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macro lens where they focused on the "social psychology of small group communication" (Rogers 1994). Lewin is associated with "founding research and training in group dynamics and for establishing the participative management style in organizations". He carved out this niche for himself from his various experiments. In his Berlin research, Lewin utilized "group discussions to advance his theory in research." In doing so, there was certainly the complication of not knowing exactly whom to attribute epiphanies to as an idea collectively came into fruition. In addition to group discussions, he became increasingly interested in group membership. He was curious as to how perspectives of an individual in relation to the group were solidified or weakened. He tried to come up with the way identity was constructed from standpoint and perspectives. These were the beginnings of what ended up developing into "groupthink". Lewin started to become quite interested in how ideas were created and then perpetuated by the mentality of a group. Not included in this chapter is how important this became in looking at group dynamics across disciplines – including studying John F Kennedy and the way he tried to interact with his advisors in order to prevent groupthink from occurring.
1097:, Lewin justified group existence using the dictum "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts". He theorized that when a group is established it becomes a unified system with supervening qualities that cannot be understood by evaluating members individually. This notion – that a group is composed of more than the sum of its individual members – quickly gained support from sociologists and psychologists who understood the significance of this emerging field. Many pioneers noted that the majority of group phenomena could be explained according to Lewin's equation and insight and opposing views were hushed. The study of group dynamics remains relevant in today's society where a vast number of professions (e.g., business and industry, clinical/counseling psychology, sports and recreation) rely on its mechanisms to thrive.
1065:". He described this notion as the way that groups and individuals act and react to changing circumstances. This field emerged as a concept dedicated to the advancement of knowledge regarding the nature of groups, their laws, establishment, development, and interactions with other groups, individuals and institutions. During the early years of research on group processes, many psychologists rejected the reality of group phenomena. Critics shared the opinion that groups did not exist as scientifically valid entities. It had been said by skeptics that the actions of groups were nothing more than those of its members considered separately. Lewin applied his interactionism formula,
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noting social justice as the beginning or the end, it was ingrained in every single academic action that Lewin took. It was this particular world view and paradigm that furthered his research and determined precisely how he was going to utilize the findings from his field research. Furthermore, it all reflected upon Lewin the man and his way of coping with the events of his time period. This devotion to action research was possibly a way of resolving a dissonance of his own passage to
America and how he left his own back in present-day
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transition. We are aware that the old ways are being challenged but we do not have a clear picture as to what we are replacing them with yet. The third and final stage he called "freezing". The new mindset is crystallizing and one's comfort level is returning to previous levels. This is often misquoted as "refreezing". Lewin's three-step process is regarded as a foundational model for making change in organizations. There is now evidence, however, that Lewin never developed such a model and that it took form after his death in 1947.
486:, a small village with then about 5,000 residents, about 150 of whom were Jewish. Lewin received an orthodox Jewish education at home. He was one of four children born into a middle class family. His father owned a small general store, and the family lived in an apartment above the store. His father, Leopold, operated a farm jointly with his brother Max; however, the farm was legally owned by a Christian because Jews were not permitted to own farms at the time.
1117:. Peaches tend to be soft and friendly on the surface, even with strangers, but have a hard protective inner core. Coconut cultures include China, Russia and most of Europe except the south. Folk from coconut cultures have a soft inner core, but a tough exterior than can lead to a perception of unfriendliness with strangers. Yet once a person has gained their trust, they can be loyal friends for life. The Peach v Coconut analogy was later popularised by
642:. A few years after relocating to the U.S., Lewin began asking people to pronounce his name as "Lou-in" rather than "Le-veen" because the mispronunciation of his name by Americans had led to many missed phone calls. However, shortly before his death, he began requesting students and colleagues to use the correct pronunciation ("Le-veen") because that is the one he preferred., Earlier, in 1930, he spent six months as a visiting professor at
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927:. The leader is not necessarily hostile but is aloof from participation in work and commonly offers personal praise and criticism for the work done. Democratic climates are characterized where policy is determined through collective processes with decisions assisted by the leader. Before accomplishing tasks, perspectives are gained from group discussion and technical advice from a leader. Members are given
785:. This concept of denying one's identity and the promotion of self-loathing as a form of coping with a dominant group's oppression represented the crisis of Lewin's own migration to the United States. Lewin, as his student and colleague Ron Lippitt described, "had a deep sensitivity to social problems and a commitment to use his resources as a social scientist to do something about them.
