729:. Although Kwakʼwala and Kwakwakaʼwakw culture have been well-studied by linguists and anthropologists, the efforts did not reverse the trends leading to language loss. According to Guy Buchholtzer, "The anthropological discourse had too often become a long monologue, in which the Kwakwakaʼwakw had nothing to say." As a result of these pressures, there are relatively few Kwakʼwala speakers today, and most remaining speakers are past the age of child-raising, which is considered crucial for language transmission. As with many other indigenous languages, there are significant barriers to language revitalization.
8735:
272:
3127:. C refers to one of the stem consonants. Stress marks show the location of primary stress in the suffixed form. In non-reduplicative forms, they indicate that the stem itself bears stress. In reduplicative forms, stress marks indicate which stem syllable bears stress. When no stress mark is included, stress assignment follows the regular pattern for Kwakʼwala stress. Cells with multiple options are given as in the original chart; it is not clear whether the optionality is systematic in any way.
3138:); its meaning is also unclear. A few corrections to the original chart are made in the version above. Class 2 suffixes are listed in this chart as "all -", i.e. lengthening all stems. However, all the class 2 suffixes described by Boas which productively apply to roots of type B or C leave stems unchanged rather than triggering lengthening. This also adheres to the phonotactics of Kwakʼwala, which do not allow super-heavy syllables of the type which would be created by lengthening these stems.
3412:) rejects these morphosyntactic classifications and divides suffixes into various classes based mainly on semantic criteria. Nevertheless, there are morphosyntactic facts that distinguish classes of suffixes, including suffix ordering and the existence of paradigms for certain suffix types. At a minimum, there is sufficient evidence from syntax and phonology to distinguish between stem-forming suffixes and inflectional suffixes. The classes are comparable to the distinction between
714:
428:
440:
66:
25:
4166:
the entity has no overt exponent, a pronominal clitic will be used. Clitics always precede the nominal with which they agree, which violates the generalization that Kwakʼwala affixes are always suffixing. However, the clitic always forms a phonological word with the preceding word rather than the nominal, with the result that the suffixing generalization is always true as far as the phonology is concerned.
168:
6579:
733:"Supernatural" in Kwakʼwala. The project's goal is to revitalize the language, and to be a place where Kwak̓wala is spoken fluently by community members of all ages. A review of revitalization efforts in the 1990s shows that the potential to fully revitalize Kwakʼwala still remains, but serious hurdles also exist. The language is taught at The Uʼmista Cultural Center in
5976:(CMS) North Pacific Mission in British Columbia. He arrived at Fort Rupert in 1881 and worked amongst the Kwakuitl people at Fort Rupert and Alert Bay. He learnt the Kwakʼwala language, and created an orthography for the language based upon the Latin alphabet used by English. He produced portions of the Book of Common Prayer in 1888 which was published by the
7679:
6011:, which largely resembles the Grubb orthography. Variants of this orthography allow for easier computer typesetting. For example, instead of marking ejective consonants with an apostrophe printed above the consonant, the apostrophe may be printed as a separate character following the consonant. Linguistic works on Kwakʼwala typically use an
6563:(meaning "speakers of Kwakʼwala") are an ethnic group comprising multiple tribes sharing the Kwakʼwala language. However, the Kwakʼwala spoken by each tribe exhibits often significant dialectal differences. There are four major unambiguous dialects of Kwakʼwala: Kwak̓wala, ʼNak̓wala, G̱uc̓ala and T̓łat̓łasik̓wala.
763:, researchers Sara Child and Caroline Running Wolf have combined technology and indigenous pedagogy to provide multiple resources for learning Kwakʼwala. As of 2022, they seek to use virtual or augmented reality along with text-to-speech software to create an immersive learning experience for Kwakʼwala learners.
824:(voiceless, voiced, and ejective). There is an extensive series of distinctions between rounded and non-rounded consonants in the dorsal region. Notably, there are no velar consonants without secondary articulation: they are all either palatalized or labialized. The consonants are shown in the following table.
5940:). Clitics are positioned at the left edge of the noun they agree with but lean phonologically to their left. The result is a systematic mismatch between syntactic and phonological constituent structure such that on the surface, each prenominal word appears to be inflected to agree with the following noun.
5101:
constructions. These suffixes can be either prenominal/pronominal or postnominal. First person genitives allow either form. Third person genitives observe a robust differentiation between those cases in which the subject and possessor are the same entity and those in which they are not. In the former
5999:
Although the
Boasian orthography was able to capture almost all of the important features of Kwakʼwala, it was difficult for Kwakʼwala speakers to use: it was impossible to write with a standard typewriter due to its abundant use of special symbols, and it used some standard letters very differently
1438:
In addition to the somewhat unpredictable set of changes, the patterns involved in weakening are further complicated by the fact that some suffixes weaken stops but do not affect fricatives. Boas lists 11 suffixes weakening stops and affricates but not fricatives; these suffixes are indicated by the
4165:
An entity can be present in a sentence in one of three ways: as a full overt noun, as a pronoun, or without any overt exponent. In each case, the entity will also be represented by an agreement clitic. If the entity takes the form of a noun or pronoun, the clitic will be from the prenominal set; if
3141:
Therefore, the chart above treats class 2 suffixes as causing no change in roots of these types. Additionally, several forms in the original chart have "-" in place of "+" in reduplicative forms. They are taken as errors here, and corrected in the chart above. Root classes C2 and C3 are included in
3122:
For example, class 7 suffixes added to C1 roots trigger reduplication on the pattern -+= which means that the reduplicative stem has two syllables, with the first syllable long and the second syllable preserving the length of the original stem. ˘ indicates a short copy; thus a 6a suffix on a D root
3102:
or a full vowel V, and final consonants including plain voiceless obstruents (T), voiced obstruents (D), glides (Y), other sonorants (R) and glottalized versions of each of T and R (Tʼ and Rˀ). Cells show the effect of suffixes belonging to the various classes (columns) on roots or stems of various
3407:
Expansion of stems through suffixation is a central feature of the language, which transforms a relatively small lexicon of roots into a large and precise vocabulary. Different linguistic analyses have grouped these suffixes into classes in various ways, including "formative" vs. "incremental" and
6628:
Lewis says they already have a mentor-apprentice program where a fluent elder works one-on-one with a qualified teacher for 300 hours, and between that elder and teacher, she is confident they could create a three-year pilot program that would provide a full immersion program. "We just want three
5995:
provided tens of thousands of pages of the language in which he worked with Boas to officially document. Through this data collection, Boas and Hunt developed a systematic orthography for documentation of Kwakʼwala, which captured almost all of the important distinctions in the language (although
649:
While Kwakʼwala had no written records until
European contact, archeological and linguistic evidence shed light on its prehistory. Northern and Southern branches of the Wakashan language family split approximately 2,900 years ago. Northern Wakashan (or Kwakiutlan) speakers likely expanded outward
732:
However, a number of revitalization efforts have recently attempted to reverse language loss for Kwakʼwala. A proposal to build a
Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations Centre for Language Culture has gained wide support. In August 2021 a Culture Camp for youth was launched in Bond Sound called Nawalakw or
4359:
accessible, there is no distinction between demonstrative and non-demonstrative clitics. However, third person clitics are distinguished in this way. As with verbal inflection, agreement clitics distinguish entities that are near and far and entities that are visible and invisible. Pronominal
1355:
Kwakʼwala appears to have an otherwise unattested pattern of repair strategies for coda condition violations. Underlyingly voiced consonants are devoiced word-finally but surface faithfully with following epenthesis when they are word-internal. Glottalized consonants remain glottalized when
1283:
The vowels of Kwakʼwala are /a e i o u ə/. There is a phonemic length distinction as well; however, not all vowels exist in both long and short versions. The phonemic status of some of the vowels in question is relatively unclear, as especially evident in the case of /a/ and /ə/. They often
5971:
Word lists and some documentation of Kwakʼwala were created from the early period of contact with
Europeans in the 18th century. The first systematic work to record the language was done by Rev Alfred James Hall (1853–1918) who was an English missionary with the Anglican
5123:
The following table shows genitive suffixes for first and second person possessors. Prenominal forms include a distinction between first and second person while the distinction in postnominal forms is made by adding the pronominal verbal inflection for the appropriate person.
1404:. Weakening and hardening suffixes alter the stem to which they attach by changing the features of the stem-final consonant. Following the Boasian orthographic tradition, the suffix types are indicated by a symbol preceding the suffix: ⟨-⟩, ⟨=⟩ or ⟨-!⟩, respectively.
3119:) indicates that the stem vowel is replaced with the vowel in the cell. Several symbols occurring together with + in the middle indicates that reduplication occurs; the symbols on each side of + indicate the shape of each syllable of the reduplicative stem.
5543:
Independent pronouns also exist in Kwakʼwala. Pronouns have verbal and nominal forms. Verbal forms inflect like other verbs. Nominal forms occur in subject, object, and instrumental forms. The full set of pronouns is shown in the following table:
3142:
this chart as they are included in his chart even though there are no known roots belonging to these classes (which would presumably have the shapes CəRR and CəRY). Root class B3 is included with the changes noted in the original chart although (
5793:
A minimal sentence consists of a predicate. Although that is syntactically simple, it is not necessarily semantically impoverished. The rich morphological system of Kwakʼwala allows the expression of many features in a single predicate:
8734:
1380:). Like its sister languages, Kwakʼwala morphology is notable for the complex effects that certain suffixes trigger or correlate with in the stems to which they affix. There are two basic categories of changes associated with suffixes:
3999:
notable feature of Kwakʼwala is the distinction made in verbal conjugation between visible and invisible subjects. A distinction is also made between subjects that are near the listener and those that are far. The verb paradigm for
6575:. Liqʼwala has sometimes been considered to be a dialect of Kwakʼwala and sometimes a separate language. The standard orthography for Liqʼwala is quite different from the most widely used orthography for Kwakʼwala.
5773:
Kwakʼwala formally distinguishes only three classes of words: predicates/substantives, particles, and exclamatory forms. Nouns and verbs are distinguished mainly by syntactic context. Thus, the bare form
5813:
In sentences with greater syntactic complexity, word order is identical to the order in which inflectional morphemes are added to a stem, stem/predicate-subject-direct object-instrument-direct object:
1348:, secondary stress falls on the second syllable following the primary stress and iteratively thereafter on every second syllable. This statement may be amended to take into account the observation of
4360:
demonstrative clitics are shown in the following table (1 indicates an entity near the speaker; 2 indicates an entity near the hearer; 3 indicates an entity distant from both hearer and speaker):
7773:
705:
in the stem which they inflect. It is also phonologically complex, having a rich consonant inventory containing phonemes – being distinct sound units – uncommon in languages worldwide.
3130:
A few symbols whose meaning is unclear have been retained directly, as given in Boas. These include V and v. The symbol -" corresponds to a special symbol in the original chart (a
6008:
5984:
in London. He produced the Gospel of
Matthew in 1882, the Gospel of John in 1884, the Gospel of Mark in 1890, the Gospel of Luke in 1894 and then the Book of Acts in 1897.
1514:
in most cases. Stem-final plain stops or affricates or sonorants become glottalized. As with weakening suffixes, the hardening patterns of fricatives are less predictable.
9603:
6616:
In 2017, according to Laurie Lewis of the Liqʼwala
Language Revitalization Committee, only 12 individuals, all over 70, were fluent Liqʼwala speakers. The Campbell River
8493:
1352:
that epenthetic vowels never bear stress, including secondary stress, and they seem to be invisible when syllables are counted for the assignment of secondary stress.
6629:
years to make some fluent speakers so we can save our language," Lewis says, "and I want to have the conversation about how we can do that. We believe we can do it."
8094:
1411:
in some cases. Plain voiceless stops and affricates are changed to their voiced equivalent. The behaviour of fricatives is somewhat less systematic. The sibilant
3399:
In addition to suffix-driven reduplication, word formation may also involve reduplication not tied to any suffix. There are at least two reduplication patterns.
1792:) distinguishes seven classes of suffix (with many subclasses), which all have different effects on some of the twenty possible root shapes which he identifies:
8709:
6198:
8654:
5980:(SPCK). This was expanded in 1900. He produced a Grammar of the language in 1889. He translated some books of the New Testament which were published by the
5109:
is added to the prenominal genitive marker, and the possessed noun take the postnominal demonstrative genitive ending. In the latter case, the instrumental
6335:
3432:, p. 237) In the order given by Boas, the classes correspond generally but not completely to the order in which these suffixes appear within a word:
8445:
1518:
hardens to or . (The classification is apparently arbitrary and not necessarily consistent with the weakening behavior of a given stem; a stem in which
8674:
8582:
3103:
shapes (rows). = indicates that the suffix leaves the stem unchanged. – indicates that the suffix triggers vowel lengthening in the stem (often causing
8659:
6345:
6178:
1788:
In addition to fortition and lengthening, suffixes may also be associated with lengthening or reduplication effects on the stems which precede them. (
1341:). If a word has any heavy syllables, primary stress falls on the leftmost heavy syllable. Otherwise, primary stress falls on the rightmost syllable.
775:
635:
214:
8803:
8669:
8649:
3153:"exclusively; real, really; just only; common," which belongs to class 3f. Its effect on roots of various shapes is shown in the following table.
8481:
8679:
7836:
7804:
4535:
forms (which precede proper names, indefinite nouns, and third person possessive forms whose possessor is not the subject of the sentence) and
8684:
8950:
8469:
8457:
6001:
4722:
Another set of suffixes is used to simultaneously indicate the subject and object/instrument, as shown in the following tables. (When the
8773:
8699:
8523:
7961:
450:
6193:
9608:
8609:
7575:
7525:
7380:
8753:
8719:
7288:
6000:
from
English orthography, which was familiar to many Kwakwakaʼwakw. A practical orthography, developed by the Kwakwakaʼwakw linguist
5991:
in the late 19th and early 20th century. However, Boas was not solely responsible for the data collection of the Kwakʼwala language;
5977:
726:
7908:
1337:; otherwise it is light. A moraic coda is a non-glottalized sonorant. Thus, /pən/ counts as a heavy syllable, while /pət/ is light (
7263:
666:
through the late 19th to mid-20th centuries; elders and second-language learners are currently rebuilding its speaking population.
