447:
804:
555:, while also eschewing specific references to "socialism", which was briefly successful in convincing both parties. However, by 1891, the SDHP grew dissatisfied with its compact with the ARF, believing that the socialists Mikaelian and Zavarian had lost influence to the anti-socialists, and ultimately split from the party.
898:. As the ceremony was "highly ritualized and publicized" event, the revolutionaries planned to present themselves as European guests, whereupon the appearance of the Sultan, they would begin throwing out small bombs they had brought with them and detonate a large bomb hidden in a carriage when the Sultan approached it.
614:, against the Ottoman Empire; and the decentralization of the party's structure, in order to create a "dynamic network" of autonomous organizations. Over the subsequent years, Mikaelian was actively involved in the ARF's activities in the Caucasus. After being imprisoned for 6 months in 1895, he organized the
618:
in 1897, before returning to exile and moving to Geneva in 1898. At the ARF's second congress in 1898, the organization reaffirmed its decentralized structure by establishing a western bureau in Geneva to act alongside the eastern bureau in
Tbilisi and ensuring that the bureaus would be elected by
465:
After the collapse of
Narodnaya Volya in the 1880s, Armenian students in Russia began returning to the Caucasus, where they began publishing and distributing revolutionary socialist literature. Mikaelian himself dropped out of university in 1887, in order to return to the Caucasus and initiate a
879:
In
November 1904, Joris rented a flat near the palace, which he made available to Mikaelian and Areshyan for the planning of the assassination. The Sultan rarely appeared in public, so they had to choose their moment carefully. Mikaelian initially suggested that they attack the Sultan during a
926:
51:
965:. In 1907, the ARF's fourth congress investigated the actions of the Demonstrative Body and held its members to account over the failure. Markarian was expelled from the ARF, both for his failure to assassinate the Sultan, but also because he was believed to be a source of posthumous
692:
published two issues per month until
October 1908 and was widely distributed to prominent figures throughout Europe. Through the bureau, Mikaelian managed to secure widespread support for the Armenian national liberation movement in Europe, mobilizing
601:
At the ARF's first congress in 1892, the party agreed to its political programme, written with the collaboration of
Mikaelian and Zavarian, which called for: the liberation of Ottoman Armenia through an insurrection and the establishment of a
948:
was arrested, the
Ottoman authorities discovered the role of the ARF in the assassination attempt, forcing the revolutionaries to also abort Mikaelian's planned action in Smyrna. The ARF subsequently gained the reputation of a simple
329:. He brought together several Armenian revolutionaries, and a couple European anarchists, in order to carry out the plot. Mikaelian himself never saw it through, as he was killed in an accidental explosion while testing explosives in
940:
on 21 July 1905. But as
Markarian had dropped Mikaelian's plan to control the situation with smaller bombs, the carriage explosion was mistimed and the Sultan survived the attempt. 26 people were killed and 58 wounded in the attack.
826:, the Demonstrative Body decided to moved forward with Mikaelian's assassination plot. Mikaelian himself took charge of the operation, which along with its main objective, also organized sabotage actions in
2285:(1994). "The role of the Armenian community in the foundation and development of the socialist movement in the Ottoman Empire and Turkey - 1876-1923". In Tunçay, Mete; Zürcher, Erik Jan (eds.).
466:
revolutionary campaign. That year, he attempted to establish a revolutionary journal together with Stepan Zorian, but the operative costs were prohibitively high, despite the support of the
533:
The ARF issued a manifesto, calling for
Armenians to take action for the liberation of their compatriots in the Ottoman Empire. In Tbilisi, Mikaelian and Zavarian formed the organisation's
2579:
737:
as early as 1896. By April 1901, the ARF's western bureau had itself started making plans to assassinate the Sultan. In order to fund such an action, Mikaelian oversaw command of the
1027:, although no concrete evidence of this has been found. Another conspiracy theory alleged that Mikaelian had been murdered, but no solid evidence of this has been found either.
2199:
562:, causing the central committee to effectively collapse. Responsibilities for organising the revolutionary movement were taken over by Stepan Zorian, who set about
1030:
Mikaelian's portrait still hangs in ARF buildings over a century after his death and the party continues to refer to their political ideology as "Christaporism".
688:, edited by Quillard, which solicited contributions from across Western Europe in support of Armenian national liberation. Financed by Mikaelian's Geneva bureau,
3006:
846:
598:, coordinated the decentralized executive bodies in various regions, distributed funds and oversaw the implementations of proposals from the party's congresses.
340:
against the Sultan failed, leading to the ARF losing western support and facing an internal leadership crisis. The ARF eventually secured the independence of an
325:" from rich Armenians, in order to fund their revolutionary activities. By the turn of the 20th century, he had begun planning to assassinate the Ottoman Sultan
2518:
Ketsemanian, Varak (2017). "Straddling Two
Empires: Cross-Revolutionary Fertilization and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation's Military Academy in 1906–07".
