Korean language - Knowledge

7228: 7440:(TOPIK). The Korean Language Proficiency Test, an examination aimed at assessing non-native speakers' competence in Korean, was instituted in 1997; 17,000 people applied for the 2005 sitting of the examination. The TOPIK was first administered in 1997 and was taken by 2,274 people. Since then the total number of people who have taken the TOPIK has surpassed 1 million, with more than 150,000 candidates taking the test in 2012. TOPIK is administered in 45 regions within South Korea and 72 nations outside of South Korea, with a significant portion being administered in Japan and North America, which would suggest the targeted audience for TOPIK is still primarily foreigners of Korean heritage. This is also evident in TOPIK's website, where the examination is introduced as intended for Korean heritage students. 4398: 3338:

diverges from that norm (female speech) is seen as lesser than. The dominance model sees women as lacking in power due to living within a patriarchal society. The cultural difference model proposes that the difference in upbringing between men and women can explain the differences in their speech patterns. It is important to look at the models to better understand the misogynistic conditions that shaped the ways that men and women use the language. Korean's lack of grammatical gender makes it different from most European languages. Rather, gendered differences in Korean can be observed through formality, intonation, word choice, etc.

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The Japanese pronunciation of 조선말 was used throughout Korea and Manchuria during Japanese imperial rule, but after liberation, the government in the South chose the name 대한민국 (Daehanminguk) which was derived from the name immediately prior to Japanese imperial rule, and claimed by government-in-exile

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However, one can still find stronger contrasts between genders within Korean speech. Some examples of this can be seen in: (1) the softer tone used by women in speech; (2) a married woman introducing herself as someone's mother or wife, not with her own name; (3) the presence of gender differences in

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Between two people of asymmetric status in Korean society, people tend to emphasize differences in status for the sake of solidarity. Koreans prefer to use kinship terms, rather than any other terms of reference. In traditional Korean society, women have long been in disadvantaged positions. Korean

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To have a more complete understanding of the intricacies of gender in Korean, three models of language and gender that have been proposed: the deficit model, the dominance model, and the cultural difference model. In the deficit model, male speech is seen as the default, and any form of speech that

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When talking about someone superior in status, a speaker or writer usually uses special nouns or verb endings to indicate the subject's superiority. Generally, someone is superior in status if they are an older relative, a stranger of roughly equal or greater age, or an employer, teacher, customer,

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had said that vernacularized Sino-Korean vocabulary should be used as it is, not modified. "A language is in constant interaction with other languages, and in the process it is constantly being developed and enriched," he said. According to the paper, Kim Jong Il argued that academic terms used in

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In South Korea, it is widely believed that North Korea wanted to emphasize the use of unique Korean expressions in its language and eliminate the influence of foreign languages. However, according to researchers such as Jeon Soo-tae, who has seen first-hand data from North Korea, the country has

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as in Chinese, whereas native Korean morphemes can be polysyllabic. The Sino-Korean words were deliberately imported alongside corresponding Chinese characters for a written language and everything was supposed to be written in Hanja, so the coexistence of Sino-Korean would be more thorough and

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Today Hanja is largely unused in everyday life because of its inconvenience but it is still important for historical and linguistic studies. Neither South Korea nor North Korea opposes the learning of Hanja, but they are no longer officially used in North Korea and their usage in South Korea is

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Another crucial difference between men and women is the tone and pitch of their voices and how they affect the perception of politeness. Men learn to use an authoritative falling tone; in Korean culture, a deeper voice is associated with being more polite. In addition to the deferential speech

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Honorifics in traditional Korea were strictly hierarchical. The caste and estate systems possessed patterns and usages much more complex and stratified than those used today. The intricate structure of the Korean honorific system flourished in traditional culture and society. Honorifics in

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or intermixture of two or more originally-distinct linguistic stocks, within the Korean language and its dialects. Many Korean dialects have a basic vocabulary that is etymologically distinct from vocabulary of identical meaning in Standard Korean or other dialects. For example,

7336:. Unlike that organization, however, the TOPIK Korea Institute operates within established universities and colleges around the world, providing educational materials. In countries around the world, Korean embassies and cultural centers (한국문화원) administer TOPIK examinations. 7394:) to bring an English-speaking student to a limited working level of proficiency in which they have "sufficient capability to meet routine social demands and limited job requirements" and "can deal with concrete topics in past, present, and future tense." Similarly, the 3310:. This is not out of disrespect, but instead it shows the intimacy and the closeness of the relationship between the two speakers. Transformations in social structures and attitudes in today's rapidly changing society have brought about change in the way people speak. 9087: 3211:

or the like. Someone is equal or inferior in status if they are a younger stranger, student, employee, or the like. Nowadays, there are special endings which can be used on declarative, interrogative, and imperative sentences, and both honorific or normal sentences.

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is a public institution set up to coordinate the government's project of propagating Korean language and culture; it also supports the King Sejong Institute, which is the institution's overseas branch. The King Sejong Institute was established in response to:

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Korea Institute is a lifelong educational center affiliated with a variety of Korean universities in Seoul, South Korea, whose aim is to promote Korean language and culture, support local Korean teaching internationally, and facilitate cultural exchanges.

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are almost identical to Western ones. Traditionally, Korean was written in columns, from top to bottom, right to left, like traditional Chinese. However, the syllabic blocks are now usually written in rows, from left to right, top to bottom, like English.

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era. Since few people could understand Hanja, Korean kings sometimes released public notices entirely written in Hangul as early as the 16th century for all Korean classes, including uneducated peasants and slaves. By the 17th century, the elite class of

8954: 4181:), is increasingly used. The vocabulary of the South Korean dialect of the Korean language is roughly 5% loanwords (excluding Sino-Korean vocabulary). However, due to North Korea's isolation, such influence is lacking in North Korean speech. 4481:

aristocracy, who deemed it too easy to learn, but it gained widespread use among the common class and was widely used to print popular novels which were enjoyed by the common class. With growing Korean nationalism in the 19th century, the

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Basically, the standard languages of North and South Korea, including pronunciation and vocabulary, are both linguistically based on the Seoul dialect, but in North Korea, words have been modified to reflect the theories of scholars like

3334:(female). Before 그녀 was invented in need of translating 'she' into Korean, 그 was the only third-person singular pronoun and had no grammatical gender. Its origin causes 그녀 never to be used in spoken Korean but appearing only in writing. 6488:

When transcribing foreign words from languages that do not have contrasts between aspirated and unaspirated stops, North Koreans generally use tensed stops for the unaspirated ones while South Koreans use aspirated stops in both cases.

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at around 300 BC and coexisted with the descendants of the Japonic Mumun cultivators (or assimilated them). Both had influence on each other and a later founder effect diminished the internal variety of both language families.

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as Korea's national script. Hanja are still used to a certain extent in South Korea, where they are sometimes combined with Hangul, but that method is slowly declining in use even though students learn Hanja in school.

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Modeun ingan-eun tae-eonal ttaebuteo jayuroumyeo geu jon-eomgwa gwonrie iss-eo dongdeunghada. Ingan-eun cheonbujeog-euro iseong-gwa yangsim-eul bu-yeobad-ass-eumyeo seoro hyungje-ae-ui jeongsin-euro haengdongha-yeo-ya

3400:(외할아버지, 외할머니 'grandfather and grandmother'), with different lexicons for males and females and patriarchal society revealed. Further, in interrogatives to an addressee of equal or lower status, Korean men tend to use 8931:

They later devised three different systems for writing Korean with Chinese characters: Hyangchal, Gukyeol and Idu. These systems were similar to those developed later in Japan and were probably used as models by the

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The exact proportion of Sino-Korean vocabulary is a matter of debate. Sohn (2001) stated 50–60%. In 2006 the same author gives an even higher estimate of 65%. Jeong Jae-do, one of the compilers of the dictionary

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social structure traditionally was a patriarchically dominated family system that emphasized the maintenance of family lines. That structure has tended to separate the roles of women from those of men.

1246:. He felt that Hanja was inadequate to write Korean and that caused its very restricted use; Hangul was designed to either aid in reading Hanja or to replace Hanja entirely. Introduced in the document 8944: 6535:

In general, when transcribing place names, North Korea tends to use the pronunciation in the original language more than South Korea, which often uses the pronunciation in English. For example:

1333:. Some older English sources also use the spelling "Corea" to refer to the nation, and its inflected form for the language, culture and people, "Korea" becoming more popular in the late 1800s. 5397:-era Korea for 500 years), but since 1966, North Korea officially states that its standard is based on the Pyongyang speech. All dialects of Korean are similar to one another and largely are 3428:

dialects. However, since the 1950s, large numbers of people have moved to Seoul from Chungcheong and Jeolla, and they began to influence the way men speak. Recently, women also have used the

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contemporary Korea are now used for people who are psychologically distant. Honorifics are also used for people who are superior in status, such as older people, teachers, and employers.

8105: 3479:(요) also indicates uncertainty since the ending has many prefixes that indicate uncertainty and questioning while the deferential ending has no prefixes to indicate uncertainty. The 3306:

Nowadays, younger-generation speakers no longer feel obligated to lower their usual regard toward the referent. It is common to see younger people talk to their older relatives with

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in North Korea), a system developed during the 15th century for that purpose, although it did not become the primary script until the 20th century. The script uses 24 basic letters (

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disagree with the suggestion that the consonant distinction shifting away from voice onset time is due to the introduction of tonal features, and instead proposes that it is a

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was originally a non-ideological word for "friend" used all over the Korean peninsula, but North Koreans later adopted it as the equivalent of the Communist term of address "

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Hangul was sometimes known as the "language of the inner rooms," (a dismissive term used partly by yangban in an effort to marginalize the alphabet), or the domain of women.

8157: 3031:. Modifiers generally precede the modified words, and in the case of verb modifiers, can be serially appended. The sentence structure or basic form of a Korean sentence is 8705: 7627:

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

6208:, who sought a refined language, as well as political needs. Some differences are difficult to explain in terms of political ideas, such as North Korea's use of the word 9020: 4309: 9582: 9494: 10137: 8849: 7920: 7820: 7948:... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized. 1557:. Some linguists concerned with the issue between Japanese and Korean, including Alexander Vovin, have argued that the indicated similarities are not due to any 7412:

in the United States have noted a sharp rise in the number of people of other ethnic backgrounds studying Korean between 2009 and 2011, which they attribute to

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Cho and Whitman (2019) explore how categories such as male and female and social context influence Korean's features. For example they point out that usage of

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Korean society's prevalent attitude towards men being in public (outside the home) and women living in private still exists today. For instance, the word for

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is divergent enough to be generally considered a separate language. One of the more salient differences between dialects is the use of tone: speakers of the

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have developed in standard Korean, including variations in pronunciation and vocabulary chosen. However, these minor differences can be found in any of the

9840: 4327: 3303:) in Korean. The remaining two levels (neutral formality with neutral politeness, high formality with neutral politeness) are neither polite nor impolite. 3248:

are used to show respect towards a speaker's or writer's audience (the person spoken to). The names of the seven levels are derived from the non-honorific

1260:(colloquial script) and quickly spread nationwide to increase literacy in Korea. Hangul was widely used by all the Korean classes but was often treated as 9714: 7206: 9937: 9458:

Kim Mi-Ryoung (2013). "Tonogenesis in contemporary Korean with special reference to the onset-tone interaction and the loss of a consonant opposition".

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Such changes were made after the Korean War and the ideological battle between the anti-Communist government in the South and North Korea's communism.

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is considered a Japanese expression that was introduced during the Japanese colonial rule and does not properly represent the pronunciation of Korean.

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has several vocabulary items similar to Korean that are not found in other Mongolian or Tungusic languages, suggesting a Korean influence on Khitan.

7306:), an increase in international marriage, the expansion of Korean enterprises into overseas markets, and enforcement of employment licensing system; 5286:(Korean rice dish) is written as eight characters in a row in the Latin alphabet, in Korean it is written 비빔밥, as three "syllabic blocks" in a row. 11569: 10155: 10034: 4068:

include many unused Sino-Korean words. In his estimation, the proportion of Sino-Korean vocabulary in the Korean language might be as low as 30%.

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has had some supporters due to some overlap in vocabulary and similar grammatical features that have been elaborated upon by such researchers as

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Modern Korean is written with spaces between words, a feature not found in Chinese or Japanese (except when Japanese is written exclusively in

1216:, and remained as the main script for writing Korean for over a millennium alongside various phonetic scripts that were later invented such as 3471:

endings being used, men are seen as more polite as well as impartial, and professional. While women who use a rising tone in conjunction with

10099: 10077: 9202: 8109: 7082:". As a result, to South Koreans today the word has a heavy political tinge, and so they have shifted to using other words for friend like 9238: 9914: 1609:

meaning "hemp" is attested in Western Old Japanese and Southern Ryukyuan languages. It is thus plausible to assume a borrowed term. (See

853: 8993: 8888: 8053: 11501: 7424:. In 2018, it was reported that the rise in K-Pop was responsible for the increase in people learning the language in US universities. 884: 9319: 8679: 5544:

Words that are written the same way may be pronounced differently (such as the examples below). The pronunciations below are given in

11523: 10900: 8750: 7277: 5503:). This suggests that the Korean Peninsula may have at one time been much more linguistically diverse than it is today. See also the 2129: 9979: 9888: 9656: 4384: 9144: 8147: 9768: 7408:; in 2007, these students were estimated to form over 80% of all students of the language at non-military universities. However, 5276:

The letters of the Korean alphabet are not written linearly like most alphabets, but instead arranged into blocks that represent

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The three levels with high politeness (very formally polite, formally polite, casually polite) are generally grouped together as

3240:, and each level has its own unique set of verb endings which are used to indicate the level of formality of a situation. Unlike 2380:) in the pronunciation standards of South Korea, which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their word-initial 2236:

and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.

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Kim, Minju (1999). "Cross Adoption of language between different genders: The case of the Korean kinship terms hyeng and enni".

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the need for general support for overseas Korean language education based on a successful domestic language education program.

5393:) of both South Korea and North Korea is based on the dialect of the area around Seoul (which, as Hanyang, was the capital of 10514: 10384: 10319: 10287: 10259: 9652: 9342: 9120: 8987: 8882: 8843: 8470: 8321: 8250: 8079: 7449: 306: 8918: 1165:. Whitman (2012) suggests that the proto-Koreans, already present in northern Korea, expanded into the southern part of the 9574: 9500: 7256: 7239: 1495: 968: 724: 10129: 9431:

Kang Yoonjung; Han Sungwoo (September 2013). "Tonogenesis in early Contemporary Seoul Korean: A longitudinal case study".