8876:
7585:
7555:
7540:
7520:
7515:
7443:
7428:
7418:
7390:
7308:
7278:
7253:
6390:
6360:
6325:
6248:
6223:
6208:
6111:
6081:
6041:
4726:
of the subject and object/instrument overlap, no suffix is available. Another construction must be used to express this kind of
9613:
4531:
Prenominal demonstrative clitics do not distinguish between visible and invisible entities. They are divided into two classes:
659:
9577:
8144:
8064:
130:
8763:
6968:
6762:
1137:
955:
102:
7765:
8105:
7056:
7040:
6908:
1219:
1203:
1086:
658:. Kwakʼwala was first written by missionaries during the colonization of the Pacific Northwest. As part of its policy of
472:
8788:
7862:
7985:
748:
app was released in
December 2011. An online dictionary, phrasebook, and language learning portal is available at the
741:
received funding for shelving to display its collection of First
Nations books for the benefit of Kwakʼwala speakers.
109:
9573:
8943:
8743:
7656:
6841:
5981:
3428:
The suffixes in Kwakʼwala can be grouped into at least nineteen different classes, principally on semantic grounds. (
1023:
244:
149:
52:
8833:
785:
with a very rich array of consonantal contrasts and relatively few vowel phonemes, frequent use of a reduced vowel /
9028:
7169:
6012:
5116:
attaches to the postnominal genitive ending on the possessed noun, and the prenominal suffix remains unchanged. (
462:
5527:
Prenominal forms for the objective and instrumental are formed by suffixing the prenominal forms given above to
3123:
will produce a reduplicative stem, with the second syllable being short and the first syllable having a nucleus
116:
9508:
8602:
276:
Marianne
Nicolson's The House of the Ghosts, 2008. Text in Kwakʼwala and English at the Vancouver Art Gallery
87:
9076:
8161:
7214:
6016:
83:
38:
9432:
9412:
8936:
7183:
6961:
6755:
1298:
analyzes that only the vowels /ə/ and /a/ are phonemic, with the remaining ones being allophonic: /i/ from
1130:
948:
414:
98:
8213:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
5955:
5945:
5802:
5796:
5782:
5776:
5761:
5755:
5745:
5740:
5735:
5730:
5720:
5715:
5710:
5705:
5695:
5690:
5685:
5680:
5667:
5662:
5657:
5652:
5642:
5637:
5632:
5627:
5617:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5589:
5584:
5579:
5574:
5536:
5530:
5519:
5513:
5507:
5501:
5490:
5484:
5476:
5462:
5456:
5450:
5444:
5433:
5427:
5421:
5415:
5401:
5395:
5389:
5383:
5372:
5366:
5360:
5354:
5308:
5302:
5296:
5284:
5278:
5272:
5257:
5251:
5245:
5241:
5229:
5223:
5219:
5213:
5209:
5194:
5188:
5182:
5170:
5164:
5158:
5154:
5112:
5105:
5089:
5083:
5077:
5071:
5065:
5054:
5045:
5036:
5025:
5019:
4999:
4976:
4970:
4912:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4866:
4857:
4849:
4839:
4833:
4813:
4790:
4784:
4714:
4708:
4702:
4696:
4690:
4686:
4680:
4669:
4665:
4659:
4655:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4635:
4629:
4623:
4612:
4606:
4600:
4594:
4588:
4582:
4523:
4517:
4511:
4500:
4494:
4488:
4474:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4447:
4441:
4435:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4398:
4392:
4386:
4347:
4341:
4335:
4329:
4323:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4274:
4265:
4246:
4237:
4218:
4209:
4152:
4147:
4137:
4132:
4122:
4117:
4107:
4102:
4092:
4087:
4077:
4072:
4062:
4057:
4044:
4034:
4029:
4002:
3962:
3956:
3949:
3943:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3913:
3903:
3896:
3886:
3880:
3873:
3867:
3857:
3851:
3844:
3838:
3828:
3822:
3815:
3809:
3799:
3793:
3786:
3780:
3770:
3764:
3757:
3751:
3741:
3735:
3728:
3722:
3712:
3706:
3699:
3693:
3683:
3677:
3670:
3664:
3654:
3648:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3608:
3602:
3596:
3590:
3584:
3574:
3568:
3561:
3555:
3545:
3539:
3532:
3526:
3516:
3510:
3503:
3497:
3487:
3481:
3474:
3468:
3458:
3452:
3445:
3439:
3383:
3378:
3365:
3360:
3347:
3342:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3307:
3302:
3289:
3284:
3271:
3266:
3253:
3248:
3235:
3230:
3217:
3212:
3199:
3194:
3181:
3176:
3150:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3098:
3071:
3065:
3029:
2976:
2919:
2864:
2741:
2700:
2644:
2584:
2529:
2455:
2419:
2403:
2397:
2388:
2381:
2340:
2326:
2275:
2261:
2245:
2205:
2191:
2138:
2073:
2044:
2004:
1990:
1982:
1971:
1967:
1958:
1947:
1942:
1938:
1915:
1772:
1767:
1762:
1755:
1750:
1745:
1738:
1733:
1728:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1614:
1609:
1604:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1539:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1515:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1315:
1307:
1303:
1299:
1264:
1257:
1252:
1245:
1240:
1162:
1150:
1145:
1111:
1099:
1094:
1048:
1036:
1031:
980:
968:
963:
786:
9598:
9554:
9318:
8664:
7148:
7005:
6901:
1168:
1079:
734:
721:
The use of Kwakʼwala declined significantly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, mainly due to the
4906:
In the preceding table, forms with a first person object do not use a verbal suffix. Rather, they use a
3710:"passive of verbs expressing sensations and mental actions; also sensations produced by outer actions" (
1388:, of a stem-final consonant, and expansion of stem material through vowel lengthening or reduplication.
685:, with multiple of these meanings often existing in a single suffix. Kwakʼwala has suffixes marking the
7659:
passed a motion to pilot a Liqʼwala immersion program at Ripple Rock Elementary in Campbell River, BC.
7197:
7047:
6991:
6748:
6741:
6395:
4259:
4231:
1294:
between /a/ and /ə/ but concludes that those vowels must be underlyingly distinct in some other cases.
1291:
1210:
1156:
941:
934:
891:
725:
policies of the Canadian government, and above all the mandatory attendance of Kwakwaʼwakw children at
8907:
1284:
interchange in different instances of the same stem or suffix, depending on the phonological content.
8978:
8813:
8595:
8121:
7840:
7814:
7724:
6977:
6834:
6769:
5992:
1016:
8571:
7157:
6790:
3413:
1369:
974:
193:
9392:
9328:
7809:
7729:
6827:
6820:
6776:
1009:
1002:
76:
9086:
8778:
753:
9560:
9539:
9275:
8557:
8023:
7887:
6894:
6887:
5973:
3975:
There are two major types of inflectional suffixes in Kwakʼwala: verbal suffixes that modify a
3096:, p. 235), with a few alterations. Root shapes refer to an initial consonant C, a nucleus
1072:
1065:
670:
627:
296:
210:
8902:
8808:
8783:
8134:
7737:
7642:
7031:
7024:
6915:
6864:
4723:
1194:
1187:
1042:
801:
9141:
8689:
8486:
Existential Faithfulness: A Study of Reduplicative TETU, Feature Movement, and Dissimilation
123:
9544:
9356:
9245:
9068:
9033:
8995:
8798:
8793:
8416:(1947). Helene Boas Yampolsky (ed.). "Kwakiutl Grammar (With a Glossary of the Suffixes)".
7754:. International Journal of American Linguistics , Vol. 72, No. 3 (July 2006), pp. 295- 324.
6936:
6850:
1105:
9101:
8912:
7986:"Researchers in B.C. could help save one of the world's most complex Indigenous languages"
6007:
Practical writing of Kwakʼwala today is typically done in the orthography promoted by the
8:
9549:
9513:
9189:
9058:
8959:
8239:
7916:
6922:
3996:
3976:
1344:
Secondary stress also occurs, but its distribution is less well understood. According to
817:
643:
9523:
9458:
9300:
9237:
9222:
9091:
9013:
9008:
8768:
8433:
8401:
8369:
8337:
8046:
6880:
6653:
6648:
6621:
6620:
reported in 2017 that an attempt would be made to teach the dialect through a Liqʼwala
1331:
1058:
877:
842:
837:
797:
702:
682:
678:
639:
334:
219:
1356:
word-final but surface with a following epenthetic vowel when they are word-internal (
406:
9503:
9453:
9308:
9290:
9285:
9265:
9260:
9212:
9146:
8758:
8552:
8405:
8373:
8341:
8140:
7176:
6813:
6693:
6673:
6658:
5937:
3135:
995:
884:
870:
862:
847:
805:
694:
686:
8188:
7718:
468:
44:
9498:
9488:
9473:
9468:
9463:
9387:
9382:
9372:
9338:
9280:
9227:
9174:
9136:
9081:
9043:
9003:
8973:
8818:
8509:
8425:
8393:
8361:
8329:
8303:
6668:
6610:
6188:
5996:
some features, such as vowel length and stress, were not recorded systematically).
5929:
857:
690:
674:
655:
651:
583:
537:
8618:
8072:
6380:
6086:
5317:
Genitive suffixes with a third-person possessor are shown in the following table:
3588:, which turns a static or intransitive verb or a noun into a transitive verb: cf.
701:
including distance from and visibility to the speaker. These suffixes can trigger
623:
495:
307:
9493:
9483:
9478:
9437:
9346:
9313:
9270:
9217:
9207:
9202:
9197:
9156:
9131:
9126:
9121:
9116:
9096:
9048:
9038:
8823:
8724:
8308:
8291:
7217:
and thus varies significantly from the orthography employed by other dialects of
6663:
6606:
5933:
1327:
852:
722:
326:
9106:
6330:
6056:
5959:
in terms of syntactical constituency. That nominal, in turn, includes a clitic /
717:
The Tʼlisalagiʼlakw School near Alert Bay has made efforts to restore Kwakʼwala.
419:
271:
9427:
9377:
9351:
9250:
9111:
9053:
7778:
7110:
7101:
7094:
7085:
7078:
7071:
4727:
1234:
790:
631:
7752:
Drift and the Grammaticalization Divide between Northern and Southern Wakashan
6571:
In addition to those dialects, there are also Kwakwakaʼwakw tribes that speak
5780:"sit" is a verb; combined with an article-like particle, it serves as a noun:
9592:
9417:
9023:
9018:
8856:
8502:
Proceedings of the Twelfth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society
6998:
6984:
6943:
6929:
6871:
6857:
6797:
6783:
6734:
6705:
1538:
in a hardening context surfaces with an additional following glottal stop: .
1377:
1334:
927:
898:
738:
698:
183:
8704:
9518:
9422:
9179:
8639:
8634:
8562:
8514:
8497:
7937:
7875:
6804:
6370:
6340:
6106:
6076:
6061:
5921:
4907:
986:
749:
663:
203:
8450:
Alternations in Place and Laryngeality: On the Coda Condition of Kwakwʼala
5943:
That can be seen in the preceding example: the sentence-initial predicate
3983:, which may agree with a noun present in the sentence, or may be entirely
713:
390:
9164:
8547:
7766:"Kwakʼwala Language Retention and Renewal: A Review with Recommendations"
1522:
becomes when weakened may become either or when it is hardened, etc.)
8694:
8050:
6572:
4006:"to go" (classified as a Paradigm 2 verb) illustrates these properties (
368:
9255:
8846:
8474:
A Practical Writing System and Short Dictionary of Kwakwʼala (Kwakiutl)
8437:
8413:
8381:
8349:
8317:
8287:
8271:
8255:
7580:
7560:
7550:
7545:
7535:
7530:
7448:
7438:
7433:
7423:
7413:
7385:
7303:
7298:
7293:
7273:
7268:
7258:
7248:
7243:
7233:
6385:
6365:
6355:
6350:
6320:
6253:
6243:
6238:
6228:
6218:
6203:
6101:
6096:
6091:
6071:
6066:
6051:
6046:
6036:
5988:
3417:
778:
8928:
8714:
8644:
1435:
alternates with both and . Sonorants weaken by becoming glottalized.
9169:
8841:
6951:
6728:
6639:
1511:
1381:
1120:
921:
828:
427:
399:
383:
8866:
8429:
439:
65:
8897:
8851:
8397:
8365:
8333:
7013:
6686:
5806:"I have this one for my husband (lit. I am husband owner of him)" (
5098:
3420:
morphology although they are not necessarily homologous with them.
1408:
1385:
1176:
793:
619:
480:
8871:
7837:"SFU News Online – Native language centre planned – July 07, 2005"
3146:, p. 217) states that there are no known roots of this type.
8542:
8384:(1932). "Notes on Some Recent Changes in the Kwakiutl language".
6723:
4916:"to come". The auxiliary precedes the main verb in the sentence.
3984:
1545:
The table below illustrates how various roots weaken and harden.
916:
821:
782:
476:
8587:
8013:
The presence of an underlying vowel in these forms is uncertain.
3900:"referring to a previous subject of conversation or narrative";
646:, revitalization efforts are underway to preserve the language.
8881:
5925:
5917:
4356:
3980:
1487:/ "place where there are many (plants etc.)" – does not weaken
1396:
Suffixes fall into three classes according to their behaviour:
1373:
760:
745:
654:, displacing Salishan languages on the mainland of what is now
447:
285:
8037:
Berman, Judith (1994). "George Hunt and the Kwakʼwala Texts".
610:
8861:
8242:(1984). "Kwakwala Syntax and the Government-binding Theory".
7405:
7400:
6183:
5963:/, syntactically connected to the following noun, and so on.
