V(D)J recombination 1513:V(D)J recombination 1507:V(D)J recombination 1210:of the foreign cell 1142:neutralisation, and 1015: 972:) and bony fishes ( 952:, which are called 922:form rather than a 780:areas, such as the 753: 681:signal transduction 637:with antibodies in 572:immunoglobulin fold 138:, sometimes called 124:receptor. The term 10919:Multiple locations 10809:Anti-smooth muscle 10408:C-reactive protein 10300:Beta-lactoglobulin 9405:The Lancet Microbe 9253:Scientific Reports 9003:(4): M111.010587. 8823:10.1002/prot.24779 7986:10.1007/BF00223301 7431:Klin Biochem Metab 6852:10.1038/ni0503-425 6311:Muller KM (1998). 6216:(2 Pt A): 95–106. 5427:10.1385/IR:36:1:27 4768:Scientific Reports 4741:medicine.mcgill.ca 4309:10.1038/mi.2011.39 4295:Mucosal Immunology 3040:Janeway C (2001). 2935:Synthetic antibody 2925:Slope spectroscopy 2759:de novo sequencing 2738:de novo sequencing 2650:long-term toxicity 2560:characterization, 2466:immunofluorescence 2334: 2315:Immunofluorescence 2202:multiple sclerosis 2140:immunofluorescence 2052:Epstein-Barr virus 2007:Kimishige Ishizaka 1927: 1908:to label them for 1870: 1656:switch (S) regions 1640:biological process 1633: 1523: 1472: 1452:Domain variability 1409:Natural antibodies 1401:therapies against 1323:complement cascade 1314: 1295:complement pathway 1242:Activated B cells 1159: 1013: 996:Cartilaginous fish 926:-bound form. Some 908:naive B lymphocyte 751: 592: 578:Antibody complexes 324:and two identical 316:polypeptide chains 250: 112:More narrowly, an 51: 10939: 10938: 10926:Anti-phospholipid 10903:Rheumatoid factor 10614: 10613: 10468: 10467: 10446: 10445: 10417:Alpha-lactalbumin 10317:Alpha-lactalbumin 10288: 10287: 10260:Fetal fibronectin 10226: 10225: 10143: 10142: 10000:Globular proteins 9966: 9965: 9894: 9893: 9644:professional APCs 9524:from Cells Alive! 9508:Protein Data Bank 9273:10.1038/srep31730 9226:10.1021/pr401300m 9099:10.1021/ac0489162 8421:10.7717/peerj.148 8354:10.1002/cne.20839 8313:978-1-59259-903-5 8262:978-0-89603-268-2 8221:978-0-89603-525-6 8137:978-0-12-544164-3 7753:10.1159/000055400 7444:on 10 April 2008. 7026:on 25 March 2009. 6989:Nature Immunology 6839:Nature Immunology 6486:(7669): 597–601. 6190:978-0-444-52763-9 6148:(9–10): 1234–45. 6097:Nature Immunology 5721:The Immune System 5256:978-3-527-69912-4 5158:978-1-4684-0924-6 5125:978-1-55581-246-1 5062:Nature Immunology 4867:978-0-7817-3650-3 4780:10.1038/srep41956 4718:978-0-323-07447-6 4703:Actor JK (2012). 4554:10.1159/000024226 4204:10.7717/peerj.456 4041:meshb.nlm.nih.gov 4000:978-1-118-41577-1 3806:Nature Immunology 3581:Nature Immunology 3481:(3): e202101285. 3375:10.1111/imr.12011 3337:978-0-12-397933-9 3132:978-0-534-42174-8 3055:978-0-8153-3642-6 2797:antibody mimetics 2777:Antibody mimetics 2755:protein sequences 2722:Edman degradation 2218:colorectal cancer 2180:(PET) imaging of 2125:blood transfusion 2034:Disease diagnosis 1979:Henry Bence Jones 1958:, in the form of 1894:side-chain theory 1848:Angel of the West 1560:allelic exclusion 1274:(an example is a 1213:Encouragement of 1076: 1075: 1057:sharks and skates 986:placental mammals 938:Light chain types 932:isotype switching 900: 899: 786:respiratory tract 542:Protein structure 506:complement system 500:) bind via their 183:complement system 73:belonging to the 16:(Redirected from 10974: 10888:not autoantibody 10837:Anti-ganglioside 10772:Anti-cardiolipin 10641: 10634: 10627: 10618: 10617: 10495: 10488: 10481: 10472: 10471: 10342: 10341: 10186: 10162: 10159:carrier proteins 10154: 10153: 10115: 10083: 10080:carrier proteins 10033: 10025: 10024: 10016: 10015: 9993: 9986: 9979: 9970: 9969: 9860:Clonal selection 9832:Immune privilege 9827:Immunodeficiency 9782:Cross-reactivity 9772:Hypersensitivity 9577: 9576: 9552: 9545: 9538: 9529: 9528: 9482: 9480: 9478: 9476: 9470: 9463: 9454: 9448: 9447: 9437: 9395: 9389: 9388: 9378: 9336: 9330: 9329: 9301: 9295: 9294: 9284: 9244: 9238: 9237: 9209: 9203: 9202: 9192: 9182: 9158: 9152: 9151: 9141: 9117: 9111: 9110: 9082: 9076: 9075: 9039: 9033: 9032: 9022: 9012: 8988: 8982: 8981: 8970:10.1002/rcm.1196 8945: 8939: 8938: 8910: 8904: 8903: 8893: 8883: 8851: 8845: 8844: 8834: 8802: 8796: 8795: 8785: 8775: 8743: 8737: 8736: 8734: 8732: 8723:. Archived from 8712: 8706: 8693: 8687: 8675: 8661: 8637: 8631: 8618: 8612: 8611: 8609: 8607: 8596: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8585: 8580:. 14 August 2013 8570: 8564: 8563: 8552: 8546: 8545: 8535: 8525: 8501: 8495: 8494: 8484: 8474: 8450: 8444: 8443: 8433: 8423: 8399: 8393: 8392: 8381: 8375: 8374: 8356: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8291: 8285: 8284: 8274: 8240: 8234: 8233: 8191: 8185: 8184: 8156: 8150: 8149: 8107: 8101: 8100: 8090: 8058: 8049: 8048: 8012: 8006: 8005: 7969: 7963: 7962: 7934: 7928: 7927: 7899: 7890: 7889: 7861: 7855: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7830: 7824: 7823: 7821: 7819: 7814:on 29 April 2010 7810:. Archived from 7779: 7773: 7772: 7736: 7730: 7729: 7701: 7695: 7694: 7684: 7660: 7654: 7653: 7617: 7611: 7610: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7565: 7548:(5): 1390–1399. 7533: 7527: 7526: 7516: 7506: 7474: 7468: 7467: 7455: 7446: 7445: 7443: 7428: 7422:Stern P (2006). 