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spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlying, partly historical

2121: 2081: 1783: 1122: 460: 10012: 6818:(wa) for all those with a positive ending vowel; this only happens in the South if the verb stem has only one syllable. 11594: 11574: 10495: 9056: 7235: 4044: 2232:, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted 1558: 11589: 11584: 11307: 10784: 10473: 10454: 10422: 10403: 9617: 9302: 8047: 7914: 7170:

in China, following English, Japanese, and Russian. Korean-speaking minorities exist in these states, but because of

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The language used in the North and the South exhibit differences in pronunciation, spelling, grammar and vocabulary.

4432: 1614: 1228:. Mainly privileged elites were educated to read and write in Hanja. However, most of the population was illiterate. 1209: 1118: 972: 11564: 10750: 7433: 5504: 10683: 7720: 6529:, it is pronounced without the palatal approximate. North Korean orthography reflects this pronunciation nuance. 5155: 4771: 4508: 2186: 1098: 450: 9855: 1070:) and 27 complex letters formed from the basic ones. When first recorded in historical texts, Korean was only a 11554: 11383: 11109: 11095: 7740: 7453: 5545: 5043: 4665: 4504: 4304: 4299: 3657: 3647: 3408:(했니? 'did it?')' as a soft expression. However, there are exceptions. Korean society used the question endings 1283:

had exchanged Hangul letters with slaves, which suggests a high literacy rate of Hangul during the Joseon era.

1027:. The hierarchy of the society from which the language originates deeply influences the language, leading to a 917: 901: 877: 194: 188: 10254:. London Oriental and African Language Library. Vol. 4. Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company. 7003:

from 1919. The syllable 한 (Han) was drawn from the same source as that name (in reference to the Han people).

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Hedges and euphemisms to soften assertions are common in women's speech. Women traditionally add nasal sounds

10893: 10733: 9952: 9742: 7695: 7437: 5530: 4142:) "plaster cast used for broken bones"). Some Western words were borrowed indirectly via Japanese during the 3537:

words. However, a significant proportion of the vocabulary, especially words that denote abstract ideas, are

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Vovin, Alexander (2013). "From Koguryo to Tamna: Slowly riding to the South with speakers of Proto-Korean".

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A Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language – 韓國語文法總監

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Yang, Changyong; O’Grady, William; Yang, Sejung; Hilton, Nanna Haug; Kang, Sang-Gu; Kim, So-Young (2019).

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Measured as of 2020. The estimated 2020 combined population of North and South Korea was about 77 million.

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King Sejong Institute has 59 in Europe, 15 in Africa, 146 in Asia, 34 in the Americas, and 4 in Oceania.

5401:(with the exception of dialect-specific phrases or nonstandard vocabulary unique to dialects) though the 4353: 4064:, asserts that the proportion is not so high. He points out that Korean dictionaries compiled during the 3032: 2038: 1599: 1591: 298: 10311: 10151: 10044: 7674: 7405: 7359: 2092: 1759: 1743: 774: 659: 10926: 3607:("Standard Korean Language Dictionary"), and North Korea defines its vocabulary standards through the 11346: 10616: 10563: 7395: 5985:* In the South, this rule only applies when it is attached to any single-character Sino-Korean word. 4143: 4065: 3487:(요) ending is less polite and formal, which reinforces the perception of women as less professional. 2243: 2127: 2119: 2090: 2079: 2036: 2012: 1980: 1962: 1946: 1797: 1781: 1773: 1757: 1741: 1700: 1287:

mainly reserved for specific circumstances such as newspapers, scholarly papers and disambiguation.

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is not pronounced in the North, making the pronunciation identical with that in the South where the

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Some words are spelled differently by the North and the South, but the pronunciations are the same.

1093:) is also generated by longstanding alliances, military involvement, and diplomacy, such as between 11559: 11253: 11217: 10886: 10067: 5994: 2364: 1012: 425: 10660: 10107: 2250:). This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At the end of a syllable, 11373: 11356: 9198: 7288:

Established pursuant to Article 9, Section 2, of the Framework Act on the National Language, the

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In North Korea, the regulatory body is the Language Institute of the Academy of Social Sciences (

6139:, the original Hangul spelling is kept in the North, whereas the Hangul is changed in the South. 4370: 4321: 4040: 3443:

Like the case of "actor" and "actress", it also is possible to add a gender prefix for emphasis:

2733: 1799: 1590:". This word seems to be a cognate, but although it is well attested in Western Old Japanese and 1411: 1303:, which is thought to be the first Korean dynasty known to Western nations. Korean people in the 1239: 1154: 729: 615: 610: 158: 10544:"Man'yōshū to Fudoki ni Mirareru Fushigina Kotoba to Jōdai Nihon Retto ni Okeru Ainugo no Bunpu" 7382:, requiring 64 weeks of instruction (as compared to just 26 weeks for Category I languages like 7332:

The institute is sometimes compared to language and culture promotion organizations such as the

3436:(니), it is usually used toward people to be polite even to someone not close or younger. As for 2367:. Given this, it is sometimes hard to tell which actual phonemes are present in a certain word. 11533: 11511: 11360: 10358:

Martin, Samuel E. (1990). "Morphological clues to the relationship of Japanese and Korean". In

9218:, Edict No. 1 – All official documents are to be written in Hangul, and not Chinese characters. 9155: 8106:"Archive of Joseon's Hangul letters – A letter sent from Song Gyuryeom to slave Guityuk (1692)" 7872: 7684: 4406: 4344: 4285: 4224: 3631: 3620: 3556: 3538: 3028: 3024: 1624:

substratum in Korean. According to the hypothesis, ancestral varieties of Nivkh (also known as

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alongside native phonetic writing systems that predate Hangul by hundreds of years, including

11378: 10835: 9636: 9110: 8977: 8872: 8833: 8037: 7904: 7777: 7772: 7735: 7398:'s School of Language Studies places Korean in Category IV, the highest level of difficulty. 7333: 7289: 7193: 7171: 5549: 5456: 5414: 5398: 4441:, known as Chosŏn'gŭl in North Korea and as Hangul in South Korea, people in Korea (known as 4294: 4052: 3323: 1964: 1948: 1603: 1182: 1016: 848: 843: 598: 593: 9969: 9388:[A Study on the Jeju Dialect Used by Jeju People Living in Ikuno-ku, Osaka, Japan]. 8525:

Palley, Marian Lief (December 1990). "Women's Status in South Korea: Tradition and Change".

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For native English-speakers, Korean is generally considered to be one of the most difficult

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of Middle Korean. Some dialects are conservative, maintaining Middle Korean sounds (such as

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becomes alveolar flap between vowels, and or at the end of a syllable or next to another

11442: 11432: 9719: 9527: 9467: 8675: 8000: 7725: 5467: 4472:) created the unique alphabet known as Hangul to promote literacy among the common people. 3234: 3224: 3192: 1595: 1028: 833: 669: 664: 8740: 7989:"Northeast Asian Linguistic Ecology and the Advent of Rice Agriculture in Korea and Japan" 7942:

Janhunen, Juha (2010). "Reconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia".

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Korean syllable structure is (C)(G)V(C), consisting of an optional onset consonant, glide

8: 11341: 11138: 9880: 9648: 9017:"Korean Literature in Translation – Chapter Four: It All Changes! The Creation of Hangul" 7730: 7705: 7214: 5444: 4271: 3293:), whereas the two levels with low politeness (formally impolite, casually impolite) are 1484:, following the establishment of diplomatic relations with South Korea in 1992, the term 1020: 755: 561: 235: 11184: 9531: 9471: 9145:"Missionary Contributions toward the Revaluation of Han'geul in Late 19th Century Korea" 8421: 8394: 8004: 2327:

was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before , and otherwise became

1465:. This is taken from the North Korean name for Korea (Joseon), a name retained from the 1272:("true text"). Consequently, official documents were always written in Hanja during the 11496: 11312: 11267: 11161: 10346: 9736: 9687: 9550: 9516:"An apparent-time study of an ongoing sound change in Seoul Korean: A prosodic account" 9515: 9383:"Osaka Ikuno-ku jiyeok jaeil-Jeju-in-ui Jeju bang'eon sayong siltae-e gwanhan yeon'gu" 9348: 9181: 9173: 8601: 8542: 8152: 7620:모든 인간은 태어날 때부터 자유로우며 그 존엄과 권리에 있어 동등하다. 인간은 천부적으로 이성과 양심을 부여받았으며 서로 형제애의 정신으로 행동하여야 한다. 7375: 5410: 5341: 5331: 5314: 4091: 4000: 3545: 3319: 2347: 2271: 1982: 1695: 1690: 1515: 1304: 1201: 285: 137: 10767: 9772: 5421:), which have been lost from the standard language, and others are highly innovative. 3544:(of Chinese origin). To a much lesser extent, some words have also been borrowed from 1322: 417: 11457: 11422: 11417: 10976: 10917: 10510: 10491: 10469: 10450: 10418: 10399: 10380: 10376: 10315: 10283: 10255: 9613: 9555: 9401: 9352: 9338: 9298: 9116: 9052: 8983: 8878: 8839: 8769: 8605: 8466: 8426: 8228:"Koreanic loanwords in Khitan and their importance in the decipherment of the latter" 8043: 8018: 7910: 7762: 7679: 7371: 7363: 7248: 5463: 5382: 4446: 4168: 4099: 3205: 3177: 2275: 1712: 1658:

gumaejaneun panmaejaege jepum daegeumeuro isip dalleoreul ($ 20) jigeuphayeoya handa.

1542: 1534: 1266:("script for women") and disregarded by privileged elites, and Hanja was regarded as 1134: 1032: 956: 941: 798: 605: 545: 10939: 10269:

Cho, Young A. (2006). "Gender Differences in Korean Speech". In Sohn, Ho-min (ed.).

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Because of such a prevalence of English in modern South Korean culture and society,

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and the two sets of Korean words differ completely from each other. All Sino-Korean

1526:

family, but the core Altaic proposal itself has lost most of its prior support. The

1299:

used in both South Korea and North Korea. The English word "Korean" is derived from

456: 11411: 11189: 11156: 10996: 10638: 10338: 10238: 10229:

Brown, L. (2015). "Expressive, Social and Gendered Meanings of Korean Honorifics".

9974: 9545: 9535: 9475: 9440: 9330: 9165: 8949: 8800: 8597: 8593: 8534: 8416: 8406: 8390: 8242: 8075: 8008: 7969: 7710: 7409: 7391: 7383: 7367: 7351: 7300:

a rapid increase in Korean language education thanks to the spread of the culture (

7252: 7167: 5556:(what the Korean characters would be if one were to write the word as pronounced). 5448: 5440: 5310: 4462: 4087: 4086:

other than Sino-Korean come from modern times, approximately 90% of which are from

3184:. The relationship between the speaker/writer and subject referent is reflected in 2339:(mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either or . 2225: 2221: 2105: 1641: 1629: 1546: 1538: 1523: 1426:" mean "language" and "speech", respectively. Korean is also simply referred to as 1232: 1166: 1140: 1110: 1078: 1000: 976: 714: 681: 518: 499: 8307: 8227: 6846:

Although the Hangul differ, the pronunciations are the same (i.e. with the tensed

11480: 11437: 11427: 11194: 11143: 11121: 10961: 10673: 10633: 10485: 10072: 10039: 9800: 9540: 9444: 8910: 8805: 8788: 8188: 7715: 7690: 7661: 7402: 7387: 7147: 7137: 5327: 4193: 4095: 4008: 3993: 3416:(냐), the former prevailing among women and men until a few decades ago. In fact, 3249: 2749: 2279: 1707: 1621: 1527: 1474: 1178: 1090: 1071: 804: 719: 588: 576: 528: 289: 210: 129: 84: 77: 10366:. Trends in Linguistics: Studies and Monographs. Vol. 45. pp. 483–509. 10299:

A Comparative Grammar of the Korean Language and the Dravidian Dialects in India

9048:

One into Many: Translation and the Dissemination of Classical Chinese Literature

8979:

Concise History of the Language Sciences: From the Sumerians to the Cognitivists

8789:"The use of Hanja (Chinese characters) in Korean toponyms: Practices and issues" 3255: 2173:

are represented in Korean writing by modifications to vowel symbols (see below).

1811: 11402: 11297: 11166: 10986: 10981: 10966: 8386: 7906:

A typology of questions in Northeast Asia and beyond: An ecological perspective

5394: 4422: 4402: 4278: 3989: 3552:

reduced the number of difficult foreign words in a similar way to South Korea.

3181: 3018: 1568: 1481: 1466: 1296: 1249: 1193: 933: 750: 697: 540: 490: 220: 10649: 8013: 7988: 7174:

into host countries, not all ethnic Koreans may speak it with native fluency.

6053:' used for indicating sound change) is almost never written out in the North. 3588:; hard disk) should remain in the names of their inventors, and that the word 11548: 11465: 11275: 11199: 11006: 10971: 10934: 10668: 10002: 9678: 9405: 9215: 8022: 7757: 7355: 7309:

the need for a government-sanctioned Korean language educational institution;

7155: 5472: 5406: 3999:

compounds coined in Korea or Japan and read using the Sino-Korean reading of

1598:

it only occurs in compounds, and it is only present in three dialects of the

1576: 1519: 1470: 1361: 1146: 1082: 1004: 620: 168: 10643: 9603: 8773: 8246: 3244:—which are used to show respect towards the referent (the person spoken of)— 2346:(plosives, affricates, fricatives) at the end of a word are pronounced with 1494:

has normally been used to refer to the standard language of North Korea and

11447: 11368: 11227: 10562:(paper). International Research Center for Japanese Studies. Archived from 10359: 9559: 8430: 8395:"Archaeolinguistic Evidence for the Farming/Language Dispersal of Koreanic" 7767: 7647: 7421: 5402: 5299: 4358: 3604: 3351: 2481: 1572: 1554: 1102: 996: 649: 583: 10329:

Martin, Samuel E. (1966). "Lexical Evidence Relating Japanese to Korean".