890:, in the old Narodnik method of throwing bombs at his passing carriage. But the Demonstrative Body decided that the best opportunity to kill him would be after
2971:
2520:
2387:
836:
813:
628:
2620:
785:
937:
930:
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through revolutionary struggle, Mikaelian, Zavarian and Zorian managed to unite all of the disparate groups into a single organisation, establishing the
337:
2320:
Van
Ginderachter, Maarten (2018). "Edward Joris: Caught Between Continents and Ideologies?". In Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; de Smaele, Henk (eds.).
446:
831:
808:
2208:
Minassian, Gaïdz (2018). "The Armenian Revolutionary Federation and Operation 'Nejuik'". In Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; de Smaele, Henk (eds.).
2772:
2549:
Sahakyan, Naira (2022). "Searching for Democracy, Finding Nationalism: The First Republic of Armenia in the Post-Revolutionary Discourse of 2018".
842:
797:
2132:
Altıntaş, Toygun (2018). "The Ottoman War on 'Anarchism' and Revolutionary Violence". In Alloul, Houssine; Eldem, Edhem; de Smaele, Henk (eds.).
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850:
474:
281:
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held a mass demonstration in which they carried pictures of ARF founders Mikaelian, Zavarian and Zorian, alongside those of Bolshevik leaders
989:
385:, as well as how to handle firearms. By 1884, he had taken over the leadership of an Armenian workers' group in Tbilisi. That same year, an
822:
By this time, Mikaelian had himself become fixated on the assassination plot. A few months after the ARF's third congress, at a meeting in
793:
1014:
1008:. On the 20th anniversary of their death, in 1925, a memorial to Mikaelian and Kendirian was unveiled in Sofia, where Bulgarian general
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2676:
953:
organization, losing many of its prior sympathizers and supporters. In the west, it was directly compared to the anarchist assassins
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2613:
1854:
3011:
2946:
800:. They began printing revolutionary literature for distribution, while also clandestinely importing and collecting explosives.
2951:
2508:
2345:
2233:
2157:
234:
195:
619:
and accountable to each ARF congress. Mikaelian was elected to the Geneva Bureau, where he served alongside Stepan Zorian,
984:
Mikaelian himself, considered to have been the main leader of the ARF during his time, had been conferred the status of a
422:, which formed the basis of his proposal for Armenian national liberation through armed struggle. He became a follower of
2986:
2606:
17:
594:
within the party's new decentralized structure. From the bureau, they sent field workers to carry out agitation work in
1679:
2966:
2868:
2736:
2726:
2438:
2368:
2302:
2256:
2180:
1053:
522:
458:
289:
185:
1894:
1019:
revealed to attending ARF members that he had collaborated with Mikaelian on the assassination attempt. This raised
2981:
2862:
1290:
544:
2996:
2245:
The Armenian Revolutionary Movement: The Development of Armenian Political Parties through the Nineteenth Century
970:
909:
4 March] 1905, the two were killed in an accidental explosion, while testing the bombs on the slopes of
518:
551:
that had joined the ARF. Mikaelian and Zavarian resolved to employ terminology that recognised the goals of the
2711:
2706:
917:
10 March] 1905, attended by 6,000 people, including Armenian, Macedonian and Turkish revolutionaries.
697:
and carrying out propaganda in favor of other national minorities of the Ottoman Empire, notably including the
88:
993:
914:
906:
2976:
2931:
756:, where it was decided to replace Istanbul's central committee with what it called a "Demonstrative Body" (
710:
2941:
1083:
895:
2629:
2192:"The Missed Occasion: Successes of the Hamidian Police Against the Armenian Revolutionaries, 1905-1908"
698:
642:. From this position, he gathered together several Armenian journalists and writers to collaborate on
2991:
2936:
2789:
997:
470:. Over the subsequent years, he briefly returned to teaching in Tbilisi and his home town of Agulis.
341:
309:, where he took a role in the ARF's Western Bureau, soliciting support for their cause from Western
3001:
2888:
2779:
2248:
902:
766:
487:
330:
216:
116:
1270:
2681:
2442:
2191:
777:
419:
406:, where he enrolled in the Agronomical Institute. There he joined the revolutionary organization
399:, in a move that was protested by Mikaelian, who printed and distributed anti-Tsarist pamphlets.
277:
876:, while a few remained behind in Bulgaria in order to arrange the transportation of explosives.