7419: 7413: 7412: 7410: 7408: 7399:. Archived from 7389: 7383: 7382: 7380: 7378: 7369:. Archived from 7359: 7353: 7352: 7342: 7332: 7300: 7294: 7293: 7273: 7267: 7266: 7238: 7232: 7231: 7208:Immunology Today 7203: 7197: 7196: 7168: 7162: 7161: 7125: 7116: 7115: 7083: 7077: 7076: 7066: 7034: 7028: 7027: 7025: 7019:. Archived from 6986: 6977: 6971: 6970: 6968: 6966: 6951: 6945: 6944: 6928: 6922: 6921: 6911: 6879: 6873: 6872: 6854: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6813: 6789: 6783: 6782: 6772: 6748: 6742: 6736: 6730: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6705: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6694: 6683:News & Views 6674: 6668: 6667: 6635: 6629: 6628: 6592: 6579: 6578: 6568: 6536: 6530: 6529: 6519: 6471: 6465: 6464: 6416: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6389: 6357: 6351: 6350: 6332: 6308: 6302: 6301: 6291: 6281: 6272:(25): 19637–46. 6257: 6251: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6225: 6201: 6195: 6194: 6172: 6166: 6165: 6137: 6131: 6130: 6120: 6088: 6082: 6081: 6045: 6039: 6038: 6010: 6004: 6003: 5993: 5976:(1395): 357–60. 5961: 5955: 5954: 5918: 5909: 5908: 5880: 5874: 5873: 5863: 5831: 5825: 5824: 5788: 5782: 5781: 5771: 5761: 5737: 5724: 5717: 5711: 5710: 5674: 5665: 5664: 5636: 5630: 5629: 5601: 5595: 5594: 5566: 5560: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5492: 5486: 5485: 5457: 5448: 5447: 5429: 5405: 5399: 5393: 5387: 5386: 5376: 5366: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5317: 5285: 5279: 5278: 5268: 5226: 5220: 5219: 5209: 5177: 5171: 5170: 5136: 5130: 5129: 5111: 5096: 5095: 5085: 5053: 5047: 5046: 5036: 5004: 4995: 4994: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4949: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4878: 4872: 4871: 4850: 4837: 4836: 4808: 4802: 4801: 4791: 4759: 4753: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4733: 4727: 4726: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4628: 4580: 4574: 4573: 4537: 4531: 4530: 4520: 4488: 4482: 4481: 4471: 4447: 4441: 4440: 4430: 4398: 4387: 4386: 4360: 4328: 4322: 4321: 4311: 4285: 4279: 4278: 4268: 4236: 4227: 4226: 4216: 4206: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4165: 4133: 4127: 4126: 4098: 4092: 4091: 4081: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4033: 4027: 4026: 4020: 4012: 3984: 3975: 3974: 3964: 3940: 3934: 3933: 3905: 3899: 3898: 3862: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3842: 3836:. Archived from 3803: 3794: 3788: 3787: 3778: 10922795. 3743: 3737: 3736: 3726: 3708: 3684: 3678: 3677: 3667: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3572: 3566: 3565: 3555: 3523: 3517: 3516: 3506: 3466: 3460: 3459: 3449: 3409: 3403: 3402: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3312: 3306: 3305: 3287: 3255: 3249: 3248: 3238: 3198: 3192: 3191: 3143: 3137: 3136: 3120: 3117:Human Physiology 3110: 3101: 3100: 3090: 3066: 3060: 3059: 3047: 3037: 3014: 3013: 2999: 2981: 2957: 2869:Humoral immunity 2849:Antibody mimetic 2813:measurement unit 2772:Antibody mimetic 2742:protein sequence 2660:pharmacodynamics 2656:Pharmacokinetics 2620:cross-reactivity 2502:pFUSE-Fc plasmid 2404:dilution cloning 2259:Prenatal therapy 2245:passive immunity 2117:hemolytic anemia 1954:discovered that 1890:humoral immunity 1874:Emil von Behring 1469: 1291:immune responses 1016: 1012: 790:urogenital tract 754: 750: 653:B cell receptors 318:; two identical 271: 260: 187:immune complexes 167:humoral immunity 21: 10982: 10981: 10977: 10976: 10975: 10973: 10972: 10971: 10942: 10941: 10940: 10935: 10914: 10875:Coeliac disease 10851: 10825: 10776: 10758: 10740:Anti-centromere 10650: 10645: 10615: 10610: 10545: 10504: 10499: 10469: 10464: 10463: 10442: 10396: 10368: 10331: 10293:Other globulins 10284: 10244: 10240:Immunoglobulins 10222: 10184: 10179: 10176: 10157: 10139: 10113: 10108: 10078: 10073: 10028: 10020:Alpha globulins 10002: 9997: 9967: 9962: 9936: 9890: 9836: 9815:Clonal deletion 9743: 9737: 9667: 9568: 9556: 9491: 9486: 9485: 9474: 9472: 9468: 9461: 9455: 9451: 9396: 9392: 9337: 9333: 9302: 9298: 9245: 9241: 9210: 9206: 9159: 9155: 9132:(17): 2174–80. 9118: 9114: 9093:(24): 7221–33. 9083: 9079: 9050:(18): 3551–67. 9044:Electrophoresis 9040: 9036: 8989: 8985: 8956:(20): 2337–42. 8946: 8942: 8911: 8907: 8852: 8848: 8817:(8): 1385–406. 8803: 8799: 8758:(4): e1006112. 8744: 8740: 8730: 8728: 8713: 8709: 8704:RosettaAntibody 8702: 8700:Wayback Machine 8694: 8690: 8685:Wayback Machine 8676: 8638: 8634: 8627: 8625:Wayback Machine 8619: 8615: 8605: 8603: 8597: 8593: 8583: 8581: 8572: 8571: 8567: 8554: 8553: 8549: 8502: 8498: 8451: 8447: 8400: 8396: 8383: 8382: 8378: 8333: 8329: 8314: 8292: 8288: 8263: 8241: 8237: 8222: 8192: 8188: 8157: 8153: 8138: 8108: 8104: 8059: 8052: 8023:(3–4): 263–78. 8013: 8009: 7970: 7966: 7935: 7931: 7900: 7893: 7862: 7858: 7848: 7846: 7831: 7827: 7817: 7815: 7780: 7776: 7737: 7733: 7702: 7698: 7661: 7657: 7628:(6): 999–1001. 7618: 7614: 7583: 7579: 7534: 7530: 7475: 7471: 7458:Dean L (2005). 7456: 7449: 7441: 7426: 7420: 7416: 7406: 7404: 7391: 7390: 7386: 7376: 7374: 7373:on 14 June 2011 7361: 7360: 7356: 7315:(10): 3628–32. 7301: 7297: 7274: 7270: 7239: 7235: 7204: 7200: 7169: 7165: 7126: 7119: 7084: 7080: 7035: 7031: 7023: 6984: 6978: 6974: 6964: 6962: 6953: 6952: 6948: 6929: 6925: 6880: 6876: 6831: 6827: 6790: 6786: 6749: 6745: 6737: 6733: 6723: 6721: 6706: 6702: 6692: 6690: 6675: 6671: 6636: 6632: 6593: 6582: 6537: 6533: 6472: 6468: 6417: 6413: 6372:(11): 6025–30. 6358: 6354: 6309: 6305: 6258: 6254: 6246: 6239: 6202: 6198: 6191: 6173: 6169: 6138: 6134: 6089: 6085: 6046: 6042: 6011: 6007: 5962: 5958: 5919: 5912: 5881: 5877: 5832: 5828: 5805:10.1038/nri1458 5789: 5785: 5738: 5727: 5718: 5714: 5691:10.1038/nri1939 5675: 5668: 5637: 5633: 5602: 5598: 5571:Tissue Antigens 5567: 5563: 5553: 5551: 5536: 5532: 5493: 5489: 5458: 5451: 5406: 5402: 5394: 5390: 5335: 5331: 5300:(1–2): 93–100. 