10242: 9169: 7973: 7846: 7354:

to master despite the relative ease of learning Hangul. For instance, the

3600:; chocolate) should not be replaced because it had been used for so long. 2492: 1336:

In South Korea the Korean language is referred to by many names including

401: 11176: 11130: 11103: 11089: 7669: 7413: 6880: 6569: 6363: 6359: 6355: 6205: 5447:(ㅍㅊㅌㅋ) and fortis consonants (ㅃㅉㄸㄲ) were shifting from a distinction via 5436: 4483: 4218: 3953: 3560: 3425: 3369:

is used to address someone who is close to them, while young Koreans use

2485: 2229: 2074: 1414:(not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula), while " 1310: 1086: 1008: 990: 949: 945: 742: 481: 266: 262: 67:. The South Korean name is on the left and the North Korean on the right. 8411: 4486:

push, and the promotion of Hangul in schools, in 1894, Hangul displaced

1212:

in the 1st century BC. They were adapted for Korean and became known as

11334: 10991: 10949: 8546: 7851: 6612: 6366:

as the enemy, the second syllable of "enemy" is written and pronounced

5699: 4450: 4410: 4257: 3922: 3891: 3860: 3819: 3788: 3757: 3726: 3695: 3664: 3241: 3040: 2496: 1934: 1563: 1217: 1150: 1106: 566: 241: 163: 110: 10818: 10350: 9604:

Kanno, Hiroomi; Society for Korean Linguistics in Japan, eds. (1987).

9479: 8579:"Analysis of Gender Pronoun Errors in Korean Speakers' English Speech" 7401:

The study of the Korean language in the United States is dominated by

3514:(이걸로 'this thing') to communicate a lack of confidence and passivity. 3392:(외 'outside' or 'wrong') is added for maternal grandparents, creating 2114: 2056: 2031: 2007: 1975: 1957: 1941: 1920: 1904: 1892: 1880: 1859: 1843: 1831: 1819: 1792: 1768: 1752: 1736: 1620:

Hudson & Robbeets (2020) suggested that there are traces of a pre-

11329: 11235: 10417:. Oslo, Norway: Institute for Comparative Research in Human Culture. 7432:

There are two widely used tests of Korean as a foreign language: the

7197: 6864: 5596: 4454: 4261: 3548:

and other languages. More recent loanwords are dominated by English.

3186: 2758:

may change shape depending on the preceding sounds. Examples include

2343: 2209: 1993: 1724: 1328: 1225: 1162: 1024: 760: 410: 394: 376: 358: 10801: 10617:

Linguistic and Philosophical Origins of the Korean Alphabet (Hangul)

8538: 11506: 11073: 10445:

Rybatzki, Volker (2003). "Middle Mongol". In Janhunen, Juha (ed.).

10342: 10186:

A Historical, Literary and Cultural Approach to the Korean Language

10007: 9841:"The Origins of the Transformation of the Defense Language Program" 7655: 6121: 5306: 5282: 5277: 4246: 4242: 4172: 4083: 4077: 4048: 4012: 3354:

and rising tones in statements, also seen in speech from children.

3230: 3190:, whereas that between speaker/writer and audience is reflected in 2755: 2332: 1236: 1158: 980: 468: 58: 10878: 10869: 5958:* In the North, similar pronunciation is used whenever the hanja " 3483:(합니다) ending is the most polite and formal form of Korea, and the 3384:(바깥양반 'outside' 'nobleman'), but a husband introduces his wife as 11470: 11324: 9513: 8745:[Our language is 70% hanja? Japanese Empire distortion]. 7876: 7143: 7079: 7037: 5452: 5348: 5336: 5288: 4477: 4458: 4252: 4146:, taking a Japanese sound pattern, for example "dozen" > 4125: 3525:(어쩜 'what a surprise') than men do in cooperative communication. 3350:

is a female company president); (4) females sometimes using more

2233: 1719: 1550: 1221: 937: 838: 822: 810: 791: 766: 707: 632: 523: 464: 440: 106: 10622:

Sogang University free online Korean language and culture course

10593:

The Phonological Basis for the Comparison of Japanese and Korean

9297:(1st ed.). Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 477, 484. 6883:; in the South, quotation marks equivalent to the English ones ( 2839:

is somewhat irregular, since it will behave differently after a

1432:, literally "national language". This name is based on the same 11302: 10687: 8917:. Vol. 23. Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency. 2005. 8512:

Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Women and Language Conference

7379: 7302: 7280:, which was created by presidential decree on 23 January 1991. 7163: 5611: 5553: 4884: 4520: 4500: 4442: 4438: 4418: 4208: 3652: 3642: 3421: 2360: 1443: 1407: 1300: 1273: 1243: 1114: 1039: 984: 735: 702: 627: 230: 64: 10626: 10621: 9813: 6915:

Some vocabulary is different between the North and the South:

6354:" are homophones in the South. Possibly to avoid referring to 5435:

suggest that the modern Seoul dialect is currently undergoing

4475:

The Korean alphabet was denounced and looked down upon by the

4043:

family and bear a certain resemblance, Korean and Chinese are

3440:(냐), it is used mainly to close friends regardless of gender. 3043:

is highly flexible, as in many other agglutinative languages.

11319: 11245: 11209: 10692: 10464:

Starostin, Sergei A.; Dybo, Anna V.; Mudrak, Oleg A. (2003).

9938:"Issues of Validity of SAT Subject Test Korea with Listening" 7417: 7325: 7273: 7218: 7159: 7151: 6725:

All similar grammar forms of verbs or adjectives that end in

6642: 6351: 4487: 4426: 4233: 4039:. However, unlike English and Latin which belong to the same 3271: 2840: 1450: 1433: 1213: 964: 960: 674: 507: 281: 96: 7641: 2384:

in the pronunciation standards of North Korea. For example,

2282:

before , a voiced between voiced sounds, and a elsewhere.

11475: 9723:. 23 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013 8314:

The Altaic Problem and the Origins of the Japanese Language

8207: 6483: 3365:(자기 you) is dependent on context. Among middle-aged women, 2781:

Sometimes sounds may be inserted instead. Examples include

1587: 1446:

and Japan to refer to their respective national languages.

10584:

Koreo-Japonica: A Re-evaluation of a Common Genetic Origin

10432:

Ramstedt, G. J. (1928). "Remarks on the Korean language".

10130:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Korean (Hankuko)" 9329:. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 1–15. 8793:

Journal of the International Council of Onomastic Sciences

3404:(했냐? 'did it?')' in aggressive masculinity, but women use 3373:

to address their lovers or spouses regardless of gender.

3027:. The Korean language is traditionally considered to have 1506:

is used to refer to the standard language of South Korea.

467:

characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see

319:

The Language Research Institute, Academy of Social Science

10852: 9514:

Choi Jiyoun; Kim Sahyang; Cho Taehong (22 October 2020).

9496:

Development of pitch contrast and Seoul Korean intonation

7272:). In South Korea, the regulatory body for Korean is the 5462:

There is substantial evidence for a history of extensive

3603:

South Korea defines its vocabulary standards through the

3595: 3583: 3571: 3388:(안사람 an 'inside' 'person'). Also in kinship terminology, 1089:. As such, interest in Korean language acquisition (as a 9430: 8874:

Multilingual Access and Services for Digital Collections

8367: 7297:

An increase in the demand for Korean language education;

5424: 3055:"Did go to the store?" ("you" implied in conversation) 1173:

Since the establishment of two independent governments,

8309:

Altaiskaya problema i proishozhdeniye yaponskogo yazika

7255:, is also one of the two official languages of China's 1023:

of Korean is suggested to be somewhere in contemporary

8656: 8627: 8491: 4011:. English is similar, having native English words and 3517:

Women use more linguistic markers such as exclamation

3502:

in the last syllable more frequently than men. Often,

1485: 10654: 9317: 3009:

Some verbs may also change shape morphophonemically.

2320:'), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes . 1661:"The buyer must pay the seller $ 20 for the product." 10558:

Language in the Japanese Islands in Prehistory]

10468:. Leiden, South Holland: Brill Academic Publishers. 8560: 8558: 8556: 8130:

According to Google's NGram English corpus of 2015,

7637: 7014:(joseoneo/chosŏnŏ) is officially used in the North. 3176:

The relationship between a speaker/writer and their

1377: 1061: 1049: 1035:

indicative of the formality of any given situation.

927: 911: 63:

