486:
896:
282:
1968:
69:
1546:
Kurumali
Bengali, as well as simply Kurmi. With regard to its character, the late Maharaja of Mayurbhanj wrote as follows :â The mother-tongue of the Kurmis of Mayurbhanj is Bengali, with the peculiar intonation belonging to them. These Kurmis have, as a rule, come from Midnapore and settled permanently in Mayurbhanj. Their dialect shows traces of Hindi and Oriya as well but it can not be called either." Quoted
199:
1541:"Kurmali is a corrupt form of Magahi, which, as the name implies, is the tongue of the aboriginal Kurmis of Chota Nagpur (not the Bihari cultivating caste of the same name). It was returned as the language of 211,411 persons in Manbhum, where the Kurmis number 291,729. It is not confined to them, however, but is spoken by many other castes. This
853:. Thus it is believed that the language was once a separate, unrelated language. However, because of its long settlement in the Aryan belt, the native speakers gradually abandoned the original structure and switched to an Aryan form of the language, while retaining the substrate of the old. The language currently falls in 6b (threatened) and 7 (
2505:
2190:
The wide differences between the results of the villagewise sorting and earlier 1951 figures is thus clearly not due to the use of
National Registers on the present occasion. This difference arises mainly from the fact that a large number of returns under Kurmali and Khotta, the two most important
1527:
in the census due to the phonetic similarity of the names. Apart from this, Kurmali language is returned as mother tongue mainly by the Kudmi people. Many other communities who use
Kurmali language as their mother tongue, tend to return their own community name as their response to the language
2212:
The "Kurmali" dialect which is spoken by the Kurmis of the
Manbhum district was always regarded authoritatively as a dialect of Bengali until 1911. But in the Census Reports for 1911 and 1921, it come to be recorded as a dialect of Hindi, although "Kurmali" is known in the country to be really
1545:
is also known as Khotta or Khotta
Bengali, and is written in the Bengali character. Locally it is regarded as a corrupt form of Bengali. It is reported that even in Ranchi, though Bihari words are used, the terminations are often Bengali. In Mayurbhanj it is usually called Kurmi Bengali or
1694:
The situation, however, is not the same with regard to the Kurmis. They had their own language, Kurmali, which they have abandoned in large numbers in favour of the peculiar form of
Bengali spoken by them, which they brought with them into the State in the course of their migration through
782:. Hence the Panchpargania is usually considered a major variety of the Kurmali language, although sometimes it is classified as a distinct language. Similarly, due to the great influence of the Bengali language on Kurmali (as the speakers of this language are in the
669:
In each case this dialect is the language of a strange people in a strange land. ... In
Manbhum this language is principally spoken by people of the KuášmÄĢ caste, who are numerous in the districts of Chota Nagpur, and in the Orissa Tributary state of
2206:
East India (Constitutional
Reforms).: Indian Franchise Committee, 1932 ... Report ... [and Memoranda Submitted by the Local Governments and the Provincial Franchise Committees and Selections from Memoranda Submitted by Individuals and Oral
728:
The
Kurmali language was initially categorised under the Bengali language in the first two censuses of independent India (1951 and 1961), following colonial linguistic G.A. Grierson, who identified Kurmali as 'a form of western
1515:
The census results conflate as the language has no standardised form, so the different dialects are grouped with the regional dominant languages. Additionally, many Kudmi people of Odisha were wrongly recorded as
1555:
A community speaking
Kudmali language as mother tongue in one administrative-linguistic zone may not necessarily speak that same language as mother tongue in another administrative-linguistic zone.
639:
can be noticed in these areas. The Kurmi of West Bengal identify themselves as speakers of Kurmali but due to age-long settlement in the Bengali region their language is shifting towards the
665:... borrowing words and grammatical forms from those amongst whom they live. The result is a kind of mixed dialect essentially BihÄrÄĢ in its nature, but with a curious Bengali colouring.
2213:
Bengali and not Hindi. In the Census Report of 1901 it was classified as Bengali. The 1911 Census Report, after noting that the Kurmali-speakers were being classed as Hindi-speakers,
2294:
1890:
703:
closely resembles the Kurmali Thar of Manbhum. The principal apparent difference is the result of the characters employed in writing. In Manbhum the character adopted is the
4845:
707:, and the language looked at, so to speak, through Bengali spectacles. Hence words are spelled as a Bengali would spell them. In the five Parganas, on the other hand, the
623:
The speakers of Kurmali are spread over a vast region of East India, especially in fringe areas of West Bengal, Jharkhand and Odisha. These states are mostly dominated by
1715:
1532:. Similarly, while many Kudmi people identify themselves as Kurmali speakers due to community identity, linguistically, they have shifted to the Bengali language.
2556:
1847:
1837:
Fayez, S. M., & Rajiv Ranjan Mahto. (2021). A Sociolinguistic Study of Kudmali in Jharkhand. Aligarh Journal of Linguistics, 11(ISSN: 2249-1511), 117â132.
2873:
2217:... In 1921, while classifying Kurmali and Khotta Bangla as dialect of Hindi, the Census authorities recognized the difficulties of such a classification.
858:
608:, there are 227 Kurmali speakers. However, it is claimed that the actual number of Kurmali speakers is far higher than the number cited in the census.
1583:
2145:
2026:
2009:
2986:
2804:
2762:
1416:
903:
The language is transferred orally from generation to generation and the Kurmali language remains unstandardised due to influence of other
343:
2279:
2327:
2359:
1882:
4840:
1389:
931:
Kudmali are the major regional varieties. All those varieties bear between 58 and 89 per cent lexical similarity with each other.
2071:"How one language became four: the impact of different contact-scenarios between "Sadani" and the tribal languages of Jharkhand"
735:] in his publications from 1898 to 1927. Since the 1971 census, Kurmali has been classified under the Hindi language group.
1398:
2930:
2909:
2489:
2409:
2260:
1822:
2849:
2427:"Census and the Aspects of Growth and Development of Bangla vs. Bangla-Hindi Bilingualism-With Special Focus on West Bengal"
2036:. Kathmandu, Nepal: Government of Nepal National Planning Commission Secretariat. November 2012. p. 166. Archived from
1646:
2448:
1990:
715:
Panch Pargania or Tamaria is really a composition of language formed of Bengali, Oriya and Bihari words and terminations.
1723:
1998:. Vol. II (First ed.). Kathmandu, Nepal: Central Bureau of Statistics, Govt. of Nepal. 2014. p. 60, 166.
326:" of the region it covers in Jharkhand. Kurmali language is spoken by around 550,000 people mainly in fringe regions of
2979:
4825:
4515:
2827:
2813:
2003:
1959:
678:... In the Orissa Tributary States, the KuášmÄĢ nearly all talk Bengali, although living in an Oriya speaking country.
1854:
1666:
4820:
1654:. Bengal, Bihar and Orissa and Sikkim, Vol. V. Part-I (report). Bengal Secretariat Book Depot. pp. 388â389.
3385:
1473:
4167:
3202:
2972:
1407:
911:
and accents. However, the language can be classified on the basis of the speakers' territorial region, viz.,
2237:
4830:
4138:
3958:
3804:
3121:
1434:
355:
126:
1594:
877:
place Kurmali at 6a (vigorous) level and its variety Panchpargania (widely used in Jharkhand) at level 3 (
4835:
4815:
4701:
4669:
4525:
1464:
2250:
4235:
1446:
645:
403:
881:) of EGIDS, both of which correspond to "Safe" status of UNESCO language endangerment category level.