671:
537:, which was tasked with organising the revolutionary movement, and began publishing the journal
2894:
2696:
954:
733:, individual Armenian revolutionaries had already begun discussing plans to assassinate Sultan
591:
559:
548:
2379:
2784:
2716:
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2446:
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1024:
974:
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517:, also began gathering in Tbilisi. Emphasising their shared commitment to the liberation of
369:. His parents died while he was aged 10, leaving him an orphan. In 1870, he enrolled at the
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2921:
2701:
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1933:
1802:
985:
345:
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803:
377:, from which he graduated in 1880. During the early 1880s, he taught migrant workers from
8:
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978:
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1965:
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830:. He also enlisted the participation of other revolutionaries, including the Armenians
752:
In March 1904, Mikaelian attended the ARF's third congress in the Bulgarian capital of
730:
655:
586:. Before long Mikaelian and Zavarian had returned to Tbilisi, where they established a
567:
467:
318:
79:
2380:"Propaganda by the Deed and Hotel Registration Regulations in the Late Ottoman Empire"
1575:
505:. Other Armenian revolutionary groups with different, even opposing, ideologies, from
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2404:
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2153:
1057:
1020:
936:
After Mikaelian's death, Markarian took command of the operation and carried out the
905:, where they began testing the explosives they planned to use. On 17 March [
757:
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534:
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in its place; the carrying out of propaganda, education and armed action, including
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543:. One of their first challenges was to quell discord between the Marxists of the
498:
423:
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265:
249:
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280:. Upon returning to the Caucasus, he established the revolutionary organization
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1001:
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83:
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662:. He also secured written work from foreign sympathizers such as the Italians
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By the following year, Mikaelian and Zavarian had been arrested and exiled to
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History Of The Armenian Revolutionary Federation, Dashnaktsutiun (1890/1924)
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1997:
1242:
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Seeking revenge for the thousands of Armenians that were killed during the
706:
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in February 1892, before the journal's publication offices were moved to
506:
2435:
The Relationship between Terrorism and Macroeconomics in the Middle East
1822:
1707:
2460:
The Armenian Revolutionary Federation: The Politics of a Party in Exile
620:
510:
2041:
2013:
1499:
1390:
1103:
977:, despite Mikaelian's widely known opposition to an alliance with the
260:
in Armenia, he became involved in revolutionary activism. He moved to
2799:
2360:
1167:
950:
869:
784:. Mikaelian was himself elected to the demonstrative body, alongside
742:
702:
682:. Mikaelian also oversaw the establishment of the French publication
587:
501:, with the eventual aim of launching an armed revolution against the
427:
227:
127:
969:
about Mikaelian. The following year, the ARF formed a pact with the
571:
2825:
2580:"The Armenian Revolution and the Armenian Revolutionary Federation"
873:
607:
50:
925:
473:
By 1889, Mikaelian had established the revolutionary organization
361:
Christapor Mikaelian was born in 1859, in the Armenian village of
966:
910:
749:" from Armenian capitalists, collecting 432,500 Francs in total.
539:
514:
374:
297:
245:
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1049:
827:
823:
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403:
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288:. Together with Zorian and Zavarian, Mikaelian established the
261:
1780:
1778:
913:. Mikaelian's funeral was held in Sofia on 23 March [
391:
by the Russian imperial government decreed the closing of all
2810:
2172:
1354:
1342:
1086:: Քրիստափոր Միքայելյան; sometimes translated to the English:
753:
387:
1923:
1921:
1739:
1607:
1515:
1489:
1487:
1436:
1414:
1412:
1378:
1314:
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1472:
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the structure of the ARF. Mikaelian managed to escape into
2287:
Socialism and nationalism in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1923
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2029:
1882:
1763:
1563:
1551:
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1918:
1751:
1527:
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1366:
1258:
1230:
721:
in 1903, with Sarkis Minassian taking over the position.
1203:
1155:
701:. He formed a particularly close alliance with European
497:), which was formed to carry out clandestine attacks in
2483:
Erickson, Edward J. (2013). "Insurgency by Committee".
2069:
1953:
1790:
1631:
1595:
1129:
1127:
1125:
717:. Mikaelian finally stepped down as editor-in-chief of
2521:
Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association
2388:
Journal of the Ottoman and Turkish Studies Association
771:
492:
221:
2057:
1448:
2093:
1985:
1122:
438:, principles he would hold to throughout his life.
321:. He also took command of an operation to exact a "
1023:that alleged Mikaelian had been an agent for the
901:In January 1905, Mikaelian and Kendirian went to
301:and organised a number of actions, including the
284:and began organizing violent actions against the
2913:
2319:
1912:
1872:
1697:
295:During the 1890s, he edited the ARF's newspaper
705:, who he sympathized with, due to their shared
402:Out of work as a teacher, in 1885, he moved to
3007:People from the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
2628:
931:Abdul Hamid II assassination attempt in Yıldız
159:
150:
141:
2972:Armenian Revolutionary Federation politicians
2614:
2281:
2115:
1224:
418:. At this time, he also adopted the cause of
292:(ARF), in which he became a leading figure.
2517:
2166:
2003:
1971:
1939:
1927:
1900:
1860:
1844:
1828:
1812:
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1384:
1372:
1332:
1320:
1296:
1276:
1248:
1236:
1212:
1189:
1145:
1112:
248:and worked to educate migrant workers from
2677:Liberation struggle of Artsakh (1724-1731)
2621:
2607:
2457:
2242:
2111:
1360:
1348:
1336:
1304:
1280:
1264:
1173:
1161:
1149:
1039:
453:(left), Christapor Mikaelian (centre) and
356:
226:; 18 October 1859 – 17 March 1905) was an
49:
2432:
2207:
2087:
2075:
2051:
2035:
2023:
2007:
1979:
1959:
1947:
1908:
1888:
1868:
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1769:
1733:
1717:
1657:
1601:
1585:
1569:
1557:
1545:
1300:
1193:
344:, where Mikaelian gained the status of a
2727:Battle of Holy Apostles Monastery (1901)
2577:
2548:
2482:
2131:
1808:
1784:
1685:
1637:
924:
802:
528:
445:
996:in 1918, the ARF-led government of the
872:, most of the revolutionaries moved to
634:That same year, Mikaelian took over as
590:to act as the revolutionary movement's
276:, and which informed his conversion to
14:
2914:
2377:
2354:
2063:
1876:
1701:
1589:
1509:
1454:
1403:
1308:
1284:
1252:
1197:
1177:
1133:
1116:
2602:
2189:
2099:
2047:
2019:
1991:
1975:
1943:
1904:
1864:
1693:
1673:
1653:
886:, when he was scheduled to visit the
724:
410:, through which he was introduced to
235:Armenian national liberation movement
196:Armenian national liberation movement
1048:] (in Armenian) (3rd ed.).
