478:
458:
provide protective immunity. In 2013, the
Temporal Model of human IgE and IgG function was proposed. This model suggests that IgG3 (and IgE) appear early in a response. The IgG3, though of relatively low affinity, allows IgG-mediated defences to join IgM-mediated defences in clearing foreign antigens. Subsequently, higher affinity IgG1 and IgG2 are produced. The relative balance of these subclasses, in any immune complexes that form, helps determine the strength of the inflammatory processes that follow. Finally, if antigen persists, high affinity IgG4 is produced, which dampens down inflammation by helping to curtail FcR-mediated processes.
31:
287:
465:
result, 20 times higher doses of IgG1, in relationship to IgG2a autoantibodies, were required to induce autoantibody mediated pathology. Since mouse IgG1 and human IgG1 are not entirely similar in function, and the inference of human antibody function from mouse studies must be done with great care. However, both human and mouse antibodies have different abilities to fix complement and to bind to
464:
In a mouse model of autoantibody mediated anemia using IgG isotype switch variants of an anti erythrocytes autoantibody, it was found that mouse IgG2a was superior to IgG1 in activating complement. Moreover, it was found that the IgG2a isotype was able to interact very efficiently with
FcgammaR. As a
242:
Therefore, in the first six months of life, the newborn has the same antibodies as the mother and the child can defend itself against all the pathogens that the mother encountered in her life (even if only through vaccination) until these antibodies are degraded. This repertoire of immunoglobulins is
453:
Note: IgG affinity to Fc receptors on phagocytic cells is specific to individual species from which the antibody comes as well as the class. The structure of the hinge regions (region 6 in the diagram) contributes to the unique biological properties of each of the four IgG classes. Even though there
492:, if indicated by certain symptoms. Clinically, measured IgG antibody levels are generally considered to be indicative of an individual's immune status to particular pathogens. A common example of this practice are titers drawn to demonstrate serologic immunity to measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR),
314:
site at asparagine 297 in the constant region of the heavy chain. The N-glycans attached to this site are predominantly core-fucosylated biantennary structures of the complex type. In addition, small amounts of these N-glycans also bear bisecting GlcNAc and α-2,6-linked sialic acid residues. The
457:
Given the opposing properties of the IgG subclasses (fixing and failing to fix complement; binding and failing to bind FcR), and the fact that the immune response to most antigens includes a mix of all four subclasses, it has been difficult to understand how IgG subclasses can work together to
1442:
Cox L, Williams B, Sicherer S, Oppenheimer J, Sher L, Hamilton R, Golden D (2008). "Pearls and pitfalls of allergy diagnostic testing: report from the
American College of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology/American Academy of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology Specific IgE Test Task Force".
294:
IgG antibodies are large globular proteins made of four peptide chains; two identical γ (gamma) heavy chains of about 50 kDa and two identical light chains of about 25 kDa. The resulting tetrameric quaternary structure, therefore, has a total molecular weight of about
273:
IgG antibodies can prevent IgE mediated anaphylaxis by intercepting a specific antigen before it binds to mast cell–associated IgE. Consequently, IgG antibodies block systemic anaphylaxis induced by small quantities of
1323:"Anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody isotypes in rheumatoid arthritis: association with disease duration, rheumatoid factor production and the presence of shared epitope"
239:
contains a high percentage of IgG, especially bovine colostrum. In individuals with prior immunity to a pathogen, IgG appears about 24–48 hours after antigenic stimulation.
910:
Parekh, R. B.; Dwek, R. A.; Sutton, B. J.; Fernandes, D. L.; Leung, A.; Stanworth, D.; Rademacher, T. W.; Mizuochi, T.; Taniguchi, T.; Matsuta, K. (1–7 August 1985).
461:
The relative ability of different IgG subclasses to fix complement may explain why some anti-donor antibody responses do harm a graft after organ transplantation.
1399:
967:
Stadlmann J, Pabst M, Kolarich D, Kunert R, Altmann F (2008). "Analysis of immunoglobulin glycosylation by LC-ESI-MS of glycopeptides and oligosaccharides".