829:
as a source. Although the language is now Indo-Aryan in nature, it has some distinctive features like
354:
Kurmali language is mainly spoken in three eastern states of India, that is, in southeastern district
4810:
4674:
4375:
4349:
3788:
3672:
2290:
2037:
1241:
The language Kurmali (Kudmali) is spoken by 555,465 people as a native language in India. The Kudmi (
504:, the Kurmali language was known as Panchpargania (means "language of five regions") for present-day
427:
4570:
3331:
2204:
2191:
Bihari (Hindi) dialects in Manbhum Sadar, were wrongly sorted as Bengali in the earlier operation.
643:
of Bengali, as similarly occurred in northern Odisha with Bengali and Odia admixture. In the 1903
2656:
1425:
683:
532:
between four linguistic region. Now the Sonahatu and Rahe make the core region of Panchpargania.
489:
423:
363:
359:
111:
17:
4778:
4647:
3923:
3717:
3534:
3069:
1491:
838:
825:
region). As a language, Kurmali has its own traditional precedence, and has nothing to do with
116:
2530:
2399:
2319:
738:
The Kurmali language bears between 61 and 86 per cent lexical similarity with Panchpargania;
4448:
4261:
3747:
3712:
3707:
3546:
3529:
3049:
2479:
1524:
1482:
908:
617:
493:
2384:
Linguistic Traits Across Language Boundaries: A Report of All India Linguistic Traits Survey
2349:
1913:
1366:
There are some institutions, where the Kurmali language is a higher education core subject.
661:... highlands into the Bengali-speaking area. These have retained their own language, though
604:". Note that both, Kurmali Thar and Panch Pargania are dialects of the Kurmali language. In
4736:
4711:
4580:
4550:
4407:
4187:
4177:
3987:
3566:
2995:
2181:
1973:
904:
842:
569:
121:
2771:: Indo-Aryan family, Eastern group. Calcutta: Government Printer, India. pp. 145â157.
8:
4783:
4590:
4311:
4296:
4228:
4202:
4192:
4117:
3834:
3624:
3551:
3524:
3276:
3106:
1247:
870:
866:
846:
459:
455:
431:
395:
379:
307:
2706:
4595:
4508:
4473:
4245:
3763:
3498:
3188:
3116:
3111:
2867:
2798:
2557:"āĻāĻžāĻĄāĻŧāĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻŽā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻ§ā§ āĻ°āĻžāĻŽāĻāĻžāĻāĻĻ āĻŽā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽā§ āĻŦāĻŋāĻļā§āĻŦāĻŦāĻŋāĻĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ˛āĻ¯āĻŧā§āĻ° āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ¨ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻāĻ°āĻ˛ā§āĻ¨ āĻŽā§āĻā§āĻ¯āĻŽāĻ¨ā§āĻ¤ā§āĻ°ā§"
2100:
1700:
1675:
912:
834:
791:
387:
2780:
2773:
485:
271:
264:
4788:
4602:
4271:
4240:
4218:
4182:
4024:
3982:
3887:
3829:
3594:
3516:
3511:
3420:
3341:
3321:
3243:
3168:
3085:
3018:
2953:
2936:
2926:
2905:
2882:
2786:
2606:
2485:
2426:
2405:
2256:
2104:
2092:
1999:
1955:
1818:
1685:
1380:
1371:
787:
447:
439:
407:
383:
136:
4632:
4618:
1745:
1584:"Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues â 2011"
314:
group of languages spoken in eastern India. As a trade dialect, it is also known as
4706:
4696:
4642:
4575:
4478:
4453:
4443:
4422:
4417:
4392:
4331:
4223:
4197:
4160:
4155:
4109:
4008:
3967:
3918:
3863:
3824:
3773:
3692:
3662:
3609:
3599:
3457:
3452:
3444:
3430:
3380:
3336:
3248:
3054:
3003:
2082:
1521:
1495:
1486:
1477:
1468:
1459:
1450:
1411:
1084:
928:
890:
811:
799:
795:
771:
751:
743:
704:
640:
628:
624:
415:
411:
319:
311:
131:
35:
31:
1593:. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from
4751:
4585:
4540:
4427:
4397:
4354:
4306:
4266:
4172:
4122:
4093:
4071:
4003:
3913:
3873:
3839:
3783:
3778:
3737:
3722:
3702:
3697:
3687:
3677:
3667:
3639:
3629:
3619:
3614:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3556:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3462:
3425:
3346:
3271:
3227:
3183:
3178:
3163:
3158:
3101:
3064:
3059:
2920:
2631:
2382:
2230:
2183:
1812:
1680:
1260:
1256:
850:
826:
807:
601:
525:
451:
443:
391:
371:
367:
103:
2456:
4761:
4503:
4412:
4344:
4339:
4321:
4301:
4088:
4081:
4050:
3944:
3892:
3732:
3727:
3682:
3657:
3649:
3604:
3574:
3541:
3392:
3301:
3266:
3258:
3222:
3173:
3039:
1949:
1347:
878:
854:
783:
755:
636:
529:
509:
419:
174:
163:
2940:
2782:
Linguistic survey of the Sadar subdivision of Manbhum and Dhalbhum (Singhbhum)
4804:
4746:
4402:
4316:
4291:
4076:
3415:
3316:
2835:. Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India. p. 566â644.
2821:. Language division, Office of the Registrar General, India. p. 439â501.
2790:
2681:
2096:
1689:
1455:
1343:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1308:
1300:
1276:
1268:
1264:
1252:
763:
711:
alphabet is used, and the language is looked at through Hindi spectacles. ...
674:... do not all speak corrupted BihÄrÄĢ. Many of them speak Bengali and Oriya.
632:
467:
2957:
2087:
2070:
895:
4741:
3506:
1328:
1316:
1242:
830:
818:
438:. Apart from the core area of the language, the language is also spoken in
2581:
1783:
281:
247:
240:
3819:
3634:
3137:
1437:
1355:
1354:, in which the songs are formatted in Kurmali. An example of this is the
1312:
1288:
1272:
817:
It is believed that the early form of the Kurmali language was spoken by
589:
577:
521:
517:
505:
501:
463:
435:
335:
215:
178:
2883:"Kurmali Kinship Terms and Its Morphology: An Anthropo-linguistic Study"
1967:
3928:
3897:
3868:
2964:
2899:
2731:
2354:
1789:
1429:
874:
513:
475:
342:
tea valleys. Kurmali is one of the demanded languages for enlisting in
170:
2506:"PG TRL, KURMALI, SEM-II, CC-2, ā¤āĨā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤Žā¤žā¤˛āĨ ā¤Ąā¤Žā¤ā¤ ā¤āĨā¤¤ - Kolhan University"
1716:"Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues: 2001"
4718:
4627:
4607:
3296:
3291:
3023:
1954:(in Hindi) (2nd ed.). Ranchi: Shivangan Publication. p. 4.
1441:
1304:
593:
375:
327:
303:
257:
231:
209:
2182:
India (Republic) Superintendent of Census Operations, Bihar (1956).