5920:
are used to mark agreement with nouns, including clitics for
595:
558:
546:
7570:
7565:
7375:
6578:
6375:
6233:
816:
The consonantal inventory of Kwakʼwala includes a three-way
634:. It has shared considerable influence with other languages
8136:
Assu of Cape Mudge: Recollections of a Coastal Indian Chief
3131:
673:, having many suffixes conveying distinct meanings such as
564:
7395:
7283:
7238:
6213:
604:
479:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8567:
3774:"master (i.e. the one by whom one is owned as a slave)").
1459:/ "to do something while doing something else" – weakens
1372:
system which, like other Wakashan languages, is entirely
601:
3523:
Limitations of form: Generally used with numerals, e.g.
446:
Kwakʼwala is classified as Critically Endangered by the
7764:
Anthony, Robert J.; Davis, Henry; Powell, J.V. (2003).
5901:
clubbed -the man -OBJ -the {sea otter} -INSTR -his club
3149:
An example of a suffix that triggers stem changes is -!
1415:
alternates with or , depending on the root. The velar
756:
were put online by the Canadian Bible Society in 2020.
7863:"Revitalizing Vancouver Island's Indigenous languages"
1467:"continuing motion in a definite direction" – weakens
8214:"Appendix A. Kwak̓wala alphabets and transliteration"
8095:"Kwak̓wala 5 to 12, Integrated Resource Package 2010"
8069:
Uʼmista Cultural Society: Language Education Products
598:
592:
589:
555:
552:
543:
540:
6022:
6004:, became the standard system for writing Kwakʼwala.
4539:
forms (which precede all other nouns and pronouns):
4355:
Because first and second person entities are always
3485:"open space, bottom of sea, world, beach, in body" (
1431:
does not change in a weakening context. The lateral
607:
561:
9604:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
8563:
Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwakʼwala Be Revived?
8452:. Manuscript: University of California, Santa Cruz.
7876:
Reversing Language Shift: Can Kwakʼwala Be Revived?
5987:Another attempt to record the language was made by
5898:
kʷixid -ida bəɡʷanəm -a -χa qʼasa -s -is tʼəlwaɢaju
586:
549:
90:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
8577:
8558:Portions of the Book of Common Prayer in Kwakʼwala
8418:Transactions of the American Philosophical Society
7763:
7717:
7716:
4169:Verbal suffixes are shown in the following table:
1330:. A syllable is heavy if it has a long vowel or a
660:forced cultural assimilation of indigenous peoples
8276:Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society
8009:
8007:
8005:
7802:
3394:
209:for phonetic transcriptions, with an appropriate
9590:
3494:Special locatives referring to body parts: e.g.
774:Kwakʼwala phonology exhibits many traits of the
8320:(1924). "A Revised List of Kwakiutl Suffixes".
8274:(1893). "Vocabulary of the Kwakiutl language".
662:, the Canadian government suppressed Kwakʼwala
8424:(3). American Philosophical Society: 201–377.
8258:(1975). "Long Vowels and Stress in Kwakiutl".
8002:
6558:
5904:The man clubbed the sea-otter with his club. (
3636:"to be in the position of performing an act" (
1439:notation ⟨=⟩ as seen in the following list: /=
737:. In 2012, the Nuyumbalees Cultural Centre on
8944:
8603:
8386:International Journal of American Linguistics
8354:International Journal of American Linguistics
8322:International Journal of American Linguistics
8104:. 2010. p. E-4–E-6. Archived from
6591:
8352:(1931). "Notes on the Kwakiutl Vocabulary".
7906:
7888:"Reliable Prosperity: Cultural Preservation"
781:of which it is a part. They include a large
8488:. PhD dissertation: University of Maryland.
7909:"Preserving a language one shelf at a time"
5953:/, which belongs together with the nominal
53:Learn how and when to remove these messages
8951:
8937:
8610:
8596:
8528:Sonority Constraints on Prosodic Structure
8498:"Metrical Structure in Wakashan Phonology"
8132:
5765:"to go" (in the second and third person).
3581:Suffixes creating a transitive verb: e.g.
1391:
438:
426:
270:
8804:Mamalilikulla-QweʼQwaʼSotʼEm First Nation
8754:Campbell River First Nation (Wei Wai Kum)
8513:
8444:
8307:
8122:Kwakwa̱ka̱'wakw/Kʷakʷəkəw̓akʷ Communities
7650:
7213:Liqʼwala follows an orthography based on
5978:Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
5817:kʷixidida bəɡʷanəmaχa qʼasasis tʼəlwaɢaju
1499:/ "in front of house, body, mountain"; /=
1357:
245:Learn how and when to remove this message
150:Learn how and when to remove this message
8480:
8238:
6577:
5909:
5800:"I shall try to get you to be my wife";
3970:
3629:"to sleep continuously, all the time");
3423:
712:
451:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
8958:
8133:Inglis, Joy; Assu, Harry (2011-11-01).
3861:"in a dream it was seen that he went").
473:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
9591:
8492:
8159:
8153:
8036:
5876:
3697:"passive of verbs with instrumental" (
1345:
8932:
8759:Cape Mudge First Nation (Wei Wai Kai)
8591:
8468:
8456:
8183:
8181:
7829:
6645:
5549:
5322:
4160:
3549:"only once along street of village").
1447:/ "mouth, opening, to talk about"; /=
1287:
834:
515: T̓łat̓łasik̓wala
8464:. MA thesis: University of Victoria.
8412:
8380:
8348:
8316:
8286:
8270:
8254:
8211:
8102:School District 85, British Columbia
7738:participating institution membership
5905:
5807:
5787:
5759:"to come" (in the first person) and
5753:Object forms are clearly related to
5117:
4007:
3990:
3806:Adverbial/adjectival suffixes: e.g.
3429:
3409:
3143:
3093:
3092:The chart follows the one given in (
1789:
1483:"to go attend, to be on the way"; /=
1349:
1295:
638:, especially those of the unrelated
161:
88:adding citations to reliable sources
59:
18:
8522:
8162:"How do you save a dying language?"
5849:
3768:"the one by whom one is owned as" (
1338:
13:
8578:First Peoples' Cultural Foundation
8178:
7774:First Peoples' Cultural Foundation
7705:The Linguistics Student's Handbook
6611:Vancouver Island, British Columbia
3966:"to stand in a row in the house").
3953:"to lift a load out of a canoe");
3947:"motion without cessation, away" (
3462:"sea hunter on flat, i.e. Orion").
1363:
1321:
664:and outlawed its attendant culture
199:for transliterated languages, and
179:of its non-English content, using
14:
9625:
9609:First Nations languages in Canada
8617:
8536:
8476:. Ottawa: National Museum of Man.
8292:"Sketch of the Kwakiutl language"
7803:Jamieson-McLarnon, Susan (2005).
7657:School District 72 Campbell River
7196:
7182:
7175:
7168:
7156:
7147:
7109:
7100:
7093:
7084:
7077:
7055:
7046:
7039:
7030:
7023:
7004:
6997:
6990:
6983:
6976:
6967:
6960:
6942:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6914:
6907:
6900:
6893:
6886:
6870:
6863:
6856:
6849:
6840:
6833:
6826:
6819:
6803:
6796:
6789:
6782:
6775:
6768:
6761:
6754:
6747:
6740:
6023:Uʼmista Cultural Society alphabet
5982:British and Foreign Bible Society
3819:"your real supernatural power");
3186:"hit with fist and nothing else"
1783:
1218:
1209:
1202:
1193:
1186:
1167:
1155:
1136:
1129:
1104:
1085:
1078:
1071:
1064:
1041:
1022:
1015:
1008:
1001:
985:
973:
954:
947:
940:
933:
752:Kwakʼwala Community Portal. The
34:This article has multiple issues.
8733:
7805:"Native language centre planned"
7208:
3832:"a great number of sea otters").
3732:"some of them vomit in house");
3716:"to be affected by a furuncle").
3408:"governing" vs. "restrictive". (
759:With funding from the nonprofit
582:
536:
166:
64:
23:
8231:
8205:
8126:
8115:
8087:
8057:
8030:
8016:
7978:
7954:
7930:
7900:
7880:
7680:"Aboriginal Mother Tongue (90)"
6601:), is an endangered dialect of
3960:"plural of locative suffixes" (
3761:"season of scarcity of food");
3565:"he went (about a week ago)");
3402:
75:needs additional citations for
42:or discuss these issues on the
7962:"FirstVoices: Learn Kwak̓wala"
7869:
7855:
7796:
7757:
7744:
7710:
7697:
7672:
6633:
5966:
5102:case, the instrumental suffix
3703:"it is paid to the midwife");
3578:"used to be a canoe-builder").
3395:Other word-formation processes
642:. While Kwakʼwala is severely
511: ʼNak̓wala
509: Kwak̓wala
215:multilingual support templates
1:
9614:Endangered Wakashan languages
8789:Daʼnaxdaʼxw Awaetlatla Nation
8764:Gwaʼsala-ʼNakwaxdaʼxw Nations
8583:Liq̓ʷala interactive alphabet
8553:Northwest Coast keyboard maps
7665:
7215:Americanist phonetic notation
5097:Suffixation is also used for
3719:Restriction of subject: e.g.
3507:"to have hanging on chest");
811:
622:language spoken by about 450
517: Liqʼwala
513: G̱uc̓ala
9433:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French
8769:Kʼómoks (Comox) First Nation
8548:FirstVoices Kwak̓wala Portal
8309:10.1525/aa.1900.2.4.02a00080
3835:Source of information: e.g.
3784:"to die of inner troubles" (
3472:"round opening, eye, door" (
1326:Stress placement depends on
769:
7:
9555:Plains Indian Sign Language
8160:Davies, Mike (2017-04-19).
8065:"Kwakʼwala Alphabet Poster"
8039:Anthropological Linguistics
7907:Brian Kieran (2012-11-15).
6566:
6552:
4910:auxiliary form of the verb
3674:"if you should be asked");
3600:"to make water-tight"; and
3520:"to begin to say in mind").
3294:"a house and nothing else"
1510:Hardening suffixes trigger
1407:Weakening suffixes trigger
735:Alert Bay, British Columbia
525:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw A̱wi'nagwis
10:
9630:
9406:Pidgins, creoles and mixed
7507:
7367:
6312:
6170:
3910:Emotional attitudes: e.g.
3864:Degree of certainty: e.g.
3848:"very much, it is said");
3491:"round thing in stomach").
3478:"to miss a round place");
1292:complementary distribution
708:
9570:
9532:
9446:
9405:
9365:
9337:
9299:
9236:
9188:
9155:
9067:
8994:
8987:
8966:
8890:
8832:
8814:Tsawataineuk First Nation
8774:Kwikwasutʼinuxw Haxwaʼmis
8742:
8731:
8627:
7725:Oxford English Dictionary
7593:
7511:
7454:
7371:
7314:
7229:
7012:
6950:
6802:
6722:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6647:
6582:Laich-kwil-tach territory
6401:
6316:
6259:
6174:
6117:
6032:
5768:
5673:
5648:
5595:
5570:
5554:
5551:
5468:
5407:
5346:
5328:Possessor is not subject
5327:
5324:
5264:
5201:
5146:
5129:
4552:
4549:
4546:
4544:
4480:
4427:
4378:
4365:
4179:
4176:
4174:
3940:Auxiliary suffixes: e.g.
3937:"oh, if he would come!").
3449:"to go away for shame");
1278:
1175:
1119:
915:
861:
856:
851:
846:
841:
836:
521:
501:
491:
459:
437:
425:
413:
397:
381:
376:
353:
323:
313:
302:
291:
281:
269:
264:
259:
9413:Algonquian–Basque pidgin
8568:Uʼmista Cultural Society
6009:Uʼmista Cultural Society
4144:3pl. elsewhere invisible
3700:halaːɢimaχamaːmajuɬtsila
3645:Plurality (human): i.e.
3552:Temporal suffixes: e.g.
3465:Special locatives: e.g.
3436:General locatives: e.g.
3111:). A cell with a vowel (
636:of the Pacific Northwest
8543:Kwakwala Bible Portions
8296:American Anthropologist
8189:"The Liq̓ʷala Language"
7810:Simon Fraser University
7730:Oxford University Press
6592:
6559:
4114:3pl. near-you invisible
3748:Nominal suffixes: e.g.
3687:"do not let us do so!")
1419:alternates with . Both
1392:Hardening and weakening
1290:presents some cases of
754:Kwakwala Bible Portions
671:morphologically complex
9578:Canadian dictionaries
9561:Maritime Sign Language
9540:American Sign Language
9029:Malecite-Passamaquoddy
8515:10.3765/bls.v12i0.1857
8260:Texas Linguistic Forum
8221:University of Victoria
7651:Revitalization efforts
6631:
6583:
6464:"and so first I throw"
5974:Church Mission Society
4129:3pl. elsewhere visible
4084:3sg. near-me invisible
3884:"emphatic certainty" (
3790:"to die of longing");
3777:Verbal suffixes: e.g.
3388:"it gets really dark"
3258:"really to stay away"
3204:"to get really loose"
804:, and the presence of
802:places of articulation
718:
628:Queen Charlotte Strait
461:This article contains
319:450 (2016 census)
297:Queen Charlotte Strait
9574:Canadian style guides
8891:Culture & Society
8809:Kwakiutl First Nation
8784:Quatsino First Nation
8530:. Garland Publishing.
8166:Campbell River Mirror
7913:Campbell River Mirror
6626:
6581:
5325:Possessor is subject
4099:3pl. near-you visible
3971:Inflectional suffixes
3803:"to pretend to cry").
3575:t͡ɬiːqˈinuχajadzəwˀaɬ
3572:"used to be, to do" (
3424:Stem-forming suffixes
1507:/ "moving on water".
1427:alternate with , but
1398:weakening, hardening,
1368:Kwakʼwala has a rich
716:
699:spatial relationships
432:Dialects of Kwakʼwala
9545:Quebec Sign Language
8988:Indigenous languages
8799:Kwiakah First Nation
8794:Tlatlasikwala Nation
8779:ʼNamgis First Nation
8462:A Kwakiutl Phonology
8244:Syntax and Semantics
8212:Adam, Werle (2010).
8193:www.languagegeek.com
7784:on 28 September 2011
7750:Fortescue, Michael.