5286: 5282: 5257: 5227: 5223: 5198:10.1038/nri2807 5178: 5174: 5159: 5137: 5133: 5126: 5112: 5099: 5074:10.1038/ni.1748 5054: 5050: 5005: 4998: 4967: 4963: 4926: 4922: 4879: 4875: 4868: 4851: 4840: 4809: 4805: 4760: 4756: 4746: 4744: 4735: 4734: 4730: 4719: 4701: 4697: 4646: 4642: 4581: 4577: 4538: 4534: 4489: 4485: 4448: 4444: 4399: 4390: 4329: 4325: 4286: 4282: 4237: 4230: 4183: 4179: 4134: 4130: 4099: 4095: 4060: 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4035: 4034: 4030: 4014: 4013: 4001: 3985: 3978: 3941: 3937: 3906: 3902: 3879:10.1038/nri1266 3863: 3856: 3846: 3844: 3840: 3818:10.1038/ni.2621 3801: 3795: 3791: 3744: 3740: 3685: 3681: 3628: 3624: 3573: 3569: 3524: 3520: 3467: 3463: 3410: 3406: 3355: 3351: 3342: 3340: 3338: 3314: 3313: 3309: 3256: 3252: 3199: 3195: 3164:10.1038/nri2849 3158:(11): 778–786. 3144: 3140: 3133: 3111: 3104: 3067: 3063: 3056: 3038: 3017: 2958: 2954: 2949: 2944: 2829: 2815:defined by the 2809: 2774: 2751:genome sequence 2699: 2677:high resolution 2669: 2615: 2578: 2558:physicochemical 2515: 2510: 2458:electrophoresis 2308: 2268:red blood cells 2261: 2190: 2188:Disease therapy 2148:immunodiffusion 2097:and cirrhosis. 2087:viral hepatitis 2036: 2031: 2023:Susumu Tonegawa 2011:Teruko Ishizaka 1952:Astrid Fagraeus 1767: 1761: 1733: 1708: 1680: 1654:motifs, called 1625: 1623:Class switching 1578: 1568: 1535:Ig light chains 1531:Ig heavy chains 1515: 1509: 1461: 1454: 1440: 1411: 1348: 1319: 1219:chemotactically 1157: 1148: 1123: 1117: 1081: 982: 946: 940: 856:parasitic worms 738:house dust mite 697: 673:B cell receptor 661: 659:B-cell receptor 655: 635:red blood cells 580: 568:Greek key motif 544: 526:Antibodies are 482: 476: 449:polysaccharides 431: 426: 398:electrophoresis 384: 380: 376: 372: 361: 357: 353: 349: 345: 332:disulfide bonds 289: 288: 287: 286: 274: 273: 272: 263: 262: 261: 240: 215:germinal center 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 10980: 10970: 10969: 10964: 10959: 10954: 10937: 10936: 10934: 10933: 10928: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10915: 10913: 10912: 10911: 10910: 10905: 10892: 10891: 10890: 10889: 10883: 10871: 10870: 10865: 10859: 10857: 10853: 10852: 10850: 10849: 10847:Anti-glutamate 10844: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10827: 10826: 10824: 10823: 10818: 10817: 10816: 10806: 10805: 10804: 10799: 10788: 10786: 10778: 10777: 10775: 10774: 10768: 10766: 10760: 10759: 10757: 10756: 10750: 10749: 10743: 10742: 10736: 10735: 10734: 10733: 10732: 10731: 10726: 10721: 10716: 10706: 10701: 10687: 10686: 10685: 10684: 10679: 10674: 10660: 10658: 10652: 10651: 10648:Autoantibodies 10644: 10643: 10636: 10629: 10621: 10612: 10611: 10609: 10608: 10602: 10601: 10600: 10595: 10584: 10583: 10582: 10581: 10571: 10570: 10569: 10564: 10553: 10551: 10547: 10546: 10544: 10543: 10538: 10533: 10528: 10523: 10518: 10512: 10510: 10506: 10505: 10498: 10497: 10490: 10483: 10475: 10466: 10465: 10462: 10461: 10452: 10451: 10448: 10447: 10444: 10443: 10441: 10440: 10435: 10430: 10425: 10420: 10410: 10404: 10402: 10398: 10397: 10395: 10394: 10389: 10384: 10378: 10376: 10370: 10369: 10367: 10366: 10361: 10356: 10350: 10348: 10339: 10333: 10332: 10330: 10329: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10308: 10307: 10296: 10294: 10290: 10289: 10286: 10285: 10283: 10282: 10277: 10275:Transcobalamin 10272: 10263: 10252: 10250: 10246: 10245: 10243: 10242: 10236: 10234: 10232:Gamma globulin 10228: 10227: 10224: 10223: 10221: 10220: 10215: 10210: 10205: 10200: 10195: 10189: 10187: 10181: 10180: 10178: 10177: 10171: 10165: 10163: 10151: 10149:Beta globulins 10145: 10144: 10141: 10140: 10138: 10137: 10126: 10118: 10116: 10110: 10109: 10107: 10106: 10101: 10094: 10086: 10084: 10075: 10074: 10072: 10071: 10061: 10051: 10036: 10034: 10022: 10013: 10004: 10003: 9996: 9995: 9988: 9981: 9973: 9964: 9963: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9944: 9942: 9938: 9937: 9935: 9934: 9929: 9928: 9927: 9917: 9916: 9915: 9904: 9902: 9896: 9895: 9892: 9891: 9889: 9888: 9879: 9874: 9869: 9864: 9863: 9862: 9857: 9846: 9844: 9842:Immunogenetics 9838: 9837: 9835: 9834: 9829: 9824: 9823: 9822: 9817: 9812: 9807: 9802: 9790: 9789: 9787:Co-stimulation 9784: 9779: 9774: 9769: 9764: 9759: 9754: 9747: 9745: 9739: 9738: 9736: 9735: 9730: 9728:Immune complex 9724: 9723: 9718: 9713: 9708: 9703: 9702: 9701: 9696: 9691: 9686: 9675: 9673: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9665: 9660: 9655: 9650: 9648:Dendritic cell 9636: 9635: 9630: 9629: 9628: 9626:Conformational 9623: 9612: 9611: 9606: 9605: 9604: 9599: 9594: 9583: 9581: 9574: 9570: 9569: 9555: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9532: 9526: 9525: 9519: 9510: 9501: 9490: 9489:External links 9487: 9484: 9483: 9449: 9390: 9331: 9296: 9239: 9204: 9173:(6): 1260–70. 9153: 9126:Bioinformatics 9112: 9077: 9034: 8983: 8940: 8905: 8866:(8): e105954. 8846: 8797: 8738: 8707: 8688: 8652:(17): 1953–4. 8646:Bioinformatics 8632: 8613: 8591: 8565: 8547: 8496: 8445: 8394: 8389:grants.nih.gov 8376: 8327: 8312: 8286: 8261: 8235: 8220: 8186: 8151: 8136: 8102: 8050: 8007: 7964: 7929: 7891: 7856: 7835:"Immunization" 7825: 7774: 7731: 7696: 7655: 7612: 7577: 7528: 7483:Nanotechnology 7469: 7447: 7414: 7403:on 16 May 2011 7384: 7354: 7295: 7268: 7249:(15): 871–87. 7233: 7198: 7163: 7136:(9183): 1040. 7117: 7098:(28): 6803–5. 7078: 7029: 7001:10.1038/ni1140 6995:(12): 1211–7. 6972: 6946: 6923: 6874: 6825: 6784: 6743: 6731: 6700: 6669: 6650:(3): 169–217. 6630: 6580: 6551:(4): 727–737. 6531: 6466: 6431:(6): 355–368. 6411: 6352: 6323:(2): 259–264. 6303: 6252: 6237: 6196: 6189: 6167: 6132: 6103:(11): 1101–3. 6083: 6056:(8): 2069–73. 6040: 6005: 5956: 5910: 5875: 5826: 5799:(10): 753–61. 5783: 5725: 5719:Peter Parham. 5712: 5685:(10): 728–40. 5666: 5631: 5596: 5561: 5530: 5487: 5449: 5420:(1–3): 27–32. 