2163:
68:
4756:
4498:
3849:
3311:
3306:
3286:
3044:
2901:
Kurmali noun morphology. An inflectional study on gender and number
2854:. Blue Rose Publishers. Archived from the original on 18 April 2023
1420:
1384:
1335:
communities speak the language as a second or subsequent language.
1245:), the native speakers of the language, are the main users. As per
916:
803:
323:
1674:. Vol. I. Calcutta: Caledonin Printing Company. p. 241.
821:, a group that was one of the original homesteaders of Jharkhand (
699:
and Deputy Commissioner of Ranchi the Panchpargania was noted as:
466:. Apart from this, a few speakers are also found in the states of
4690:
4561:
4034:
3768:
3281:
1696:
1517:
1393:
1351:
1338:
The language contributes to community identity in festivals like
924:
822:
2922:
Dictionary of the Kurmali Language: Bangla-Kurmali-English-HIndi
1914:"āĻŽāĻžāĻšāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻĻā§āĻ° āĻŽāĻžāĻ¤ā§āĻāĻžāĻˇāĻž āĻ āĻ¸āĻāĻ¸ā§āĻā§āĻ¤āĻŋāĻāĻ°ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¯āĻŧ āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ āĻĒāĻžāĻ āĻļāĻžāĻ˛āĻžāĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻŦā§āĻ§āĻ¨"
4029:
3878:
3853:
3410:
3402:
3326:
3217:
3142:
2027:"National Population and Housing Census 2011 (National Report)"
1542:
1402:
1375:
1339:
1296:
1280:
920:
862:
708:
581:
399:
331:
3844:
3742:
2146:"How Grouping of Languages Inflated Number of Hindi Speakers"
1292:
1284:
779:
605:
597:
585:
573:
479:
471:
339:
204:
82:
4545:
3858:
2657:":: Departments : Ramananda Centenary College ::"
2826:
Dutta, S.P.; Pattanaik, Ranjita (2021). "Panch Pargania".
2582:"Panch Pargana Kisan College Bundu Ranchi Jharkhand India"
1746:"Proposal to Encode Chisoi in the Universal Character Set"
4637:
731:
2203:
Committee, Great Britain India Office Franchise (1932).
2122:
1848:"Constitutional provisions relating to Eighth Schedule"
1251:(1992), the language is spoken by ten communities as a
538:
Distribution of Kurmali language in the state of India
2069:
Paudyal, Netra P.; Peterson, John (1 September 2020).
2707:"Welcome To The Official Website of Bandwan College"
2252:
Jharkhand Movement: Ethnicity and Culture of Silence
4846:
Languages listed as Hindi dialects in latest census
2779:Prasad, Bishwa Nath; Shastri, Sudhakar Jha (1958).
592:) and 244,914 Panch Pargania speakers (mostly from
2449:"OLAC resources in and about the Kudmali language"
1814:Language and Literature: Divers Indian Experiences
1782:
1578:
1576:
1574:
1572:
859:Expanded Graded Intergenerational Disruption Scale
1640:
1638:
899:Three Kurmali language specimens recorded in 1903
596:), making a total of 556,089 Kurmali speakers in
4802:
2872:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2764:Part II. Specimens of Bihari and Oriya languages
2554:
2404:. Anthropological Survey of India. p. 220.
2075:Journal of South Asian Languages and Linguistics
695:Similarly, in the 1911 census, according to the
2068:
1569:
2825:
2481:Encyclopaedia of Scheduled Tribes in Jharkhand
2117:
1635:
338:, also a sizeable population speak Kurmali in
2980:
2887:Jadavpur Journal of Languages and Linguistics
2778:
2169:
2111:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1619:
1617:
1615:
572:, there are 311,175 Kurmali Thar speakers in
2143:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1708:
1644:
814:, although not as much as Khortha language.
349:
344:Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India
1263:communities. Those ten communities include
907:languages. Thus its speakers use different
790:of the region), many linguists label it as
27:Indo-Aryan language spoken in eastern India
2987:
2973:
2851:Historical Perspective of Kurmali Language
2803:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
2477:
2235:. Authors Guild Publications. p. 143.
2139:
2137:
1664:
1612:
600:. They are grouped under the umbrella of "
280:
67:
2761:Grierson, G.A. (1903). "Eastern MagahÄĢ".
2202:
2086:
1911:
1766:
1679:
287:Distribution of Kurmali language in India
34:, a language of Kumal people (Nepal) and
2994:
2880:
2767:. Linguistic survey of India. Vol.
2760:
2478:Minz, Diwakar; Hansda, Delo Mai (2010).
2228:
2188:. Manager of Publications, civil lines.
2128:
1390:Binod Bihari Mahto Koylanchal University
1078:The basic Kurmali cardinal numbers are:
894:
616:For broader coverage of this topic, see
484:
2380:
2210:. H.M. Stationery Office. p. 207.
2144:Bhattacharya, Snigdhendu (9 May 2022).
2134:
935:Present regional varieties of language
14:
4803:
2947:
2848:SINGH, GYANESHWAR (25 November 2020).
2829:Linguistic Survey of India â Jharkhand
2812:Ghosh, Tapati (2020). "Kurmali Thar".
2280:"Kudmali and its Impending Challenges"
2255:. Indian Institute of Advanced Study.
1947:
1399:Dr. Shyama Prasad Mukherjee University
1299:. In addition, bilingual tribals like
865:language endangerment category level "
2968:
2847:
2811:
2555:amaderbharat.com (5 September 2022).
2397:
2274:
2272:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1985:
1983:
1943:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1935:
1877:
1875:
1629:
994:Okhrake sobhekaike neuta dei deliOn.
798:. Kurmali also closely resembles the
635:speakers. Local dialectal change and
611:
442:and a few speakers are also found in
2918:
2897:
2732:"Kotshila Mahavidyalaya : Home"
2682:"Chitta Mahato Memorial CollegeHome"
2424:
2362:from the original on 14 October 2021
2350:"Language of the day: Panchpargania"
2248:
2008:. (Social Demography); census 2011.
1810:
997:arÄ sObuke neuta/ khabar diyan deo.
649:, the shift was explained this way:
73:' KuášmÄli ' written in Chisoi script
2898:Dash, Biswanandan (5 August 2014).
2015:from the original on 18 April 2013.
794:and sometimes it is clustered as a
454:of Assam; the eastern districts of
24:
2952:. Purulia: Purulia Pustak Mandir.
2841:
2815:Linguistic Survey of India â Bihar
2387:. Anthropological Survey of India.
2269:
2055:
1980:
1966:
1932:
1883:"C-16 POPULATION BY MOTHER TONGUE"
1872:
1817:. Atlantic Publishers & Dist.
1002:The tree comes out from the seed.