Names for the Korean language written vertically in

10463: 8444: 8442: 8440: 6665:Some grammatical constructions are also different: 4056:systematic than that of Latinate words in English. 1295:The Korean names for the language are based on the 10639:U.S. Foreign Service Institute Korean basic course 10490:. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. 10415:Languages and History: Japanese, Korean and Altaic 9380: 9152:International Journal of the Sociology of Language 8813: 8479: 3506:is added in women's for female stereotypes and so 3475:(요) are not perceived to be as polite as men. The 2374:became a morphological rule called "initial law" ( 2294:frequently denasalize at the beginnings of words. 10663:, a tool to visualize and study Korean vocabulary 9749: 9499:(PhD). University of Pennsylvania. Archived from 8720: 8702:"위대한 령도자 김정일동지께서 어휘정리사업이 편향없이 진행되도록 이끌어주신 불멸의 령도" 8553: 8339: 5453:Choi Jiyoun, Kim Sahyang & Cho Taehong (2020) 1617:for further details on a possible relationship.) 11546: 10597:Unpublished Harvard University PhD dissertation. 10595:(PhD thesis). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University. 10364:Linguistic Change and Reconstruction Methodology 9460:The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 9394:Yeongju Language and Literature Academic Journal 8976:Koerner, E. F. K.; Asher, R. E. (28 June 2014). 8437: 8235:Acta Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 7146:in both South Korea and North Korea, and by the 3533:The core of the Korean vocabulary is made up of 2224:articulation, but is used in the literature for 10627:Beginner's guide to Korean for English speakers 10526:The Korean Language: Structure, Use and Context 10466:Etymological Dictionary of the Altaic Languages 9325:. In Brunn, Stanley D; Kehrein, Roland (eds.). 7251:of South Korea and North Korea. It, along with 3039:is the only required and immovable element and 1533:The hypothesis that Korean could be related to 1077:Since the turn of the 21st century, aspects of 11529:North–South differences in the Korean language 10449:. London, England: Routledge. pp. 47–82. 10003:"K-pop drives boom in Korean language lessons" 9086:. Korea Herald, Incorporated. 1 January 1994. 8653:, Section 1.5.3 "Korean vocabulary", pp. 12–13 8514:. Berkeley: Berkeley Women and Language Group. 8385: 8148:"[이기환의 흔적의 역사]국호논쟁의 전말…대한민국이냐 고려공화국이냐" 8039:The Korean Alphabet: Its History and Structure 7166:. In 2001, Korean was the fourth most popular 7112:) is closer to a term used in literature, and 5964:" is attached to a Sino-Korean word ending in 5517:North–South differences in the Korean language 5409:make use of vowel length, but speakers of the 4147: 3564:the natural sciences and engineering, such as 3342:titles and occupational terms (for example, a 2248:North–South differences in the Korean language 2228:. The Korean consonants also have elements of 955:Beyond Korea, the language is recognized as a 10894: 10065: 9970:"Global popularity of Korean language surges" 9457: 6974:(appateu/appat'ŭ) is also used in the North. 6194: 5428: 4378: 4007:Therefore, just like other words, Korean has 2180: 2161: 2159: 1442:"nation" + "language") that are also used in 878: 339: 10586:. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawai'i Press. 10398:. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. 10192: 10180: 8975: 8124: 7263: 7117: 7107: 7097: 7087: 7073: 7060: 7050: 7030: 7020: 7009: 6989: 6979: 6969: 6956: 6946: 6902: 6896: 6890: 6884: 6874: 6868: 6847: 6833: 6823: 6813: 6807: 6794: 6784: 6774: 6768: 6762: 6756: 6750: 6744: 6738: 6732: 6726: 6717: 6706: 6696: 6647: 6632: 6617: 6602: 6587: 6574: 6504: 6494: 6473: 6463: 6446: 6436: 6419: 6409: 6387: 6377: 6367: 6337: 6327: 6293: 6283: 6253: 6243: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6164:In words where the original hanja is spelt " 6151: 6144: 6130: 6114: 6107: 6089: 6082: 6065: 6058: 6048: 6034: 6027: 5977: 5971: 5965: 5959: 5944: 5920: 5888: 5876: 5853: 5822: 5811: 5787: 5756: 5745: 5718: 5685: 5673: 5649: 5618: 5601: 5586: 5565: 5494: 5480: 5376: 5366: 5356: 5293: 5034: 5027: 5020: 5013: 5006: 4999: 4992: 4985: 4978: 4971: 4964: 4957: 4950: 4943: 4936: 4929: 4922: 4915: 4908: 4901: 4894: 4887: 4656: 4649: 4642: 4635: 4628: 4621: 4614: 4607: 4600: 4593: 4586: 4579: 4572: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4544: 4537: 4530: 4523: 4176: 4156: 4129: 4115: 4103: 3970: 3958: 3939: 3927: 3908: 3896: 3877: 3865: 3846: 3830: 3824: 3805: 3793: 3774: 3762: 3743: 3731: 3712: 3700: 3681: 3669: 3589: 3577: 3565: 3447:(비서 'secretary') is sometimes combined with 3298: 3288: 3275: 3265: 3253: 3140: 3134: 3075: 3065: 2998: 2986: 2972: 2960: 2946: 2934: 2920: 2908: 2894: 2882: 2868: 2826: 2816: 2806: 2796: 2786: 2773: 2763: 2727: 2710: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2643: 2633: 2623: 2613: 2599: 2590: 2581: 2572: 2559: 2549: 2539: 2529: 2519: 2509: 2467: 2454: 2438: 2425: 2409: 2396: 2375: 2370:The traditional prohibition of word-initial 2315: 2305: 2259: 2112: 2054: 2029: 2005: 1973: 1955: 1939: 1918: 1902: 1890: 1878: 1857: 1841: 1829: 1817: 1790: 1766: 1750: 1734: 1567:effect and heavy borrowing, especially from 1460: 1454: 1437: 1427: 1421: 1415: 1401: 1395: 1389: 1383: 1371: 1365: 1355: 1349: 1343: 1337: 1326: 1316: 1308: 1278: 1267: 1261: 1255: 1247: 1055: 1043: 988: 921: 905: 333: 322: 311: 47: 40: 9492: 9327:Handbook of the Changing World Language Map 9112:Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix 8463:Using Korean: A Guide to Contemporary Usage 5432: 4499:Below is a chart of the Korean alphabet's ( 4171:is inevitable. English-derived Korean, or " 1157:, which is generally suggested to have its 330:China Korean Language Regulatory Commission 11502:International Circle of Korean Linguistics 10901: 10887: 10277: 10273:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 189. 9935: 9115:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 90. 9014: 8838:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 57. 8213: 8042:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 15. 8035: 7822:Lehrbuch der Modernen Koreanischen Sprache 7131: 5510: 5439:based on the finding that in recent years 4385: 4371: 4090:. Many words have also been borrowed from 2156: 885: 871: 439: 57: 11524:National Institute of the Korean Language 10600: 10305: 10216: 10204: 9549: 9539: 9292: 9159: 8804: 8662: 8465:. Cambridge University Press. p. 3. 8420: 8410: 8305: 8012: 7278:National Institute of the Korean Language 5606: 5591: 5298:'eating show') is seven characters after 1632:before the arrival of Koreanic speakers. 1522:. Some linguists have included it in the 10677:) is being considered for deletion. See 10444: 10431: 10306:Lee, Ki-Moon; Ramsey, S. Robert (2011). 10224:. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press. 10212:. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press. 10200:. Hyattsville, Maryland: Dunwoody Press. 10068:"Korean language test-takers pass 1 mil" 9572: 7941: 7319: 7283: 5475:" translated into Gyeongsang dialect is 5335: 4396: 3559:in North Korea wrote in his thesis that 2491: 2480: 2335:changed the trend, and now word-initial 2310:', when followed by a vowel or a glide ( 1645: 1192: 11570:Languages attested from the 4th century 10590: 10396:Japanese and the Other Altaic Languages 10296: 10198:A Handbook of Korean Verbal Conjugation 10152:"Universal Declaration of Human Rights" 10000: 9612:] (in Japanese). Tokyo: Sanshūsha. 9015:Montgomery, Charles (19 January 2016). 8646: 8644: 8642: 8357: 7986: 7898: 7896: 7818: 6322:in the South Korean version of Korean. 6278:in the South Korean version of Korean. 5381:). South Korean authors claim that the 5302:but only two "syllabic blocks" before. 3264:, "do") in each level, plus the suffix 2314:, when the next character starts with ' 2246:before or for most speakers (but see 1611:Classification of the Japonic languages 1081:have spread to other countries through 987:island just north of Japan, and by the 936:for about 81 million people, mostly of 461:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 11547: 11519:List of English words of Korean origin 10507:Korean Language in Culture and Society 10434:Mémoires de la Société Finno-Ougrienne 10412: 10393: 10370: 10357: 10328: 10271:Korean Language in Culture and Society 9683:"Koreas: Divided by a common language" 9573:정(Jeong), 상도(Sangdo) (31 March 2017). 8831: 8524: 8361: 8294: 8290: 8278: 8274: 7909:. Language Science Press. p. 25. 7753:List of English words of Korean origin 7122:) is the widest-used word for friend. 5425:Kang Yoonjung & Han Sungwoo (2013) 2288:become voiced between voiced sounds. 10882: 10601:Yeon, Jaehoon; Brown, Lucien (2011). 10581: 10541: 10532: 10249: 10228: 9913:. United States Department of State. 9653:National Institute of Korean Language 9293:Brown, Lucien; Yeon, Jaehoon (2015). 9142: 8708:from the original on 26 December 2022 8615:from the original on 21 December 2023 8564: 8373: 8345: 8256:from the original on 24 February 2021 8225: 8195:from the original on 18 February 2020 8086:from the original on 18 February 2020 8080:National Institute of Korean Language 7959: 7902: 7842: 7840: 7450:Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1109:. Along with other languages such as 1015:. Even so, Jejuan and Korean are not 307:National Institute of Korean Language 83: 76: 10699: 10646:, Korean readings with hover prompts 10523: 10504: 10483: 10301:. Seoul: Methodist Publishing House. 10278:Cho, Sungdai; Whitman, John (2020). 10080:from the original on 29 October 2013 9982:from the original on 6 November 2023 9820:from the original on 21 October 2020 9755: 9677: 9632: 9412:from the original on 2 November 2023 9385:오사카 이쿠노쿠 지역 재일제주인의 제주방언 사용 실태에 관한 연구 9362:from the original on 2 November 2023 9320:"Revising the Language Map of Korea" 9205:from the original on 4 February 2016 9090:from the original on 6 November 2023 9044: 8996:from the original on 15 January 2023 8957:from the original on 6 November 2023 8921:from the original on 6 November 2023 8891:from the original on 6 November 2023 8870: 8852:from the original on 6 November 2023 8819: 8786: 8753:from the original on 11 October 2017 8726: 8650: 8639: 8576: 8460: 8448: 8056:from the original on 11 January 2023 7923:from the original on 6 November 2023 7893: 7257:Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture 6521:comes after a consonant, such as in 4071: 3985:Sino-Korean vocabulary consists of: 3322:. As one of the few exceptions, the 2357:become nasals before nasal sounds. 2206:COMBINING DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE BELOW 1549:(1991) found about 25% of potential 1453:, the language is most often called 1208:for further information) during the 11285: 10908: 10268: 9816:. iSeodang Korean Language Center. 9108: 8871:Chen, Jiangping (18 January 2016). 8738: 8633: 8509: 8497: 8485: 8160:from the original on 12 August 2019 8145: 7339: 7233:Highway sign in Korean and Chinese, 7212:Highway sign in Korean and English, 6176:" and follows a vowel, the initial 5541:can be pronounced between vowels. 4445:at the time) primarily wrote using 4201: 3326:pronoun has two different forms: 그 1473:, which in turn was annexed by the 1197:The oldest Korean dictionary (1920) 1123:United States Department of Defense 1011:and Korean itself—form the compact 24: 10174: 10158:from the original on 16 March 2021 10140:from the original on 27 July 2023. 9917:from the original on 5 August 2023 9891:from the original on 20 April 2021 9585:from the original on 14 April 2021 9381:김보향 (Kim Bo-hyang) (August 2014). 9295:The handbook of Korean linguistics 9274:from the original on 2 August 2023 8682:from the original on 27 April 2023 7935: 7837: 7362:places Korean in Category IV with 7177: 6812:-irregular verbs in the North use 5451:to that of pitch change; however, 2743: 2608:Vowels preceded by intermediaries, 1655:구매자는 판매자에게 제품 대금으로 20달러를 지급하여야 한다. 1188: 25: 11611: 10681:to help reach a consensus. › 10610: 10509:. Boston, MA: Twayne Publishers. 10280:Korean: A Linguistic Introduction 10066:Yun Suh-young (20 January 2013). 10043:. 10 October 2004. Archived from 10015:from the original on 16 July 2018 9838: 9695:from the original on 2 March 2017 9659:from the original on 24 June 2023 8739:Kim, Jin-su (11 September 2009). 7987:Whitman, John (1 December 2011). 7903:Hölzl, Andreas (29 August 2018). 7061: 7051: 7031: 7021: 7010: 6990: 6980: 6970: 6957: 6947: 6834: 6824: 6795: 6785: 6707: 6697: 6505: 6495: 6474: 6464: 6447: 6437: 6420: 6410: 6388: 6378: 6338: 6328: 6294: 6284: 6254: 6244: 6152: 6145: 6115: 6108: 6090: 6083: 6066: 6059: 6035: 6028: 5489:), but in Standard Korean, it is 4433:Hangul consonant and vowel tables 4184: 2331:. However, the inflow of western 1615:Comparison of Japanese and Korean 1509: 1325:persons"), and call the language 340: 11072: 10861: 10844: 10827: 10810: 10793: 10776: 10759: 10742: 10725: 10708: 10308:A History of the Korean Language 7857: 7654: 7640: 7434:Korean Language Proficiency Test 7226: 7205: 7184: 7150:in many countries including the 5524: 5347:Korean has numerous small local 4192: 3611:("Korean Language Dictionary"). 