5400: 5388: 5349:(8): 3289–93. 5329: 5280: 5255: 5221: 5172: 5157: 5131: 5124: 5097: 5048: 4996: 4977:(1): 389–417. 4961: 4920: 4873: 4866: 4838: 4803: 4754: 4728: 4717: 4705:"Immunoassays" 4695: 4640: 4575: 4532: 4503:(4): 202–213. 4483: 4462:(4): 2260–72. 4442: 4388: 4343:(3): 197–211. 4323: 4302:(6): 590–597. 4280: 4251:(1): 1923122. 4228: 4197:(e456): e456. 4177: 4128: 4093: 4053: 4028: 3999: 3976: 3955:(8): 2865–74. 3935: 3900: 3854: 3789: 3738: 3679: 3642:(2): 309–317. 3622: 3587:(2): 330–342. 3567: 3538:(1): 132–145. 3518: 3461: 3424:(4): 573–579. 3404: 3369:(1): 177–188. 3349: 3336: 3307: 3250: 3213:(4): 229–238. 3193: 3138: 3131: 3102: 3061: 3054: 3015: 2951: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2942: 2937: 2932: 2927: 2922: 2917: 2912: 2910:Optimer Ligand 2907: 2902: 2897: 2892: 2887: 2881: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2808: 2805: 2773: 2770: 2730:chromatography 2715:bioinformatics 2697: 2668: 2665: 2664: 2663: 2653: 2646:Acute toxicity 2642: 2624: 2614: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2577: 2574: 2573: 2572: 2569: 2554: 2539: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2438:flow cytometry 2307: 2304: 2260: 2257: 2189: 2186: 2113:red blood cell 2035: 2032: 2030: 2027: 1983:disulfide bond 1967:Gerald Edelman 1929:In the 1920s, 1914:opsoninization 1902:Almroth Wright 1886:tetanus toxins 1795:Zwischenkörper 1760: 1757: 1732: 1729: 1707: 1704: 1679: 1676: 1624: 1621: 1617:helper T cells 1586:point mutation 1567: 1564: 1508: 1505: 1478:) is found on 1453: 1450: 1439: 1436: 1410: 1407: 1347: 1344: 1318: 1315: 1279:capsid protein 1225: 1224: 1223: 1222: 1211: 1195: 1182: 1173: 1166:Neutralisation 1156: 1155: 1152: 1149: 1147: 1146: 1145:agglutination. 1143: 1140: 1136: 1133: 1129: 1116: 1113: 1093:hydrogen bonds 1080: 1077: 1074: 1073: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1046: 1035: 1033: 1027: 1026: 1023: 1020: 981: 978: 970:Chondrichthyes 939: 936: 928:daughter cells 898: 897: 890: 887: 881: 880: 869: 866: 860: 859: 832: 829: 823: 822: 807: 804: 798: 797: 774: 771: 765: 764: 761: 758: 711:immunoglobulin 696: 693: 685:cell signaling 657:Main article: 654: 651: 627:immune complex 579: 576: 562:, forming two 543: 540: 490:Effector cells 478:Main article: 475: 472: 429: 425: 422: 406:gamma globulin 402:blood proteins 382: 378: 374: 370: 359: 355: 351: 347: 343: 276: 275: 266: 265: 264: 255: 254: 253: 252: 251: 239: 236: 126:immunoglobulin 63:immunoglobulin 26: 18:Immunoglobulin 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 10979: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10958: 10957:Glycoproteins 10955: 10953: 10950: 10949: 10947: 10932: 10929: 10927: 10924: 10923: 10921: 10917: 10909: 10906: 10904: 10901: 10900: 10899: 10898: 10894: 10893: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10878: 10876: 10873: 10872: 10869: 10866: 10864: 10863:Anti-thrombin 10861: 10860: 10858: 10856:Extracellular 10854: 10848: 10845: 10843: 10840: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830:Cell membrane 10828: 10822: 10819: 10815: 10812: 10811: 10810: 10807: 10803: 10800: 10798: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10790: 10789: 10787: 10784: 10779: 10773: 10770: 10769: 10767: 10765: 10761: 10755: 10752: 10751: 10748: 10745: 10744: 10741: 10738: 10737: 10730: 10727: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10717: 10715: 10712: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10705: 10702: 10700: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10693: 10689: 10688: 10683: 10680: 10678: 10675: 10673: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10659: 10657: 10653: 10649: 10642: 10637: 10635: 10630: 10628: 10623: 10622: 10619: 10606: 10603: 10599: 10596: 10594: 10591: 10590: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10580: 10577: 10576: 10575: 10572: 10568: 10565: 10563: 10560: 10559: 10558: 10555: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10542: 10539: 10537: 10534: 10532: 10529: 10527: 10524: 10522: 10519: 10517: 10514: 10513: 10511: 10507: 10503: 10496: 10491: 10489: 10484: 10482: 10477: 10476: 10473: 10460: 10457: 10454: 10453: 10449: 10439: 10436: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10426: 10424: 10421: 10418: 10414: 10411: 10409: 10406: 10405: 10403: 10399: 10393: 10390: 10388: 10385: 10383: 10380: 10379: 10377: 10375: 10374:Serum albumin 10371: 10365: 10362: 10360: 10357: 10355: 10352: 10351: 10349: 10347: 10343: 10340: 10338: 10334: 10328: 10325: 10323: 10320: 10318: 10315: 10313: 10312:Thyroglobulin 10310: 10306: 10303: 10302: 10301: 10298: 10297: 10295: 10291: 10281: 10278: 10276: 10273: 10271: 10270:Microglobulin 10267: 10266:Macroglobulin 10264: 10261: 10257: 10254: 10253: 10251: 10247: 10241: 10238: 10237: 10235: 10233: 10229: 10219: 10216: 10214: 10211: 10209: 10206: 10204: 10201: 10199: 10196: 10194: 10191: 10190: 10188: 10182: 10175: 10172: 10170: 10167: 10166: 10164: 10160: 10155: 10152: 10150: 10146: 10135: 10131: 10127: 10124: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10111: 10105: 10102: 10099: 10098:Ceruloplasmin 10095: 10092: 10088: 10087: 10085: 10081: 10076: 10069: 10065: 10062: 10059: 10055: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10041: 10038: 10037: 10035: 10031: 10026: 10023: 10021: 10017: 10014: 10012: 10009: 10005: 10001: 9994: 9989: 9987: 9982: 9980: 9975: 9974: 9971: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9945: 9943: 9939: 9933: 9930: 9926: 9923: 9922: 9921: 9918: 9914: 9911: 9910: 9909: 9906: 9905: 9903: 9901: 9897: 9887: 9883: 9880: 9878: 9875: 9873: 9870: 9868: 9865: 9861: 9858: 9856: 9853: 9852: 9851: 9848: 