827:
1567:
1413:
1274:"Complement activation selectively potentiates the pathogenicity of the IgG2b and IgG3 isotypes of a high affinity anti-erythrocyte autoantibody"
1322:
157:
1478:
Stapel, Steven O.; Asero, R.; Ballmer-Weber, B. K.; Knol, E. F.; Strobel, S.; Vieths, S.; Kleine-Tebbe, J.; EAACI Task Force (July 2008).
161:
323:
There are four IgG subclasses (IgG1, 2, 3, and 4) in humans, named in order of their abundance in serum (IgG1 being the most abundant).
1272:
Azeredo da
Silveira S, Kikuchi S, Fossati-Jimack L, Moll T, Saito T, Verbeek JS, Botto M, Walport MJ, Carroll M, Izui S (2002-03-18).
499:
Testing of IgG is not indicated for diagnosis of allergy, and there is no evidence that it has any relationship to food intolerances.
1397:
303:. The resulting tetramer has two identical halves, which together form a Y-like shape. Each end of the fork contains an identical
1560:
1321:
Lakos G, Soós L, Fekete A, Szabó Z, Zeher M, Horváth IF, Dankó K, Kapitány A, Gyetvai A, Szegedi G, Szekanecz Z (Mar–Apr 2008).
1382:
912:"Association of rheumatoid arthritis and primary osteoarthritis with changes in the glycosylation pattern of total serum IgG"
2008:
246:
IgG are also involved in the regulation of allergic reactions. According to
Finkelman, there are two pathways of systemic
243:
crucial for the newborns who are very sensitive to infections, especially within the respiratory and digestive systems.
1553:
1535:
1137:
Hashira S, Okitsu-Negishi S, Yoshino K (August 2000). "Placental transfer of IgG subclasses in a
Japanese population".
1417:
1899:
307:
binding site. The various regions and domains of a typical IgG are depicted in the figure "Anatomy of an IgG".
1894:
454:
is about 95% similarity between their Fc regions, the structure of the hinge regions is relatively different.
1837:
132:
1398:
American
Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology, American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology.
147:
477:
2103:
2072:
1723:
263:
315:
N-glycan composition in IgG has been linked to several autoimmune, infectious and metabolic diseases.
1545:
2001:
1342:
1903:
1661:
1480:"Testing for IgG4 against foods is not recommended as a diagnostic tool: EAACI Task Force Report"
117:
1374:
1368:
1365:"Ch5 Laboratory Diagnosis of Viral Diseases and Working with Viruses in the Research Laboratory"
446:* Quota cord/maternity concentrations blood. Based on data from a Japanese study on 228 mothers.
168:(the receptor with greatest affinity to IgG in humans) in order to direct marked virions to the
2142:
1925:
1643:
1579:
311:
1872:
1728:
1706:
488:
The measurement of immunoglobulin G can be a diagnostic tool for certain conditions, such as
1364:
2120:
1889:
1822:
1733:
1657:
1231:
Gao, ZH; McAlister, VC; Wright Jr., JR; McAlister, CC; Peltekian, K; MacDonald, AS (2004).
923:
762:
604:
593:"Antibodies mediate intracellular immunity through tripartite motif-containing 21 (TRIM21)"
513:
489:
250:: antigens can cause systemic anaphylaxis in mice through classic pathway by cross-linking
203:
266:(PAF). In the alternative pathway antigens form complexes with IgG, which then cross-link
8:
2147:
1994:
1949:
1884:
1867:
1701:
1619:
1540:
86:
17:
927:
766:
608:
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1208:
1181:
1162:
1105:
1070:
1046:
1011:
992:
887:
852:
785:
750:
686:
651:
627:
592:
568:
533:
116:
IgG-mediated binding of pathogens causes their immobilization and binding together via
58:
1456:
1817:
1583:
1507:
1499:
1495:
1460:
1378:
1334:
1303:
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1213:
1154:
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1110:
1092:
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1033:
984:
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874:
790:
731:
691:
673:
632:
573:
555:
493:
136:
1519:
1166:
996:
187:
and maturation of the antibody response, thus they participate predominantly in the
2056:
2051:
2041:
2036:
2031:
1937:
1877:
1849:
1844:
1812:
1799:
1789:
1491:
1452:
1293:
1285:
1244:
1203:
1193:
1146:
1100:
1082:
1041:
1023:
976:
931:
882:
864:
780:
770:
723:
681:
663:
622:
612:
563:
545:
176:
90:
78:
1832:
1408:
300:
184:
1859:
1804:
1745:
1665:
1638:
809:
727:
714:
Finkelman, Fred D. (September 2007). "Anaphylaxis: Lessons from mouse models".