3218: 1600:Southern Ryukyuan language group 1553:in the Japanese–Korean 100-word 1360:" is taken from the name of the 1038:Modern Korean is written in the 480: 10603:Korean: A Comprehensive Grammar 10144: 10122: 10092: 10059: 10027: 9994: 9962: 9929: 9903: 9873: 9832: 9806: 9787: 9761: 9707: 9671: 9641: 9626: 9597: 9566: 9507: 9486: 9451: 9424: 9374: 9335:10.1007/978-3-319-73400-2_110-1 9311: 9286: 9253: 9223: 9191: 9136: 9102: 9072: 9038: 9023:from the original on 8 May 2016 9008: 8969: 8937: 8903: 8864: 8825: 8780: 8732: 8694: 8668: 8570: 8518: 8503: 8454: 8379: 8351: 8327:from the original on 9 May 2021 8299: 8283: 8268: 8219: 8178: 8172: 8139: 8098: 8068: 7443: 7270:Sahoe Gwahagweon Eohag Yeonguso 6910: 6400:In South Korea, the expression 5457:prosodically conditioned change 5309:, as in children's books). The 4509:International Phonetic Alphabet 4494: 4467: 4413:, for foreigners in South Korea 2147: 1628:) were once distributed on the 1486: 1003:relatives which—along with the 10657:, Korean verb conjugation tool 10282:. Cambridge University Press. 10035:"Korea Marks 558th Hangul Day" 10001:Pickles, Matt (11 July 2018). 9936:Lee, Saekyun H.; HyunJoo Han. 8768:. Seoul: Hangul Hakhoe. 1992. 8598:10.15858/engtea.77.1.202203.21 8226:Vovin, Alexander (June 2017). 8036:Kim-Renaud, Young-Key (1997). 8029: 7980: 7953: 7865: 7812: 7792: 7741:Revised romanization of Korean 6858: 6609:koeppenhabeun (k'oeppenhabŭn) 4300:Romanization of Korean (North) 4148: 3614: 3590: 3578: 3566: 3420:(냐) was characteristic of the 2720: 1469:until the proclamation of the 1372: 1366: 1149:, which in turn descends from 1056: 1044: 13: 1: 11600:Subject–object–verb languages 10666: 10605:. London, England: Routledge. 10528:. London, England: Routledge. 10188:. Seoul, South Korea: Hollym. 9259: 8953:. Vol. 29. 1 July 2000. 8360:, p. 232, also found in 8320:(in Russian). Moscow: Nauka. 7805: 7696:Korean language and computers 7438:Test of Proficiency in Korean 6953:munhwajutaek (munhwajut'aek) 6581:ullanbattareu (ullanbattarŭ) 6270:s are dropped if followed by 6135:combination is pronounced as 3528: 3459:(남자 'man') often is added to 3199: 3180:and audience is paramount in 2740:is still used for tradition. 2242:is aspirated and becomes an 2153:only at the end of a syllable 1680: 859:100 Cultural Symbols of Korea 10554:and the Distribution of the 9541:10.1371/journal.pone.0240682 9445:10.1016/j.lingua.2013.06.002 8763:The dictionary mentioned is 7701:Korean as a foreign language 7346:Korean as a foreign language 6903: 6897: 6891: 6885: 6875: 6869: 6660: 6594:ullanbatoreu (ullanbat'orŭ) 6550:South Korea transliteration 6544:North Korea transliteration 6188:is dropped in the spelling. 5632:to read (continuative form) 5505:Japanese–Koguryoic languages 4730:silent (initial), ng (final) 4305:Revised Romanization (South) 4144:Japanese occupation of Korea 3346:is a company president, and 2304:. A written syllable-final ' 1635: 1145:Modern Korean descends from 1121:for English speakers by the 7: 10413:Miller, Roy Andrew (1996). 10394:Miller, Roy Andrew (1971). 10106:(in Korean). Archived from 9881:"DLI's language guidelines" 9237:(in Korean). Archived from 9045:Chan, Tak-hung Leo (2003). 8835:Asia's Orthographic Dilemma 8399:Evolutionary Human Sciences 7825:. Berlin: Buske. p. 26 7746:Yale romanization of Korean 7633: 7615: 7607: 7599: 7591: 7583: 7575: 7567: 7559: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7527: 7519: 7511: 7503: 7495: 7487: 7479: 7471: 7463: 6879:) are the symbols used for 6722:(doeda/toeda), "to become" 5988: 5321: 4009:two sets of numeral systems 3596: 3584: 3572: 3510:(이거로 'this thing') becomes 1592:Northern Ryukyuan languages 1461: 1455: 1428: 1422: 1416: 1402: 1396: 1384: 1378: 1356: 1350: 1344: 1338: 1327: 1317: 1309: 1279: 1268: 1262: 1256: 1248: 1062: 1050: 989: 928: 912: 122:81 million (2019–2022) 10: 11616: 11308:Consonant and vowel tables 10546:[Strange Words in the 10371:Martin, Samuel E. (2006). 10312:Cambridge University Press 10297:Hulbert, Homer B. (1905). 9951:(1): 33–56. Archived from 9231:"현판 글씨들이 한글이 아니라 한자인 이유는?" 8306:Starostin, Sergei (1991). 7675:Outline of Korean language 7427: 7406:heritage language students 7360:Defense Language Institute 7343: 7152:People's Republic of China 7135: 6624:kopenhagen (k'op'enhagen) 5992: 5836:idea / sense / conception 5514: 5325: 4439:the modern Korean alphabet 4430: 4416: 4075: 3618: 3555:In 2021, Moon Sung-guk of 3455:(여비서 'female secretary'); 3222: 3203: 3016: 3012: 2747: 2722: 2216:. Its official use in the 2214:/p͈/,/t͈/,/k͈/,/t͡ɕ͈/,/s͈/ 2181:Assimilation and allophony 1677:surrounding a core vowel. 1653:Spoken Korean (adult man): 1639: 1575:. A good example might be 1514:Korean is a member of the 1181:, which are still largely 1153:, which descends from the 1138: 1132: 1128: 1117:, Korean is ranked at the 11595:National symbols of Korea 11575:Language isolates of Asia 11489: 11456: 11401: 11355: 11347:Transcription into Korean 11293: 11284: 11266: 11244: 11226: 11208: 11175: 11129: 11120: 11102: 11088: 11081: 11070: 11042: 11028: 11005: 10948: 10925: 10916: 10591:Whitman, John B. (1985). 10582:Vovin, Alexander (2010). 10542:Vovin, Alexander (2008). 9945:Applied Language Learning 9854:(2): 1–12. Archived from 9848:Applied Language Learning 9741:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 8742:우리말 70%가 한자말? 일제가 왜곡한 거라네 8014:10.1007/s12284-011-9080-0 7819:Hermann, Winfred (1994). 7396:Foreign Service Institute 7264: 7118: 7108: 7098: 7088: 7074: 6926: 6923: 6920: 6895:) are standard (although 6848: 6814: 6808: 6775: 6769: 6763: 6757: 6751: 6745: 6739: 6733: 6727: 6718: 6676: 6673: 6670: 6648: 6633: 6618: 6603: 6588: 6575: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6540: 6368: 6250:ryeongryang (ryŏngryang) 6223: 6220: 6217: 6184: 6178: 6172: 6166: 6131: 6049: 6013: 6010: 6007: 6004: 5978: 5972: 5966: 5960: 5945: 5921: 5889: 5877: 5854: 5823: 5812: 5788: 5757: 5746: 5719: 5686: 5674: 5650: 5619: 5580: 5577: 5572: 5569: 5564: 5561: 5495: 5481: 5377: 5367: 5357: 5294: 5035: 5028: 5021: 5014: 5007: 5000: 4993: 4986: 4979: 4972: 4965: 4958: 4951: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4909: 4902: 4895: 4888: 4657: 4650: 4643: 4636: 4629: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4580: 4573: 4566: 4559: 4552: 4545: 4538: 4531: 4524: 4310:Bok Moon Kim romanization 4177: 4157: 4130: 4116: 4104: 3971: 3959: 3940: 3928: 3909: 3897: 3878: 3866: 3847: 3831: 3825: 3806: 3794: 3775: 3763: 3744: 3732: 3713: 3701: 3682: 3670: 3636: 3630: 3627: 3318:In general, Korean lacks 3313: 3299: 3289: 3276: 3266: 3254: 3141: 3135: 3123: 3076: 3066: 3054: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2973: 2961: 2955: 2947: 2935: 2929: 2921: 2909: 2903: 2895: 2883: 2877: 2869: 2863: 2827: 2817: 2807: 2797: 2787: 2774: 2764: 2728: 2711: 2702: 2693: 2684: 2675: 2666: 2657: 2644: 2634: 2624: 2614: 2600: 2591: 2582: 2573: 2560: 2550: 2540: 2530: 2520: 2510: 2476: 2468: 2455: 2439: 2426: 2410: 2397: 2376: 2316: 2306: 2260: 2113: 2104: 2073: 2055: 2030: 2006: 1992: 1974: 1956: 1940: 1933: 1919: 1903: 1891: 1879: 1858: 1842: 1830: 1818: 1791: 1767: 1751: 1735: 1718: 1687: 1438: 1390: 1231:In the 15th century King 1206:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 1095:South Korea–United States 999:. The language has a few 922: 906: 447: 438: 424: 408: 392: 374: 356: 351: 334: 324:사회과학원 어학연구소 / 社會科學院語學研究所 323: 312: 297: 272: 258:Official language in 256: 251: 217: 204: 179: 151: 126: 116: 102: 92: 72: 56: 48: 41: 39: 34: 11590:Languages of South Korea 11585:Languages of North Korea 10679:templates for discussion 10184:; Kim, Jong-Rok (2000). 9799:19 February 2024 at the 9384: 9201:. Korea.assembly.go.kr. 9143:Silva, David J. (2008). 9109:Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). 8982:. Elsevier. p. 54. 8877:. ABC-CLIO. p. 66. 8806:10.34158/ONOMA.51/2016/2 8765: 8741: 8214:Cho & Whitman (2020) 8181:"[이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국" 7785: 7142:Korean is spoken by the 5995:Korean spelling alphabet 3637:Native Korean cardinals 3280:), which means "style". 3131: 3062: 2417:"history" (歷史) – north: 2208:) is used to denote the 1290: 1235:personally developed an 1210:Proto-Three Kingdoms era 1013:Koreanic language family 27:Language spoken in Korea 11565:Agglutinative languages 11374:Cyrillization of Korean 10650:Linguistic map of Korea 10250:Chang, Suk-jin (1996). 10210:Korean Newspaper Reader 10196:; Kim, Jongrok (2004). 9051:. Rodopi. p. 183. 8663:Lee & Ramsey (2011) 8247:10.1556/062.2017.70.2.4 7888:조선민주주의인민공화국의 국어는 조선어이다. 7265:사회과학원 어학연구소; 社會科學院語學硏究所 7191:Highway sign in Korean, 7132:Geographic distribution 6996:han-guk'eo (han-guk'ŏ) 6773:instead of the South's 6260:yeongnyang (yŏngnyang) 5511:North–South differences 4437:Before the creation of 4041:Indo-European languages 3990:words directly borrowed 2734:near-open central vowel 2446:"female" (女子) – north: 1412:Three Kingdoms of Korea 1307:refer to themselves as 1240:featural writing system 1175:North–South differences 1155:Proto-Koreanic language 1029:system of speech levels 975:. It is also spoken by 341:中国朝鲜语规范委员会 / 中國朝鮮語規範委員會 11534:Sino-Korean vocabulary 11512:List of Konglish terms 11157:Gyeonggi/Seoul dialect 11048:(19th century–present) 10535:Historical linguistics 10484:Sohn, Ho-Min (2001) . 10447:The Mongolic languages 9466:(5 Supplement). 3570. 8911:"Invest Korea Journal" 8832:Hannas, Wm C. (1997). 8787:Choo, Sungjae (2016). 8146:이기환 (30 August 2017). 7685:Korean Cultural Center 7612: 7604: 7596: 7588: 7580: 7572: 7564: 7556: 7548: 7540: 7532: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7500: 7492: 7484: 7476: 7468: 7460: 7448:From Article 1 of the 6011:Pronunciation (RR/MR) 5403:dialect of Jeju Island 5344: 4414: 4225:New Korean Orthography 4202:Korean writing systems 3621:Sino-Korean vocabulary 3557:Kim Il Sung University 3467:(남자간호사 'male nurse'). 3463:(간호사 'nurse') to form 3025:agglutinative language 2500: 2489: 2388:"labor" (勞動) – north: 1666: 1410:, in reference to the 1348:("Korean speech") and 1204:arrived in Korea (see 1198: 449:This article contains 78:[ha(ː)n.ɡu.ɡʌ] 11555:Korean writing system 10632:30 March 2019 at the 10533:Trask, R. L. (1996). 10505:Sohn, Ho-Min (2006). 10243:10.1075/kl.17.2.04bro 9170:10.1515/ijsl.2008.035 8133:"Google Ngram Viewer" 7974:10.1075/kl.15.2.03vov 7778:Cinema of South Korea 7773:Cinema of North Korea 7454:South Korean standard 7334:King Sejong Institute 7320:TOPIK Korea Institute 7290:King Sejong Institute 7284:King Sejong Institute 7194:Reunification Highway 7172:cultural assimilation 6703:doeyeotda (toeyŏtta) 6511:pye (p'ye), pe (p'e) 5399:mutually intelligible 5339: 5280:. So, while the word 4400: 4082:The vast majority of 4045:genetically unrelated 3451:(여 'female') to form 3324:third-person singular 3229:There are seven verb 2495: 2484: 2218:extensions to the IPA 1652: 1342:("Korean language"), 1196: 1183:mutually intelligible 1017:mutually intelligible 849:Emblem of South Korea 844:Emblem of North Korea 10524:Song, J.-J. (2005). 10218:Argüelles, Alexander 10206:Argüelles, Alexander 10194:Argüelles, Alexander 10182:Argüelles, Alexander 9720:Korea JoongAng Daily 9493:Cho Sunghye (2017). 8915:Invest Korea Journal 8676:"남북의 언어: 종결편 이장균 기자" 8577:Song, Sooho (2022). 7726:Korean sign language 7576:bu-yeobad-ass-eumyeo 6840:halkkayo (halkkayo) 6801:gomawoyo (komawŏyo) 6791:gomawayo (komawayo) 6350:"Mortal enemy" and " 6310:s are demoted to an 6126:hallasan (hallasan) 5546:Revised Romanization 5468:convergent evolution 5445:aspirated consonants 5429:Kim Mi-Ryoung (2013) 4505:Revised Romanization 4503:) symbols and their 4015:equivalents such as 3225:Korean speech levels 3029:nine parts of speech 1596:Eastern Old Japanese 1559:genetic relationship 1459:, or more formally, 1119:top difficulty level 854:World Heritage Sites 11139:Chungcheong dialect 11029:Early modern Korean 10569:on 11 February 2014 10487:The Korean Language 10222:North Korean Reader 10047:on 19 February 2008 9715:"Beliefs that bind" 9649:"일본을 거쳐서 들어온 외래 어휘" 9532:2020PLoSO..1540682C 9472:2013ASAJ..133.3570K 9262:"북한 언어문화의 변화양상과 전망" 8636:, pp. 193–195. 8500:, pp. 189–198. 8461:Choo, Miho (2008). 8412:10.1017/ehs.2020.49 8376:, pp. 211–212. 8112:on 9 September 2018 8005:2011Rice....4..149W 7731:Korean romanization 7706:Korean mixed script 7215:Gyeongbu Expressway 7067:chin-gu (ch'in-gu) 6986:joseoneo (chosŏnŏ) 6767:) in the North use 6713:doeeotda (toeŏtta) 6314:if not followed by 6075:beotkkot (pŏtkkot) 4880: 4836:∅(initial),ŋ(final) 4516: 4507:(RR) and canonical 4114:) "part-time job", 3033:subject–object–verb 2849: 2258:(example: beoseot ( 1449:In North Korea and 1354:("our language"); " 1159:linguistic homeland 1021:linguistic homeland 967:, and specifically 940:descent. It is the 554:Arts and literature 274:Recognised minority 231:Hangul / Chosŏn'gŭl 85:[tso.sʌ.nʌ] 11580:Languages of Korea 11497:Koreanic languages 11268:Koreanic languages 11162:Gyeongsang dialect 10231:Korean Linguistics 10154:. United Nations. 10110:on 25 October 2017 9775:on 21 January 2021 9688:The New York Times 9681:(30 August 2006). 9080:"Korea Newsreview" 8153:Kyunghyang Shinmun 7962:Korean Linguistics 7608:haengdongha-yeo-ya 7418:South Korean music 7027:gwakbap (kwakpap) 6830:halgayo (halkayo) 6731:in the stem (i.e. 6639:kkahira (kkahira) 6517:In the case where 6099:modikda (modikta) 5433:Cho Sunghye (2017) 5411:Gyeongsang dialect 5345: 5342:dialects of Korean 5332:Koreanic languages 5315:Korean punctuation 4878: 4514: 4415: 4328:Kholodovich system 4062:Urimal Keun Sajeon 4001:Chinese characters 3320:grammatical gender 2847: 2843:(rieul consonant). 