9847: 9845: 9843: 9839: 9833: 9830: 9828: 9825: 9821: 9818: 9816: 9813: 9811: 9810:Clonal anergy 9808: 9806: 9803: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9796: 9792: 9791: 9788: 9785: 9783: 9780: 9778: 9775: 9773: 9770: 9768: 9765: 9763: 9760: 9758: 9755: 9753: 9749: 9748: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9731: 9729: 9726: 9725: 9722: 9719: 9717: 9714: 9712: 9709: 9707: 9704: 9700: 9699:Microantibody 9697: 9695: 9692: 9690: 9687: 9685: 9682: 9681: 9680: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9670: 9664: 9661: 9659: 9656: 9654: 9651: 9649: 9645: 9641: 9638: 9637: 9634: 9631: 9627: 9624: 9622: 9619: 9618: 9617: 9614: 9613: 9610: 9607: 9603: 9600: 9598: 9595: 9593: 9590: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9578: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9560: 9553: 9548: 9546: 9541: 9539: 9534: 9533: 9530: 9523: 9520: 9518: 9514: 9511: 9509: 9505: 9502: 9500: 9496: 9493: 9492: 9467: 9460: 9453: 9445: 9441: 9436: 9431: 9427: 9423: 9420:: e235–e240. 9419: 9415: 9411: 9407: 9406: 9401: 9394: 9386: 9382: 9377: 9372: 9368: 9364: 9361:: 1347–1348. 9360: 9356: 9352: 9348: 9347: 9342: 9335: 9327: 9323: 9319: 9315: 9312:(3): 245–55. 9311: 9307: 9300: 9292: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9274: 9270: 9266: 9262: 9258: 9254: 9250: 9243: 9235: 9231: 9227: 9223: 9220:(7): 3241–8. 9219: 9215: 9208: 9200: 9196: 9191: 9186: 9181: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9149: 9145: 9140: 9135: 9131: 9127: 9123: 9116: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9081: 9073: 9069: 9065: 9061: 9057: 9053: 9049: 9045: 9038: 9030: 9026: 9021: 9016: 9011: 9006: 9002: 8998: 8994: 8987: 8979: 8975: 8971: 8967: 8963: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8936: 8932: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8901: 8897: 8892: 8887: 8882: 8877: 8873: 8869: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8833: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8784: 8779: 8774: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8757: 8753: 8749: 8742: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8711: 8705: 8701: 8697: 8692: 8686: 8682: 8679: 8673: 8669: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8651: 8647: 8643: 8636: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8617: 8602: 8595: 8579: 8575: 8569: 8561: 8557: 8551: 8543: 8539: 8534: 8529: 8524: 8519: 8515: 8511: 8510:F1000Research 8507: 8500: 8492: 8488: 8483: 8478: 8473: 8468: 8464: 8460: 8459:F1000Research 8456: 8449: 8441: 8437: 8432: 8427: 8422: 8417: 8413: 8409: 8405: 8398: 8390: 8386: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8364: 8360: 8355: 8350: 8346: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8323: 8319: 8315: 8309: 8305: 8301: 8297: 8290: 8282: 8278: 8273: 8268: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8250: 8246: 8239: 8231: 8227: 8223: 8217: 8213: 8209: 8205: 8201: 8197: 8190: 8182: 8178: 8174: 8170: 8167:(4): 283–93. 8166: 8162: 8155: 8147: 8143: 8139: 8133: 8129: 8125: 8121: 8117: 8113: 8106: 8098: 8094: 8089: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8072: 8068: 8064: 8057: 8055: 8046: 8042: 8038: 8034: 8030: 8026: 8022: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7991: 7987: 7983: 7980:(2): 109–20. 7979: 7975: 7968: 7960: 7956: 7952: 7948: 7945:(3): 569–74. 7944: 7940: 7933: 7925: 7921: 7917: 7913: 7910:(9): 765–73. 7909: 7905: 7898: 7896: 7887: 7883: 7879: 7875: 7871: 7867: 7866:Blood Reviews 7860: 7844: 7840: 7836: 7829: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7785: 7778: 7770: 7766: 7762: 7758: 7754: 7750: 7746: 7742: 7735: 7727: 7723: 7719: 7715: 7712:(8): 803–43. 7711: 7707: 7700: 7692: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7675:(6): 580–92. 7674: 7670: 7666: 7659: 7651: 7647: 7643: 7639: 7635: 7631: 7627: 7623: 7616: 7608: 7604: 7600: 7596: 7593:(1): 163–96. 7592: 7588: 7581: 7573: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7543: 7539: 7532: 7524: 7520: 7515: 7510: 7505: 7500: 7496: 7492: 7489:(9): 095502. 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7465: 7461: 7454: 7452: 7440: 7436: 7432: 7425: 7418: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7388: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7331: 7326: 7322: 7318: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7299: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7279: 7272: 7264: 7260: 7256: 7252: 7248: 7244: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7221: 7217: 7214:(10): 416–8. 7213: 7209: 7202: 7194: 7190: 7186: 7182: 7179:(6): 1130–5. 7178: 7174: 7167: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7147: 7143: 7139: 7135: 7131: 7124: 7122: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7093: 7089: 7082: 7074: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7056: 7052: 7049:(2): 207–27. 7048: 7044: 7040: 7033: 7022: 7018: 7014: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6983: 6976: 6960: 6956: 6950: 6942: 6938: 6934: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6901: 6897: 6893: 6889: 6885: 6878: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6795: 6788: 6780: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6762: 6758: 6754: 6747: 6741: 6735: 6719: 6715: 6711: 6704: 6688: 6684: 6680: 6673: 6665: 6661: 6657: 6653: 6649: 6645: 6641: 6634: 6626: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6610: 6606: 6602: 6598: 6591: 6589: 6587: 6585: 6576: 6572: 6567: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6550: 6546: 6542: 6535: 6527: 6523: 6518: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6497: 6493: 6489: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6470: 6462: 6458: 6454: 6450: 6446: 6442: 6438: 6434: 6430: 6426: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6403: 6398: 6393: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6375: 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5615: 5612:(1): 133–51. 