751:"Identification of markers that distinguish IgE-from IgG mediated anaphylaxis"
2136:
1827:
1716:
1503:
1198:
1096:
1087:
1037:
945:
878:
831:
677:
668:
559:
550:
299:. The two heavy chains are linked to each other and to a light chain each by
232:
188:
62:
1479:
1271:
1028:
869:
775:
617:
199:
1794:
1779:
1774:
1711:
1609:
1511:
1464:
1338:
1307:
1258:
1217:
1158:
1114:
1055:
1012:"Monitoring of Immunoglobulin N- and O-glycosylation in Health and Disease"
988:
980:
896:
794:
735:
695:
636:
591:
Mallery DL, McEwan WA, Bidgood SR, Towers GJ, Johnson CM, James LC (2010).
577:
125:
121:
54:
46:
953:
1289:
1233:"Immunoglobulin-G subclass antidonor reactivity in transplant recipients"
466:
346:
247:
224:
194:
IgG is secreted as a monomer that is small in size allowing it to easily
30:
1917:
1670:
1576:
481:
267:
169:
57:
antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in
1975:
1680:
1575:
1249:
1232:
936:
911:
259:
255:
236:
195:
1071:"IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions"
652:"IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions"
534:"IgG subclasses and allotypes: from structure to effector functions"
286:
2017:
1965:
1750:
1738:
1696:
1650:
1614:
749:
Khondoun MV, Strait R, Armstrong L, Yanase N, Finkelman FD (2011).
336:
278:
but can mediate systemic anaphylaxis induced by larger quantities.
207:
102:
94:
66:
50:
1970:
1784:
1633:
1604:
1541:
A booklet with everything you wanted to know about IgG subclasses
1536:
Janeway
Immunobiology – The structure of a typical antibody (IgG)
508:
304:
275:
228:
140:
1942:
1930:
1675:
1626:
1230:
807:
215:
165:
1441:
1010:
de Haan, Noortje; Falck, David; Wuhrer, Manfred (2019-07-08).
2094:
1986:
1179:
748:
423:
401:
379:
357:
211:
150:
106:
98:
82:
1477:
1136:
966:
2113:
2108:
2082:
2077:
1069:
Vidarsson, Gestur; Dekkers, Gillian; Rispens, Theo (2014).
650:
Vidarsson, Gestur; Dekkers, Gillian; Rispens, Theo (2014).
532:
Vidarsson, Gestur; Dekkers, Gillian; Rispens, Theo (2014).
1373:(2nd ed.). Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp.
590:
227:, residual IgG absorbed through the placenta provides the
1182:"A temporal model of human IgE and IgG antibody function"
1180:
Collins, Andrew M.; Katherine J.L. Jackson (2013-08-09).
909:
808:
Janeway CA Jr; Travers P; Walport M; et al. (2001).
296:
251:
220:
810:"Ch3 Antigen Recognition by B-Cell and T-cell Receptors"
1068:
853:"The History of IgG Glycosylation and Where We Are Now"
649:
531:
814:
Immunobiology: The Immune System in Health and
Disease
1400:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1320:
755:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences, USA
597:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA
34:
The water-accessible surface area of an IgG antibody
1414:
American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology
709:
707:
705:
1009:
270:receptor FcγRIII and stimulates only PAF release.
128:leading to the elimination of the pathogen itself;
1127:Bonilla FA Immuno Allergy Clin N Am 2008; 803–819
175:IgG is also associated with type II and type III
2134:
702:
290:The various regions and domains of a typical IgG
258:receptor FcεRI, stimulating the release of both
143:production that results in pathogen elimination;
310:The Fc regions of IgGs bear a highly conserved
2002:
1561:
158:antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity
120:; IgG coating of pathogen surfaces (known as
1435:
496:, and varicella (chickenpox), among others.