947:, fact minded and given by a group member without necessarily having participated extensively in the actual work. Laissez-faire environments give freedom to the group for policy determination without any participation from the leader. The leader remains uninvolved in work decisions unless asked, does not participate in the division of labor, and very infrequently gives praise.
551:. Lewin wrote a dissertation proposal asking Stumpf to be his supervisor, and Stumpf assented. Even though Lewin worked under Stumpf to complete his dissertation, their relationship did not involve much communication. Lewin studied associations, will, and intention for his dissertation, but he did not discuss it with Stumpf until his final doctoral examination.
841:, understanding the totality and assessing a situation as a whole and not focusing only on individual aspects. Further, the totality for an individual (their life space) derives from their perception of their reality, not an objective viewpoint. The approach, developed by Kurt Lewin, is a significant contribution to the fields of social science, psychology,
781:, a term he invented himself. Lewin was increasingly interested in the concepts of Jewish migration and identity. He was confused by the concept of how while an individual distanced themselves from performing the Jewish identity in terms of religious expression and performance, they were still considered Jewish in the eyes of
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at the time, Lewin argued that "applied research could be conducted with rigor and that one could test theoretical propositions in applied research." The root of this particular binary seemed to stem from the epistemological norms present within the hard sciences – where the distinction was much more
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Foschi R., Lombardo G.P. (2006), Lewinian contribution to the study of personality as the alternative to the mainstream of personality psychology in the 20th century. In: Trempala, J., Pepitone, A. Raven, B. Lewinian
Psychology. (vol. 1, pp. 86–98). Bydgoszcz: Kazimierz Wielki University Press.
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in about 1944, and it appears in his 1946 paper "Action
Research and Minority Problems". In that paper, he described action research as "a comparative research on the conditions and effects of various forms of social action and research leading to social action" that uses "a spiral of steps, each of
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To demonstrate his dedication to applied research and to further prove that there was value in testing his theoretical propositions, Lewin became a "master at transposing an everyday problem into a psychological experiment". Lewin, in his beginnings, took a seemingly banal moment between himself and
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The most notable of Lewin's contributions was his development of group communication and group dynamics as major facets of the communication discipline. Lewin and his associated researchers shifted from the pre-existing trend of individualist psychology and then expanded their work to incorporate a
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in 1946, Lewin received a phone call from the director of the
Connecticut State Inter Racial Commission, which requested his help in finding an effective way to combat religious and racial prejudices. He set up a workshop to conduct a "change" experiment, which laid the foundations for what is now
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In the early 1940s, he drew a triangle to represent the interdependence of research, training, and action in producing social change." This diagramming of an academic's interests and actions within this triangulation yields an interesting part of accessing Lewin and his contributions. Rather than
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In 1917, Lewin married Maria
Landsberg. In 1919, the couple had a daughter Esther Agnes, and in 1922, their son Fritz Reuven was born. They divorced around 1927, and Maria immigrated to Palestine with the children. In 1929, Lewin married Gertrud Weiss. Their daughter Miriam was born in 1931, and
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Scholars in the 1930s reveled in fear that, by devoting themselves to applied research, they would distract the discipline from basic research on scholarly problems and create a false binary on whether research was developed for the perpetuation of their respective discipline or for practical
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as a three-stage process. The first stage he called "unfreezing". It involved overcoming inertia and dismantling the existing "mind set". It must be part of surviving. Defense mechanisms have to be bypassed. In the second stage the change occurs. This is typically a period of confusion and
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work environments. He is often confused with McGregor with his work environments, but McGregor adapted them directly to leadership-theory. Authoritarian environments are characterized where the leader determines policy with techniques and steps for work tasks dictated by the leader in the
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a waiter and turned it into the beginnings of his field research, which Lewin reasoned that the "intention to carry out a specific task builds a psychological tension, which is released when the intended task is completed" in tandem with when
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Lewin, K., (1980). Kurt Lewin
Werkausgabe in German (Kurt Lewin Collected Works) Ed. Karl Friedrich Graumann, Stuttgart, Klett; 4 Issues, contains several works, which were published from the estate or never translated into
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Haggbloom, Steven J.; Warnick, Renee; Warnick, Jason E.; Jones, Vinessa K.; Yarbrough, Gary L.; Russell, Tenea M.; Borecky, Chris M.; McGahhey, Reagan; Powell, John L. III; Beavers, Jamie; Monte, Emmanuelle (2002).