5611: 5607: 5600: 5592: 5588: 5584: 5580: 5577:(6): 459–66. 5576: 5572: 5565: 5549: 5545: 5544:Virology Blog 5541: 5534: 5526: 5522: 5518: 5514: 5510: 5506: 5503:(2): 103–12. 5502: 5498: 5491: 5483: 5479: 5475: 5471: 5468:(1): 275–90. 5467: 5463: 5456: 5454: 5445: 5441: 5437: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5419: 5415: 5411: 5404: 5398: 5392: 5384: 5380: 5375: 5370: 5365: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5344: 5340: 5333: 5325: 5321: 5316: 5311: 5307: 5303: 5299: 5295: 5291: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5258: 5252: 5248: 5244: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5225: 5217: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5199: 5195: 5192:(8): 543–53. 5191: 5187: 5183: 5176: 5168: 5164: 5160: 5154: 5150: 5146: 5142: 5135: 5127: 5121: 5118:. ASM Press. 5117: 5110: 5108: 5106: 5104: 5102: 5093: 5089: 5084: 5079: 5075: 5071: 5068:(8): 889–98. 5067: 5063: 5059: 5052: 5044: 5040: 5035: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5019:(4): 429–37. 5018: 5014: 5010: 5003: 5001: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4957: 4953: 4948: 4943: 4940:(5): 847–59. 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4916: 4912: 4908: 4904: 4900: 4896: 4892: 4888: 4884: 4877: 4869: 4863: 4859: 4855: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4834: 4830: 4826: 4822: 4819:(1): 331–60. 4818: 4814: 4807: 4799: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4781: 4777: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4742: 4738: 4732: 4725: 4720: 4714: 4710: 4706: 4699: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4644: 4636: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4590: 4586: 4579: 4571: 4567: 4563: 4559: 4555: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4536: 4528: 4524: 4519: 4514: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4498: 4494: 4487: 4479: 4475: 4470: 4465: 4461: 4457: 4453: 4446: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4420: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4397: 4395: 4393: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4327: 4319: 4315: 4310: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4296: 4291: 4284: 4276: 4272: 4267: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4235: 4233: 4224: 4220: 4215: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4196: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4159: 4155: 4151: 4148:(2): 228–56. 4147: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4116: 4112: 4109:(4): 927–48. 4108: 4104: 4097: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4075: 4071: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4042: 4038: 4032: 4024: 4018: 4010: 4006: 4002: 3996: 3992: 3991: 3983: 3981: 3972: 3968: 3963: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3946: 3939: 3931: 3927: 3923: 3919: 3916:(4): 215–23. 3915: 3911: 3904: 3896: 3892: 3888: 3884: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3868: 3861: 3859: 3843:on 2 May 2018 3839: 3835: 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3807: 3800: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3742: 3734: 3730: 3725: 3720: 3716: 3712: 3707: 3702: 3698: 3694: 3690: 3683: 3675: 3671: 3666: 3661: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3645: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3626: 3618: 3614: 3610: 3606: 3602: 3598: 3594: 3590: 3586: 3582: 3578: 3571: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3522: 3514: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3465: 3457: 3453: 3448: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3408: 3400: 3396: 3392: 3388: 3384: 3380: 3376: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3360: 3353: 3339: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3317: 3311: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3254: 3246: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3197: 3189: 3185: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3149: 3142: 3134: 3128: 3124: 3119: 3118: 3109: 3107: 3098: 3094: 3089: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3065: 3057: 3051: 3046: 3045: 3044:Immunobiology 3036: 3034: 3032: 3030: 3028: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2989: 2985: 2980: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2956: 2952: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2933: 2931: 2928: 2926: 2923: 2921: 2918: 2916: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2903: 2901: 2898: 2896: 2895:Microantibody 2893: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2831: 2824: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2804: 2802: 2798: 2794: 2790: 2786: 2782: 2778: 2769: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2743: 2739: 2735: 2732:coupled with 2731: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2716: 2710: 2707: 2703: 2695: 2691: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2673:biotechnology 2661: 2657: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2643: 2639: 2635: 2631: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2606: 2603: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2579: 2570: 2567: 2563: 2562:immunological 2559: 2555: 2552: 2548: 2544: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2535: 2533: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2505: 