7703:Laurie Bauer, 2007,
5786:"the one who sits" (
4069:3sg. near-me visible
3890:"I am going to go").
3456:"on a flat object" (
1443:/ "continuously"; /=
697:within a phrase and
576:previously known as
177:specify the language
175:This article should
84:improve this article
9514:Pennsylvania German
8960:Languages of Canada
7843:on February 2, 2008
7728:(Online ed.).
7684:www12.statcan.gc.ca
7226:
7127:
6642:
6029:
5949:includes a clitic /
3907:"but, on his part".
3893:Conjunctions: e.g.
3816:nənwalakʼʷinikʲasus
3745:"some are unripe").
3671:qasuʔwət͡ɬasuʔt͡ɬuʔ
3612:"to put tallow on".
831:
796:, the existence of
794:sonorant consonants
727:residential schools
9599:Wakashan languages
9550:Inuk Sign Language
9509:Newfoundland Irish
9474:Tagalog (Filipino)
9447:Minority languages
9319:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala
9077:Babine-Witsuwitʼen
8967:Official languages
8446:Davenport, Tristan
7938:"FirstVoices Apps"
7817:on 2 February 2008
7225:Liqʼwala alphabet
7224:
7125:
6638:
6622:language immersion
6584:
6546:g̱wa̱g̱wax̱wa̱lał
6027:
4161:Nominal inflection
3923:"is that you?!");
3729:(huːχʷsanalaɡʲəliɬ
3594:"water-tight" and
2360:˘+= or -" or CajaC
1534:harden to , while
1526:hardens to . Both
827:
806:lateral affricates
783:phonemic inventory
719:
703:consonant mutation
650:from the north of
9586:
9585:
9504:Doukhobor Russian
9401:
9400:
8926:
8925:
8628:Tribes or Nations
8240:Anderson, Stephen
8146:978-0-7748-4306-5
7736:(Subscription or
7655:In January 2019,
7648:
7647:
7206:
7205:
7123:
7122:
6550:
6549:
6529:g̱weg̱wax̱welalh
6454:
6453:
6028:Uʼmista alphabet
5938:instrumental case
5908:, p. 282), (
5751:
5750:
5525:
5524:
5315:
5314:
5095:
5094:
4904:
4903:
4720:
4719:
4529:
4528:
4353:
4352:
4158:
4157:
3991:Verbal inflection
3642:"to be at rest").
3546:nˀəmpˈinatsʼaxsta
3392:
3391:
3087:
3086:
2717:– or ˘+= or CaRaC
2714:– or -+˘ or CaRaC
1781:
1780:
1276:
1275:
1237:
1183:
1061:
998:
930:
911:
906:
901:
894:
887:
880:
873:
789:/, contrastively
529:
528:
487:
486:
469:rendering support
465:phonetic symbols.
255:
254:
247:
237:
236:
217:may also be used.
160:
159:
152:
134:
57:
16:Wakashan language
9621:
9499:Hutterite German
8992:
8991:
8953:
8946:
8939:
8930:
8929:
8819:Tlowitsis Nation
8746:
8737:
8621:
8612:
8605:
8598:
8589:
8588:
8531:
8519:
8517:
8489:
8477:
8465:
8453:
8441:
8409:
8377:
8360:(3/4): 163–178.
8345:
8313:
8311:
8283:
8267:
8251:
8225:
8224:
8218:
8209:
8203:
8202:
8200:
8199:
8185:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8172:
8157:
8151:
8150:
8130:
8124:
8119:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8099:
8091:
8085:
8084:
8082:
8080:
8071:. Archived from
8061:
8055:
8054:
8034:
8028:
8027:
8020:
8014:
8011:
8000:
7999:
7997:
7996:
7982:
7976:
7975:
7973:
7972:
7958:
7952:
7951:
7949:
7948:
7934:
7928:
7927:
7925:
7924:
7915:. Archived from
7904:
7898:
7897:
7895:
7894:
7884:
7878:
7873:
7867:
7866:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7839:. Archived from
7833:
7827:
7826:
7824:
7822:
7813:. Archived from
7800:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7783:
7777:. Archived from
7770:
7761:
7755:
7748:
7742:
7741:
7733:
7721:
7714:
7708:
7701:
7695:
7694:
7692:
7691:
7676:
7227:
7223:
7200:
7186:
7179:
7172:
7160:
7151:
7128:
7124:
7113:
7104:
7097:
7088:
7081:
7074:
7059:
7050:
7043:
7034:
7027:
7020:
7008:
7001:
6994:
6987:
6980:
6971:
6964:
6946:
6939:
6932:
6925:
6918:
6911:
6904:
6897:
6890:
6883:
6874:
6867:
6860:
6853:
6844:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6816:
6807:
6800:
6793:
6786:
6779:
6772:
6765:
6758:
6751:
6744:
6737:
6718:
6713:
6708:
6701:
6696:
6689:
6682:
6643:
6637:
6595:
6562:
6495:
6490:
6485:
6480:
6456:
6455:
6030:
6026:
5957:
5947:
5878:
5851:
5810:, p. 281).
5804:
5798:
5797:ɢaɢakʼʲənt͡ɬut͡ɬ
5784:
5778:
5763:
5757:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5732:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5697:
5692:
5687:
5682:
5669:
5664:
5659:
5654:
5644:
5639:
5634:
5629:
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5591:
5586:
5581:
5576:
5547:
5546:
5540:, respectively.
5538:
5532:
5521:
5515:
5509:
5503:
5492:
5486:
5478:
5464:
5458:
5452:
5446:
5435:
5429:
5423:
5417:
5403:
5397:
5391:
5385:
5374:
5368:
5362:
5356:
5320:
5319:
5310:
5304:
5298:
5286:
5280:
5274:
5259:
5253:
5247:
5243:
5231:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5211:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5172:
5166:
5160:
5156:
5127:
5126:
5114:
5107:
5091:
5085:
5079:
5073:
5067:
5056:
5047:
5038:
5027:
5021:
5001:
4978:
4972:
4919:
4918:
4914:
4900:
4894:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4868:
4859:
4851:
4841:
4835:
4815:
4792:
4786:
4733:
4732:
4716:
4710:
4704:
4698:
4692:
4688:
4682:
4671:
4667:
4661:
4657:
4651:
4647:
4641:
4637:
4631:
4625:
4614:
4608:
4602:
4596:
4590:
4584:
4542:
4541:
4525:
4519:
4513:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4476:
4470:
4466:
4460:
4449:
4443:
4437:
4423:
4417:
4411:
4400:
4394:
4388:
4363:
4362:
4349:
4343:
4337:
4331:
4325:
4305:
4299:
4293:
4276:
4267:
4248:
4239:
4220:
4211:
4172:
4171:
4154:
4149:
4139:
4134:
4124:
4119:
4109:
4104:
4094:
4089:
4079:
4074:
4064:
4059:
4046:
4036:
4031:
4013:
4012:
4010:, p. 261):
4004:
3964:
3958:
3951:
3945:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3917:"astonishing!" (
3915:
3905:
3898:
3888:
3882:
3877:"you perhaps");
3875:
3869:
3859:
3853:
3846:
3840:
3830:
3824:
3817:
3813:"real, really" (
3811:
3801:
3795:
3788:
3782:
3772:
3766:
3759:
3753:
3743:
3742:kʲˈəlxʲamənqʷəla
3737:
3730:
3724:
3714:
3708:
3701:
3695:
3685:
3679:
3672:
3668:"hypothetical" (
3666:
3656:
3650:
3640:
3634:
3627:
3622:"continuously" (
3620:
3610:
3604:
3598:
3592:
3586:
3576:
3570:
3563:
3557:
3547:
3541:
3536:"two persons");
3534:
3530:"human beings" (
3528:
3518:
3512:
3505:
3499:
3489:
3483:
3476:
3470:
3460:
3454:
3447:
3441:
3385:
3384:pʼaːdəkʲʼəmxʲʔid
3380:
3367:
3362:
3349:
3344:
3331:
3327:
3322:
3309:
3304:
3291:
3286:
3273:
3268:
3255:
3250:
3237:
3232:
3219:
3214:
3201:
3196:
3183:
3178:
3156:
3155:
3152:
3126:
3118:
3114:
3110:
3106:
3100:
3073:
3067:
3031:
2978:
2921:
2866:
2743:
2702:
2646:
2586:
2531:
2457:
2421:
2405:
2399:
2390:
2383:
2342:
2328:
2277:
2263:
2247:
2207:
2193:
2140:
2075:
2046:
2006:
1992:
1984:
1973:
1969:
1960:
1949:
1944:
1940:
1917:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1747:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1577:
1572:
1567:
1548:
1547:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1506:
1503:/ "by force"; /=
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1434:
1430:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1266:
1259:
1254:
1247:
1242:
1233:
1222:
1213:
1206:
1197:
1190:
1181:
1171:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1147:
1140:
1133:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1082:
1075:
1068:
1057:
1050:
1045:
1038:
1033:
1026:
1019:
1012:
1005:
994:
989:
982:
977:
970:
965:
958:
951:
944:
937:
926:
909:
904:
897:
890:
883:
876:
869:
832:
826:
788:
656:British Columbia
652:Vancouver Island
617:
616:
613:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
571:
570:
567:
566:
563:
560:
557:
554:
551:
548:
545:
542:
489:
488:
453:
442:
430:
409:
393:
386:
359:T̓łat̓łasik̓wala
329:
274:
257:
256:
250:
243:
232:
229:
223:
208:
202:
198:
192:
188:
182:
170:
169:
162:
155:
148:
144:
141:
135:
133:
92:
68:
60:
49:
27:
26:
19:
9629:
9628:
9624:
9623:
9622:
9620:
9619:
9618:
9589:
9588:
9587:
9582:
9566:
9528:
9494:Canadian Gaelic
9442:
9397:
9393:Coast Tsimshian
9361:
9333:
9295:
9232:
9184:
9151:
9063:
8983:
8962:
8957:
8927:
8922:
8886:
8828:
8824:Gwawaenuk Tribe
8744:
8738:
8729:
8725:Laich-kwil-tach
8710:Tʼlatʼlasikwala
8623:
8619:
8616:
8539:
8534:
8494:Wilson, Stephen
8430:10.2307/1005538
8234:
8229:
8228:
8216:
8210:
8206:
8197:
8195:
8187:
8186:
8179:
8170:
8168:
8158:
8154:
8147:
8131:
8127:
8120:
8116:
8108:
8097:
8093:
8092:
8088:
8078:
8076:
8063:
8062:
8058:
8035:
8031:
8022:
8021:
8017:
8012:
8003:
7994:
7992:
7984:
7983:
7979:
7970:
7968:
7960:
7959:
7955:
7946:
7944:
7936:
7935:
7931:
7922:
7920:
7905:
7901:
7892:
7890:
7886:
7885:
7881:
7874:
7870:
7861:
7860:
7856:
7846:
7844:
7835:
7834:
7830:
7820:
7818:
7801:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7781:
7768:
7762:
7758:
7749:
7745:
7735:
7715:
7711:
7702:
7698:
7689:
7687:
7686:. 28 March 2018
7678:
7677:
7673:
7668:
7662:
7653:
7211:
7070:
7018:
6879:
6812:
6733:
6727:
6716:
6711:
6704:
6699:
6692:
6685:
6680:
6636:
6624:pilot program:
6607:Laich-kwil-tach
6589:(also rendered
6569:
6555:
6526:ḵʼatʼlhexidalha
6512:g̣wᴇg̣wāẋwᴇlał
6489:qʼat͡ɬʼəxʲidaɬa
6470:"raven dancer"
6025:
6019:transcription.
5969:
5914:
5896:
5888:
5880:
5869:
5861:
5853:
5842:
5834:
5826:
5818:
5803:ɬawadənt͡ɬasəkʲ
5771:
5138:
5133:
5120:, p. 254)
4163:
3993:
3973:
3950:uːχt͡ɬəɡʲəɬəχsa
3681:"exhortative" (
3559:"recent past" (
3426:
3405:
3397:
3352:"really naked"
3200:kʲəkʲənˀəmxʲʔid
1786:
1394:
1366:
1364:Morphophonology
1328:syllable weight
1324:
1322:Suprasegmentals
1281:
920:
814:
776:Northwest Coast
772:
766:
723:assimilationist
711:
640:Salishan family
585:
581:
539:
535:
516:
514:
512:
510:
508:
496:Kwakwa̱ka̱ʼwakw
467:Without proper
455:
454:
445:
433:
405:
389:
382:
349:
330:
327:Language family
325:
316:
315:Native speakers
277:
251:
240:
239:
238:
233:
227:
224:
218:
206:
200:
196:
194:transliteration
190:
186:
180:
171:
167:
156:
145:
139:
136:
93:
91:
81:
69:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
9627:
9617:
9616:
9611:
9606:
9601:
9584:
9583:
9571:
9568:
9567:
9565:
9564:
9557:
9552:
9547:
9542:
9536:
9534:
9533:Sign languages
9530:
9529:
9527:
9526:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9506:
9501:
9496:
9491:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9471:
9466:
9461:
9456:
9450:
9448:
9444:
9443:
9441:
9440:
9435:
9430:
9428:Chinook Jargon
9425:
9420:
9415:
9409:
9407:
9403:
9402:
9399:
9398:
9396:
9395:
9390:
9385:
9380:
9375:
9369:
9367:
9363:
9362:
9360:
9359:
9354:
9349:
9343:
9341:
9335:
9334:
9332:
9331:
9329:Nuu-chah-nulth
9326:
9321:
9316:
9311:
9305:
9303:
9297:
9296:
9294:
9293:
9288:
9283:
9278:
9273:
9268:
9263:
9258:
9253:
9248:
9242:
9240:
9234:
9233:
9231:
9230:
9225:
9220:
9215:
9210:
9205:
9200:
9194:
9192:
9186:
9185:
9183:
9182:
9177:
9172:
9167:
9161:
9159:
9153:
9152:
9150:
9149:
9144:
9139:
9134:
9129:
9124:
9119:
9114:
9109:
9104:
9099:
9094:
9089:
9084:
9079:
9073:
9071:
9065:
9064:
9062:
9061:
9056:
9051:
9046:
9041:
9036:
9031:
9026:
9021:
9016:
9011:
9006:
9000:
8998:
8989:
8985:
8984:
8982:
8981:
8976:
8970:
8968:
8964:
8963:
8956:
8955:
8948:
8941:
8933:
8924:
8923:
8921:
8920:
8915:
8910:
8905:
8900:
8894:
8892:
8888:
8887:
8885:
8884:
8879:
8874:
8869:
8864:
8859:
8854:
8849:
8844:
8838:
8836:
8830:
8829:
8827:
8826:
8821:
8816:
8811:
8806:
8801:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8771:
8766:
8761:
8756:
8750:
8748:
8740:
8739:
8732:
8730:
8728:
8727:
8722:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8687:
8682:
8677:
8675:Kwikwasutʼinux
8672:
8667:
8662:
8657:
8652:
8647:
8642:
8637:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8624:
8615:
8614:
8607:
8600:
8592:
8586:
8585:
8580:
8575:
8565:
8560:
8555:
8550:
8545:
8538:
8537:External links
8535:
8533:
8532:
8520:
8490:
8482:Struijke, Caro
8478:
8466:
8454:
8442:
8410:
8398:10.1086/463797
8392:(1/2): 90–93.