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1322:(NAS) membership, American Psychological Association (APA) President and/or recipient of the APA Distinguished Scientific Contributions Award, and surname used as an eponym. Then the list was rank ordered.
762:, there was a method through which money could be acquired for research in a sustainable manner. Lewin has encouraged researchers to develop theories that can be used to address important social problems.
1047:, published in 1936, it contradicted most popular theories in that it gave importance to a person's momentary situation in understanding his or her behavior, rather than relying entirely on the past.
1314:. Vol. 6, No. 2, 139–152. Haggbloom et al. combined three quantitative variables: citations in professional journals, citations in textbooks, and nominations in a survey given to members of the
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shape individuals) alone can account for individuals' behavior and personalities, but rather that both nature and nurture interact to shape each person. This idea was presented in the form of
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survey, published in 2002, ranked Lewin as the 18th-most cited psychologist of the 20th century. During his career, he was affiliated with several U.S. and
European universities, including the
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provides a framework for looking at the factors ("forces") that influence a situation, originally social situations. It looks at forces that are either driving movement toward a
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theorized that "wishes persist until they are satisfied." This happenstance observation started the demonstration of the "existence of psychic tensions", fundamental to Lewin's
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Lewin, K. (2009). Kurt Lewin
Schriften zur angewandten Psychologie. Aufsätze, Vorträge, Rezensionen in German, Ed. Helmut E. Lück, Vienna, Verlag Wolfgang Krammer,
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2071:(White and Lippitt carried out the research described here under Lewin as their thesis-advisor; Marrow's book also briefly describes the same work in chapter 12.)
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The equation is the psychologist's most well known formula in social psychology, of which Lewin was a modern pioneer. When first presented in Lewin's book
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Lewin was originally involved with schools of behavioral psychology before changing directions in research and undertaking work with psychologists of the
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Crosby, G. "Planned Change: Why Kurt Lewin's Social
Science is Still Best Practice for Business Results, Change Management, and Human Progress." (2021)
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Burnes B., "Kurt Lewin and the
Planned Approach to Change: A Re-appraisal", Journal of Management Studies (41:6 September 2004), Manchester, 2004.
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Lewin, Kurt (June 1947). "Frontiers in Group Dynamics: Concept, Method and Reality in Social Science; Social Equilibria and Social Change".
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In an empirical study by Haggbloom et al. using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Lewin was found to be the 18th-most eminent
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which is composed of a circle of planning, action, and fact-finding about the result of the action" (this is sometimes referred to as the
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While applied research helped develop Lewin into a practical theorist, what further defined him as an academic and a forerunner was his
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or the simplest route achieved through the resolution of different field of forces, oppositions, and tensions according to their goals.
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Janis, I. L. (1982). Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-31704-5.
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Lewin, K (1947). "Frontiers of Group Dynamics: Concept, method and reality in social science, social equilibria, and social change".
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pronounced; Kurt Lewin argued that this was contrary to the nature of the social sciences. With the help of scholars, including
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Bargal, David (1998). "Kurt Lewin and the First Attempts to Establish a Department of Psychology at the Hebrew University".
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In 1933, Lewin had tried to negotiate a teaching position as the chair of psychology and creating a research institute at
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in the United States. During his professional career, Lewin's academic research and writings focuses on applied research,
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in 1933, the Institute members disbanded, and moved to England and then to the United States. The same year, he met with
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Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution
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Race Experts: How Racial Etiquette, Sensitivity Training, and New Age Therapy Hijacked the Civil Rights Revolution
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of the 20th century. Haggbloom, S.J. et al. (2002). The 100 Most Eminent Psychologists of the 20th Century.
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2086:(Chapters 4: Lewin: the Practical Theorist, Chapter 5: The pig Organization: Lewin's Legacy to Management.)
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Lewin conceived the Peach v Coconut cultural distinction. Peach cultures included India, the U.S., most of
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Trempala, J., Pepitone, A. Raven, B. Lewinian Psychology. Bydgoszcz: Kazimierz Wielki University Press.
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believed that sensitivity training is "perhaps the most significant social invention of this century."
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Lewin, Miriam (1992). "The Impact of Kurt Lewin's Life on the Place of Social Issues in His Work".