988:. Following the independence of the
776:), which was tasked with organizing
2737:Yıldız assassination attempt (1905)
441:
24:
2425:
578:. He published the third issue of
252:. During the mid-1880s, after the
27:Armenian revolutionary (1859–1905)
25:
3023:
2957:Armenian emigrants to Switzerland
2869:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2433:Brazfield, Victor Joseph (2022).
2357:Armenia: The Survival of a Nation
1054:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
1033:
894:, during his weekly visit to the
523:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
459:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
290:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
233:who played a leading role in the
186:Armenian Revolutionary Federation
2651:Organizations and military units
2355:Walker, Christopher J. (1990) .
545:Social Democrat Hunchakian Party
2962:Armenian independence activists
2124:
1040:Mikayelian, Kristapor (1931) .
971:Committee of Union and Progress
519:Armenians in the Ottoman Empire
3012:People from the Russian Empire
2947:Armenian emigrants to Bulgaria
2773:Resistance during the genocide
2648:Political and military leaders
1076:
89:Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic
13:
1:
2697:Kum Kapu demonstration (1890)
1097:
525:(ARF) in the summer of 1890.
457:(right), the founders of the
381:how to read and write in the
2952:Armenian emigrants to Russia
2712:Ottoman Bank Takeover (1896)
2645:Persecution of the Armenians
2542:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.2.06
2534:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.2.06
2417:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.1.08
2401:10.2979/jottturstuass.4.1.08
2243:Nalbandian, Louise (1975) .
2167:Dasnabedian, Hratch (1990).
1311:, pp. 68, 131, 431–432.
351:
7:
2338:10.1057/978-1-137-48932-6_3
2226:10.1057/978-1-137-48932-6_2
2150:10.1057/978-1-137-48932-6_4
1046:Thoughts of a Revolutionary
772:
493:
222:
10:
3028:
2987:Deaths by explosive device
2722:Khanasor Expedition (1897)
2707:Zeitun rebellion (1895–96)
2692:Gugunian Expedition (1890)
2630:Armenian national movement
2563:10.30965/23761202-20220008
2200:Review of Armenian Studies
994:International Workers' Day
711:socialist internationalism
305:of 1897. He then moved to
2670:Battle of Halidzor (1727)
2636:
1087:
920:
860:, as well as the Flemish
761:
482:
211:
191:
181:
171:
160:
151:
142:
133:
123:
97:
57:
48:
41:
34:
2967:Armenian revolutionaries
2889:Armenian volunteer units
2578:Vratzian, Simon (1950).
2458:Caprielian, Ara (1975).
2249:University of California
1863:, pp. 47n6, 76–77;
1069:
973:and participated in the
778:political demonstrations
42:
2982:Asian newspaper editors
2742:Battle of Sulukh (1907)
2665:Syunik rebellion (1722)
2501:10.1057/9781137362216_2
2443:Northcentral University
420:revolutionary socialism
357:Early life and activism
278:revolutionary socialism
268:, through which he met
256:decreed the closure of
2997:Libertarian socialists
2895:French Armenian Legion
2702:Sasun rebellion (1894)
2682:Zeitun uprising (1862)
2485:Ottomans and Armenians
2378:Yılmaz, İlkay (2017).
2283:Ter Minassian, Anahide
2190:Gauin, Maxime (2014).
1279:, pp. 23–24, 31;
955:Sante Geronimo Caserio
933:
896:Yıldız Hamidiye Mosque
819:
713:and desire to abolish
462:
430:, which advocated for
2732:Sasun uprising (1904)
2687:Bashkale clash (1889)
1913:Van Ginderachter 2018
1873:Van Ginderachter 2018
1698:Van Ginderachter 2018
1088:Christopher Mikaelian
1025:Imperial Russian Army
975:Young Turk Revolution
944:When the conspirator
938:assassination attempt
928:
847:Vramshabouh Kendirian
806:
773:Ts’uts’adrakan Marmin
529:Leadership of the ARF
449:
338:assassination attempt
2297:. pp. 109–156.