124:) allows their recognition and ingestion by
81:. IgG is the main type of antibody found in
61:. IgG molecules are created and released by
584:
162:intracellular antibody-mediated proteolysis
89:, allowing it to control infection of body
2009:
1995:
1568:
1554:
1445:Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology
1362:
1173:
816:(5th ed.). New York: Garland Science.
716:Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology
1391:
1356:
1314:
1297:
1248:
1207:
1197:
1104:
1086:
1045:
1027:
935:
886:
868:
784:
774:
713:
685:
667:
626:
616:
567:
549:
112:It does this through several mechanisms:
476:
285:
206:to facilitate passage through the human
109:, IgG protects the body from infection.
29:
183:IgG antibodies are generated following
14:
2135:
1407:Choosing Wisely: an initiative of the
1327:Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology
210:, thereby providing protection to the
1990:
1549:
231:with humoral immunity before its own
850:
472:
156:IgG also plays an important role in
53:. Representing approximately 75% of
77:Antibodies are major components of
24:
25:
2159:
1529:
1496:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01705.x
1278:Journal of Experimental Medicine
1151:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2000.01245.x
1471:
1265:
1224:
1130:
1121:
1062:
1003:
960:
2016:
1895:Immunoglobulin class switching
903:
844:
820:
801:
742:
643:
525:
198:into tissues. It is the only
13:
1:
1457:10.1016/s1081-1206(10)60220-7
851:Cobb, Brian A. (2019-08-27).
519:
318:
281:
65:. Each IgG antibody has two
7:
502:
93:. By binding many kinds of
72:
10:
2164:
1724:Polyclonal B cell response
1363:Teri Shors (August 2011).
728:10.1016/j.jaci.2007.07.033
264:platelet activating factor
2065:
2024:
1958:
1916:
1858:
1759:
1689:
1597:
1590:
444:
189:secondary immune response
1199:10.3389/fimmu.2013.00235
1139:Pediatrics International
1088:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00520
669:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00520
551:10.3389/fimmu.2014.00520
1186:Frontiers in Immunology
1075:Frontiers in Immunology
776:10.1073/pnas.1105695108
656:Frontiers in Immunology
618:10.1073/pnas.1014074107
538:Frontiers in Immunology
164:, in which it binds to
126:phagocytic immune cells
1838:Tolerance in pregnancy
1580:adaptive immune system
981:10.1002/pmic.200700968
485:
393:extremely low affinity
291:
139:, a cascade of immune
35:
1873:Somatic hypermutation
1707:Polyclonal antibodies
1702:Monoclonal antibodies
1370:Understanding Viruses
1237:Liver Transplantation
1029:10.1093/glycob/cwz048
870:10.1093/glycob/cwz065
480:
437:intermediate affinity
289:
33:
2121:Heavy-chain antibody
1890:Junctional diversity
1658:Antigen presentation
1290:10.1084/jem.20012024
514:IgG4-related disease
490:autoimmune hepatitis
342:Complement activator
1885:V(D)J recombination
1868:Affinity maturation
1620:Antigenic variation
1423:on November 3, 2012
928:1985Natur.316..452P
767:2011PNAS..10812413K
761:(30): 12413–12418.
609:2010PNAS..10719985M
603:(46): 19985–19990.
484:is an IgG antibody.
349:on phagocytic cells
146:IgG also binds and
87:extracellular fluid
486:
292:
131:IgG activates the
36:
2130:
2129:
1984:
1983:
1912:
1911:
1662:professional APCs
1384:978-0-7637-8553-6
975:(14): 2858–2871.
922:(6027): 452–457.
828:"Antibody Basics"
494:hepatitis B virus
473:Role in diagnosis
451:
450:
137:complement system
133:classical pathway
59:blood circulation
16:(Redirected from
2155:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1988:
1987:
1878:Clonal selection
1850:Immune privilege
1845:Immunodeficiency
1800:Cross-reactivity
1790:Hypersensitivity
1595:
1594:
1570:
1563:
1556:
1547:
1546:
1524:
1523:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1422:
1416:. Archived from
1404:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1351:
1350:
1341:. Archived from
1318:
1312:
1311:
1301:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1252:
1250:10.1002/lt.20154
1243:(8): 1055–1059.