2648: 2638: 2628: 2618: 2564: 2554: 2544: 2534: 2524: 2514: 2501: 2490: 2348:no audible release 1667: 1561:, but rather to a 1502:or the short form 1490:or the short form 1202:Chinese characters 1199: 969:Yanbian Prefecture 286:Yanbian Prefecture 11542: 11541: 11397: 11396: 11379:McCune-Reischauer 11262: 11261: 11148:Yeongdong dialect 11116: 11115: 11068: 11067: 11049: 11033: 11032:(17–18th century) 11012: 11011:(10–16th century) 10955: 10644:asianreadings.com 10516:978-0-8248-2694-9 10386:978-0-8048-3771-2 10377:Tuttle Publishing 10321:978-0-521-66189-8 10289:978-0-521-51485-9 10261:978-1-55619-728-4 9887:. 1 August 2010. 9839:Raugh, Harold E. 9610:Chōsengo o manabō 9503:on 21 March 2020. 9480:10.1121/1.4806535 9344:978-3-319-73400-2 9235:royalpalace.go.kr 9122:978-0-275-95823-7 9084:Korea News Review 8989:978-1-4832-9754-5 8884:978-1-4408-3955-9 8845:978-0-8248-1892-0 8533:(12): 1136–1153. 8472:978-1-139-47139-8 8391:Robbeets, Martine 8216:, pp. 11–12. 7944:Studia Orientalia 7855:(27th ed., 2024) 7763:History of Korean 7736:McCune–Reischauer 7680:Korean count word 7414:rising popularity 7410:Sejong Institutes 7352:foreign languages 7249:official language 7129: 7128: 6963:apateu (ap'at'ŭ) 6856: 6855: 6658: 6657: 6533: 6532: 6192: 6191: 6047:The "sai siot" (' 6044:haeppit (haepit) 5956: 5955: 5550:McCune–Reischauer 5537:is optional, and 5464:dialect levelling 5383:standard language 5274: 5273: 4876: 4875: 4447:Classical Chinese 4395: 4394: 4295:McCune–Reischauer 4169:lexical borrowing 4092:Western languages 4072:Western loanwords 3983: 3982: 3252:form of the verb 3206:Korean honorifics 3174: 3173: 3113: 3112: 3007: 3006: 2856:After a ㄹ (rieul) 2853:After a consonant 2848:Korean particles 2738:⟨a⟩ 2718: 2717: 2143: 2142: 2049: 2000: 1875: 1814: 1731: 1650: 1543:Roy Andrew Miller 1135:History of Korean 1101:since the end of 1099:China–North Korea 957:minority language 942:national language 895: 894: 475: 474: 457:rendering support 453:phonetic symbols. 299:Regulated by 16:(Redirected from 11607: 11291: 11290: 11190:Hwanghae dialect 11185:Hamgyŏng dialect 11151:Yeongseo dialect 11127: 11126: 11086: 11085: 11076: 11047: 11031: 11010: 10954:(?–10th century) 10953: 10923: 10922: 10903: 10896: 10889: 10880: 10879: 10874: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10857: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10840: 10832: 10831: 10830: 10823: 10822:from Wikiversity 10815: 10814: 10813: 10806: 10798: 10797: 10796: 10789: 10781: 10780: 10779: 10772: 10764: 10763: 10762: 10755: 10747: 10746: 10745: 10738: 10730: 10729: 10728: 10721: 10713: 10712: 10711: 10701: 10606: 10596: 10587: 10578: 10576: 10574: 10568: 10561: 10538: 10537:. Hodder Arnold. 10529: 10520: 10501: 10479: 10460: 10441: 10428: 10409: 10390: 10367: 10354: 10325: 10302: 10293: 10274: 10265: 10246: 10225: 10213: 10201: 10189: 10168: 10167: 10165: 10163: 10148: 10142: 10141: 10126: 10120: 10119: 10117: 10115: 10096: 10090: 10089: 10087: 10085: 10063: 10057: 10056: 10054: 10052: 10031: 10025: 10024: 10022: 10020: 9998: 9992: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9978:. 22 July 2012. 9975:The Korea Herald 9966: 9960: 9959: 9958:on 25 June 2008. 9957: 9942: 9933: 9927: 9926: 9924: 9922: 9907: 9901: 9900: 9898: 9896: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9860: 9845: 9836: 9830: 9829: 9827: 9825: 9810: 9804: 9791: 9785: 9784: 9782: 9780: 9771:. Archived from 9765: 9759: 9753: 9747: 9746: 9740: 9732: 9730: 9728: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9700: 9675: 9669: 9668: 9666: 9664: 9645: 9639: 9630: 9624: 9623: 9601: 9595: 9594: 9592: 9590: 9579:Kookje Newspaper 9570: 9564: 9563: 9553: 9543: 9526:(10). e0240682. 9511: 9505: 9504: 9490: 9484: 9483: 9455: 9449: 9448: 9428: 9422: 9421: 9419: 9417: 9378: 9372: 9371: 9369: 9367: 9361: 9324: 9315: 9309: 9308: 9290: 9284: 9283: 9281: 9279: 9273: 9266: 9257: 9251: 9250: 9248: 9246: 9241:on 10 March 2017 9227: 9221: 9220: 9212: 9210: 9199:"Korean History" 9195: 9189: 9188: 9187:on 3 March 2016. 9186: 9180:. Archived from 9163: 9149: 9140: 9134: 9133: 9131: 9129: 9106: 9100: 9099: 9097: 9095: 9076: 9070: 9069: 9067: 9065: 9042: 9036: 9035: 9030: 9028: 9012: 9006: 9005: 9003: 9001: 8973: 8967: 8966: 8964: 8962: 8950:The Korea Herald 8941: 8935: 8934: 8928: 8926: 8907: 8901: 8900: 8898: 8896: 8868: 8862: 8861: 8859: 8857: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8810: 8808: 8784: 8778: 8777: 8762: 8760: 8758: 8736: 8730: 8724: 8718: 8717: 8715: 8713: 8698: 8692: 8691: 8689: 8687: 8672: 8666: 8660: 8654: 8648: 8637: 8631: 8625: 8624: 8622: 8620: 8614: 8586:English Teaching 8583: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8551: 8550: 8522: 8516: 8515: 8507: 8501: 8495: 8489: 8483: 8477: 8476: 8458: 8452: 8446: 8435: 8434: 8424: 8414: 8383: 8377: 8371: 8365: 8355: 8349: 8343: 8337: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8326: 8319: 8303: 8297: 8287: 8281: 8272: 8266: 8265: 8263: 8261: 8255: 8232: 8223: 8217: 8211: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8176: 8170: 8169: 8167: 8165: 8143: 8137: 8136: 8128: 8122: 8121: 8119: 8117: 8108:. Archived from 8102: 8096: 8095: 8093: 8091: 8072: 8066: 8065: 8063: 8061: 8033: 8027: 8026: 8016: 7984: 7978: 7977: 7957: 7951: 7950: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7930: 7928: 7900: 7891: 7890: 7885: 7883: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7861: 7844: 7835: 7834: 7832: 7830: 7816: 7799: 7796: 7711:Korean particles 7664: 7659: 7658: 7650: 7645: 7644: 7552:cheonbujeog-euro 7422:television shows 7340:Foreign language 7267: 7266: 7253:Mandarin Chinese 7236:Hunwu Expressway 7230: 7209: 7188: 7168:foreign language 7121: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7101: 7100: 7091: 7090: 7077: 7076: 7064: 7063: 7057:dongmu (tongmu) 7054: 7053: 7034: 7033: 7024: 7023: 7013: 7012: 6999:Korean language 6993: 6992: 6983: 6982: 6973: 6972: 6960: 6959: 6950: 6949: 6918: 6917: 6907:are also used). 6906: 6905: 6900: 6899: 6894: 6893: 6888: 6887: 6878: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6851: 6850: 6837: 6836: 6827: 6826: 6817: 6816: 6811: 6810: 6798: 6797: 6788: 6787: 6778: 6777: 6772: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6753: 6748: 6747: 6742: 6741: 6736: 6735: 6730: 6729: 6721: 6720: 6710: 6709: 6700: 6699: 6668: 6667: 6651: 6650: 6636: 6635: 6621: 6620: 6606: 6605: 6591: 6590: 6578: 6577: 6538: 6537: 6508: 6507: 6498: 6497: 6477: 6476: 6467: 6466: 6450: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6423: 6422: 6413: 6412: 6391: 6390: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6370: 6341: 6340: 6334:wonssu (wŏnssu) 6331: 6330: 6300:nodong (nodong) 6297: 6296: 6290:rodong (rodong) 6287: 6286: 6257: 6256: 6247: 6246: 6215: 6214: 6187: 6186: 6181: 6180: 6175: 6174: 6169: 6168: 6161:gyuyul (kyuyul) 6155: 6154: 6148: 6147: 6134: 6133: 6118: 6117: 6111: 6110: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6069: 6068: 6062: 6061: 6052: 6051: 6038: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6002: 6001: 5981: 5980: 5975: 5974: 5969: 5968: 5963: 5962: 5952: 5951: 5927: 5926: 5892: 5891: 5883: 5882: 5859: 5858: 5826: 5825: 5817: 5816: 5794: 5793: 5760: 5759: 5751: 5750: 5728: 5727: 5689: 5688: 5680: 5679: 5656: 5655: 5622: 5621: 5608: 5603: 5593: 5588: 5567: 5559: 5558: 5540: 5536: 5529:In North Korea, 5498: 5497: 5492: 5484: 5483: 5478: 5449:voice onset time 5441:lenis consonants 5380: 5379: 5370: 5369: 5360: 5359: 5297: 5296: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5236: 5231: 5226: 5221: 5216: 5211: 5206: 5201: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5038: 5037: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5023: 5017: 5016: 5010: 5009: 5003: 5002: 4996: 4995: 4989: 4988: 4982: 4981: 4975: 4974: 4968: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4940: 4939: 4933: 4932: 4926: 4925: 4919: 4918: 4912: 4911: 4905: 4904: 4898: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4881: 4877: 4872: 4867: 4862: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4842: 4837: 4832: 4827: 4822: 4817: 4812: 4807: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4660: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4646: 4645: 4639: 4638: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4624: 4618: 4617: 4611: 4610: 4604: 4603: 4597: 4596: 4590: 4589: 4583: 4582: 4576: 4575: 4569: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4555: 4554: 4548: 4547: 4541: 4540: 4534: 4533: 4527: 4526: 4517: 4513: 4484:Gabo Reformists' 4471: 4470: 1418–1450 4469: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4336: 4318: 4196: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4179: 4160: 4159: 4151: 4150: 4133: 4132: 4119: 4118: 4107: 4106: 3974: 3973: 3962: 3961: 3943: 3942: 3931: 3930: 3912: 3911: 3900: 3899: 3881: 3880: 3869: 3868: 3850: 3849: 3834: 3833: 3828: 3827: 3809: 3808: 3797: 3796: 3778: 3777: 3766: 3765: 3747: 3746: 3735: 3734: 3716: 3715: 3704: 3703: 3685: 3684: 3673: 3672: 3625: 3624: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3587: 3581: 3580: 3576:; computer) and 3575: 3569: 3568: 3302: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3279: 3278: 3269: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3144: 3143: 3138: 3137: 3115: 3114: 3079: 3078: 3069: 3068: 3046: 3045: 3002: 3001: 2990: 2989: 2976: 2975: 2964: 2963: 2950: 2949: 2938: 2937: 2924: 2923: 2912: 2911: 2898: 2897: 2886: 2885: 2872: 2871: 2850: 2846: 2830: 2829: 2820: 2819: 2813:-ideunji/-deunji 2810: 2809: 2800: 2799: 2790: 2789: 2777: 2776: 2767: 2766: 2739: 2731: 2730: 2726: 2714: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2695: 2691: 2687: 2686: 2682: 2678: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2668: 2664: 2660: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2647: 2646: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2631: 2627: 2626: 2621: 2617: 2616: 2603: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2593: 2589: 2585: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2562: 2557: 2553: 2552: 2547: 2543: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2523: 2522: 2517: 2513: 2512: 2503: 2502: 2471: 2470: 2458: 2457: 2442: 2441: 2429: 2428: 2413: 2412: 2400: 2399: 2383: 2379: 2378: 2373: 2356: 2338: 2330: 2326: 2319: 2318: 2309: 2308: 2303: 2299: 2293: 2287: 2269: 2263: 2262: 2257: 2253: 2241: 2226:faucalized voice 2215: 2207: 2204: 2203: 2199: 2197: 2192: 2174: 2172: 2168: 2163: 2154: 2151: 2133: 2125: 2118: 2117: 2096: 2085: 2063: 2060: 2059: 2047: 2042: 2035: 2034: 2022: 2018: 2011: 2010: 1998: 1986: 1979: 1978: 1968: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1945: 1944: 1927: 1924: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1908: 1907: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1887: 1884: 1883: 1873: 1866: 1863: 1862: 1854: 1850: 1847: 1846: 1838: 1835: 1834: 1826: 1823: 1822: 1810: 1803: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1779: 1772: 1771: 1763: 1756: 1755: 1747: 1740: 1739: 1729: 1685: 1684: 1676: 1672: 1651: 1642:Korean phonology 1630:Korean Peninsula 1547:Sergei Starostin 1539:Samuel E. Martin 1489: 1488: 1464: 1458: 1441: 1440: 1431: 1425: 1419: 1406:is derived from 1405: 1399: 1393: 1392: 1387: 1381: 1375: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1359: 1353: 1347: 1341: 1332: 1320: 1314: 1282: 1271: 1265: 1259: 1254:, it was called 1253: 1233:Sejong the Great 1167:Korean Peninsula 1141:Origin of Hangul 1091:foreign language 1087:cultural exports 1065: 1059: 1058: 1054:in South Korea, 1053: 1047: 1046: 994: 977:Sakhalin Koreans 931: 925: 924: 915: 909: 908: 887: 880: 873: 510: 502: 500:Culture of Korea 484: 477: 476: 443: 434: 420: 404: 397: 388: 387: 379: 370: 369: 361: 343: 342: 337: 336: 326: 325: 315: 314: 276:language in 223: 132: 87: 80: 61: 51: 50: 44: 43: 32: 31: 21: 11615: 11614: 11610: 11609: 11608: 11606: 11605: 11604: 11560:Korean language 11545: 11544: 11543: 11538: 11485: 11481:Yongbieocheonga 11452: 11393: 11351: 11280: 11258: 11254:Zainichi Korean 11240: 11222: 11204: 11195:Pyongan dialect 11171: 11144:Gangwon dialect 11112: 11098: 11077: 11064: 11046: 11038: 11030: 11024: 11009: 11001: 10952: 10944: 10912: 10910:Korean language 10907: 10877: 10867: 10862: 10860: 10850: 10845: 10843: 10839:from Wikivoyage 10833: 10828: 10826: 10816: 10811: 10809: 10799: 10794: 10792: 10788:from Wikisource 10782: 10777: 10775: 10765: 10760: 10758: 10748: 10743: 10741: 10731: 10726: 10724: 10720:from Wiktionary 10714: 10709: 10707: 10704: 10700:sister projects 10697:at Knowledge's 10684:Korean language 10682: 10634:Wayback Machine 10613: 10572: 10570: 10566: 10559: 10517: 10498: 10476: 10457: 10425: 10406: 10387: 10322: 10290: 10262: 10177: 10175:Further reading 10172: 10171: 10161: 10159: 10150: 10149: 10145: 10128: 10127: 10123: 10113: 10111: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10083: 10081: 10073:The Korea Times 10064: 10060: 10050: 10048: 10040:The Chosun Ilbo 10033: 10032: 10028: 10018: 10016: 9999: 9995: 9985: 9983: 9968: 9967: 9963: 9955: 9940: 9934: 9930: 9920: 9918: 9909: 9908: 9904: 9894: 9892: 9879: 9878: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9861:on 30 June 2007 9858: 9843: 9837: 9833: 9823: 9821: 9812: 9811: 9807: 9801:Wayback Machine 9792: 9788: 9778: 9776: 9767: 9766: 9762: 9754: 9750: 9734: 9733: 9726: 9724: 9713: 9712: 9708: 9698: 9696: 9676: 9672: 9662: 9660: 9647: 9646: 9642: 9631: 9627: 9620: 9602: 9598: 9588: 9586: 9571: 9567: 9512: 9508: 9491: 9487: 9456: 9452: 9429: 9425: 9415: 9413: 9386: 9379: 9375: 9365: 9363: 9359: 9345: 9322: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9291: 9287: 9277: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9258: 9254: 9244: 9242: 9229: 9228: 9224: 9208: 9206: 9197: 9196: 9192: 9184: 9161:10.1.1.527.8160 9147: 9141: 9137: 9127: 9125: 9123: 9107: 9103: 9093: 9091: 9078: 9077: 9073: 9063: 9061: 9059: 9043: 9039: 9026: 9024: 9013: 9009: 8999: 8997: 8990: 8974: 8970: 8960: 8958: 8943: 8942: 8938: 8924: 8922: 8909: 8908: 8904: 8894: 8892: 8885: 8869: 8865: 8855: 8853: 8846: 8830: 8826: 8818: 8814: 8785: 8781: 8767: 8764: 8756: 8754: 8743: 8737: 8733: 8725: 8721: 8711: 8709: 8700: 8699: 8695: 8685: 8683: 8674: 8673: 8669: 8661: 8657: 8649: 8640: 8632: 8628: 8618: 8616: 8612: 8581: 8575: 8571: 8563: 8554: 8539:10.2307/2644990 8523: 8519: 8508: 8504: 8496: 8492: 8484: 8480: 8473: 8459: 8455: 8447: 8438: 8387:Hudson, Mark J. 8384: 8380: 8372: 8368: 8356: 8352: 8344: 8340: 8330: 8328: 8324: 8317: 8304: 8300: 8288: 8284: 8273: 8269: 8259: 8257: 8253: 8230: 8224: 8220: 8212: 8208: 8198: 8196: 8189:The Chosun Ilbo 8177: 8173: 8163: 8161: 8144: 8140: 8131: 8129: 8125: 8115: 8113: 8104: 8103: 8099: 8089: 8087: 8074: 8073: 8069: 8059: 8057: 8050: 8034: 8030: 7985: 7981: 7958: 7954: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7924: 7917: 7901: 7894: 7881: 7879: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7856: 7845: 7838: 7828: 7826: 7817: 7813: 7808: 7803: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7788: 7716:Korean proverbs 7691:Korean dialects 7662:Language portal 7660: 7653: 7646: 7639: 7636: 7631: 7618: 7610: 7602: 7594: 7586: 7578: 7570: 7562: 7554: 7546: 7538: 7530: 7522: 7514: 7506: 7498: 7490: 7482: 7474: 7466: 7446: 7436:(KLPT) and the 7430: 7403:Korean American 7348: 7342: 7322: 7286: 7243: 7234: 7231: 7222: 7213: 7210: 7201: 7192: 7189: 7180: 7178:Official status 7148:Korean diaspora 7140: 7138:Korean diaspora 7134: 6913: 6861: 6688:South spelling 6682:North spelling 6663: 6654:kairo (k'airo) 6235:South spelling 6229:North spelling 6201: 6072:cherry blossom 6022:South spelling 6019:North spelling 5997: 5991: 5527: 5519: 5513: 5477:/t͡ɕʌŋ.