1946:, pp. 119–120;
1907:, pp. 119–120;
1811:, pp. 112–113;
1283:, pp. 145–148;
1084:Reformed orthography
986:revolutionary martyr
979:Turkish nationalists
929:Illustration of the
672:Francis de Pressensé
428:anarchist philosophy
346:revolutionary martyr
336:Mikaelian's planned
223:Kristapor Mikayelian
212:Քրիստափոր Միքայէլեան
204:Christapor Mikaelian
43:Քրիստափոր Միքայէլեան
36:Kristapor Mikayelian
2977:Armenian socialists
2932:Armenian anarchists
2587:The Armenian Review
2468:New York University
2144:. pp. 99–128.
1787:, pp. 112–113.
1676:, pp. 118–119.
1363:, pp. 163–164.
1351:, pp. 153–154.
1255:, pp. 431–432.
1227:, pp. 129–130.
1200:, pp. 68, 431.
1152:, pp. 138–139.
1042:Հեղափոխականի մտքերը
1021:conspiracy theories
668:Ricciotti Garibaldi
629:Smpad Khachadourian
616:Khanasor Expedition
494:Yeritasard Hayastan
303:Khanasor Expedition
18:Kristapor Mikaelian
2942:Armenian educators
2753:Hamidian massacres
2717:Van Defense (1896)
2493:Palgrave Macmillan
2332:. pp. 67–97.
2330:Palgrave Macmillan
2295:Palgrave Macmillan
2220:. pp. 35–65.
2218:Palgrave Macmillan
2175:: Oemme Edizioni.
2142:Palgrave Macmillan
2116:Ter Minassian 1994
1911:, pp. 49–51;
1871:, pp. 47–48;
1847:, pp. 76–77;
1335:, pp. 31–32;
1225:Ter Minassian 1994
934:
820:
786:Mardiros Markarian
780:in support of the
762:Ցուցադրական մարմին
731:Hamidian massacres
725:Assassination plot
656:Khachatur Malumian
574:, where he edited
483:Երիտասարդ Հայաստան
468:Free Russian Press
463:
319:Italian anarchists
2909:
2908:
2904:
2903:
2851:Political parties
2836:Drastamat Kanayan
2765:Armenian genocide
2659:Until World War I
2510:978-1-137-36220-9
2495:. pp. 7–37.
2347:978-1-137-48931-9
2235:978-1-137-48931-9
2159:978-1-137-48931-9
2118:, p. 194n69.
2114:, p. 214n2;
2090:, pp. 62–63.
2054:, pp. 56–58.
2038:, pp. 63–64.
2026:, pp. 57–59.
2010:, pp. 57–58.
1982:, pp. 52–53.
1950:, pp. 51–52.
1915:, pp. 69–70.
1891:, pp. 48–49.
1851:, pp. 46–47.
1772:, pp. 45–46.
1736:, pp. 40–42.
1732:, p. 76n31;
1616:, pp. 71–72.
1572:, pp. 38–39.
1560:, pp. 37–38.
1548:, pp. 44–45.
1524:, pp. 61–62.
1445:, pp. 33–35.
1387:, pp. 32–33.
1323:, pp. 31–32.
998:Armenian Republic
888:Dolmabahçe Palace
770:
747:revolutionary tax
741:operation, which
670:, and the French
664:Amilcare Cipriani
535:central committee
491:
393:parochial schools
383:Armenian language
342:Armenian Republic
323:revolutionary tax
258:parochial schools
220:
201:
200:
16:(Redirected from
3019:
2992:Failed regicides
2937:Armenian editors
2790:Shabin-Karahisar
2639:
2638:
2623:
2616:
2609:
2600:
2599:
2594:
2584:
2574:
2545:
2514:
2479:
2454:
2420:
2384:
2374:
2359:(2nd ed.).
2351:
2322:To Kill a Sultan
2316:
2278:
2239:
2210:To Kill a Sultan
2204:
2196:
2186:
2163:
2134:To Kill a Sultan
2119:
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2045:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2017:
2011:
2004:Dasnabedian 1990
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1972:Dasnabedian 1990
1969:
1963:
1957:
1951:
1940:Dasnabedian 1990
1937:
1931:
1928:Dasnabedian 1990
1925:
1916:
1901:Dasnabedian 1990
1898:
1892:
1886:
1880:
1861:Dasnabedian 1990
1858:
1852:
1845:Dasnabedian 1990
1842:
1836:
1829:Dasnabedian 1990
1826:
1820:
1813:Dasnabedian 1990
1806:
1800:
1794:
1788:
1782:
1773:
1767:
1761:
1758:Dasnabedian 1990
1755:
1749:
1748:, p. 76n31.
1746:Dasnabedian 1990
1743:
1737:
1730:Dasnabedian 1990
1727:
1721:
1714:Dasnabedian 1990
1711:
1705:
1690:Dasnabedian 1990
1683:
1677:
1670:Dasnabedian 1990
1667:
1661:
1660:, p. 39n10.