8378:
8366:10.1086/463790
8346:
8334:10.1086/463753
8328:(1): 117–131.
8314:
8302:(4): 708–721.
8284:
8268:
8252:
8235:
8233:
8230:
8227:
8226:
8204:
8177:
8152:
8145:
8125:
8114:
8111:on 2016-01-29.
8086:
8056:
8045:(4): 482–514.
8029:
8024:"Global.Bible"
8015:
8001:
7977:
7953:
7929:
7899:
7879:
7868:
7854:
7828:
7795:
7756:
7743:
7709:
7696:
7670:
7669:
7667:
7664:
7652:
7649:
7646:
7645:
7640:
7637:
7634:
7631:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7610:
7607:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7591:
7590:
7588:
7583:
7578:
7573:
7568:
7563:
7558:
7553:
7548:
7543:
7538:
7533:
7528:
7523:
7518:
7513:
7509:
7508:
7505:
7504:
7501:
7498:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7486:
7483:
7480:
7477:
7474:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7462:
7459:
7456:
7452:
7451:
7446:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7421:
7416:
7411:
7408:
7403:
7398:
7393:
7388:
7383:
7378:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7365:
7364:
7361:
7358:
7355:
7352:
7349:
7346:
7343:
7340:
7337:
7334:
7331:
7328:
7325:
7322:
7319:
7316:
7312:
7311:
7306:
7301:
7296:
7291:
7286:
7281:
7276:
7271:
7266:
7261:
7256:
7251:
7246:
7241:
7236:
7231:
7210:
7207:
7204:
7203:
7201:
7194:
7192:
7188:
7187:
7180:
7173:
7166:
7162:
7161:
7154:
7152:
7145:
7141:
7140:
7137:
7134:
7131:
7121:
7120:
7118:
7116:
7114:
7107:
7105:
7098:
7091:
7089:
7082:
7075:
7067:
7066:
7064:
7062:
7060:
7053:
7051:
7044:
7037:
7035:
7028:
7021:
7016:
7010:
7009:
7002:
6995:
6988:
6981:
6974:
6972:
6965:
6958:
6956:
6954:
6948:
6947:
6940:
6933:
6926:
6919:
6912:
6905:
6898:
6891:
6884:
6876:
6875:
6868:
6861:
6854:
6847:
6845:
6838:
6831:
6824:
6817:
6809:
6808:
6801:
6794:
6787:
6780:
6773:
6766:
6759:
6752:
6745:
6738:
6731:
6720:
6719:
6714:
6709:
6702:
6697:
6690:
6683:
6677:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6635:
6632:
6605:spoken by the
6568:
6565:
6554:
6551:
6548:
6547:
6544:
6543:ḵ̓at̓ła̱xidała
6541:
6538:
6535:
6531:
6530:
6527:
6524:
6521:
6518:
6514:
6513:
6510:
6509:qǃăʟǃxꞏᵋiʼdała
6507:
6504:
6501:
6497:
6496:
6491:
6486:
6481:
6476:
6472:
6471:
6468:
6465:
6462:
6461:"that will be"
6459:
6452:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6439:
6436:
6433:
6430:
6427:
6424:
6421:
6418:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6406:
6403:
6399:
6398:
6393:
6388:
6383:
6378:
6373:
6368:
6363:
6358:
6353:
6348:
6343:
6338:
6333:
6328:
6323:
6318:
6314:
6313:
6310:
6309:
6306:
6303:
6300:
6297:
6294:
6291:
6288:
6285:
6282:
6279:
6276:
6273:
6270:
6267:
6264:
6261:
6257:
6256:
6251:
6246:
6241:
6236:
6231:
6226:
6221:
6216:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6172:
6171:
6168:
6167:
6164:
6161:
6158:
6155:
6152:
6149:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6137:
6134:
6131:
6128:
6125:
6122:
6119:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6104:
6099:
6094:
6089:
6084:
6079:
6074:
6069:
6064:
6059:
6054:
6049:
6044:
6039:
6034:
6024:
6021:
5968:
5965:
5889:
5881:
5870:
5862:
5854:
5843:
5835:
5827:
5819:
5816:
5815:
5770:
5767:
5749:
5748:
5743:
5738:
5733:
5728:
5724:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5699:
5698:
5693:
5688:
5683:
5678:
5675:
5671:
5670:
5665:
5660:
5655:
5650:
5646:
5645:
5640:
5635:
5630:
5625:
5621:
5620:
5615:
5610:
5605:
5600:
5597:
5593:
5592:
5587:
5582:
5577:
5572:
5568:
5567:
5564:
5561:
5557:
5556:
5555:Nominal forms
5553:
5550:
5523:
5522:
5516:
5510:
5504:
5498:
5494:
5493:
5487:
5481:
5479:
5473:
5470:
5466:
5465:
5459:
5453:
5447:
5441:
5437:
5436:
5430:
5424:
5418:
5412:
5409:
5405:
5404:
5398:
5392:
5386:
5380:
5376:
5375:
5369:
5363:
5357:
5351:
5348:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5323:
5313:
5312:
5305:
5299:
5293:
5289:
5288:
5281:
5275:
5269:
5266:
5262:
5261:
5254:
5248:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5226:
5216:
5206:
5203:
5199:
5198:
5191:
5185:
5179:
5175:
5174:
5167:
5161:
5151:
5148:
5144:
5143:
5140:
5135:
5130:
5093:
5092:
5086:
5080:
5074:
5068:
5062:
5058:
5057:
5051:
5048:
5042:
5039:
5033:
5029:
5028:
5022:
5016:
5013:
5010:
5007:
5006:1pl. exclusive
5003:
5002:
4996:
4993:
4990:
4987:
4984:
4983:1pl. inclusive
4980:
4979:
4973:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4954:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4946:1pl. exclusive
4944:
4943:1pl. inclusive
4941:
4938:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4930:
4927:
4925:
4923:
4902:
4901:
4895:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4869:
4863:
4860:
4855:
4852:
4847:
4843:
4842:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4824:
4821:
4820:1pl. exclusive
4817:
4816:
4810:
4807:
4804:
4801:
4798:
4797:1pl. inclusive
4794:
4793:
4787:
4781:
4778:
4775:
4772:
4768:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4760:1pl. exclusive
4758:
4757:1pl. inclusive
4755:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4746:
4744:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4718:
4717:
4711:
4705:
4699:
4693:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4652:
4642:
4632:
4626:
4620:
4616:
4615:
4609:
4603:
4597:
4591:
4585:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4571:
4568:
4565:
4562:
4559:
4555:
4554:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4527:
4526:
4520:
4514:
4508:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4491:
4485:
4482:
4478:
4477:
4471:
4461:
4455:
4451:
4450:
4444:
4438:
4432:
4429:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4412:
4406:
4402:
4401:
4395:
4389:
4383:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4369:
4366:
4351:
4350:
4344:
4338:
4332:
4326:
4320:
4317:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4306:
4300:
4294:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4277:
4271:
4268:
4262:
4260:1pl. exclusive
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4249:
4243:
4240:
4234:
4232:1pl. inclusive
4228:
4227:
4225:
4223:
4221:
4215:
4212:
4206:
4202:
4201:
4198:
4195:
4192:
4189:
4186:
4182:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4162:
4159:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4111:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4096:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4081:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4051:
4050:
4047:
4042:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4023:
4022:
4021:Interrogative
4019:
4016:
3992:
3989:
3979:; and nominal
3972:
3969:
3968:
3967:
3938:
3934:ɡʲaːχniʔsd͡liʔ
3908:
3891:
3862:
3855:"in a dream" (
3842:"it is said" (
3833:
3804:
3797:"to pretend" (
3775:
3746:
3717:
3690:Passive: e.g.
3688:
3659:
3655:ʔaχiːdəxʲdaʔχʷ
3643:
3613:
3579:
3550:
3521:
3517:nˀeːnˀkʼʲiχʼid
3492:
3463:
3425:
3422:
3404:
3401:
3396:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3372:
3371:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3336:
3335:
3334:"really rain"
3332:
3323:
3318:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3282:
3278:
3277:
3276:"really dead"
3274:
3269:
3264:
3260:
3259:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3242:
3241:
3240:"really cold"
3238:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3223:
3222:"really many"
3220:
3215:
3210:
3206:
3205:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3165:Suffixed form
3163:
3160:
3085:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3053:
3050:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3027:
3024:
3020:
3019:
3017:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
3005:
3003:
3001:
2999:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2974:
2971:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2922:
2917:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2867:
2862:
2859:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2826:
2824:
2822:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2808:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2686:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2642:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2566:
2564:
2562:
2560:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:
2517:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2417:
2414:
2410:
2409:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2370:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2355:
2352:
2349:
2346:
2343:
2338:
2335:
2331:
2330:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2284:
2281:
2278:
2273:
2270:
2266:
2265:
2259:
2257:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2223:
2220:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2141:
2136:
2133:
2129:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2071:
2068:
2064:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2051:
2048:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2010:
2007:
2002:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1965:
1962:
1956:
1953:
1950:
1945:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1872:
1869:
1866:
1863:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1819:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1785:
1784:Stem expansion
1782:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1770:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1657:
1656:
1651:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1612:
1607:
1601:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1582:
1581:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1393:
1390:
1365:
1362:
1358:Davenport 2007
1323:
1320:
1280:
1277:
1274:
1273:
1271:
1269:
1267:
1262:
1260:
1255:
1250:
1248:
1243:
1238:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1225:
1223:
1216:
1214:
1207:
1200:
1198:
1191:
1184:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1117:
1116:
1114:
1109:
1102:
1097:
1092:
1090:
1083:
1076:
1069:
1062:
1054:
1053:
1051:
1046:
1039:
1034:
1029:
1027:
1020:
1013:
1006:
999:
991:
990:
983:
978:
971:
966:
961:
959:
952:
945:
938:
931:
924:
913:
912:
907:
902:
895:
888:
881:
874:
866:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
813:
810:
771:
768:
710:
707:
632:Western Canada
626:people around
527:
526:
523:
519:
518:
503:
499:
498:
493:
485:
484:
471:, you may see
457:
456:
444:
443:
435:
434:
431:
423:
422:
417:
411:
410:
403:
395:
394:
387:
379:
378:
377:Language codes
374:
373:
372:
371:
366:
363:
360:
355:
351:
350:
348:
347:
346:
345:
333:
331:
324:
321:
320:
317:
314:
311:
310:
304:
300:
299:
293:
289:
288:
283:
282:Native to
279:
278:
275:
267:
266:
262:
261:
253:
252:
235:
234:
213:. Knowledge's
174:
172:
165:
158:
157:
72:
70:
63:
58:
32:
31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
9626:
9615:
9612:
9610:
9607:
9605:
9602:
9600:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9581:
9579:
9575:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9558:
9556:
9553:
9551:
9548:
9546:
9543:
9541:
9538:
9537:
9535:
9531:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9490:
9487:
9485:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9475:
9472:
9470:
9467:
9465:
9462:
9460:
9457:
9455:
9452:
9451:
9449:
9445:
9439:
9436:
9434:
9431:
9429:
9426:
9424:
9421:
9419:
9418:Broken Slavey
9416:
9414:
9411:
9410:
9408:
9404:
9394:
9391:
9389:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9379:
9376:
9374:
9371:
9370:
9368:
9364:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9344:
9342:
9340:
9336:
9330:
9327:
9325:
9322:
9320:
9317:
9315:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9306:
9304:
9302:
9298:
9292:
9289:
9287:
9284:
9282:
9279:
9277:
9274:
9272:
9269:
9267:
9264:
9262:
9259:
9257:
9254:
9252:
9249:
9247:
9244:
9243:
9241:
9239:
9235:
9229:
9226:
9224:
9221:
9219:
9216:
9214:
9211:
9209:
9206:
9204:
9201:
9199:
9196:
9195:
9193:
9191:
9187:
9181:
9178:
9176:
9173:
9171:
9168:
9166:
9163:
9162:
9160:
9158:
9154:
9148:
9145:
9143:
9140:
9138:
9135:
9133:
9130:
9128:
9125:
9123:
9120:
9118:
9115:
9113:
9110:
9108:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9098:
9095:
9093:
9090:
9088:
9085:
9083:
9080:
9078:
9075:
9074:
9072:
9070:
9066:
9060:
9057:
9055:
9052:
9050:
9047:
9045:
9042:
9040:
9037:
9035:
9032:
9030:
9027:
9025:
9022:
9020:
9017:
9015:
9012:
9010:
9007:
9005:
9002:
9001:
8999:
8997:
8993:
8990:
8986:
8980:
8977:
8975:
8972:
8971:
8969:
8965:
8961:
8954:
8949:
8947:
8942:
8940:
8935:
8934:
8931:
8919:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8909:
8906:
8904:
8901:
8899:
8896:
8895:
8893:
8889:
8883:
8880:
8878:
8875:
8873:
8870:
8868:
8865:
8863:
8860:
8858:
8857:New Vancouver
8855:
8853:
8850:
8848:
8845:
8843:
8840:
8839:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8825:
8822:
8820:
8817:
8815:
8812:
8810:
8807:
8805:
8802:
8800:
8797:
8795:
8792:
8790:
8787:
8785:
8782:
8780:
8777:
8775:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8751:
8749:
8747:
8745:First Nations
8741:
8736:
8726:
8723:
8721:
8718:
8716:
8713:
8711:
8708:
8706:
8703:
8701:
8698:
8696:
8693:
8691:
8690:ʼNakʼwaxdaʼxw
8688:
8686:
8683:
8681:
8678:
8676:
8673:
8671:
8668:
8666:
8663:
8661:
8658:
8656:
8653:
8651:
8648:
8646:
8643:
8641:
8638:
8636:
8633:
8632:
8630:
8626:
8622:
8620:Kwakwakaʼwakw
8613:
8608:
8606:
8601:
8599:
8594:
8593:
8590:
8584:
8581:
8579:
8576:
8573:
8569:
8566:
8564:
8561:
8559:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8549:
8546:
8544:
8541:
8540:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8471:
8467:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8451:
8447:
8443:
8439:
8435:
8431:
8427:
8423:
8419:
8415:
8411:
8407:
8403:
8399:
8395:
8391:
8387:
8383:
8379:
8375:
8371:
8367:
8363:
8359:
8355:
8351:
8347:
8343:
8339:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8282:(140): 34–82.