25:
4857:
2686:chittamahatomemorialcollege.ac.in
2632:"Department : Arsha College"
2330:from the original on 22 June 2023
2300:from the original on 29 June 2022
861:(EGIDS), which correspond to the
4693:(unknown further classification)
2661:www.ramanandacentenarycollege.in
2531:"āĻāĻ¨āĻ¨ā§āĻĻāĻŦāĻžāĻāĻžāĻ° āĻĒāĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻž - āĻĒā§āĻ°ā§āĻ˛āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž"
2232:Fourth World Dynamics, Jharkhand
1951:ā¤āĨā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤Žā¤žā¤˛āĨ ā¤ā¤žā¤ˇā¤ž ā¤ļā¤ŋā¤āĨā¤ˇā¤Ŗ ā¤ā¤ĩā¤ ā¤¸ā¤žā¤šā¤ŋā¤¤āĨā¤¯
1893:from the original on 4 June 2022
1528:question, instead of responding
508:, Barenda, Sonahatu (split into
402:; and in south western district
197:
38:, a dialect of Santali language.
4841:Languages written in Devanagari
2753:
2724:
2699:
2674:
2649:
2624:
2599:
2574:
2548:
2523:
2498:
2471:
2441:
2418:
2391:
2374:
2342:
2312:
2242:
2222:
2196:
2175:
2019:
1905:
1840:
1831:
1668:Census of Mayurbhanj State 1931
1549:
1535:
1236:
1016:Cows are grazing in the field.
322:: āĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻĒāĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž), for the "five
310:classified as belonging to the
2881:Majumder, Arup (5 June 2018).
2229:Sengupta, Nirmal, ed. (1982).
1804:
1738:
1658:
1509:
1474:Chitta Mahato Memorial College
841:that are neither available in
810:family, specifically from the
690:, Vol. V, Part II, pp. 145â146
13:
1:
2925:. Jadavpur University Press.
1992:POPULATION MONOGRAPH OF NEPAL
1665:Laeequddin, Muhammad (1937).
1562:
1408:Sidho Kanho Birsha University
1030:You are not going to school.
2711:www.bandwanmahavidyalaya.com
2425:Saha, Atanu (28 July 2018).
1912:āĻĒā§āĻ°āĻ¤āĻŋāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ§āĻŋ (27 August 2022).
1361:
30:Not to be confused with the
7:
2736:kotshilamahavidyalaya.ac.in
1465:Ramananda Centenary College
1435:Panch Pargana Kisan College
1025:gOru gila bai dáēŊ cOrchhen.
1022:gOru gilin taiNdáēŊ cOrOhOt.
991:Okhrak sObke neuta de deo.
721:Census of India : 1911
10:
4862:
2948:Mahato, Kshudiram (1983).
2510:www.kolhanuniversity.ac.in
2118:Dutta & Pattanaik 2021
1811:Alam, Qaiser Zoha (1996).
1447:Acchruram Memorial College
1073:
1019:gOru gila bai dáēŊ cOrOhOt.
888:
884:
697:Linguistic Survey of India
688:Linguistic survey of India
646:Linguistic survey of India
615:
474:and in neighbour country
251: â Panchpargania
94:555,695 (2011 census)
29:
4770:
4727:
4683:
4660:
4616:
4559:
4533:
4524:
4491:
4466:
4436:
4385:
4374:
4367:
4330:
4284:
4254:
4211:
4148:
4137:
4102:
4064:
4043:
4017:
3996:
3975:
3966:
3957:
3937:
3906:
3812:
3803:
3756:
3648:
3565:
3497:
3490:
3443:
3401:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3257:
3236:
3210:
3201:
3151:
3130:
3094:
3078:
3032:
3011:
3002:
2919:Saha, Atanu, ed. (2021).
2484:. Gyan Publishing House.
2453:www.language-archives.org
2291:SOAS University of London
2170:Prasad & Shastri 1958
1645:O'Malley, L.S.S. (1913).
923:Kudmali (Panchpargania),
802:and has a good number of
550: West Bengal (39.3%)
350:Geographical distribution
279:
255:
229:
224:
192:Official language in
190:
185:
160:
100:
88:
78:
66:
55:
50:
45:
4826:Languages of West Bengal
4571:Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit
2535:archives.anandabazar.com
1502:
1044:He did not do the work.
723:, Vol. V, Part I, p. 389
528:of Jharkhand state as a
62:ā¤Ēā¤ā¤ā¤Ēā¤°ā¤ā¤¨ā¤ŋā¤¯ā¤ž, āĻĒāĻā§āĻāĻĒāĻ°āĻāĻ¨āĻŋāĻ¯āĻŧāĻž
2381:Krishan, Shree (1990).
2088:10.1515/jsall-2021-2028
1426:Vinoba Bhave University
974:One person is sitting.
544: Jharkhand (43.9%)
492:linguistic map of East
418:and northern districts
378:; in northern district
4821:Languages of Jharkhand
4779:Indo-Iranian languages
2586:www.ppkcollegebundu.in
1971:
1948:Keduar, N. C. (2016).
1591:www.censusindia.gov.in
1492:Kotshila Mahavidyalaya
1050:Ãe kamTa nihi kOllak.
1036:tÃe iskuláēŊ nihi jais.
1008:Bihin láēŊ gach heuEik.
900:
726:
693:
497:
4449:Maharashtrian Konkani
2398:Singh, K. S. (1992).
1970:
1648:Census of India, 1911
1483:Bandwan Mahavidyalaya
1311:, Lohara (or Lohar),
1039:tuiÃą iskuláēŊ na jais.
966:OáēŊ iTa pOsOnd kOrEi.
963:OáēŊ iTa pOsOnd kOrOt.
898:
871:Definitely Endangered
701:
651:
618:Variety (linguistics)
576:(hailing mostly from
488:
96:619,689 (2001 census)
4737:Andaman Creole Hindi
4168:Bishnupriya Manipuri
3988:Caribbean Hindustani
2996:Indo-Aryan languages
2249:Basu, Sajal (1994).
1974:Generally unreliable
1067:hamar gharke ke ja.
1047:Ãe kamTa ni kOrlak.
1033:tÃe iskuláēŊ ni jais.
988:Invite all of them.
556: Odisha (16.2%)
275: Panchpargania
244: â Kudmali
4831:Languages of Odisha
4784:Nuristani languages
4516:Mitanni superstrate
3122:Wotapuri-Katarqalai
2611:www.amcollege.ac.in
1417:Jhargram University
1248:The People of India
1053:U kamTa nai kÃĻrla.
1011:muji láēŊ gach haye.
980:ek lok gObchOlahe.
977:ek lOke bOise ahe.
969:U iTa pOsOnd kare.
953:Mayurbhanj Kudmali
936:
835:grammatical markers
784:process of shifting
308:Indo-Aryan language
4836:Languages of Assam
4816:Languages of Bihar
4670:Proto-Indo-Iranian
4551:Early Ardhamagadhi
2950:KurmÄli Åabdakosha
2459:on 24 October 2021
2358:. 9 October 2021.
2320:"Kudmali in India"
1972:
1887:censusindia.gov.in
1720:censusindia.gov.in
1632:, pp. 439â501
1061:mOr gharke ke ja.
1005:muji láēŊ gach hek.
983:ek lok bOsinchhe.