1650:Dasnabedian 1990
1647:
1641:
1635:
1629:
1626:Dasnabedian 1990
1623:
1617:
1614:Dasnabedian 1990
1611:
1605:
1599:
1593:
1582:Dasnabedian 1990
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1537:
1534:Dasnabedian 1990
1531:
1525:
1522:Dasnabedian 1990
1519:
1513:
1506:Dasnabedian 1990
1503:
1497:
1494:Dasnabedian 1990
1491:
1482:
1479:Dasnabedian 1990
1476:
1470:
1467:Dasnabedian 1990
1464:
1458:
1452:
1446:
1443:Dasnabedian 1990
1440:
1434:
1431:Dasnabedian 1990
1428:
1422:
1419:Dasnabedian 1990
1416:
1407:
1400:Dasnabedian 1990
1397:
1388:
1385:Dasnabedian 1990
1382:
1376:
1373:Dasnabedian 1990
1370:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1340:
1333:Dasnabedian 1990
1330:
1324:
1321:Dasnabedian 1990
1318:
1312:
1297:Dasnabedian 1990
1294:
1288:
1277:Dasnabedian 1990
1274:
1268:
1262:
1256:
1249:Dasnabedian 1990
1246:
1240:
1237:Dasnabedian 1990
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1213:Dasnabedian 1990
1210:
1201:
1190:Dasnabedian 1990
1187:
1181:
1171:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1146:Dasnabedian 1990
1143:
1137:
1131:
1120:
1113:Dasnabedian 1990
1110:
1091:
1089:
1080:
1065:
1018:
859:
840:
817:
782:Sasun resistance
775:
765:
763:
660:Sarkis Minassian
652:Avetik Isahakyan
648:Avetis Aharonian
604:social democracy
588:political bureau
496:
486:
484:
442:Founding the ARF
436:decentralization
225:
215:
213:
163:
162:
154:
153:
145:
144:
134:Other names
104:
92:
67:
65:
53:
32:
31:
21:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3021:
3020:
3018:
3017:
3016:
3002:Narodnaya Volya
2912:
2911:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2845:
2804:
2746:
2632:
2627:
2597:
2582:
2551:Caucasus Survey
2511:
2428:
2426:Further reading
2423:
2382:
2371:
2348:
2305:
2259:
2236:
2194:
2183:
2160:
2127:
2122:
2112:Nalbandian 1975
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:, p. 119;
2046:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:, p. 119;
2018:
2014:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1978:, p. 120;
1970:
1966:
1958:
1954:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1919:
1899:
1895:
1887:
1883:
1867:, p. 119;
1859:
1855:
1843:
1839:
1827:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1795:
1791:
1783:
1776:
1768:
1764:
1756:
1752:
1744:
1740:
1728:
1724:
1712:
1708:
1696:, p. 119;
1688:, p. 113;
1684:
1680:
1668:
1664:
1656:, p. 119;
1648:
1644:
1636:
1632:
1628:, p. 72n7.
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1600:
1596:
1584:, p. 200;
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1504:
1500:
1492:
1485:
1481:, p. 58n4.
1477:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1441:
1437:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1410:
1398:
1391:
1383:
1379:
1371:
1367:
1361:Nalbandian 1975
1359:
1355:
1349:Nalbandian 1975
1347:
1343:
1337:Nalbandian 1975
1331:
1327:
1319:
1315:
1307:, p. 151;
1305:Nalbandian 1975
1295:
1291:
1281:Nalbandian 1975
1275:
1271:
1265:Nalbandian 1975
1263:
1259:
1251:, p. 200;
1247:
1243:
1235:
1231:
1223:
1219:
1211:
1204:
1188:
1184:
1176:, p. 144;
1174:Nalbandian 1975
1172:
1168:
1162:Nalbandian 1975
1160:
1156:
1150:Nalbandian 1975
1148:, p. 200;
1144:
1140:
1132:
1123:
1115:, p. 200;
1111:
1104:
1100:
1095:
1094:
1081:
1077:
1072:
1036:
1012:
1006:Stepan Shaumian
923:
864:and the German
853:
834:
832:Rubina Areshyan
811:
809:Rubina Areshyan
807:Mikaelian with
727:
680:Pierre Quillard
636:editor-in-chief
596:Western Armenia
549:anti-socialists
547:(SDHP) and the
531:
499:Western Armenia
444:
424:Mikhail Bakunin
408:Narodnaya Volya
379:Western Armenia
359:
354:
313:, particularly
266:Narodnaya Volya
250:Western Armenia
182:Political party
167:
119:
106:
102:
93:
86:
69:
68:18 October 1859
63:
61:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3025:
3015:
3014:
3009:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2907:
2906:
2902:
2901:
2899:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2878:
2877:
2873:
2872:
2866:
2860:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2844:
2843:
2841:Garegin Nzhdeh
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Kevork Chavush
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2776:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2762:
2759:Adana massacre
2756:
2749:
2747:
2745:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2709:
2704:
2699:
2694:
2689:
2684:
2679:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2661:
2660:
2656:
2653:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2626:
2625:
2618:
2611:
2603:
2596:
2595:
2575:
2546:
2528:(2): 339–363.
2515:
2509:
2480:
2455:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2395:(1): 137–156.
2375:
2369:
2352:
2346:
2317:
2303:
2279:
2257:
2240:
2234:
2205:
2203:(30): 113–131.
2187:
2181:
2164:
2158:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2104:
2102:, p. 119.
2092:
2088:Minassian 2018
2080:
2076:Minassian 2018
2068:
2066:, p. 284.