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8261:
8257:
8253:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8236:
8222:
8215:
8208:
8194:
8190:
8184:
8182:
8167:
8163:
8156:
8148:
8142:
8139:. UBC Press.
8138:
8137:
8129:
8123:
8118:
8107:
8103:
8096:
8090:
8075:on 2011-08-28
8074:
8070:
8066:
8060:
8052:
8048:
8044:
8040:
8033:
8025:
8019:
8010:
8008:
8006:
7991:
7987:
7981:
7967:
7963:
7957:
7943:
7939:
7933:
7919:on 2013-09-15
7918:
7914:
7910:
7903:
7889:
7883:
7877:
7872:
7864:
7858:
7842:
7838:
7832:
7816:
7812:
7811:
7806:
7799:
7780:
7776:
7775:
7767:
7760:
7753:
7747:
7739:
7731:
7727:
7726:
7720:
7713:
7706:
7700:
7685:
7681:
7675:
7671:
7663:
7660:
7658:
7644:
7641:
7638:
7635:
7632:
7629:
7626:
7623:
7620:
7617:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7602:
7599:
7596:
7592:
7589:
7587:
7584:
7582:
7579:
7577:
7574:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7557:
7554:
7552:
7549:
7547:
7544:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7517:
7514:
7510:
7506:
7502:
7499:
7496:
7493:
7490:
7487:
7484:
7481:
7478:
7475:
7472:
7469:
7466:
7463:
7460:
7457:
7453:
7450:
7447:
7445:
7442:
7440:
7437:
7435:
7432:
7430:
7427:
7425:
7422:
7420:
7417:
7415:
7412:
7409:
7407:
7404:
7402:
7399:
7397:
7394:
7392:
7389:
7387:
7384:
7382:
7379:
7377:
7374:
7370:
7366:
7362:
7359:
7356:
7353:
7350:
7347:
7344:
7341:
7338:
7335:
7332:
7329:
7326:
7323:
7320:
7317:
7313:
7310:
7307:
7305:
7302:
7300:
7297:
7295:
7292:
7290:
7287:
7285:
7282:
7280:
7277:
7275:
7272:
7270:
7267:
7265:
7262:
7260:
7257:
7255:
7252:
7250:
7247:
7245:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7235:
7232:
7228:
7222:
7220:
7216:
7202:
7199:
7195:
7193:
7190:
7189:
7185:
7181:
7178:
7174:
7171:
7167:
7164:
7163:
7159:
7155:
7153:
7150:
7146:
7143:
7142:
7138:
7135:
7132:
7130:
7129:
7119:
7117:
7115:
7112:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7099:
7096:
7092:
7090:
7087:
7083:
7080:
7076:
7073:
7069:
7068:
7065:
7063:
7061:
7058:
7054:
7052:
7049:
7045:
7042:
7038:
7036:
7033:
7029:
7026:
7022:
7017:
7015:
7011:
7007:
7003:
7000:
6996:
6993:
6989:
6986:
6982:
6979:
6975:
6973:
6970:
6966:
6963:
6959:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6938:
6934:
6931:
6927:
6924:
6920:
6917:
6913:
6910:
6906:
6903:
6899:
6896:
6892:
6889:
6885:
6882:
6878:
6877:
6873:
6869:
6866:
6862:
6859:
6855:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6839:
6836:
6832:
6829:
6825:
6822:
6818:
6815:
6811:
6810:
6806:
6799:
6795:
6792:
6788:
6785:
6781:
6778:
6774:
6771:
6767:
6764:
6760:
6757:
6753:
6750:
6746:
6743:
6739:
6736:
6732:
6730:
6725:
6721:
6715:
6710:
6707:
6703:
6698:
6695:
6691:
6688:
6684:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6670:
6665:
6660:
6655:
6650:
6644:
6641:
6630:
6625:
6623:
6619:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6594:
6588:
6580:
6576:
6574:
6564:
6561:
6560:Kwakwakaʼwakw
6545:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6533:
6532:
6528:
6525:
6522:
6519:
6516:
6515:
6511:
6508:
6505:
6502:
6499:
6498:
6494:ɢʷəɢʷaːχʷəlaɬ
6492:
6487:
6482:
6477:
6474:
6473:
6469:
6466:
6463:
6460:
6458:
6457:
6449:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6437:
6434:
6431:
6428:
6425:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6413:
6410:
6407:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6377:
6374:
6372:
6369:
6367:
6364:
6362:
6359:
6357:
6354:
6352:
6349:
6347:
6344:
6342:
6339:
6337:
6334:
6332:
6329:
6327:
6324:
6322:
6319:
6315:
6311:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6271:
6268:
6265:
6262:
6258:
6255:
6252:
6250:
6247:
6245:
6242:
6240:
6237:
6235:
6232:
6230:
6227:
6225:
6222:
6220:
6217:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6156:
6153:
6150:
6147:
6144:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6132:
6129:
6126:
6123:
6120:
6116:
6113:
6110:
6108:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6095:
6093:
6090:
6088:
6085:
6083:
6080:
6078:
6075:
6073:
6070:
6068:
6065:
6063:
6060:
6058:
6055:
6053:
6050:
6048:
6045:
6043:
6040:
6038:
6035:
6031:
6020:
6018:
6014:
6010:
6005:
6003:
5997:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5964:
5962:
5958:
5952:
5948:
5941:
5939:
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5919:
5913:
5911:
5910:Anderson 1984
5907:
5902:
5899:
5895:
5892:
5887:
5884:
5879:
5873:
5868:
5865:
5860:
5857:
5852:
5846:
5841:
5838:
5833:
5830:
5825:
5822:
5814:
5811:
5809:
5805:
5799:
5791:
5789:
5785:
5779:
5766:
5764:
5758:
5744:
5739:
5734:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5719:
5714:
5709:
5704:
5701:
5700:
5694:
5689:
5684:
5679:
5676:
5672:
5666:
5661:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5623:
5622:
5616:
5611:
5606:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5569:
5566:Instrumental
5565:
5562:
5559:
5558:
5552:Verbal forms
5548:
5545:
5541:
5539:
5533:
5517:
5511:
5505:
5499:
5496:
5495:
5488:
5482:
5480:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5460:
5454:
5448:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5431:
5425:
5419:
5413:
5410:
5406:
5399:
5393:
5387:
5381:
5378:
5377:
5370:
5364:
5358:
5352:
5349:
5345:
5341:
5338:
5335:
5332:
5331:
5321:
5318:
5306:
5300:
5294:
5291:
5290:
5282:
5276:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5255:
5249:
5239:
5236:
5235:
5227:
5217:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5192:
5186:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5168:
5162:
5152:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5136:
5131:
5128:
5125:
5121:
5119:
5115:
5108:
5100:
5087:
5081:
5075:
5069:
5063:
5060:
5059:
5052:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5023:
5017:
5014:
5011:
5008:
5005:
5004:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4981:
4974:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4951:
4948:
4945:
4942:
4939:
4937:
4936:
4933:
4931:
4929:Instrumental
4928:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4920:
4917:
4915:
4909:
4896:
4890:
4885:
4880:
4875:
4872:
4871:
4864:
4861:
4856:
4853:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4837:
4831:
4828:
4825:
4822:
4819:
4818:
4811:
4808:
4805:
4802:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4788:
4782:
4779:
4776:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4765:
4762:
4759:
4756:
4753:
4751:
4750:
4747:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4731:
4729:
4725:
4712:
4706:
4700:
4694:
4684:
4678:
4675:
4674:
4663:
4653:
4643:
4633:
4627:
4621:
4618:
4617:
4610:
4604:
4598:
4592:
4586:
4580:
4577:
4576:
4572:
4569:
4566:
4563:
4560:
4557:
4556:
4553:Instrumental
4543:
4540:
4538:
4534:
4521:
4515:
4509:
4506:
4505:
4498:
4492:
4486:
4483:
4479:
4472:
4462:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4445:
4439:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4419:
4413:
4407:
4404:
4403:
4396:
4390:
4384:
4381:
4377:
4374:Instrumental
4373:
4370:
4367:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4345:
4339:
4333:
4327:
4321:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4307:
4301:
4295:
4289:
4286:
4285:
4282:
4280:
4278:
4272:
4269:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4250:
4244:
4241:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4222:
4216:
4213:
4207:
4204:
4203:
4200:Instrumental
4199:
4196:
4193:
4191:Instrumental
4190:
4187:
4184:
4183:
4173:
4170:
4167:
4151:
4146:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4116:
4113:
4112:
4106:
4101:
4098:
4097:
4091:
4086:
4083:
4082:
4076:
4071:
4068:
4067:
4061:
4056:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4043:
4040:
4039:
4033:
4028:
4025:
4024:
4020:
4017:
4015:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4005:
3998:
3997:typologically
3988:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3965:
3959:
3952:
3946:
3939:
3936:
3929:
3922:
3916:
3909:
3906:
3899:
3892:
3889:
3883:
3876:
3870:
3863:
3860:
3854:
3847:
3841:
3834:
3831:
3829:qʼaːsadzikʲas
3825:
3818:
3812:
3805:
3802:
3796:
3789:
3783:
3776:
3773:
3767:
3760:
3754:
3747:
3744:
3738:
3731:
3725:
3718:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3686:
3680:
3673:
3667:
3660:
3658:"they took").
3657:
3651:
3644:
3641:
3635:
3628:
3621:
3615:Aspect: e.g.
3614:
3611:
3606:"tallow" and
3605:
3599:
3593:
3587:
3580:
3577:
3571:
3564:
3558:
3551:
3548:
3542:
3535:
3529:
3522:
3519:
3513:
3506:
3500:
3493:
3490:
3484:
3477:
3471:
3464:
3461:
3459:ʔaleːwədzəweʔ
3455:
3448:
3442:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3431:
3421:
3419:
3415:
3411:
3400:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3370:"really dry"
3369:
3364:
3359:
3356:
3355:
3351:
3346:
3341:
3338:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3319:
3316:
3315:
3312:"very first"
3311:
3306:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3265:
3262:
3261:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3239:
3234:
3229:
3226:
3225:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3161:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3147:
3145:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3128:
3120:
3107:to turn into
3101:
3095:
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3082:
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3076:
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3057:
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3018:
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3008:
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2798:
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2597:
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2209:
2204:
2201:
2198:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2151:
2148:
2145:
2142:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2058:
2055:
2052:
2049:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1986:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1966:
1963:
1957:
1954:
1951:
1946:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1922:
1919:
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1911:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1888:
1885:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1870:
1867:
1864:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1842:
1839:
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1698:
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1669:
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1641:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1621:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1602:
1599:
1594:
1589:
1584:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1569:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1553:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1542:hardens to .