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Lewin is often recognized as the "founder of social psychology" and was one of the first to study
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Die psychische Tätigkeit bei der Hemmung von Willensvorgängen und das Grundgesetz der Assoziation
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debate. Lewin suggested that neither nature (inborn tendencies) nor nurture (how
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International Conference on "Kurt Lewin: Contribution to Contemporary Psychology"
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Lewin, K. (1946) Action research and minority problems. J Soc. Issues 2(4): 34–46
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to study biology. At the University of Munich, he became involved with the
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Organizational Behavior 1: Essential Theories of Motivation and Leadership
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Resolving social conflicts: selected papers on group dynamics (1935–1946)
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In August 1933, Lewin immigrated to the U.S., where, in 1940, became a
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Der Begriff der Genese in Physik, Biologie und Entwicklungsgeschichte.
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The conceptual representation and measurement of psychological forces
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1938:"This column will change your life: are you wasting your warmth?"
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Resolving Social Conflicts & Field Theory in Social Science,
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Resolving social conflicts & Field theory in social science
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and related fields. For instance, he introduced the concept of
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Terrence Malick's Unseeing Cinema: Memory, Time and Audibility
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Kurt Lewin: groups, experiential learning and action research
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Kurt Lewin. Une théorie du champ dans les sciences de l'homme
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524:. By the summer of 1911, the majority of his courses were in
397:; 9 September 1890 – 12 February 1947) was a German-American
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Washington, D.C.: American Psychological Association, 1997.
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and his group at MIT, Lewin agreed. The Tavistock journal,
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who related it to organizational and industrial settings.
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673:. When Trist and A T M Wilson wrote to Lewin proposing a
1908:"A peach among coconuts, or a coconut among the peaches?"
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Lewin K. (1943). Defining the "Field at a Given Time."
1085:) interact with the environmental factors of the group, (
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A tablet commemorating Lewin's birthplace in present-day
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1335:"The 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century"
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Jewish emigrants from Nazi Germany to the United States
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The Practical Theorist: The Life and Work of Kurt Lewin
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A History of Communication Study: A Biological Approach
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An early model of change developed by Lewin described
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796:Prominent psychologists mentored by Lewin included
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1227:The complete social scientist: a Kurt Lewin reader
1827:The Sage Handbook of Methods in Social Psychology
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1433:Minerva: A Review of Science, Learning and Policy
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2126:The Kurt Lewin Center for Psychological Research
1963:The Cambridge Handbook of Intercultural Training
983:. In 1947, this led to the establishment of the
3174:German Jewish military personnel of World War I
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1203:Lewin, K., and Dorwin Cartwright (Ed.) (1951).
1192:Lewin, K., and Gertrude W. Lewin (Ed.) (1948).
1824:Sansone, C.; C. C. Morf; A. T. Panter (2003).
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1733:Cummings, S.; Bridgman, T; Brown, K. (2016).
717:perspective of 1937 as an alternative to the
518:Royal Friedrich-Wilhelms University of Berlin
1854:Natural Intelligence in Artificial Creatures
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1597:The Handbook of Group Research and Practice
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1225:Lewin, K., and Martin Gold (Ed.). (1999).
1061:In a 1947 article, Lewin coined the term "
804:theory (1956), environmental psychologist
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1857:. Lund University Cognitive Studies, 37.
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898:Lewin often characterized organizational
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2059:White, Ralph K., and Ronald O. Lippitt,
1259:Berlin School of experimental psychology
1138:In 1947, Lewin died of heart failure in
677:in partnership with their newly founded
603:. Lewin often associated with the early
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516:In April 1910, Lewin transferred to the
489:In 1905, Lewin moved with his family to
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1774:Lasch-Quinn, Elisabeth (27 May 2017).
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1485:The Encyclopedia of Informal Education
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1172:Principles of topological psychology
1045:Principles of Topological Psychology
3179:20th-century American psychologists
2046:studied as one of Lewin's students)
1906:Christelle McKillen (30 May 2020).
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1130:their son Daniel was born in 1933.
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24:
1986:
1413:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1992.tb00880.x
1231:American Psychological Association
1220:American Psychological Association
864:
25:
3250:
3204:Jewish American social scientists
3199:20th-century German psychologists
2119:
1478:
1419:
1375:
1050:
950:
2385:
1124:
362:
189:
2076:Productive Workplaces Revisited
1954:
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1844:
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1767:
1726:
1691:
1676:
1639:
1630:
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1588:
1528:(Lewin's Habilitationsschrift).