2056:
2052:Minassian 2018
2040:
2036:Minassian 2018
2028:
2024:Minassian 2018
2012:
2008:Minassian 2018
2006:, p. 77;
1996:
1994:, p. 120.
1984:
1980:Minassian 2018
1974:, p. 77;
1964:
1960:Minassian 2018
1952:
1948:Minassian 2018
1942:, p. 77;
1932:
1917:
1909:Minassian 2018
1903:, p. 77;
1893:
1889:Minassian 2018
1881:
1879:, p. 432.
1875:, p. 69;
1869:Minassian 2018
1853:
1849:Minassian 2018
1837:
1833:Minassian 2018
1831:, p. 76;
1821:
1817:Minassian 2018
1815:, p. 76;
1801:
1797:Minassian 2018
1789:
1774:
1770:Minassian 2018
1762:
1750:
1738:
1734:Minassian 2018
1722:
1718:Minassian 2018
1716:, p. 76;
1706:
1704:, p. 432.
1700:, p. 69;
1692:, p. 76;
1678:
1672:, p. 76;
1662:
1658:Minassian 2018
1652:, p. 76;
1642:
1640:, p. 113.
1630:
1618:
1606:
1602:Minassian 2018
1594:
1592:, p. 432.
1588:, p. 39;
1586:Minassian 2018
1574:
1570:Minassian 2018
1562:
1558:Minassian 2018
1550:
1546:Minassian 2018
1538:
1526:
1514:
1512:, p. 432.
1508:, p. 61;
1498:
1483:
1471:
1459:
1457:, p. 432.
1447:
1435:
1423:
1408:
1406:, p. 432.
1402:, p. 36;
1389:
1377:
1365:
1353:
1341:
1339:, p. 155.
1325:
1313:
1303:, p. 36;
1301:Minassian 2018
1299:, p. 31;
1289:
1287:, p. 130.
1269:
1267:, p. 145.
1257:
1241:
1229:
1217:
1202:
1196:, p. 46;
1194:Minassian 2018
1192:, p. 31;
1182:
1180:, p. 431.
1166:
1164:, p. 139.
1154:
1138:
1136:, p. 431.
1121:
1119:, p. 431.
1101:
1099:
1096:
1093:
1092:
1074:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1066:
1035:
1034:Selected works
1032:
1002:Vladimir Lenin
990:South Caucasus
959:Gaetano Bresci
922:
919:
892:Friday prayers
843:Kris Fenerjian
798:Hovnan Tavtian
735:Abdul Hamid II
726:
723:
625:Arshak Vramian
612:assassinations
592:executive body
570:, settling in
564:decentralizing
553:labor movement
530:
527:
503:Ottoman Empire
455:Simon Zavarian
443:
440:
412:Simon Zavarian
358:
355:
353:
350:
327:Abdul Hamid II
286:Ottoman Empire
274:Simon Zavarian
254:Russian Empire
244:, he became a
199:
198:
193:
189:
188:
183:
179:
178:
173:
169:
168:
166:
165:
156:
147:
137:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
107:
105:(aged 45)
99:
95:
94:
84:Russian Empire
70:
59:
55:
54:
46:
45:
39:
38:
35:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3024:
3013:
3010:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2884:
2880:
2879:
2875:
2874:
2870:
2867:
2864:
2861:
2858:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2831:Aram Manukian
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2816:Aghbiur Serob
2814:
2812:
2809:
2808:
2806:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2771:
2770:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2748:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2700:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2671:
2668:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2655:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2640:
2635:
2631:
2624:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2605:
2604:
2601:
2592:
2588:
2581:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2522:
2516:
2512:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2490:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2418:
2414:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2381:
2376:
2372:
2370:0-415-04684-X
2366:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2349:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2314:
2310:
2306:
2304:1-85043-787-4
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2258:0-520-00914-2
2254:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2193:
2188:
2184:
2182:88-85822-11-8
2178:
2174:
2170:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2129:
2117:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2084:
2078:, p. 62.
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2037:
2032:
2025:
2021:
2016:
2009:
2005:
2000:
1993:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1968:
1962:, p. 52.
1961:
1956:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1936:
1930:, p. 77.
1929:
1924:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1890:
1885:
1878:
1874:
1870:
1866:
1862:
1857:
1850:
1846:
1841:
1835:, p. 46.
1834:
1830:
1825:
1819:, p. 46.
1818:
1814:
1810:
1809:Altıntaş 2018
1805:
1799:, p. 46.
1798:
1793:
1786:
1785:Altıntaş 2018
1781:
1779:
1771:
1766:
1760:, p. 76.
1759:
1754:
1747:
1742:
1735:
1731:
1726:
1720:, p. 39.
1719:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1691:
1687:
1686:Altıntaş 2018
1682:
1675:
1671:
1666:
1659:
1655:
1651:
1646:
1639:
1638:Altıntaş 2018
1634:
1627:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1604:, p. 39.
1603:
1598:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1566:
1559:
1554:
1547:
1542:
1536:, p. 62.
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1496:, p. 61.
1495:
1490:
1488:
1480:
1475:
1469:, p. 58.