934:
901:
788:prestige languages
729:Bengali' [
657:... emigrants from
612:Language variation
562: Other (0.6%)
498:
356:Seraikela Kharswan
56:āĻā§āĻĄāĻŧāĻŽāĻžāĻ˛āĻŋ, āĻā§āĻ°ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ˛ā§
4798:
4797:
4789:Iranian languages
4656:
4655:
4576:Dramatic Prakrits
4487:
4486:
4462:
4461:
4363:
4362:
4280:
4279:
4236:Rajbanshi (Nepal)
4133:
4132:
3953:
3952:
3799:
3798:
3789:list of languages
3486:
3485:
3439:
3438:
3355:
3354:
3197:
3196:
2932:978-93-83660-54-4
2911:978-3-656-71900-7
2491:978-81-7835-121-6
2431:Language in India
2411:978-81-85579-09-2
2262:978-81-85952-15-4
2185:Language Handbook
1824:978-81-7156-586-3
1681:saoa.crl.25352830
1381:Kolhan University
1372:Ranchi University
1234:
1233:
1071:
1070:
943:Dhalbhum Kudmali
855:Language shifting
792:Jharkhandi Bangla
404:Paschim Medinipur
306:: KuášmÄli) is an
293:
292:
58:ā¤āĨā¤Ąā¤ŧā¤Žā¤žā¤˛ā¤ŋ, ā¤āĨā¤°ā¤Žā¤žā¤˛ā¤ŋ
16:(Redirected from
4853:
4811:Bihari languages
4675:Proto-Indo-Aryan
4531:
4530:
4454:Canarese Konkani
4383:
4382:
4372:
4371:
4146:
4145:
3973:
3972:
3964:
3963:
3810:
3809:
3495:
3494:
3371:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3208:
3207:
3009:
3008:
2989:
2982:
2975:
2966:
2965:
2961:
2944:
2915:
2894:
2877:
2871:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2836:
2834:
2822:
2820:
2808:
2802:
2794:
2772:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2703:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2692:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2653:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2642:
2636:arshacollege.org
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2617:
2607:"Home|AMCOLLEGE"
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2592:
2578:
2572:
2571:
2569:
2567:
2561:AmaderBharat.com
2552:
2546:
2545:
2543:
2541:
2527:
2521:
2520:
2518:
2516:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2464:
2455:. Archived from
2445:
2439:
2438:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2395:
2389:
2388:
2378:
2372:
2371:
2369:
2367:
2346:
2340:
2339:
2337:
2335:
2316:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2299:
2284:
2276:
2267:
2266:
2246:
2240:
2236:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2216:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2167:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2141:
2132:
2126:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2090:
2066:
2053:
2052:
2050:
2048:
2043:on 18 April 2013
2042:
2031:
2023:
2017:
2016:
2014:
1997:
1987:
1978:
1965:
1945:
1930:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1909:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1898:
1879:
1870:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1859:
1853:. Archived from
1852:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1808:
1802:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1786:
1779:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1750:
1742:
1736:
1735:
1733:
1731:
1726:on 15 April 2022
1722:. Archived from
1712:
1706:
1705:
1683:
1673:
1662:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1642:
1633:
1627:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1600:on 19 April 2022
1599:
1588:
1580:
1556:
1553:
1547:
1539:
1533:
1522:Konkani language
1513:
1255:, including two
1098:
1092:
1081:
1080:
1058:Go to my house.
948:Manbhum Kudmali
937:
933:
891:Manbhumi dialect
812:Santali language
800:Khortha language
796:Manbhumi dialect
777:
769:
761:
749:
741:
724:
714:
691:
677:
673:
668:
664:
660:
656:
641:Manbhumi dialect
561:
555:
549:
543:
284:
274:
267:
250:
243:
234:
203:
201:
200:
166:
106:
71:
43:
42:
36:Karmali language
32:Kumhali language
21:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4851:
4850:
4801:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4793:
4766:
4729:
4723:
4679:
4662:
4652:
4612:
4555:
4541:Ashokan Prakrit
4520:
4483:
4458:
4432:
4377:
4359:
4326:
4276:
4250:
4207:
4140:
4129:
4098:
4060:
4039:
4013:
3992:
3949:
3933:
3902:
3874:Hyderabadi Urdu
3795:
3752:
3644:
3561:
3482:
3435:
3426:Pahari-Pothwari
3397:
3351:
3332:Pahari Kinnauri
3253:
3232:
3193:
3159:Indus Kohistani
3152:Hazara Division
3147:
3126:
3090:
3074:
3028:
2998:
2993:
2933:
2912:
2865:
2864:
2857:
2855:
2844:
2842:Further reading
2839:
2832:
2818:
2796:
2795:
2756:
2751:
2750:
2740:
2738:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2715:
2713:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2688:
2680:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2663:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2640:
2638:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2615:
2613:
2605:
2604:
2600:
2590:
2588:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2553:
2549:
2539:
2537:
2529:
2528:
2524:
2514:
2512:
2504:
2503:
2499:
2492:
2476:
2472:
2462:
2460:
2447:
2446:
2442:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2401:People of India
2396:
2392:
2379:
2375:
2365:
2363:
2348:
2347:
2343:
2333:
2331:
2318:
2317:
2313:
2303:
2301:
2297:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2270:
2263:
2247:
2243:
2227:
2223:
2214:
2201:
2197:
2180:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2142:
2135:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2112:
2067:
2056:
2046:
2044:
2040:
2029:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2012:
2006:
1995:
1989:
1988:
1981:
1962:
1946:
1933:
1923:
1921:
1910:
1906:
1896:
1894:
1881:
1880:
1873:
1863:
1861:
1860:on 5 March 2016
1857:
1850:
1846:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1825:
1809:
1805:
1795:
1793:
1781:
1780:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1748:
1744:
1743:
1739:
1729:
1727:
1714:
1713:
1709:
1671:
1663:
1659:
1651:
1643:
1636:
1628:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1597:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1559:
1554:
1550:
1540:
1536:
1514:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1364:
1261:Scheduled Caste
1257:Scheduled Tribe
1239:
1096:
1090:
1076:
1064:Moi Ghar jaho.