1161:A dynamic theory of personality
209:
185:
2183:
2128:at Kazimierz Wielki University
1542:. Cham: Springer. p. 69.
1531:
1518:
1515:. Retrieved on 26 August 2012.
1498:
1325:
1300:
1205:Field theory in social science
985:National Training Laboratories
935:decide the division of labor.
462:Lewin was born in 1890 into a
260:National Training Laboratories
13:
1:
3219:American social psychologists
2481:Industrial and organizational
1670:10.1080/00224545.1939.9713366
1623:50: 292–310. Republished in
1294:
857:. His theory was expanded by
613:Institute for Social Research
513:movements around this time.
250:Institute for Social Research
2722:Human factors and ergonomics
2144:(an NGO promoting tolerance)
1780:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1658:Journal of Social Psychology
1339:Review of General Psychology
1320:National Academy of Sciences
1312:Review of General Psychology
578:Gestalt school of psychology
431:Review of General Psychology
119:German Empire, United States
27:German-American psychologist
7:
1264:Approach-avoidance conflict
1252:
1093:). Given his background in
943:in such an environment are
875:Lewin, then a professor at
694:Lewin coined the notion of
559:
417:, and group communication.
331:Other notable students
253:Center for Group Dynamics (
10:
3255:
3239:20th-century American Jews
3184:Cornell University faculty
2104:10.1177/001872674700100103
1967:Cambridge University Press
1712:10.1177/001872674700100103
1595:Wheelan, Susan A. (2005).
1140:Newtonville, Massachusetts
1054:
1002:
967:
868:
847:organizational development
823:
495:Kaiserin Augusta Gymnasium
426:organizational development
3108:
3045:
2752:
2662:
2574:
2411:Applied behavior analysis
2394:
2383:
2219:
2191:
1814:, New York, W. W. Norton.
1797:– via Google Books.
1361:10.1037/1089-2680.6.2.139
1269:Ecological systems theory
1150:. His wife died in 1987.
554:
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1752:10.1177/0018726715577707
1580:Rogers, Everett (1994).
1401:Journal of Social Issues
1148:Cambridge, Massachusetts
1133:
910:climates defined by (1)
879:, first coined the term
539:began, he served in the
458:Early life and education
3189:Duke University faculty
2687:Behavioral neuroscience
2251:Behavioral neuroscience
2061:Autocracy and Democracy
1810:Lasch-Quinn, E. (2001)
1445:10.1023/a:1004334520382
1142:, and was interred in
2737:Psychology of religion
2677:Behavioral engineering
2614:Human subject research
2270:Cognitive neuroscience
2236:Affective neuroscience
1961:Bhawuk, Dharm (2020).
1851:Balkenius, C. (1995).
1687:. Armonk: M.E. Sharpe.
1538:Batcho, James (2018).
671:Harvard Medical School
573:
499:University of Freiburg
3224:Systems psychologists
3214:Gestalt psychologists
3113:Wiktionary definition
2649:Self-report inventory
2644:Quantitative research
2142:Kurt Lewin Foundation
2074:Weisbord, Marvin R.,
1881:Forsyth, D.R. (2010)
1683:Miner, J. B. (2005).
1621:Psychological Review.
1584:. NY: The Free Press.
1284:Decision field theory
1187:Duke University Press
1144:Mount Auburn Cemetery
968:Further information:
719:nature versus nurture
615:in Germany. But when
567:
2639:Qualitative research
2594:Behavior epigenetics
2148:Kurt Lewin Institute
2027:, Paris, Vrin, 1968.
1969:. pp. 164–191.
1893:Janis, I.L. (1982).