1468:
1463:
1456:
1451:
1444:
1439:
1433:, p. 45.
1432:
1427:
1421:, p. 36.
1420:
1415:
1413:
1405:
1401:
1396:
1394:
1386:
1381:
1375:, p. 32.
1374:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1350:
1345:
1338:
1334:
1329:
1322:
1317:
1310:
1306:
1302:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1282:
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851:Krikor Sayian
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432:direct action
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270:Stepan Zorian
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101:17 March 1905
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2557:(1): 76–99.
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2015:
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1967:
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946:Edward Joris
943:
935:
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881:
878:
866:Sophie Ribbs
862:Edward Joris
821:
790:Tuman Tumyan
751:
738:
728:
718:
707:anti-statism
695:Armenophiles
689:
683:
646:, including
643:
639:
633:
600:
579:
575:
557:
538:
532:
472:
464:
401:
386:
360:
335:
311:Armenophiles
296:
294:
239:
203:
202:
103:(1905-03-17)
72:Verin Agulis
29:
2927:1905 deaths
2922:1859 births
2897:(1916–1920)
2891:(1914–1917)
2064:Walker 1990
1877:Walker 1990
1702:Walker 1990
1590:Walker 1990
1510:Walker 1990
1455:Walker 1990
1404:Walker 1990
1309:Walker 1990
1285:Walker 1990
1253:Walker 1990
1198:Walker 1990
1178:Walker 1990
1134:Walker 1990
1117:Walker 1990
1013: [
854: [
835: [
812: [
699:Macedonians
690:Pro Armenia
685:Pro Armenia
507:nationalism
367:Nakhichevan
264:and joined
242:Nakhichevan
172:Citizenship
124:Nationality
76:Nakhichevan
2916:Categories
2100:Gauin 2014
2048:Gauin 2014
2020:Gauin 2014
1992:Gauin 2014
1976:Gauin 2014
1944:Gauin 2014
1905:Gauin 2014
1865:Gauin 2014
1694:Gauin 2014
1674:Gauin 2014
1654:Gauin 2014
1098:References
870:pseudonyms
703:anarchists
621:Armen Garo
560:Bessarabia
511:liberalism
113:Kyustendil
64:1859-10-18
2857:Armenakan
2800:Musa Dagh
2755:(1894–96)
2571:2376-1199
2409:2376-0702
2361:Routledge
2275:500605937
951:terrorist
794:Sev Ashod
767:romanized
488:romanized
352:Biography
217:romanized
2826:Andranik
2489:New York
2472:ProQuest
2451:28968549
2447:ProQuest
2313:32130916
2291:New York
2267:63-13806
1062:46685144
903:Bulgaria
874:Istanbul
868:. Under
818:in 1904.
758:Armenian
743:extorted
608:sabotage
479:Armenian
331:Bulgaria
240:Born in
228:Armenian
208:Armenian
192:Movement
158:Edward (
140:Hellen (
128:Armenian
117:Bulgaria
2863:Hunchak
2642:History
2476:7610156
967:slander
911:Vitosha
769::
739:Potorig
719:Droshak
715:borders
644:Droshak
640:Droshak
580:Droshak
576:Droshak
568:Romania
540:Droshak
515:Marxism
490::
397:Armenia
375:Tbilisi
298:Droshak
246:teacher
219::
176:Russian
161:Էդուարդ
149:Topal (
109:Sablyar
87:(today
2883:Fedayi
2871:(1890)
2865:(1887)
2859:(1885)
2780:Zeitun
2767:(1915)
2761:(1909)
2569:
2540:
2507:
2474:
2449:
2415:
2407:
2367:
2344:
2326:London
2311:
2301:
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2265:
2255:
2232:
2214:London
2179:
2156:
2138:London
1060:
1050:Athens
921:Legacy
883:bayram
828:Smyrna
824:Athens
584:Geneva
572:Galați
404:Moscow
363:Agulis
315:French
307:Geneva
262:Moscow
80:Erivan
2876:Units
2811:Arabo
2583:(PDF)
2538:JSTOR
2413:JSTOR
2383:(PDF)
2195:(PDF)
2173:Milan
1070:Notes
1044:[
1017:]
992:, on
858:]
839:]
816:]
754:Sofia
610:and
461:(ARF)
365:, in
152:Թոփալ
143:Էլլէն
2795:Urfa
2593:(3).
2567:ISSN
2505:ISBN
2405:ISSN
2365:ISBN
2342:ISBN
2309:OCLC
2299:ISBN
2271:OCLC
2263:LCCN
2253:ISBN
2230:ISBN
2177:ISBN
2154:ISBN
1058:OCLC
1004:and
961:and
915:O.S.
907:O.S.
796:and
678:and
666:and
658:and
627:and
513:and
434:and
414:and
388:ukaz
317:and
272:and
98:Died
58:Born
2785:Van
2559:doi
2530:doi
2497:doi
2466:).
2464:PhD
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2439:DBA
2397:doi
2334:doi
2222:doi
2146:doi
1082:In
745:a "
638:of
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2216::
2212:.
2197:.
2171:.
2152:.
2140::
2136:.
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1777:^
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1392:^
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1105:^
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