1513:
1508:
1495:/ "canoe"; /=
1436:
1410:
1405:
1403:
1399:
1389:
1387:
1383:
1379:
1378:reduplication
1375:
1371:
1370:morphological
1361:
1359:
1353:
1351:
1347:
1346:Wilson (1986)
1342:
1340:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1319:
1313:
1297:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1272:
1270:
1268:
1263:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1249:
1244:
1239:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1201:
1199:
1196:
1192:
1189:
1185:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1132:
1128:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1110:
1107:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1091:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1047:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1018:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
988:
984:
979:
976:
972:
967:
962:
960:
957:
953:
950:
946:
943:
939:
936:
932:
929:
925:
923:
918:
914:
908:
903:
900:
896:
893:
889:
886:
882:
879:
875:
872:
868:
867:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
833:
830:
825:
823:
819:
809:
807:
803:
799:
795:
792:
784:
780:
777:
767:
764:
762:
757:
755:
751:
747:
742:
740:
739:Quadra Island
736:
730:
728:
724:
715:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
669:Kwakʼwala is
667:
665:
661:
657:
653:
647:
645:
641:
637:
633:
629:
625:
624:Kwakwakaʼwakw
621:
615:
579:
575:
569:
533:
524:
520:
507:
504:
500:
497:
494:
490:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
464:
458:
452:
449:
441:
436:
429:
424:
421:
418:
416:
412:
408:
404:
402:
401:
396:
392:
388:
385:
380:
375:
370:
367:
364:
361:
358:
357:
356:
352:
344:
341:
340:
338:
337:
336:
332:
328:
322:
318:
312:
309:
308:Kwakwakaʼwakw
305:
301:
298:
294:
290:
287:
284:
280:
273:
268:
263:
258:
249:
246:
231:
221:
216:
212:
205:
195:
185:
178:
173:
164:
163:
154:
151:
143:
140:November 2009
132:
129:
125:
122:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101: –
100:
96:
95:Find sources:
89:
85:
79:
78:
73:This article
71:
67:
62:
61:
56:
54:
47:
46:
41:
40:
35:
30:
21:
20:
9572:
9559:
9519:Plautdietsch
9323:
9180:Inuvialuktun
8917:
8670:Dzawadaʼenux
8640:Mamalilikala
8572:Archive copy
8527:
8505:
8501:
8485:
8473:
8470:Grubb, David
8461:
8458:Grubb, David
8449:
8421:
8417:
8389:
8385:
8357:
8353:
8325:
8321:
8299:
8295:
8279:
8275:
8263:
8259:
8247:
8243:
8232:Bibliography
8220:
8207:
8196:. Retrieved
8192:
8169:. Retrieved
8165:
8155:
8135:
8128:
8117:
8106:the original
8101:
8089:
8077:. Retrieved
8073:the original
8068:
8059:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8018:
7993:. Retrieved
7989:
7980:
7969:. Retrieved
7965:
7956:
7945:. Retrieved
7941:
7932:
7921:. Retrieved
7917:the original
7912:
7902:
7891:. Retrieved
7882:
7871:
7857:
7847:September 2,
7845:. Retrieved
7841:the original
7831:
7819:. Retrieved
7815:the original
7808:
7798:
7786:. Retrieved
7779:the original
7772:
7759:
7751:
7746:
7723:
7712:
7704:
7699:
7688:. Retrieved
7683:
7674:
7661:
7654:
7218:
7212:
6627:
6617:
6615:
6602:
6598:
6590:
6586:
6585:
6570:
6556:
6006:
5998:
5986:
5970:
5960:
5954:
5950:
5944:
5942:
5922:definiteness
5916:A number of
5915:
5903:
5900:
5897:
5893:
5890:
5885:
5882:
5874:
5871:
5866:
5863:
5858:
5855:
5847:
5844:
5839:
5836:
5831:
5828:
5823:
5820:
5812:
5801:
5795:
5792:
5781:
5775:
5772:
5760:
5754:
5752:
5542:
5535:
5528:
5526:
5342:Postnominal
5336:Postnominal
5316:
5142:Postnominal
5122:
5110:
5103:
5096:
4911:
4908:periphrastic
4905:
4721:
4564:Consonantal
4536:
4532:
4530:
4354:
4168:
4164:
4001:
3994:
3974:
3961:
3954:
3948:
3941:
3931:
3924:
3918:
3911:
3901:
3894:
3885:
3878:
3872:
3865:
3856:
3849:
3843:
3836:
3827:
3820:
3814:
3807:
3798:
3791:
3785:
3778:
3769:
3762:
3756:
3749:
3740:
3733:
3727:
3720:
3711:
3704:
3698:
3691:
3682:
3675:
3669:
3662:
3653:
3646:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3616:
3607:
3601:
3595:
3589:
3582:
3573:
3566:
3560:
3553:
3544:
3537:
3531:
3524:
3515:
3508:
3502:
3495:
3486:
3479:
3473:
3466:
3457:
3450:
3446:maːxtsʼaxʲsa
3444:
3437:
3427:
3418:inflectional
3414:derivational
3406:
3403:Morphosyntax
3398:
3326:jˀəjˀuːɡʷamˀ
3308:ɡʲəɡʲaːlaʔəm
3290:ɡʲəɡʲuːkʷʼəm
3148:
3140:
3129:
3121:
3097:
3089:
3088:
2726:˘+= or CaRaC
2720:˘+= or CaRaC
1787:
1544:
1509:
1451:/ "away"; /=
1437:
1406:
1401:
1397:
1395:
1376:(except for
1367:
1354:
1343:
1325:
1311:
1288:Grubb (1969)
1286:
1282:
820:contrast in
815:
773:
765:
758:
750:First Voices
744:A Kwakʼwala
743:
731:
720:
668:
648:
577:
573:
531:
530:
505:
460:
398:
342:
241:
225:
211:ISO 639 code
207:}}
201:{{
197:}}
191:{{
187:}}
181:{{
176:
146:
137:
127:
120:
113:
106:
94:
82:Please help
77:verification
74:
50:
43:
37:
36:Please help
33:
9357:Assiniboine
9246:Bella Coola
9165:Inuinnaqtun
8665:Maʼamtagila
8660:Daʼnaxdaʼxw
8655:Aʼwaʼetʼala
8508:: 283–291.
8414:Boas, Franz
8382:Boas, Franz
8350:Boas, Franz
8318:Boas, Franz
8288:Boas, Franz
8272:Boas, Franz
8256:Bach, Emmon
7990:Global News
7966:FirstVoices
7942:FirstVoices
7707:, Edinburgh
7209:Orthography
7072:glottalized
6540:ga̱łʼmisa̱n
6523:gelhʼmisehn
6467:"six kinds"
6017:Americanist
6002:David Grubb
5993:George Hunt
5967:Orthography
5956:bəɡʷanəmaχa
5932:(including
5628:nuːɡʷənuxʼʷ
5139:2nd person
5137:Prenominal:
5134:1st person
5132:Prenominal:
4730:relation.)
4570:Consonantal
4558:Consonantal
4533:consonantal
4357:deictically
4180:Prenominal
4177:Pronominal
4018:Indicative
3871:"perhaps" (
3845:χənt͡ɬəlalˀ
3800:qʼʷaːsabuɬa
3787:xʷəljalisəm
3758:xʲaːmˀaʔənχ
3684:ɢʷalaxʲənts
3661:Mode: e.g.
3514:"in mind" (
3504:teːkʼʷəpəla
3475:t͡ɬeːχʼʷstu
3348:χəχaːnˀaʔəm
3159:Root class
1705:pʼaːpʼətsʼa
1688:kʼʲəmtɬʼala
1350:Boas (1947)
1306:; /e/ from
1302:; /u/ from
1296:Bach (1975)
1235:glottalized
791:glottalized
475:instead of
99:"Kwakʼwala"
9593:Categories
9256:Halkomelem
9069:Athabaskan
9059:Potawatomi
8996:Algonquian
8847:Gwayasdums
8705:Gwatʼsinux
8680:Gwawaʼenux
8524:Zec, Draga
8198:2019-06-13
8171:2019-06-13
7995:2023-05-11
7971:2022-10-27
7947:2022-10-27
7923:2012-12-02
7893:2012-12-02
7740:required.)
7719:"Kwakiutl"
7690:2018-05-21
7666:References
7594:Lowercase
7512:Uppercase
7455:Lowercase
7372:Uppercase
7315:Lowercase
7230:Uppercase
6640:Consonants
6609:people of
6506:g̣ᴇłᵋmisᴇn
6484:ɡʲəɬmˀisən
6402:Lowercase
6317:Uppercase
6260:Lowercase
6175:Uppercase
6118:Lowercase
6033:Uppercase
5989:Franz Boas
5934:accusative
5891:tʼəlwaɢaju
5783:jəχakʼʷasʼ
5727:elsewhere
5638:ɡʲaχənuxʼʷ
5624:exclusive
5599:inclusive
5497:invisible
5469:elsewhere
5440:invisible
5379:invisible
5339:Prenominal
5333:Prenominal
5292:invisible
5265:elsewhere
5237:invisible
5178:invisible
5046:setsənuxʼʷ
4887:ɡʲaχənuxʼʷ
4858:ɡʲaχənuxʼʷ
4834:ənuxʼʷut͡ɬ
4507:invisible
4454:invisible
4405:invisible
3985:pronominal
3930:"oh if!" (
3887:ladzat͡ɬən
3755:"season" (
3723:(xʲ)sanala
3569:ajadzəwˀaɬ
3501:"throat" (
3254:χaːkʲʼaʔəm
3218:qʼaqʼajˀəm
1756:tsʼulˀəmja
1683:kʼʲəmdləkʷ
1557:Hardening
1554:Weakening
829:Consonants
812:Consonants
779:Sprachbund
695:instrument
644:endangered
574:Kwak̓wala,
295:along the
110:newspapers
39:improve it
9524:Ukrainian
9459:Cantonese
9324:Kwakʼwala
9223:Tuscarora
9190:Iroquoian
9170:Inuktitut
9142:Tsuutʼina
9092:Chipewyan
9087:Chilcotin
9014:Blackfoot
9009:Algonquin
8918:Kwakʼwala
8908:Mythology
8842:Memkumlis
8700:Gusgimukw
8685:Haxwaʼmis
8650:Ławitʼsis
8406:143779471
8374:144062209
8342:143653837
7219:Kwakʼwala
6952:Fricative
6735:voiceless
6729:Affricate
6634:Phonology
6603:Kwakʼwala
6537:hiʼa̱mtli
6479:hiʔəmt͡ɬi
5946:kʷixidida
5906:Boas 1947
5867:sea otter
5808:Boas 1947
5788:Boas 1947
5702:near-you
5674:3sg./pl.
5649:2sg./pl.
5603:nuːɡʷənts
5408:near-you
5202:near-you
5118:Boas 1947
4952:3sg./pl.
4949:2-sg./pl.
4785:ənt͡ɬut͡ɬ
4766:3sg./pl.
4763:2-sg./pl.
4728:reflexive
4724:extension
4316:3sg./pl.
4287:2sg./pl.
4093:laːʔəɡʲaʔ
4008:Boas 1947
3977:predicate
3874:suːɡʲanəm
3826:"large" (
3736:amənqʷəla
3562:qaːsaxʲid
3430:Boas 1947
3410:Boas 1947
3366:lələmwˀəm
3330:jˀuːɡʷamˀ
3144:Boas 1947
3094:Boas 1947
3049:-" or ˘+=
2554:-" or ˘+=
2547:˘+= or ˈ-
2495:-" or ˘+=
2387:-+˘ or -+
2372:-" or -+=
2369:-" or ˘+=
2366:-" or ˘+=
2363:-" or ˘+=
2357:-" or ˘+=
2105:-" or ˘+=
2093:˘+= or -"
1790:Boas 1947
1751:tsʼuːlatu
1615:ɢaːɢəkʼʲa
1596:watʼiːniʔ
1512:fortition
1382:fortition
1374:suffixing
1121:Fricative
928:voiceless
922:Affricate
818:airstream
798:ejectives
770:Phonology
532:Kwakʼwala
506:Kwak̓wala
420:Kwak̓wala
400:Glottolog
384:ISO 639-3
343:Kwakʼwala
303:Ethnicity
265:Kwak̓wala
260:Kwakʼwala
228:June 2021
45:talk page
9454:Mandarin
9309:Ditidaht
9301:Wakashan
9291:Thompson
9286:Squamish
9276:shíshálh
9266:Okanagan
9261:Lillooet
9238:Salishan
9213:Onondaga
9147:Tutchone
9102:Gwichʼin
8898:Potlatch
8852:Kalugwis
8834:Villages
8695:Gwaʼsala
8526:(1994).
8496:(1986).
8484:(2000).
8472:(1977).
8460:(1969).
8448:(2007).
8290:(1900).
8079:4 August
8051:30028391
7136:Central
7014:Sonorant
6881:ejective
6687:sibilant
6654:Alveolar
6599:Liḵʼwala
6593:Liq̓ʷala
6587:Liqʼwala
6573:Liqʼwala
6567:Liqʼwala
6553:Dialects
6534:Uʼmista
6520:hi7emtli
6503:heʼᵋᴇmʟe
6450:ʼ
5837:bəɡʷanəm
5677:near-me
5613:ɡʲaχənts
5472:visible
5411:visible
5350:visible
5347:near-me
5268:visible
5205:visible
5183:ɡʲinuxʼʷ
5150:visible
5147:near-me
5099:genitive
5061:3sg./pl.
5032:2sg./pl.
5026:ənuxʼʷas
5020:ənuxʼʷus
4922:Subject
4882:ɡʲaχənts
4873:3sg./pl.
4846:2sg./pl.
4840:ənuxʼʷaq
4736:Subject
4573:Vocalic
4547:Subject
4484:visible
4431:visible
4382:visible
4368:Subject
4275:əntsuxʼʷ
4266:əntsuxʼʷ
4153:laːʔijˀa
4054:2sg./pl.
3963:jəpəmliɬ
3920:saʔid͡la
3858:laʔəŋɡʲa
3771:qʼaːɡʷid
3739:"some" (
3726:"some" (
3639:xʲuːsaɬa
3626:məmiːχəs
3609:jaːsikʷa
3543:"long" (
3533:malˀuːkʷ
3488:mˀəɡʷiːs
3443:"away" (
3272:ɬaːlaʔəm
3236:wˀadaʔəm
2940:– or ˘+=
2884:– or ˘+=
2732:– or ˘+=
2729:˘+= or –
2723:– or ˘+=
2629:– or ˘+-
2606:– or ˘+=
2354:– or -+˘
2096:– or ˘+=
2090:– or V+=
2050:-+˘ or –
2033:– or ˘+=
2027:= or ˘+=
1961:or CVC*a
1955:– or ˘+=
1929:– or V+=
1773:siːwˀala
1734:dlaːwaju
1722:maːmanˀa
1717:mənatsʼi
1700:pʼəjaːju
1671:jaːqʼʷəs
1580:'pinch'
1560:Meaning
1481:ɡʲətɬəla
1409:lenition
1386:lenition
1339:Zec 1994
1177:Sonorant
1059:ejective
878:sibilant
843:Alveolar
838:Bilabial
822:plosives
620:Wakashan
618:), is a
578:Kwakiutl
502:Language
481:Help:IPA
407:kwak1269
369:Liq̓ʷala
365:Nak̕wala
362:G̱uc̓ala
354:Dialects
339:Northern
335:Wakashan
9489:Italian
9469:Spanish
9464:Punjabi
9388:Tlingit
9383:Kutenai
9373:Beothuk
9281:Shuswap
9271:Saanich
9228:Wyandot
9175:Inupiaq
9137:Tahltan
9082:Carrier
9044:Naskapi
9034:Miꞌkmaq
9004:Abenaki
8974:English
8720:Wiwekam
8715:Wekaʼyi
8645:ʼNamgis
8635:Kwaguʼł
8438:1005538
8266:: 9–19.