954:
949:
944:
893:
887:
857:) level of the
851:Munda languages
786:to dominant or
775:
767:
759:
747:
739:
725:
719:
712:
692:
682:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
621:
614:
602:Hindi languages
566:
565:
564:
563:
559:
557:
553:
551:
547:
545:
541:
526:Ranchi district
428:Dakhin Dinajpur
352:
289:
288:
270:
269:
263:
246:
245:
239:
238:
230:
198:
196:
193:
186:Official status
167:
162:
156:
107:
104:Language family
102:
95:
91:
90:Native speakers
74:
61:
59:
57:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4859:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4818:
4813:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4786:
4781:
4776:
4772:
4771:
4768:
4767:
4765:
4764:
4759:
4754:
4749:
4744:
4739:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4716:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4687:
4685:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4666:
4664:
4658:
4657:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4624:
4622:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4599:
4598:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4573:
4567:
4565:
4557:
4556:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4543:
4537:
4535:
4528:
4522:
4521:
4519:
4518:
4513:
4512:
4511:
4506:
4495:
4493:
4489:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4482:
4481:
4476:
4470:
4468:
4464:
4463:
4460:
4459:
4457:
4456:
4451:
4446:
4440:
4438:
4434:
4433:
4431:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4405:
4400:
4395:
4389:
4387:
4380:
4369:
4365:
4364:
4361:
4360:
4358:
4357:
4352:
4347:
4342:
4336:
4334:
4328:
4327:
4325:
4324:
4319:
4314:
4309:
4304:
4299:
4294:
4288:
4286:
4282:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4275:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4258:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4232:
4231:
4226:
4215:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4206:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4164:
4163:
4152:
4150:
4143:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4130:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4112:
4106:
4104:
4100:
4099:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4068:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4021:
4019:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3990:
3985:
3979:
3977:
3970:
3961:
3955:
3954:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3941:
3939:
3935:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3910:
3908:
3904:
3903:
3901:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3884:
3883:
3882:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3856:
3847:
3842:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3816:
3814:
3807:
3801:
3800:
3797:
3796:
3794:
3793:
3792:
3791:
3781:
3776:
3771:
3766:
3760:
3758:
3754:
3753:
3751:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3542:Lisan ud-Dawat
3539:
3538:
3537:
3532:
3527:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3503:
3501:
3492:
3488:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3441:
3440:
3437:
3436:
3434:
3433:
3428:
3423:
3418:
3413:
3407:
3405:
3399:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3389:
3388:
3377:
3375:
3368:
3361:
3357:
3356:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3304:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3263:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3246:
3240:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3230:
3225:
3220:
3214:
3212:
3205:
3199:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3155:
3153:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3145:
3140:
3134:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3125:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3098:
3096:
3092:
3091:
3089:
3088:
3082:
3080:
3076:
3075:
3073:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3036:
3034:
3030:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3015:
3013:
3006:
3000:
2999:
2992:
2991:
2984:
2977:
2969:
2963:
2962:
2945:
2931:
2916:
2910:
2895:
2878:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2837:
2823:
2809:
2776:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2749:
2748:
2723:
2698:
2673:
2648:
2623:
2598:
2573:
2547:
2522:
2497:
2490:
2470:
2440:
2417:
2410:
2390:
2373:
2341:
2311:
2268:
2261:
2241:
2221:
2195:
2174:
2172:, Ch. 1, p. 1.
2162:
2133:
2131:, p. 145.
2121:
2110:
2054:
2018:
2004:
1979:
1960:
1931:
1904:
1871:
1839:
1830:
1823:
1803:
1765:
1737:
1707:
1657:
1634:
1611:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1557:
1548:
1534:
1518:Kudubi/Kudumbi
1507:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1480:
1471:
1462:
1453:
1444:
1432:
1423:
1414:
1405:
1396:
1387:
1378:
1368:
1363:
1360:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1231:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1192:
1188:
1187:
1184:
1181:
1177:
1176:
1173:
1170:
1166:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1155:
1154:
1151:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1140:
1137:
1133:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1111:
1110:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1093:
1087:
1075:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1041:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1003:
999:
998:
995:
992:
989:
985:
984:
981:
978:
975:
971:
970:
967:
964:
961:
957:
956:
951:
950:(West Bengal)
946:
941:
886:
883:
849:, nor even in
808:Munda language
776:44â58 per cent
768:41â55 per cent
760:46â53 per cent
748:51â73 per cent
740:58â72 per cent
717:
684:G. A. Grierson
680:
637:language shift
613:
610:
570:Census of 2011
558:
552:
546:
540:
536:
535:
534:
530:trade language
424:Uttar Dinajpur
364:West Singhbhum
360:East Singhbhum
351:
348:
291:
290:
286:
285:
277:
276:
268: Kudmali
261:
253:
252:
235:
227:
226:
225:Language codes
222:
221:
220:
219:
213:
194:
191:
188:
187:
183:
182:
168:
164:Writing system
161:
158:
157:
155:
154:
153:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
110:
108:
101:
98:
97:
92:
89:
86:
85:
80:
79:Native to
76:
75:
72:
64:
63:
53:
52:
48:
47:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4858:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4822:
4819:
4817:
4814:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4790:
4787:
4785:
4782:
4780:
4777:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4763:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4753:
4750:
4748:
4747:Haflong Hindi
4745:
4743:
4740:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4726:
4720:
4717:
4713:
4710:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4702:ChinaliâLahul
4700:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4689:
4688:
4686:
4682:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4668:
4667:
4665:
4659:
4649:
4648:Khasa Prakrit
4646:
4644:
4641:
4639:
4636:
4634:
4631:
4629:
4626:
4625:
4623:
4620:
4615:
4609:
4606:
4604:
4601:
4597:
4594:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4574:
4572:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4549:
4547:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4536:
4532:
4529:
4527:
4523:
4517:
4514:
4510:
4507:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4480:
4477:
4475:
4472:
4471:
4469:
4465:
4455:
4452:
4450:
4447:
4445:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4435:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4399:
4396:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4388:
4384:
4381:
4379:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4356:
4353:
4351:
4348:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4338:
4337:
4335:
4333:
4329:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4313:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4293:
4290:
4289:
4287:
4283:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4260:
4259:
4257:
4253:
4247:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4217:
4216:
4214:
4210:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4162:
4159:
4158:
4157:
4154:
4153:
4151:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4136:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4115:
4113:
4111:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4101:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4073:
4070:
4069:
4067:
4063:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4022:
4020:
4016:
4010:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3995:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3978:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3965:
3962:
3960:
3956:
3946:
3943:
3942:
3940:
3936:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3924:Chhattisgarhi
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3909:
3905:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3880:
3877:
3875:
3872:
3870:
3867:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3837:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3817:
3815:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3802:
3790:
3787:
3786:
3785:
3782:
3780:
3777:
3775:
3772:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3759:
3755:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3718:Rathwi Bareli
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3526:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3496:
3493:
3489:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3446:
3442:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3404:
3400:
3394:
3391:
3387:
3384:
3383:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3372:
3369:
3365:
3362:
3358:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Mahasu Pahari
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3260:
3256:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3229:
3226:
3224:
3221:
3219:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3156:
3154:
3150:
3144:
3141:
3139:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3081:
3077:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3037:
3035:
3031:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3014:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2985:
2983:
2978:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2967:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2946:
2942:
2938:
2934:
2928:
2924:
2923:
2917:
2913:
2907:
2903:
2902:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2879:
2875:
2869:
2853:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2831:
2830:
2824:
2817:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2800:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2783:
2777:
2775:
2770:
2766:
2765:
2759:
2758:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2687:
2683:
2677:
2662:
2658:
2652:
2637:
2633:
2627:
2612:
2608:
2602:
2587:
2583:
2577:
2562:
2558:
2551:
2536:
2532:
2526:
2511:
2507:
2501:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2444:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2402:
2394:
2386:
2385:
2377:
2361:
2357:
2356:
2351:
2345:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2315:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2281:
2275:
2273:
2264:
2258:
2254:
2253:
2245:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2199:
2192:
2187:
2186:
2178:
2171:
2166:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2138:
2130:
2129:Grierson 1903
2125:
2119:
2114:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2039:
2035:
2028:
2022:
2011:
2007:
2005:9789937289726
2001:
1994:
1993:
1986:
1984:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1963:
1961:9788193221587
1957:
1953:
1952:
1944:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1936:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1878:
1876:
1856:
1849:
1843:
1834:
1826:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1807:
1792:
1791:
1785:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1754:
1747:
1741:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1711:
1704:
1702:
1698:
1691:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1670:
1669:
1661:
1650:
1649:
1641:
1639:
1631:
1626:
1624:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1596:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1577:
1575:
1573:
1568:
1552:
1544:
1538:
1531:
1526:
1523:
1519:
1512:
1508:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1470:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:Arsha College
1454:
1452:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1439:
1436:
1433:
1431:
1427:
1424:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:
1395:
1391:
1388:
1386:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1359:
1357:
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1336:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1295:, Karga, and
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1270:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1253:mother tongue
1250:
1249:
1244:
1229:
1226:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1216:khonRi/khonDi
1215:
1212:
1211:
1207:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1174:
1171:
1168:
1167:
1163:
1160:
1157:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1135:
1134:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1086:
1083:
1082:
1079:
1066:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
986:
982:
979:
976:
973:
972:
968:
965:
962:
960:He likes it.