2503: 2497: 2495: 2491: 2487: 2481: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2434:extracellular 2431: 2430:intracellular 2425: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2414: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2397: 2393: 2389: 2385: 2381: 2377: 2373: 2372: 2367: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2351: 2347: 2343: 2339: 2331: 2327: 2323: 2320: 2317:image of the 2316: 2312: 2303: 2301: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2286: 2282: 2277: 2273: 2269: 2265: 2256: 2254: 2250: 2246: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2229: 2227: 2226:breast cancer 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2195: 2185: 2183: 2179: 2175: 2171: 2166: 2164: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2130: 2126: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2106: 2102: 2098: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2084: 2080: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2063: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2045: 2041: 2026: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2008: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1991:Rodney Porter 1988: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1944:Linus Pauling 1941: 1936: 1932: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1879: 1875: 1867: 1866: 1865:Vitruvian Man 1862: 1858: 1854: 1850: 1849: 1844: 1840: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1829: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1766: 1756: 1754: 1753:P. falciparum 1750: 1746: 1744: 1739: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1718: 1714: 1703: 1701: 1697: 1693: 1689: 1685: 1675: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1653: 1649: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1629: 1620: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1601: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1587: 1583: 1577: 1573: 1563: 1561: 1556: 1554: 1550: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519: 1514: 1504: 1502: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1481: 1480:chromosome 14 1477: 1468: 1464: 1458: 1449: 1446: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1425: 1421: 1417: 1406: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1381:will release 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1355: 1353: 1343: 1341: 1337: 1333: 1328: 1324: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1284: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1260: 1255: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1244:differentiate 1240: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1209: 1206: 1205: 1203: 1199: 1196: 1194: 1190: 1186: 1185:Precipitation 1183: 1181: 1177: 1176:Agglutination 1174: 1171: 1167: 1164: 1163: 1162: 1153: 1150: 1144: 1141: 1139:opsonization, 1138: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1130: 1127: 1122: 1121:Immune system 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1085: 1072: 1068: 1066: 1063: 1062: 1058: 1054: 1052: 1049: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1018: 1017: 1011: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 991: 987: 977: 975: 971: 968:like sharks ( 967: 963: 959: 955: 951: 945: 935: 933: 929: 925: 921: 917: 913: 912:differentiate 909: 905: 895: 891: 888: 886: 883: 882: 878: 874: 870: 867: 865: 862: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 842:release from 841: 838:and triggers 837: 833: 830: 828: 825: 824: 820: 819:antimicrobial 816: 812: 808: 805: 803: 800: 799: 795: 791: 787: 783: 779: 775: 772: 770: 767: 766: 762: 759: 756: 755: 749: 747: 746:degranulation 743: 742:Fc receptor ε 739: 735: 731: 728:release from 727: 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 703: 692: 690: 686: 682: 678: 674: 670: 666: 660: 650: 648: 647:precipitation 644: 641:to determine 640: 636: 632: 631:agglutination 628: 624: 619: 617: 613: 609: 605: 601: 597: 589: 584: 575: 573: 569: 565: 561: 557: 553: 549: 539: 537: 536:glycosylation 533: 529: 528:glycoproteins 524: 522: 517: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 491: 487: 481: 471: 469: 464: 460: 458: 454: 450: 445: 443: 439: 435: 421: 419: 415: 411: 407: 403: 399: 394: 392: 388: 368: 363: 341: 337: 333: 330:connected by 329: 328: 323: 322: 317: 313: 308: 306: 302: 298: 294: 284: 280: 270: 259: 246: 242: 235: 233: 232:herpes zoster 227: 224: 220: 216: 212: 208: 207:differentiate 203: 201: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 176: 172: 168: 163: 161: 157: 153: 149: 145: 141: 137: 136: 129: 127: 123: 119: 115: 110: 108: 104: 100: 96: 92: 88: 84: 80: 79:immune system 76: 72: 68: 64: 60: 56: 48: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 10895: 10886:Anti-gliadin 10754:Anti-histone 10690: 10663: 10573: 10501: 10455: 10239: 10064:Antithrombin 9777:Inflammation 9762:Alloimmunity 9757:Autoimmunity 9742:Immunity vs. 9694:Autoantibody 9678: 9592:Superantigen 9473:. Retrieved 9452: 9409: 9403: 9393: 9350: 9344: 9334: 9309: 9305: 9299: 9256: 9252: 9242: 9217: 9213: 9207: 9170: 9166: 9156: 9129: 9125: 9115: 9090: 9086: 9080: 9047: 9043: 9037: 9000: 8996: 8986: 8953: 8949: 8943: 8921:(1): 77–86. 8918: 8914: 8908: 8863: 8859: 8849: 8814: 8810: 8800: 8755: 8751: 8741: 8729:. Retrieved 8725:the original 8720: 8710: 8691: 8649: 8645: 8635: 8616: 8604:. Retrieved 8594: 8582:. Retrieved 8577: 8568: 8559: 8550: 8513: 8509: 8499: 8462: 8458: 8448: 8411: 8407: 8397: 8388: 8379: 8347:(4): 477–8. 8344: 8340: 8330: 8295: 8289: 8244: 8238: 8199: 8189: 8164: 8160: 8154: 8115: 8105: 8070: 8066: 8020: 8016: 8010: 7977: 7973: 7967: 7942: 7938: 7932: 7907: 7903: 7872:(1): 44–61. 