7126:Vowels
6724:Plosive
6694:lateral
6674:Glottal
6659:Palatal
5918:clitics
5824:clubbed
5643:jənuxʼʷ
5633:jənuxʼʷ
5560:Subject
4977:ənt͡ɬas
4971:ənt͡ɬus
4791:ənt͡ɬaq
4743:Object
4567:Vocalic
4561:Vocalic
4550:Object
4537:vocalic
4371:Object
4219:ən(t͡ɬ)
4210:ən(t͡ɬ)
4194:Subject
4185:Subject
4108:laːʔuχʷ
4078:laːʔəkʲ
3981:clitics
3927:niʔsd͡l
3649:xʲdaʔχʷ
3603:jaːsikʷ
3379:pʼədəkʲ
3182:maːnˀəm
3030:tsʼəɬkʲ
2977:ɡʲəmˀxʲ
2454:˘+- or
2396:– or -+
1821:Suffix
1777:paddle
1768:siːwaju
1739:dlaːwˀa
1678:kʼʲəmtɬ
1666:jaːɢʷis
1634:bəkʼʷəs
1629:bəɡʷiːs
1591:waːdəkʷ
1576:ʔiːpʼid
1571:ʔiːbaju
1501:χtɬəjˀa
1455:/ or /=
1402:neutral
917:Plosive
885:lateral
871:central
863:Glottal
848:Palatal
800:at all
709:History
687:subject
522:Country
477:Unicode
220:See why
124:scholar
9484:German
9479:Arabic
9438:Michif
9423:Bungee
9347:Stoney
9339:Siouan
9314:Haisla
9218:Seneca
9208:Oneida
9203:Mohawk
9198:Cayuga
9132:Tagish
9127:Slavey
9122:Sekani
9117:Nicola
9097:Dogrib
9054:Ottawa
9049:Ojibwe
9039:Munsee
8979:French
8882:Tsaxis
8867:Gwaʼyi
8436:
8404:
8372:
8340:
8143:
8049:
7821:13 May
7788:20 May
7133:Front
6814:voiced
6669:Uvular
6649:Labial
6618:Mirror
6517:Grubb
5926:deixis
5821:kʷixid
5777:kʼʷasʼ
5769:Syntax
5696:jəsɡʲa
5691:laχɡʲa
5686:jəχɡʲa
5585:ɡʲaχən
5575:nuːɡʷa
5563:Object
5402:ɡʲaʔəs
5297:ənuxʼʷ
5273:ənuxʼʷ
5159:ɡʲints
5078:ənuxʼʷ
5037:setsən
5000:əntsas
4877:ɡʲaχən
4850:ɡʲaχən
4814:əntsaq
4613:sɡʲada
4601:χɡʲada
4197:Object
4188:Object
4138:laːʔiʔ
4123:laːʔuʔ
4088:laɡʲaʔ
4035:laːʔən
3868:ɡʲanəm
3852:ʔəŋɡʲa
3781:alisəm
3713:ʔamdəɬ
3285:ɡʲuːkʷ
3168:Gloss
2920:jəŋkʲʼ
2603:˘+=(a)
2530:jˀuːɡʷ
2341:ɡʲuːkʷ
2276:tsʼəmˀ
1746:tsʼuːɬ
1654:wənqʼa
1649:wənɢiɬ
1638:'man'
1610:ɢəɡʲad
1497:χsikʲa
1332:moraic
1310:; and
1279:Vowels
996:voiced
858:Uvular
761:Mitacs
746:iPhone
693:, and
691:object
683:person
681:, and
679:aspect
572:), or
492:People
448:UNESCO
306:3,665
292:Region
286:Canada
126:
119:
112:
105:
97:
9378:Haida
9366:other
9352:Sioux
9251:Comox
9157:Inuit
9112:Kaska
8903:Music
8877:Takus
8872:Baʼas
8862:Yalis
8434:JSTOR
8402:S2CID
8370:S2CID
8338:S2CID
8217:(PDF)
8109:(PDF)
8098:(PDF)
8047:JSTOR
7782:(PDF)
7769:(PDF)
7734:
7144:High
7139:Back
7019:plain
6712:plain
6700:plain
6681:plain
6664:Velar
6500:Boas
5877:INSTR
5864:qʼasa
5721:jəsuχ
5716:laχuχ
5711:jəχuχ
5668:jut͡ɬ
5663:lat͡ɬ
5658:jut͡ɬ
5618:jənts
5608:jənts
5596:1pl.
5571:1sg.
5434:(a)χs
5258:(a)qʼ
4666:suχda
4646:χuχda
4589:ɡʲada
4422:sɡʲaʔ
4416:χɡʲaʔ
4205:1sg.
4063:laːsa
3839:lˀ(a)
3597:ʔamχa
3540:tsʼaq
3440:axʲsa
3361:ləmχʷ
3321:juːɡʷ
3303:ɡʲaːl
3249:χəkʲʼ
3162:Root
3136:trema
3134:with
2973:CəRˀT
2916:CəRTʼ
2865:məndz
2645:waːnˀ
2585:siːqʼ
2420:qʼuːm
2206:χəkʲʼ
2183:= (?)
1847:Shape
1844:Class
1800:Root
1763:siːχʷ
1729:dlaχʷ
1551:Root
1479:; (=)
1463:; (=)
1457:toʔji
1453:təwiʔ
1449:əxʲsa
1445:əχsta
1384:, or
1316:/əwa/
1314:from
1308:/əja/
1182:plain
905:plain
853:Velar
131:JSTOR
117:books
9024:Innu
9019:Cree
8141:ISBN
8081:2015
7849:2017
7823:2023
7790:2011
7191:Low
7165:Mid
6717:lab.
6706:lab.
6597:and
6557:The
6475:IPA
5951:-ida
5936:and
5930:case
5928:and
5894:club
5886:-his
5859:-the
5832:-the
5829:-ida
5463:qʼəs
5390:ɡʲaʔ
5384:ɡʲas
5373:ɡʲas
5355:ɡʲas
5246:ənts
5230:(a)q
5214:ənts
5189:ɡʲas
5165:ɡʲas
5155:ɡʲin
5072:ənts
4957:1sg.
4940:1sg.
4913:ɡʲaχ
4893:ut͡ɬ
4771:1sg.
4754:1sg.
4630:uχda
4607:sɡʲa
4595:χɡʲa
4410:ɡʲaʔ
4399:səkʲ
4393:qəkʲ
4298:ut͡ɬ
4247:ənts
4238:ənts
4148:laːʔ
4073:lakʲ
4049:---
4045:lekʲ
4041:1pl.
4026:1sg.
3944:ɡʲəɬ
3914:id͡l
3810:kʲas
3794:buɬa
3633:aːɬa
3619:(ə)s
3591:ʔamχ
3556:xʲid
3498:pəla
3469:ʔstu
3453:ʔdzu
3416:and
3343:χanˀ
3267:ɬəlˀ
3231:wˀəd
3213:qʼəj
3195:kʲən
3177:məxʲ
3132:dash
3090:Key:
3083:-+˘
3026:CəTT
2861:CəRD
2759:-+=
2753:-+=˘
2701:qəns
2697:CVRT
2641:CVRˀ
2581:CVTʼ
2408:-+˘
2272:CəRˀ
2202:CəTʼ
2139:wˀəd
2127:-+˘
2062:-+˘
1941:or +
1850:e.g.
1712:məxʲ
1695:pʼəs
1661:jaqʷ
1644:wənq
1624:bəkʷ
1605:ɢəkʲ
1566:ʔiːp
1532:/χʷ/
1530:and
1528:/xʷ/
1524:/xʲ/
1505:tɬiʔ
1491:; /=
1485:χəkʷ
1465:ɡʲəɬ
1425:/χʷ/
1423:and
1421:/xʷ/
1417:/xʲ/
1400:and
1335:coda
1304:/əw/
1300:/əj/
910:lab.
899:lab.
892:pal.
675:mood
184:lang
103:news
9107:Hän
8913:Art
8570:. (
8510:doi
8426:doi
8394:doi
8362:doi
8330:doi
8304:doi
7639:y̓
7633:x̌ʷ
7603:q̓ʷ
7576:X̌ʷ
7526:Q̓ʷ
7500:p̓
7485:m̓
7461:k̓ʷ
7381:K̓ʷ
7363:k̓
7345:gʷ
7330:c̓
6944:qʷʼ
6930:kʷʼ
6909:tɬʼ
6902:tsʼ
6441:x̱w
6435:xw
6420:t̓s
6414:t̓ł
6411:tł
6381:X̱w
6346:T̓s
6336:T̓ł
6296:ʼn
6275:ḵ̓w
6272:ḵ̓
6263:k̓w
6199:Ḵ̓w
6179:K̓w
6166:k̓
6151:g̱w
6148:g̱
6133:dł
6087:G̱w
6015:or
6013:IPA
5961:-χa
5883:-is
5856:-χa
5850:OBJ
5840:man
5790:).
5756:ɡaχ
5746:jəs
5741:laq
5736:jəχ
5681:ɡʲa
5590:jən
5580:jən
5534:or
5396:ɡʲa
5367:ɡʲa
5285:(i)
5252:uχs
5244:, -
5222:, -
5212:, -
5195:ɡʲa
5157:, -
5055:sis
4867:siq
4691:ida
4689:; -
4687:ida
4668:; -
4658:; -
4656:suχ
4650:χʷa
4648:; -
4638:; -
4636:χuχ
4583:ɡʲa
4475:suʔ
4469:quʔ
4467:; -
4465:qʼʷ
4448:suχ
4118:laʔ
4103:laχ
4058:las
4030:lən
3904:tˈa
3881:dza
3823:dzi
3752:ənχ
3527:ukʷ
3328:or
3115:or
3058:˘+=
3055:˘+=
3052:˘+=
3046:˘+=
2970:C6.
2961:˘+-
2948:v+=
2943:˘+=
2937:˘+=
2913:C5.
2904:˘+-
2891:v+=
2881:v+=
2858:C4.
2811:C3.
2764:C2.
2756:-+˘
2750:-+=
2747:-+˘
2738:˘+=
2735:˘+=
2694:C1.
2670:˘+=
2663:˘+=
2638:B6.
2626:-+˘
2623:˘+-
2614:v+=
2611:˘+=
2578:B5.
2557:˘+=
2526:CVD
2523:B4.
2510:˘+-
2474:CVY
2471:B3.
2460:-+˘
2443:˘+=
2416:CVR
2413:B2.
2393:-+v
2378:˘+=
2375:˘+=
2337:CVT
2334:B1.
2329:+˘
2317:˘+=
2314:˘+=
2311:˘+=
2269:A6.
2264:+˘
2242:˘+=
2199:A5.
2194:+˘
2135:CəD
2132:A4.
2124:-+˘
2121:-+˘
2118:-+˘
2115:-+˘
2108:˘+=
2102:˘+=
2099:˘+=
2074:dəy
2070:CəY
2067:A3.
2059:-+˘
2056:-+˘
2053:-+˘
2041:˘+=
2038:˘+=
2030:˘+=
2024:-+=
2005:kən
2001:CəR
1998:A2.
1993:+v
1964:˘+=
1916:nəp
1912:CəT
1909:A1.
1586:wat
1540:/ɬ/
1536:/χ/
1520:/s/
1516:/s/
1489:/s/
1461:/s/
1433:/ɬ/
1429:/χ/
1413:/s/
1360:).
1112:qʷʼ
1100:kʷʼ
1095:kʲʼ
1087:tɬʼ
1080:tsʼ
630:in
463:IPA
415:ELP
391:kwk
204:IPA
86:by
9595::
9576:-
8506:12
8504:.
8500:.
8432:.
8422:37
8420:.
8400:.
8388:.
8368:.
8356:.
8336:.
8324:.
8298:.
8294:.
8280:31
8278:.
8262:.
8248:16
8246:.
8219:.
8191:.
8180:^
8164:.
8100:.
8067:.
8043:36
8041:.
8004:^
7988:.
7964:.
7940:.
7911:.
7807:.
7771:.
7722:.
7682:.
7630:x̌
7627:xʷ
7624:x
7621:w̓
7612:t̓
7609:t
7600:q̓
7597:qʷ
7586:Y̓
7571:X̌
7566:Xʷ
7556:W̓
7541:T̓
7521:Q̓
7516:Qʷ
7503:q
7491:n̓
7479:ƛ̓
7470:ł
7467:l̓
7458:kʷ
7444:P̓
7429:N̓
7419:M̓
7410:̓
7391:L̓
7376:Kʷ
7360:k
7351:ǧʷ
7336:dᶻ
7309:K̓
7289:Ǧʷ
7279:Gʷ
7264:Dᶻ
7254:C̓
7221:.
7111:wˀ
7102:jˀ
7095:lˀ
7086:nˀ
7079:mˀ
6999:χʷ
6985:xʷ
6937:qʼ
6923:kʼ
6916:cʼ
6895:tʼ
6888:pʼ
6872:ɢʷ
6858:ɡʷ
6842:dɮ
6835:dz
6798:qʷ
6784:kʷ
6763:tɬ
6756:ts
6613:.
6447:ʼy
6438:x̱
6429:ʼw
6417:ts
6408:t̓
6391:ʼY
6376:X̱
6371:Xw
6361:ʼW
6341:Ts
6331:Tł
6326:T̓
6308:s
6305:p̓
6290:ʼm
6281:ʼl
6269:ḵw
6249:P̓
6234:ʼN
6224:ʼM
6209:ʼL
6194:Ḵ̓
6189:Ḵw
6163:kw
6145:gw
6136:dz
6124:a̱
6112:K̓
6107:Kw
6082:G̱
6077:Gw
6062:Dz
6057:Dł
6042:A̱
5872:-s
5845:-a
5762:la
5731:hi
5706:ju
5653:su
5520:as
5502:is
5477:is
5457:uχ
5451:qʼ
5445:us
5428:uχ
5416:us
5361:kʲ
5311:-
5303:is
5287:-
5279:is
5260:-
5242:ən
5232:-
5224:χs
5220:us
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