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641:
640:
630:
620:
588:
582:
581:
571:
553:
529:
326:
325:
223:secreted in the
200:antibody isotype
177:hypersensitivity
79:humoral immunity
39:Immunoglobulin G
27:Antibody isotype
21:
2163:
2162:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2153:
2152:
2133:
2132:
2131:
2126:
2061:
2020:
2015:
1985:
1980:
1954:
1908:
1854:
1833:Clonal deletion
1761:
1755:
1685:
1586:
1574:
1532:
1527:
1476:
1472:
1440:
1436:
1426:
1424:
1420:
1409:ABIM Foundation
1402:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1361:
1357:
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1319:
1315:
1270:
1266:
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743:
712:
703:
648:
644:
589:
585:
530:
526:
522:
505:
475:
321:
312:N-glycosylation
301:disulfide bonds
284:
185:class switching
172:in the cytosol;
75:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2161:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2128:
2127:
2125:
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2118:
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1860:Immunogenetics
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1852:
1847:
1842:
1841:
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1805:Co-stimulation
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1763:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
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1746:Immune complex
1742:
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1736:
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1721:
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1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1693:
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1678:
1673:
1668:
1666:Dendritic cell
1654:
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1644:Conformational
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1622:
1617:
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1530:External links
1528:
1526:
1525:
1490:(7): 793–796.
1470:
1451:(6): 580–592.
1434:
1390:
1383:
1355:
1333:(2): 253–260.
1313:
1284:(6): 665–672.
1264:
1223:
1172:
1145:(4): 337–342.
1129:
1120:
1061:
1022:(4): 226–240.
1002:
959:
902:
863:(4): 202–213.
843:
819:
800:
741:
722:(3): 506–515.
701:
642:
583:
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368:second-highest
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181:
180:
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129:
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71:
63:plasma B cells
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2160:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2143:Glycoproteins
2141:
2140:
2138:
2122:
2119:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
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2105:
2102:
2101:
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1828:Clonal anergy
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1717:Microantibody
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832:Sigma-Aldrich
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415:high affinity
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390:third-highest
389:
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371:high affinity
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254:bound to the
253:
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234:
233:immune system
230:
226:
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219:. Along with
218:
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119:
118:agglutination
115:
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68:
64:
60:
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40:
32:
19:
2089:
2046:
1795:Inflammation
1780:Alloimmunity
1775:Autoimmunity
1760:Immunity vs.
1712:Autoantibody
1610:Superantigen
1487:
1483:
1473:
1448:
1444:
1437:
1425:. Retrieved
1418:the original
1406:
1393:
1369:
1358:
1347:. Retrieved
1343:the original
1330:
1326:
1316:
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1189:
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1123:
1078:
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1016:Glycobiology
1015:
1005:
972:
968:
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857:Glycobiology
856:
846:
835:. Retrieved
822:
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719:
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659:
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498:
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467:Fc receptors
463:
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322:
309:
293:
272:
245:
241:
214:
193:
182:
122:opsonization
111:
76:
42:
38:
37:
2104:Heavy chain
2073:Light chain
1918:Lymphocytes
1577:Lymphocytic
431:yes (1.15)*
409:yes (1.17)*
365:yes (1.47)*
347:Fc receptor
248:anaphylaxis
225:breast milk
160:(ADCC) and
148:neutralizes
2148:Antibodies
2137:Categories
2025:Main types
2018:Antibodies
1959:Substances
1823:Peripheral
1811:Inaction:
1690:Antibodies
1671:Macrophage
1584:complement
1427:August 14,
1349:2014-02-26
969:Proteomics
837:2014-12-10
520:References
482:Adalimumab
352:Half life
332:Percentage
319:Subclasses
268:macrophage
235:develops.
179:reactions.