7869: 7865: 7859: 7847:. Retrieved 7838: 7828: 7816:. Retrieved 7812:the original 7791: 7787: 7777: 7744: 7740: 7734: 7709: 7705: 7699: 7672: 7668: 7658: 7625: 7621: 7615: 7590: 7586: 7580: 7545: 7541: 7531: 7486: 7482: 7472: 7463: 7439:the original 7434: 7430: 7417: 7405:. Retrieved 7401:the original 7396: 7387: 7375:. Retrieved 7371:the original 7366: 7357: 7312: 7308: 7298: 7281: 7277: 7271: 7246: 7242: 7236: 7211: 7207: 7201: 7176: 7173:Biochemistry 7172: 7166: 7133: 7129: 7095: 7092:Biochemistry 7091: 7081: 7046: 7042: 7032: 7021:the original 6992: 6988: 6975: 6963:. Retrieved 6949: 6932: 6926: 6891: 6887: 6877: 6845:(5): 425–8. 6842: 6838: 6828: 6804:(8): 786–9. 6801: 6797: 6787: 6760: 6756: 6746: 6734: 6722:. Retrieved 6713: 6703: 6691:. Retrieved 6682: 6672: 6647: 6643: 6633: 6603:(4): 281–5. 6600: 6596: 6548: 6544: 6534: 6483: 6479: 6469: 6428: 6424: 6414: 6369: 6365: 6355: 6320: 6317:FEBS Letters 6316: 6306: 6269: 6265: 6255: 6213: 6209: 6199: 6180: 6170: 6145: 6141: 6135: 6100: 6096: 6086: 6053: 6049: 6043: 6018: 6014: 6008: 5973: 5969: 5959: 5926: 5922: 5888: 5884: 5878: 5843: 5839: 5829: 5796: 5792: 5786: 5749: 5746:PLOS Biology 5745: 5720: 5715: 5682: 5678: 5644: 5640: 5634: 5609: 5605: 5599: 5574: 5570: 5564: 5552:. Retrieved 5543: 5533: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5465: 5461: 5417: 5413: 5403: 5391: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5297: 5293: 5283: 5238: 5234: 5224: 5189: 5185: 5175: 5140: 5134: 5115: 5065: 5061: 5051: 5016: 5012: 4974: 4970: 4964: 4937: 4933: 4923: 4893:(1): 64–76. 4890: 4886: 4876: 4857: 4816: 4812: 4806: 4771: 4767: 4757: 4745:. Retrieved 4740: 4731: 4722: 4708: 4698: 4657: 4653: 4643: 4592: 4588: 4578: 4548:(2): 85–99. 4545: 4541: 4535: 4500: 4497:Glycobiology 4496: 4486: 4459: 4455: 4445: 4410: 4406: 4358:11343/284299 4340: 4336: 4326: 4299: 4293: 4283: 4248: 4244: 4194: 4190: 4180: 4145: 4141: 4131: 4106: 4102: 4096: 4069: 4065: 4056: 4044:. Retrieved 4040: 4031: 3989: 3952: 3948: 3938: 3913: 3909: 3903: 3873:(2): 89–99. 3870: 3866: 3845:. Retrieved 3838:the original 3812:(8): 765–7. 3809: 3805: 3792: 3755: 3751: 3741: 3696: 3692: 3682: 3639: 3635: 3625: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3535: 3531: 3521: 3478: 3474: 3464: 3421: 3417: 3407: 3366: 3362: 3352: 3341:, retrieved 3319: 3310: 3285:11343/284565 3270:(1): 30–37. 3267: 3263: 3253: 3210: 3206: 3196: 3155: 3151: 3141: 3116: 3081:(1): 60–72. 3078: 3074: 3064: 3043: 3009: 2969: 2965: 2955: 2810: 2775: 2719: 2711: 2693: 2689: 2670: 2630:pharmacology 2564:properties, 2516: 2498: 2482: 2480:techniques. 2454:Western blot 2426: 2411: 2406:to generate 2396:immortalized 2369: 2344:, such as a 2335: 2326:Microtubules 2322:cytoskeleton 2289: 2262: 2230: 2191: 2167: 2163:gonadotropin 2144:Western blot 2133: 2099: 2075:turbidimetry 2071:nephelometry 2064: 2059: 2056:Lyme disease 2037: 1964: 1960:plasma cells 1940:John Marrack 1935:Oswald Avery 1928: 1910:phagocytosis 1871: 1863: 1846: 1836: 1832: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1771:Paul Ehrlich 1768: 1752: 1741: 1734: 1725: 1721: 1709: 1691: 1687: 1684:monospecific 1683: 1681: 1655: 1645: 1634: 1612: 1602: 1589: 1579: 1557: 1551: 1526: 1524: 1473: 1441: 1428:glycosylated 1412: 1356: 1349: 1336:opsonization 1320: 1293:such as the 1256: 1252:memory cells 1248:plasma cells 1241: 1237:autoimmunity 1233:downregulate 1226: 1215:inflammation 1193:phagocytosis 1180:phagocytosis 1160: 1086: 1082: 1071:teleost fish 1025:Description 994: 983: 947: 901: 763:Description 715: 710: 706: 700: 698: 677:heterodimers 672: 668: 664: 662: 643:blood groups 639:blood typing 626: 620: 608:teleost fish 593: 545: 525: 518: 502:Fc receptors 483: 465: 461: 446: 433: 427: 414:heavy chains 395: 364: 327:light chains 325: 321:heavy chains 319: 309: 299:of about 10 290: 241: 228: 211:plasma cells 204: 164: 139: 133: 130: 125: 117: 113: 111: 66: 62: 58: 54: 52: 38: 29: 10588:Heavy chain 10557:Light chain 10423:Parvalbumin 10413:Lactalbumin 10305:Lactoferrin 10256:Fibronectin 10213:Plasminogen 10193:Angiostatin 10174:Transferrin 10134:Haptoglobin 10123:Orosomucoid 10091:Transcortin 9900:Lymphocytes 9559:Lymphocytic 8731:12 December 7794:(1): 9–23. 6724:12 December 6693:12 December 5647:(1): 1–14. 4854:Wintrobe MM 4413:(6): 1–13. 3699:: 1081107. 2638:preclinical 2627:Preclinical 2508:Regulations 2450:cell lysate 2418:Protein A/G 2408:cell clones 2392:lymphocytes 2121:Coombs test 2109:blood tests 2040:diagnostics 2013:discovered 1971:light chain 1837:immune body 1833:Immunkörper 1821:. The word 1811:philocytase 1787:Immunkörper 1773:. The term 1658:, found in 1582:proliferate 1416:vaccination 1375:degranulate 1371:neutrophils 1363:phagocytose 1352:agglutinate 1325:with their 1310:Fab regions 1287:macrophages 1168:, in which 1109:cross-react 966:vertebrates 916:plasma cell 904:development 817:to produce 667:(sIg) or a 564:beta sheets 494:macrophages 340:amino acids 191:lymph nodes 10962:Immunology 10952:Antibodies 10946:Categories 10814:Anti-actin 10747:Anti-dsDNA 10682:Anti-sp100 10672:Anti-gp210 10509:Main types 10502:Antibodies 10392:Prealbumin 10354:Conalbumin 9941:Substances 9805:Peripheral 9793:Inaction: 9672:Antibodies 9653:Macrophage 9566:complement 9481:(68 pages) 9346:The Lancet 8606:7 December 6763:(2): 206. 6714:boingboing 6142:DNA Repair 5929:: 130–41. 5752:(1): E16. 5554:22 January 5013:Immunology 4046:18 October 3418:Immunology 3343:24 January 2972:: 100745. 2947:References 2874:Immunology 2793:nanobodies 2768:searches. 2692:(WAM) and 2602:retrovirus 2566:biological 2547:impurities 2543:efficiency 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