ɡu.d͡ʑi/ 5334: 5328:Korean dialects 5326:Main articles: 5324: 4497: 4466: 4435: 4429: 4417:Main articles: 4391: 4345:Transliteration 4330: 4312: 4217:Chosŏn'gŭl (in 4187: 4080: 4074: 4066:colonial period 3994:written Chinese 3623: 3617: 3531: 3316: 3227: 3221: 3208: 3202: 3109:+ + + + + 3094:ga-syeo-sseo-yo 3035:(SOV), but the 3021: 3015: 2752: 2750:Morphophonology 2746: 2744:Morphophonemics 2737: 2732:is closer to a 2652: 2642: 2632: 2622: 2609: 2568: 2558: 2548: 2538: 2528: 2518: 2479: 2353:Plosive sounds 2323:Traditionally, 2278:before or , a 2274:before or , a 2264:) 'mushroom'). 2244:alveolo-palatal 2205: 2201: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2189:symbol ⟨ 2183: 2178: 2177: 2165:The semivowels 2164: 2157: 2152: 2148: 1723: 1702: 1683: 1675:/p,t,k,m,n,ŋ,l/ 1673:and final coda 1662: 1660: 1656: 1654: 1646: 1644: 1638: 1528:Khitan language 1518:along with the 1516:Koreanic family 1512: 1475:Empire of Japan 1297:names for Korea 1293: 1242:known today as 1191: 1189:Writing systems 1179:Korean dialects 1143: 1137: 1131: 1072:spoken language 973:Changbai County 934:native language 891: 805:Paektu Mountain 508: 498: 455:Without proper 430: 416: 400: 393: 383: 382: 375: 365: 364: 357: 347: 331: 320: 309: 293: 290:Changbai County 277: 275: 265: 259: 252:Official status 247: 224: 219: 211:Korean dialects 200: 182: 175: 154: 147: 133: 130:Language family 128: 119: 118:Native speakers 82: 68: 46: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11613: 11603: 11602: 11597: 11592: 11587: 11582: 11577: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11557: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11536: 11531: 11526: 11521: 11516: 11515: 11514: 11504: 11499: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11486: 11484: 11483: 11478: 11473: 11468: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11453: 11451: 11450: 11445: 11440: 11435: 11430: 11425: 11420: 11415: 11407: 11405: 11399: 11398: 11395: 11394: 11392: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11371: 11365: 11363: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11339: 11338: 11337: 11332: 11327: 11317: 11316: 11315: 11310: 11300: 11298:Korean Braille 11294: 11288: 11286:Writing system 11282: 11281: 11279: 11278: 11272: 11270: 11264: 11263: 11260: 11259: 11257: 11256: 11250: 11248: 11242: 11241: 11239: 11238: 11232: 11230: 11224: 11223: 11221: 11220: 11218:Chinese Korean 11214: 11212: 11206: 11205: 11203: 11202: 11200:Yukjin dialect 11197: 11192: 11187: 11181: 11179: 11173: 11172: 11170: 11169: 11167:Jeolla dialect 11164: 11159: 11154: 11153: 11152: 11149: 11141: 11135: 11133: 11124: 11118: 11117: 11114: 11113: 11108: 11106: 11100: 11099: 11094: 11092: 11083: 11079: 11078: 11071: 11069: 11066: 11065: 11063: 11062: 11059: 11056: 11052: 11050: 11040: 11039: 11036: 11034: 11026: 11025: 11023: 11022: 11019: 11015: 11013: 11003: 11002: 11000: 10999: 10994: 10989: 10984: 10979: 10974: 10969: 10964: 10958: 10956: 10946: 10945: 10943: 10942: 10937: 10931: 10929: 10927:Proto-Koreanic 10920: 10914: 10913: 10906: 10905: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10876: 10875: 10858: 10853:Korean edition 10841: 10824: 10807: 10805:from Wikibooks 10790: 10773: 10771:from Wikiquote 10756: 10739: 10722: 10693: 10691: 10690: 10664: 10661:Hanja Explorer 10658: 10652: 10647: 10641: 10636: 10624: 10619: 10612: 10611:External links 10609: 10608: 10607: 10598: 10588: 10579: 10539: 10530: 10521: 10515: 10502: 10497:978-0521369435 10496: 10481: 10474: 10461: 10455: 10442: 10429: 10423: 10410: 10404: 10391: 10385: 10368: 10355: 10343:10.2307/411687 10337:(2): 185–251. 10326: 10320: 10303: 10294: 10288: 10275: 10266: 10260: 10247: 10237:(2): 242–266. 10226: 10214: 10202: 10190: 10176: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10143: 10121: 10091: 10058: 10026: 9993: 9961: 9928: 9902: 9872: 9831: 9805: 9786: 9760: 9748: 9706: 9679:Choe, Sang-hun 9670: 9640: 9625: 9618: 9596: 9575:"도청도설 부추와 정구지" 9565: 9506: 9485: 9450: 9423: 9373: 9343: 9310: 9303: 9285: 9252: 9222: 9190: 9154:(192): 57–74. 9135: 9121: 9101: 9071: 9058:978-9042008151 9057: 9037: 9007: 8988: 8968: 8936: 8902: 8883: 8863: 8844: 8824: 8812: 8779: 8731: 8719: 8693: 8667: 8655: 8638: 8626: 8569: 8552: 8517: 8502: 8490: 8488:, p. 189. 8478: 8471: 8453: 8436: 8378: 8366: 8358:Whitman (1985) 8350: 8338: 8298: 8282: 8267: 8241:(2): 207–215. 8218: 8206: 8171: 8138: 8123: 8097: 8067: 8048: 8028: 7999:(3): 149–158. 7979: 7968:(2): 222–240. 7952: 7934: 7915: 7892: 7864: 7836: 7810: 7809: 7807: 7804: 7801: 7800: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7783: 7782: 7781: 7780: 7775: 7765: 7760: 7755: 7750: 7749: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7682: 7677: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7651: 7635: 7632: 7611: 7603: 7595: 7587: 7579: 7571: 7563: 7555: 7547: 7539: 7536:dongdeunghada. 7531: 7523: 7515: 7507: 7499: 7491: 7483: 7475: 7467: 7459: 7458: 7445: 7442: 7429: 7426: 7344:Main article: 7341: 7338: 7321: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7298: 7285: 7282: 7247:Korean is the 7245: 7244: 7232: 7225: 7223: 7211: 7204: 7202: 7190: 7183: 7179: 7176: 7133: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7071: 7068: 7065: 7058: 7055: 7047: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7035: 7028: 7025: 7017: 7016: 7000: 6997: 6994: 6987: 6984: 6976: 6975: 6967: 6964: 6961: 6954: 6951: 6943: 6942: 6941:South pronun. 6939: 6936: 6935:North pronun. 6933: 6929: 6928: 6925: 6922: 6912: 6909: 6863:In the North, 6860: 6857: 6854: 6853: 6844: 6841: 6838: 6831: 6828: 6820: 6819: 6805: 6802: 6799: 6792: 6789: 6781: 6780: 6723: 6716:past tense of 6714: 6711: 6704: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6691:South pronun. 6689: 6686: 6685:North pronun. 6683: 6679: 6678: 6675: 6672: 6662: 6659: 6656: 6655: 6652: 6645: 6640: 6637: 6630: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6615: 6610: 6607: 6600: 6596: 6595: 6592: 6585: 6582: 6579: 6572: 6566: 6565: 6564:Pronunciation 6562: 6559: 6558:Pronunciation 6556: 6552: 6551: 6548: 6545: 6542: 6541:Original name 6531: 6530: 6515: 6512: 6509: 6502: 6499: 6491: 6490: 6486: 6481: 6478: 6471: 6470:kkuba (kkuba) 6468: 6460: 6459: 6457: 6454: 6451: 6444: 6443:anhae (anhae) 6441: 6433: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6424: 6417: 6414: 6406: 6405: 6398: 6395: 6394:radio (radio) 6392: 6385: 6384:rajio (rajio) 6382: 6374: 6373: 6372:in the North. 6348: 6345: 6344:wonsu (wŏnsu) 6342: 6335: 6332: 6324: 6323: 6304: 6301: 6298: 6291: 6288: 6280: 6279: 6264: 6261: 6258: 6251: 6248: 6240: 6239: 6238:South pronun. 6236: 6233: 6232:North pronun. 6230: 6226: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6200: 6193: 6190: 6189: 6162: 6159: 6156: 6149: 6141: 6140: 6127: 6124: 6119: 6112: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6097: 6094: 6087: 6079: 6078: 6076: 6073: 6070: 6063: 6055: 6054: 6045: 6042: 6039: 6032: 6024: 6023: 6020: 6016: 6015: 6012: 6009: 6006: 5990: 5987: 5954: 5953: 5942: 5935: 5928: 5918: 5911: 5904: 5901: 5894: 5885: 5884: 5874: 5867: 5860: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5834: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5809: 5802: 5795: 5785: 5778: 5771: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5752: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5697: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5671: 5664: 5657: 5647: 5640: 5633: 5630: 5623: 5615: 5614: 5609: 5604: 5599: 5594: 5589: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5573:Pronunciation 5571: 5568: 5563: 5531:palatalization 5526: 5523: 5515:Main article: 5512: 5509: 5323: 5320: 5272: 5271: 5266: 5261: 5256: 5251: 5242: 5237: 5232: 5227: 5222: 5217: 5212: 5207: 5202: 5197: 5192: 5187: 5182: 5177: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5152: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5136: 5131: 5126: 5121: 5116: 5111: 5106: 5101: 5096: 5091: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5071: 5066: 5061: 5056: 5051: 5046: 5040: 5039: 5032: 5025: 5018: 5011: 5004: 4997: 4990: 4983: 4976: 4969: 4962: 4955: 4948: 4941: 4934: 4927: 4920: 4913: 4906: 4899: 4892: 4874: 4873: 4868: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4838: 4833: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4808: 4799: 4794: 4789: 4784: 4779: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4762: 4757: 4752: 4747: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4727: 4722: 4717: 4712: 4707: 4702: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4662: 4661: 4654: 4647: 4640: 4633: 4626: 4619: 4612: 4605: 4598: 4591: 4584: 4577: 4570: 4563: 4556: 4549: 4542: 4535: 4528: 4511:(IPA) values: 4496: 4493: 4423:Korean Braille 4403:Latin alphabet 4393: 4392: 4390: 4389: 4382: 4375: 4367: 4364: 4363: 4362: 4361: 4356: 4354:Yale (scholar) 4348: 4347: 4341: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4325: 4319: 4307: 4302: 4297: 4289: 4288: 4282: 4281: 4275: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4250: 4237: 4236: 4230: 4229: 4228: 4227: 4222: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4204: 4198: 4197: 4186: 4185:Writing system 4183: 4073: 4070: 4005: 4004: 3997: 3981: 3980: 3975: 3968: 3963: 3956: 3950: 3949: 3944: 3937: 3932: 3925: 3919: 3918: 3913: 3906: 3901: 3894: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3875: 3870: 3863: 3857: 3856: 3851: 3844: 3835: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3810: 3803: 3798: 3791: 3785: 3784: 3779: 3772: 3767: 3760: 3754: 3753: 3748: 3741: 3736: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3710: 3705: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3686: 3679: 3674: 3667: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3645: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3629: 3619:Main article: 3616: 3613: 3530: 3527: 3521:(어머 'oh') and 3382:bakkat-yangban 3330:(male) and 그녀 3315: 3312: 3223:Main article: 3220: 3217: 3204:Main article: 3201: 3198: 3182:Korean grammar 3172: 3171: 3168: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3152: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3132: 3129: 3126: 3125: 3122: 3111: 3110: 3107: 3105: 3102: 3100: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3081: 3080: 3073: 3070: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3056: 3053: 3019:Korean grammar 3017:Main article: 3014: 3011: 3005: 3004: 2992: 2979: 2978: 2966: 2953: 2952: 2940: 2927: 2926: 2914: 2901: 2900: 2888: 2875: 2874: 2861: 2860: 2859:After a vowel 2857: 2854: 2845: 2844: 2748:Main article: 2745: 2742: 2716: 2715: 2611: 2610:or diphthongs 2605: 2604: 2507: 2478: 2475: 2474: 2473: 2444: 2415: 2182: 2179: 2176: 2175: 2155: 2145: 2144: 2141: 2140: 2138: 2136: 2134: 2110: 2108: 2102: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2088: 2086: 2077: 2071: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2052: 2050: 2044: 2043: 2027: 2025: 2023: 2003: 2001: 1996: 1990: 1989: 1987: 1971: 1969: 1953: 1937: 1931: 1930: 1928: 1916: 1900: 1888: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1855: 1839: 1827: 1815: 1807: 1806: 1804: 1788: 1764: 1748: 1732: 1727: 1716: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1688: 1682: 1679: 1640:Main article: 1637: 1634: 1569:Ancient Korean 1511: 1510:Classification 1508: 1482:mainland China 1467:Joseon dynasty 1434:Han characters 1292: 1289: 1250:Hunminjeongeum 1190: 1187: 1133:Main article: 1130: 1127: 1079:Korean culture 893: 892: 890: 889: 882: 875: 867: 864: 863: 862: 861: 856: 851: 846: 841: 836: 831: 830: 829: 819: 818: 817: 807: 802: 795: 785: 784: 780: 779: 778: 777: 772: 771: 770: 763: 758: 748: 747: 746: 739: 727: 722: 