170:proteasome
2090:surrogate
1976:Cytolysin
1966:Cytokines
1813:Tolerance
1762:tolerance
1681:Immunogen
1504:1398-9995
1097:1664-3224
1038:1460-2423
946:0028-0836
879:1460-2423
678:1664-3224
560:1664-3224
387:no (0.8)*
345:Binds to
295:150
282:Structure
260:histamine
256:mast cell
237:Colostrum
204:receptors
202:that has
95:pathogens
67:paratopes
1926:Cellular
1770:Immunity
1768:Action:
1751:Paratope
1739:Idiotype
1729:Allotype
1697:Antibody
1651:Mimotope
1615:Allergen
1598:Antigens
1591:Lymphoid
1520:14061223
1512:18489614
1465:19119701
1339:18565246
1308:11901193
1259:15390333
1218:23950757
1167:24750352
1159:10986861
1115:25368619
1056:31281930
997:22821543
989:18655055
897:31504525
795:21746933
736:17765751
696:25368619
637:21045130
578:25368619
503:See also
440:21 days
396:21 days
374:21 days
337:placenta
335:Crosses
216:in utero
208:placenta
103:bacteria
97:such as
73:Function
51:antibody
1971:Opsonin
1950:NK cell
1938:Humoral
1818:Central
1785:Allergy
1734:Isotype
1634:Epitope
1605:Antigen
1484:Allergy
1375:103–104
1299:2193744
1209:3738878
1192:: 235.
1106:4202688
1081:: 520.
1047:7225405
954:3927174
924:Bibcode
888:7109348
786:3145724
763:Bibcode
687:4202688
662:: 520.
628:2993423
605:Bibcode
569:4202688
544:: 520.
509:Epitope
418:7 days
412:highest
305:antigen
276:antigen
229:neonate
196:diffuse
141:protein
135:of the
99:viruses
91:tissues
45:) is a
2123:/IgNAR
2066:Chains
1943:B cell
1931:T cell
1676:B cell
1639:Linear
1627:Hapten
1518:
1510:
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1463:
1381:
1337:
1306:
1296:
1257:
1216:
1206:
1165:
1157:
1113:
1103:
1095:
1054:
1044:
1036:
995:
987:
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944:
916:Nature
895:
885:
877:
793:
783:
734:
694:
684:
676:
635:
625:
576:
566:
558:
339:easily
166:TRIM21
151:toxins
105:, and
2095:IGLL1
1516:S2CID
1421:(PDF)
1403:(PDF)
1163:S2CID
993:S2CID
212:fetus
107:fungi
83:blood
55:serum
2114:IGHM
2109:IGH@
2083:IGL@
2078:IGK@
1582:and
1508:PMID
1500:ISSN
1461:PMID
1429:2012
1379:ISBN
1335:PMID
1304:PMID
1255:PMID
1214:PMID
1155:PMID
1111:PMID
1093:ISSN
1052:PMID
1034:ISSN
985:PMID
950:PMID
942:ISSN
893:PMID
875:ISSN
791:PMID
732:PMID
692:PMID
674:ISSN
633:PMID
574:PMID
556:ISSN
424:IgG4
402:IgG3
380:IgG2
358:IgG1
329:Name
262:and
85:and
47:type
2057:IgY
2052:IgM
2047:IgG
2042:IgE
2037:IgD
2032:IgA
1904:HLA
1900:MHC
1492:doi
1453:doi
1449:101
1294:PMC
1286:doi
1282:195
1245:doi
1204:PMC
1194:doi
1147:doi
1101:PMC
1083:doi
1042:PMC
1024:doi
977:doi
932:doi
920:316
883:PMC
865:doi
781:PMC
771:doi
759:108
724:doi
720:120
682:PMC
664:doi
623:PMC
613:doi
601:107
564:PMC
546:doi
384:23%
362:66%
297:kDa
252:IgE
221:IgA
191:.
49:of
43:IgG
18:IgG
2139::
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1514:.
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1488:63
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672:.
658:.
654:.
631:.
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611:.
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595:.
572:.
562:.
554:.
540:.
536:.
469:.
434:no
428:4%
406:7%
101:,
69:.
2010:e
2003:t
1996:v
1902:/
1660:/
1569:e
1562:t
1555:v
1522:.
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999:.
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765::
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153:;
41:(
20:)
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