1511:9 March 2013 at the
1289:Valence (psychology)
981:sensitivity training
970:Sensitivity training
964:Sensitivity training
831:Force-field analysis
826:Force-field analysis
820:Force-field analysis
802:cognitive dissonance
709:Lewin also proposed
590:University of Berlin
545:University of Berlin
541:Imperial German Army
503:University of Munich
436:University of Berlin
188: 1917;
151:Force-field analysis
128:University of Berlin
3229:People from Mogilno
3209:Jewish philosophers
3118:Wiktionary category
2682:Behavioral genetics
2654:Statistical surveys
2511:Occupational health
2246:Behavioral genetics
1279:Maintenance actions
1218:. Washington, D.C:
1198:Harper and Brothers
894:Leadership climates
679:Tavistock Institute
644:Stanford University
640:naturalized citizen
448:Stanford University
3090:Schools of thought
2993:Richard E. Nisbett
2873:Donald T. Campbell
2551:Sport and exercise
2023:Kaufmann, Pierre,
1871:on 5 October 2008.
1524:Lewin, K. (1922).
1229:. Washington, DC:
1214:Lewin, K. (1997).
1181:Lewin, K. (1938).
1170:Lewin, K. (1936).
1159:Lewin, K. (1935).
1154:Major publications
1105:Peach and coconuts
1095:Gestalt psychology
851:process management
656:University of Iowa
648:Cornell University
574:
452:University of Iowa
440:Cornell University
411:applied psychology
264:Cornell University
3151:
3150:
3128:Wikimedia Commons
3055:Counseling topics
3018:Ronald C. Kessler
3008:Shelley E. Taylor
2933:Lawrence Kohlberg
2908:Stanley Schachter
2707:Consumer behavior
2589:Archival research
2357:Psycholinguistics
2241:Affective science
2030:Marrow, Alfred J.
2001:978-0-367-53577-3
1976:978-1-108-79590-6
1864:978-91-628-1599-8
1837:978-0-7619-2535-4
1787:978-0-7425-2759-1
1549:978-3-319-76420-7
1246:978-3-901811-46-3
974:While working at
925:division of labor
859:John R. P. French
855:change management
843:social psychology
704:hodological space
619:came to power in
597:Hebrew University
476:Province of Posen
472:County of Mogilno
355:
354:
317:Dorwin Cartwright
310:Doctoral students
230:Scientific career
67:Province of Posen
16:(Redirected from
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3085:Research methods
3028:Richard Davidson
3023:Joseph E. LeDoux
2898:George A. Miller
2888:David McClelland
2883:Herbert A. Simon
2783:Edward Thorndike
2604:Content analysis
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1010:Lewin's equation
1005:Lewin's equation
999:Lewin's equation
731:Lewin's equation
629:Tavistock Clinic
627:, of the London
605:Frankfurt School
547:to complete his
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779:action research
760:Paul Lazarsfeld
755:social sciences
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684:Human Relations
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2983:Bruce McEwen
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2938:Noam Chomsky
2878:Hans Eysenck
2848:Harry Harlow
2828:Erik Erikson
2802:
2727:Intelligence
2624:Neuroimaging
2367:Quantitative
2332:Mathematical
2327:Intelligence
2317:Experimental
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3164:1890 births
3060:Disciplines
3033:Susan Fiske
2923:Roger Brown
2823:Carl Rogers
2808:Jean Piaget
2773:Ivan Pavlov
2629:Observation
2609:Experiments
2556:Suicidology
2451:Educational
2406:Anomalistic
2377:Theoretical
2352:Personality
2282:Comparative
2265:Cognitivism
2256:Behaviorism
1479:Smith, MK.
1176:McGraw-Hill
1165:McGraw-Hill
1038:environment
993:Carl Rogers
902:styles and
723:experiences
696:genidentity
537:World War I
530:Carl Stumpf
301:Kurt Koffka
298:Carl Stumpf
116:Citizenship
108:Nationality
95:Newtonville
3158:Categories
3123:Wikisource
2968:Paul Ekman
2803:Kurt Lewin
2697:Competence
2619:Interviews
2599:Case study
2476:Humanistic
2456:Ergonomics
2441:Counseling
2416:Assessment
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2347:Perception
2307:Ecological
2223:psychology
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1947:2023-04-23
1919:2023-04-23
1895:Groupthink
1295:References
916:democratic
908:leadership
900:management
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700:space-time
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625:Eric Trist
526:psychology
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450:, and the
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3143:Wikibooks
3133:Wikiquote
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2692:Cognition
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2431:Community
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2078:(2004)
1237:english
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464:Jewish
409:, and
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286:(1916)
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275:Thesis
236:Fields
111:German
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3047:Lists
2506:Music
2491:Media
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2337:Moral
2108:S2CID
1757:S2CID
1716:S2CID
1654:(PDF)
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