959:
958:
952:
947:
942:
939:
938:
932:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
897:
892:
882:
880:
876:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
852:
848:
844:
840:
836:
832:
831:lexical items
828:
824:
820:
815:
813:
809:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
781:
773:
765:
757:
753:
745:
736:
734:
733:
722:
716:
710:
706:
700:
698:
689:
685:
679:
650:
648:
647:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
619:
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51:Panchpargania
49:
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19:
4742:Bombay Hindi
4684:Unclassified
4581:Ardhamagadhi
4408:Berar Deccan
4262:Chittagonian
4255:Chittagonian
4055:
3748:Vaagri Booli
3713:Pauri Bareli
3708:Palya Bareli
3673:DhodiaâKukna
3547:Parkari Koli
3360:Northwestern
3050:Kundal Shahi
2949:
2921:
2900:
2890:
2886:
2856:. Retrieved
2850:
2828:
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2781:
2768:
2763:
2754:Bibliography
2739:. Retrieved
2735:
2726:
2714:. Retrieved
2710:
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2685:
2676:
2664:. Retrieved
2660:
2651:
2639:. Retrieved
2635:
2626:
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2560:
2550:
2538:. Retrieved
2534:
2525:
2513:. Retrieved
2509:
2500:
2480:
2473:
2461:. Retrieved
2457:the original
2452:
2443:
2434:
2430:
2420:
2400:
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2383:
2376:
2364:. Retrieved
2353:
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2323:
2314:
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2286:
2251:
2244:
2231:
2224:
2211:
2205:
2198:
2189:
2184:
2177:
2165:
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2149:
2124:
2113:
2078:
2074:
2045:. Retrieved
2038:the original
2033:
2021:
1991:
1976:
1950:
1922:. Retrieved
1920:(in Bengali)
1917:
1907:
1895:. Retrieved
1886:
1862:. Retrieved
1855:the original
1842:
1833:
1813:
1806:
1794:. Retrieved
1788:
1756:. Retrieved
1752:
1740:
1728:. Retrieved
1724:the original
1719:
1710:
1693:
1667:
1660:
1647:
1602:. Retrieved
1595:the original
1590:
1551:
1537:
1529:
1511:
1365:
1337:
1246:
1243:Kudmi Mahato
1240:
1237:Language use
1077:
945:(Jharkhand)
902:
873:". However,
819:Kudmi Mahato
816:
737:
730:
727:
720:
702:
696:
694:
687:
670:Mayurbhanja.
652:
644:
622:
567:
537:
499:
494:Chota Nagpur
353:
315:
299:
295:
294:
256:
218:(additional)
212:(additional)
141:
117:Indo-Iranian
40:
4730:and creoles
4712:Lahul Lohar
4591:Maharashtri
4188:Mal Paharia
4178:Kharia Thar
3820:Braj Bhasha
2893:(1): 38â48.
2858:17 November
2741:25 December
2716:25 December
2691:25 December
2666:25 December
2641:25 December
2616:25 December
2591:25 December
1924:1 September
1758:21 February
1753:unicode.org
1356:Jhumar song
1139:chail/gONda
590:Maharashtra
578:West Bengal
568:As per the
502:British Raj
500:During the
464:Maharashtra
436:West Bengal
336:West Bengal
216:West Bengal
4805:Categories
4633:ApabhraášÅa
4619:ApabhraášÅa
4596:Shauraseni
4312:Bodo Parja
4297:Sambalpuri
4229:Goalpariya
4203:Tanchangya
4193:Noakhailla
4118:Bote-Darai
3929:Fiji Hindi
3898:Sadhukkadi
3869:Judeo-Urdu
3835:Hindustani
3625:Shekhawati
3567:Rajasthani
3552:Saurashtra
3277:Bhadarwahi
3107:Gawar-Bati
2941:1300421436
2566:10 October
2540:10 October
2463:24 October
2355:Ethnologue
2324:UNESCO WAL
2287:soas.ac.uk
2081:(2): 347.
2034:cbs.gov.np
1918:Prothomalo
1790:Ethnologue
1630:Ghosh 2020
1563:References
1271:, Dharua,
1259:and three
1230:dui kuRie
1117:dORi/duhuÃą
929:Mayurbhanj
905:Indo Aryan
889:See also:
875:Ethnologue
867:Vulnerable
843:Indo-Aryan
839:categories
524:blocks of
490:Grierson's
476:Bangladesh
460:Gadchiroli
456:Chandrapur
432:Jalpaiguri
396:Sundargarh
380:Mayurbhanj
171:Devanagari
122:Indo-Aryan
4719:Sheikhgal
4663:languages
4628:Abahattha
4608:Paishachi
4509:Classical
4474:Maldivian
4246:Surjapuri
4212:Kamarupic
4114:Kuswaric
3976:Bhojpuric
3764:Khandeshi
3297:Chambeali
3292:Bilaspuri
3189:Mankiyali
3117:Shumashti
3112:Nangalami
3024:Kishtwari
2868:cite book
2799:cite book
2791:186714577
2785:. Patna.
2105:233732014
2097:2196-078X
2047:31 August
1864:4 October
1784:"Kudmali"
1701:Midnapore
1690:496724918
1442:Jharkhand
1430:Hazaribag
1362:Education
1275:, Jolha,
1097:(Current)
955:(Odisha)
927:Kudmali,
919:Kudmali,
915:Kudmali,
913:Singhbhum
909:varieties
847:Dravidian
806:from the
804:loanwords
653:There are
594:Jharkhand
388:Kendujhar
376:Jharkhand
328:Jharkhand
258:Glottolog
232:ISO 639-3
210:Jharkhand
4775:See also
4757:Nefamese
4752:Nagamese
4643:Kamarupi
4603:GÄndhÄrÄĢ
4560:Middle (
4499:Sanskrit
4437:Konkanic
4386:Marathic
4376:Marathiâ
4368:Southern
4272:Rohingya
4241:Rangpuri
4219:Assamese
4183:Kurmukar
4161:dialects
4141:Kamarupa
4025:Maithili
4018:Maithili
3983:Bhojpuri
3888:Kannauji
3850:Hinglish
3830:Haryanvi
3595:Dhundari
3535:Wadiyara
3517:Jandavra
3512:Gujarati
3499:Gujarati
3421:Khetrani
3386:dialects
3342:Sirmauri
3322:Jaunsari
3312:Mandeali
3307:Pangwali
3287:Bhateali
3244:Garhwali
3203:Northern
3169:Chilisso
3045:Brokskat
3019:Kashmiri
3012:Kashmiri
2958:23147093
2515:18 April
2360:Archived
2328:Archived
2295:Archived
2207:Evidence
2010:Archived
1891:Archived
1730:20 March
1421:Jhargram
1385:Chaibasa
1095:Kurmali
1089:Kurmali
940:English
917:Dhalbhum
718:â
686:(1903).
681:â
510:Sonahatu
448:Santipur
440:Udalguri
408:Jhargram
384:Balasore
324:parganas
272:panc1246
265:kudm1238
181:, Chisoi
60:āŦāāŦĄāŦŧāŦŽāŦžāŦ˛āŦŋ
4728:Pidgins
4707:Chinali
4697:Bazigar
4691:Badeshi
4586:Magadhi
4562:Prakrit
4479:Sinhala
4467:Insular
4444:Konkani
4423:Katkari
4418:Phudagi
4398:Varhadi
4393:Marathi
4378:Konkani
4350:Bhunjia
4224:Kamrupi
4198:Sylheti
4156:Bengali
4149:Bengali
4110:Kumhali
4077:Kochila
4065:Tharuic
4056:Kurmali
4044:Sadanic
4035:Bajjika
4009:Khortha
3959:Eastern
3919:Bagheli
3907:Eastern
3864:Deccani
3840:Kauravi
3825:Bundeli
3813:Western
3805:Central
3774:Dawoodi
3769:Lambadi
3693:Bhilori
3663:Bhilali
3610:Marwari
3600:Harauti
3530:Parkari
3491:Western
3458:Kholosi
3453:Jadgali
3431:Saraiki
3381:Punjabi
3374:Eastern
3367:Punjabi
3337:Hinduri
3282:Churahi
3259:Western
3249:Kumaoni
3237:Central
3211:Eastern
3138:Kalasha
3131:Chitral
3086:Pashayi
3079:Pashayi
3055:Kalkoti
2774:Alt URL
2366:20 July
2334:22 June
2238:Alt URL
2150:Outlook
1697:Manbhum
1530:Kurmali
1525:variety
1496:Purulia
1487:Purulia
1478:Purulia
1469:Purulia
1460:Purulia
1451:Purulia
1412:Purulia
1394:Dhanbad
1352:Jhumair
1333:Bathudi
1128:ghurOin
1085:English
1074:Numbers
925:Manbhum
885:Variety
869:" and "
823:Manbhum
772:Bengali
752:Nagpuri
744:Khortha
705:Bengali
629:Nagpuri
625:Bengali
416:Purulia
412:Bankura
320:Bengali
300:Kudmali
296:Kurmali
237:Either:
175:Bengali
142:Kurmali
137:Sadanic
127:Eastern
46:Kurmali
18:Kurmali
4661:Proto-
4617:Late (
4526:Middle
4428:Kadodi
4355:Nahari
4332:Halbic
4307:Bhatri
4267:Chakma
4173:Hajong
4139:Gaudaâ
4123:Danwar
4103:Others
4094:Musasa
4030:Angika
4004:Magahi
3997:Magahi
3968:Bihari
3938:Others
3914:Awadhi
3879:Rekhta
3854:Urdish
3784:Romani
3779:Domari
3757:Others
3738:Vasavi
3723:Pardhi
3703:Magari
3698:Mawchi
3688:Bauria
3678:Dhanki
3668:Chodri
3640:Nimadi
3630:Dhatki
3620:Mewari
3615:Mewati
3590:Gujari
3585:Loarki
3580:Goaria
3557:Vaghri
3478:Sindhi
3473:Memoni
3468:Luwati
3463:Kutchi
3445:Sindhi
3411:Hindko
3403:Lahnda
3347:Sarazi
3327:Kullui
3272:Kangri
3228:Nepali
3218:Doteli
3184:Tirahi
3179:Kalami
3164:Bateri
3143:Khowar
3102:Dameli
3065:Palula
3060:Ushoji
3004:Dardic
2956:
2939:
2929:
2908:
2789:
2488:
2408:
2304:1 July
2259:
2215:
2155:16 May
2103:
2095:
2002:
1958:
1897:4 June
1821:
1796:18 May
1688:
1678:
1604:7 July
1543:patois
1403:Ranchi
1376:Ranchi
1340:Bandna
1325:Santal
1309:Kharia
1301:Bhumij
1297:Rautia
1281:Kumhar
1219:kuRie
1183:aaThoi
1172:sutOil
921:Ranchi
863:UNESCO
827:Magahi
774:; and
713:
709:Kaithi
676:
672:
667:
663:
659:
655:
582:Odisha
560:
554:
548:
542:
496:, 1903
452:Nagaon
444:Cachar
420:Maldah
400:Odisha
392:Jajpur
372:Ranchi
368:Bokaro
332:Odisha
312:Bihari
202:
132:Bihari
4762:Vedda
4534:Early
4504:Vedic
4413:Varli
4345:Kamar
4340:Halbi
4322:Kupia
4302:Desia
4089:Majhi
4082:Buksa
4072:Tharu
4051:Sadri
3945:Parya
3893:Sansi
3845:Hindi
3743:Wagdi
3733:Kalto
3728:Gamit
3683:Dubli
3658:Bhili
3605:Malvi
3575:Bagri
3525:Kachi
3521:Koli
3393:Sansi
3302:Gaddi
3267:Dogri
3223:Jumli
3174:Gowro
3095:Kunar
3040:Shina
3033:Shina
2833:(PDF)
2819:(PDF)
2298:(PDF)
2283:(PDF)
2101:S2CID
2041:(PDF)
2030:(PDF)
2013:(PDF)
1996:(PDF)
1858:(PDF)
1851:(PDF)
1749:(PDF)
1676:JSTOR
1672:(PDF)
1652:(PDF)
1598:(PDF)
1587:(PDF)
1503:Notes
1438:Bundu
1348:Karam
1329:Savar
1321:Oraon
1317:Munda
1313:Mahli
1293:Ghasi
1285:Tanti
1277:Kamar
1269:Bagal
1265:Bedia
1205:baNri
1161:jheig
1150:cOmpa
1142:caer
1091:(Old)
879:trade
780:Hindi
778:with
770:with
762:with
756:Sadri
750:with
742:with
606:Nepal
598:India
586:Assam
574:India
522:Tamar
518:Silli
506:Bundu
480:Nepal
472:Bihar
340:Assam
205:India
83:India
4546:PÄli
4403:Andh
4317:Reli
4292:Odia
4285:Odia
3859:Urdu
3650:Bhil
3416:Inku
3070:Sawi
2954:OCLC
2937:OCLC
2927:ISBN
2906:ISBN
2874:link
2860:2021
2805:link
2787:OCLC
2743:2023
2718:2023
2693:2023
2668:2023
2643:2023
2618:2023
2593:2023
2568:2022
2542:2022
2517:2022
2486:ISBN
2465:2021
2437:(3).
2406:ISBN
2368:2022
2336:2023
2306:2022
2257:ISBN
2157:2022
2093:ISSN
2049:2022
2000:ISBN
1956:ISBN
1926:2022
1899:2022
1866:2016
1819:ISBN
1798:2019
1760:2022
1732:2022
1699:and
1686:OCLC
1606:2018
1520:, a
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512:and
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334:and
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4638:Elu
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3507:Aer
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1289:Nai
1273:Dom
1227:mOn
1197:nO
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732:sic
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