717: 712: 711: 710: 705: 692: 691: 687: 686: 685: 684: 679: 678: 677: 672: 667: 662: 654: 653: 652: 647: 637: 636: 635: 625: 624: 623: 618: 613: 603: 602: 601: 596: 586: 581: 580: 579: 574: 564: 556: 555: 551: 550: 549: 548: 543: 541:Names of Korea 538: 533: 532: 531: 521: 513: 512: 504: 503: 495: 494: 486: 485: 473: 472: 459:, you may see 445: 444: 436: 435: 428: 422: 421: 414: 406: 405: 398: 390: 389: 380: 372: 371: 362: 354: 353: 352:Language codes 349: 348: 346: 345: 328: 317: 303: 301: 295: 294: 280: 278: 273: 270: 269: 260: 257: 254: 253: 249: 248: 246: 245: 239: 233: 227: 225: 221:Writing system 218: 215: 214: 206: 202: 201: 199: 198: 192: 185: 183: 181:Standard forms 180: 177: 176: 174: 173: 172: 171: 159:Proto-Koreanic 157: 155: 152: 149: 148: 146: 145: 136: 134: 127: 124: 123: 120: 117: 114: 113: 104: 100: 99: 94: 93:Native to 90: 89: 74: 70: 69: 62: 54: 53: 37: 36: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11612: 11601: 11598: 11596: 11593: 11591: 11588: 11586: 11583: 11581: 11578: 11576: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11558: 11556: 11553: 11552: 11550: 11535: 11532: 11530: 11527: 11525: 11522: 11520: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11494: 11492: 11488: 11482: 11479: 11477: 11474: 11472: 11469: 11467: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11459: 11455: 11449: 11446: 11444: 11443:Speech levels 11441: 11439: 11436: 11434: 11433:Postpositions 11431: 11429: 11426: 11424: 11421: 11419: 11416: 11414: 11413: 11409: 11408: 11406: 11404: 11400: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11370: 11367: 11366: 11364: 11362: 11358: 11357:Cyrillization 11354: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11336: 11333: 11331: 11328: 11326: 11323: 11322: 11321: 11318: 11314: 11311: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11304: 11301: 11299: 11296: 11295: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11283: 11277: 11276:Jeju language 11274: 11273: 11271: 11269: 11265: 11255: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11234: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11225: 11219: 11216: 11215: 11213: 11211: 11207: 11201: 11198: 11196: 11193: 11191: 11188: 11186: 11183: 11182: 11180: 11178: 11174: 11168: 11165: 11163: 11160: 11158: 11155: 11150: 11147: 11146: 11145: 11142: 11140: 11137: 11136: 11134: 11132: 11128: 11125: 11123: 11119: 11111: 11107: 11105: 11101: 11097: 11093: 11091: 11087: 11084: 11080: 11075: 11060: 11057: 11054: 11053: 11051: 11045: 11044:Modern Korean 11041: 11035: 11027: 11020: 11017: 11016: 11014: 11008: 11007:Middle Korean 11004: 10998: 10995: 10993: 10990: 10988: 10985: 10983: 10980: 10978: 10975: 10973: 10970: 10968: 10965: 10963: 10960: 10959: 10957: 10951: 10947: 10941: 10938: 10936: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10928: 10924: 10921: 10919: 10915: 10911: 10904: 10899: 10897: 10892: 10890: 10885: 10884: 10881: 10873:from Wikidata 10872: 10871: 10859: 10855: 10854: 10842: 10838: 10837: 10825: 10821: 10820: 10808: 10804: 10803: 10791: 10787: 10786: 10774: 10770: 10769: 10757: 10754:from Wikinews 10753: 10752: 10740: 10736: 10735: 10723: 10719: 10718: 10706: 10705: 10702: 10696: 10689: 10685: 10680: 10676: 10675: 10670: 10665: 10662: 10659: 10656: 10653: 10651: 10648: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10631: 10628: 10625: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10615: 10614: 10604: 10599: 10594: 10589: 10585: 10580: 10565: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10540: 10536: 10531: 10527: 10522: 10518: 10512: 10508: 10503: 10499: 10493: 10489: 10488: 10482: 10480:In 3 volumes. 10477: 10475:90-04-13153-1 10471: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10456:0-7007-1133-3 10452: 10448: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10430: 10426: 10424:974-8299-69-4 10420: 10416: 10411: 10407: 10405:0-226-52719-0 10401: 10397: 10392: 10388: 10382: 10378: 10374: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10360:Baldi, Philip 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10332: 10327: 10323: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10295: 10291: 10285: 10281: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10263: 10257: 10253: 10248: 10244: 10240: 10236: 10232: 10227: 10223: 10219: 10215: 10211: 10207: 10203: 10199: 10195: 10191: 10187: 10183: 10179: 10178: 10157: 10153: 10147: 10139: 10135: 10131: 10125: 10109: 10105: 10104:TOPIK 한국어능력시험 10101: 10095: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10069: 10062: 10046: 10042: 10041: 10036: 10030: 10014: 10010: 10009: 10004: 9997: 9981: 9977: 9976: 9971: 9965: 9954: 9950: 9946: 9939: 9932: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9890: 9886: 9882: 9876: 9857: 9853: 9849: 9842: 9835: 9819: 9815: 9809: 9802: 9798: 9795: 9790: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9757: 9752: 9744: 9738: 9722: 9721: 9716: 9710: 9694: 9690: 9689: 9684: 9680: 9674: 9658: 9654: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9634: 9629: 9621: 9619:4-384-01506-2 9615: 9611: 9607: 9600: 9584: 9581:(in Korean). 9580: 9576: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9552: 9547: 9542: 9537: 9533: 9529: 9525: 9521: 9517: 9510: 9502: 9498: 9497: 9489: 9481: 9477: 9473: 9469: 9465: 9461: 9454: 9446: 9442: 9438: 9434: 9427: 9411: 9407: 9403: 9399: 9395: 9391: 9387: 9377: 9358: 9354: 9350: 9346: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9328: 9321: 9314: 9306: 9304:9781118371008 9300: 9296: 9289: 9270: 9263: 9256: 9240: 9236: 9232: 9226: 9219: 9217: 9216:Korean Empire 9204: 9200: 9194: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9153: 9146: 9139: 9124: 9118: 9114: 9113: 9105: 9089: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9060: 9054: 9050: 9049: 9041: 9034: 9022: 9018: 9011: 8995: 8991: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8972: 8956: 8952: 8951: 8946: 8940: 8933: 8920: 8916: 8912: 8906: 8890: 8886: 8880: 8876: 8875: 8867: 8851: 8847: 8841: 8837: 8836: 8828: 8822:, p. 87. 8821: 8816: 8807: 8802: 8798: 8794: 8790: 8783: 8775: 8771: 8752: 8749:(in Korean). 8748: 8747:The Hankyoreh 8744: 8735: 8728: 8723: 8707: 8703: 8697: 8681: 8677: 8671: 8664: 8659: 8652: 8647: 8645: 8643: 8635: 8630: 8611: 8607: 8603: 8599: 8595: 8591: 8587: 8580: 8573: 8566: 8561: 8559: 8557: 8548: 8544: 8540: 8536: 8532: 8528: 8521: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8494: 8487: 8482: 8474: 8468: 8464: 8457: 8450: 8445: 8443: 8441: 8432: 8428: 8423: 8418: 8413: 8408: 8404: 8400: 8396: 8392: 8388: 8382: 8375: 8370: 8364:, p. 233 8363: 8362:Martin (1966) 8359: 8354: 8347: 8342: 8323: 8315: 8311: 8310: 8302: 8296: 8295:Miller (1996) 8292: 8291:Miller (1971) 8286: 8280: 8279:Martin (1990) 8276: 8275:Martin (1966) 8271: 8252: 8248: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8229: 8222: 8215: 8210: 8194: 8190: 8187:(in Korean). 8186: 8182: 8175: 8159: 8156:(in Korean). 8155: 8154: 8149: 8142: 8134: 8127: 8111: 8107: 8101: 8085: 8081: 8078:(in Korean). 8077: 8071: 8055: 8051: 8049:9780824817237 8045: 8041: 8040: 8032: 8024: 8020: 8015: 8010: 8006: 8002: 7998: 7994: 7990: 7983: 7975: 7971: 7967: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7945: 7938: 7922: 7918: 7916:9783961101023 7912: 7908: 7907: 7899: 7897: 7889: 7878: 7875:(in Korean). 7874: 7868: 7860: 7854: 7853: 7848: 7843: 7841: 7824: 7823: 7815: 7811: 7795: 7791: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7770: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7759: 7758:Vowel harmony 7756: 7754: 7751: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7733: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7683: 7681: 7678: 7676: 7673: 7671: 7668: 7667: 7663: 7657: 7652: 7649: 7643: 7638: 7630: 7629: 7625: 7621: 7617: 7614: 7609: 7606: 7601: 7600:jeongsin-euro 7598: 7593: 7592:hyungje-ae-ui 7590: 7585: 7582: 7577: 7574: 7569: 7566: 7561: 7558: 7553: 7550: 7545: 7542: 7537: 7534: 7529: 7526: 7521: 7518: 7513: 7510: 7505: 7502: 7497: 7494: 7489: 7486: 7481: 7478: 7473: 7470: 7465: 7462: 7457: 7455: 7451: 7441: 7439: 7435: 7425: 7423: 7419: 7415: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7399: 7397: 7393: 7389: 7385: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7369: 7365: 7361: 7357: 7356:United States 7353: 7347: 7337: 7335: 7330: 7327: 7317: 7311: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7299: 7296: 7295: 7294: 7291: 7281: 7279: 7275: 7271: 7260: 7258: 7254: 7250: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7224: 7221:, South Korea 7220: 7216: 7208: 7203: 7200:, North Korea 7199: 7195: 7187: 7182: 7181: 7175: 7173: 7169: 7165: 7161: 7157: 7156:United States 7153: 7149: 7145: 7144:Korean people 7139: 7125: 7115: 7105: 7095: 7085: 7081: 7072: 7069: 7066: 7059: 7056: 7049: 7048: 7045: 7042: 7039: 7036: 7029: 7026: 7019: 7018: 7015: 7006: 7001: 6998: 6995: 6988: 6985: 6978: 6977: 6968: 6965: 6962: 6955: 6952: 6945: 6944: 6940: 6937: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6919: 6916: 6908: 6882: 6866: 6845: 6843:Shall we do? 6842: 6839: 6832: 6829: 6822: 6821: 6806: 6803: 6800: 6793: 6790: 6783: 6782: 6724: 6715: 6712: 6705: 6702: 6695: 6694: 6690: 6687: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6669: 6666: 6653: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6638: 6631: 6628: 6627: 6623: 6616: 6614: 6611: 6608: 6601: 6598: 6597: 6593: 6586: 6583: 6580: 6573: 6571: 6568: 6567: 6563: 6560: 6557: 6554: 6553: 6547:English name 6539: 6536: 6528: 6524: 6520: 6516: 6513: 6510: 6503: 6500: 6493: 6492: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480:kuba (k'uba) 6479: 6472: 6469: 6462: 6461: 6458: 6455: 6452: 6445: 6442: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6428: 6425: 6418: 6415: 6408: 6407: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6393: 6386: 6383: 6376: 6375: 6365: 6361: 6357: 6353: 6352:field marshal 6349: 6347:mortal enemy 6346: 6343: 6336: 6333: 6326: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6313: 6309: 6305: 6302: 6299: 6292: 6289: 6282: 6281: 6277: 6273: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6259: 6252: 6249: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6234: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6207: 6199:pronunciation 6198: 6163: 6160: 6157: 6150: 6143: 6142: 6138: 6128: 6125: 6123: 6120: 6113: 6106: 6105: 6101: 6098: 6095: 6088: 6081: 6080: 6077: 6074: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6056: 6046: 6043: 6040: 6033: 6026: 6025: 6021: 6018: 6017: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5986: 5983: 5949: 5943: 5940: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5925: 5919: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5887: 5886: 5881: 5875: 5872: 5868: 5865: 5861: 5857: 5852: 5849: 5845: 5842: 5838: 5835: 5832: 5828: 5821: 5820: 5815: 5810: 5807: 5803: 5800: 5796: 5791: 5786: 5783: 5779: 5776: 5772: 5770:independence 5769: 5766: 5762: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5744: 5741: 5737: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5695: 5691: 5684: 5683: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5665: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5648: 5645: 5641: 5638: 5634: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5617: 5616: 5613: 5610: 5605: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5584: 5576: 5560: 5557: 5555: 5552:and modified 5551: 5547: 5542: 5532: 5525:Pronunciation 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5502: 5488: 5474: 5473:garlic chives 5469: 5465: 5460: 5458: 5454: 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5430: 5426: 5422: 5420: 5416: 5413:maintain the 5412: 5408: 5407:Seoul dialect 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5374: 5364: 5354: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5319: 5316: 5312: 5308: 5303: 5301: 5292: 5290: 5285: 5284: 5279: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5228: 5223: 5218: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5169: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5153: 5150: 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5135: 5132: 5130: 5127: 5125: 5122: 5120: 5117: 5115: 5112: 5110: 5107: 5105: 5102: 5100: 5097: 5095: 5092: 5090: 5087: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5062: 5060: 5057: 5055: 5052: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5041: 5033: 5026: 5019: 5012: 5005: 4998: 4991: 4984: 4977: 4970: 4963: 4956: 4949: 4942: 4935: 4928: 4921: 4914: 4907: 4900: 4893: 4886: 4883: 4882: 4869: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4829: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4800: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4726: 4723: 4721: 4718: 4716: 4713: 4711: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4655: 4648: 4641: 4634: 4627: 4620: 4613: 4606: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4564: 4557: 4550: 4543: 4536: 4529: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4512: 4510: 4506: 4502: 4492: 4489: 4485: 4480: 4479: 4473: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4424: 4420: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4399: 4388: 4383: 4381: 4376: 4374: 4369: 4368: 4366: 4365: 4360: 4357: 4355: 4352: 4351: 4350: 4349: 4346: 4343: 4342: 4334: 4329: 4326: 4323: 4320: 4316: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4303: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4293: 4292: 4291: 4290: 4287: 4286:Transcription 4284: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4276: 4273: 4270: 4269: 4263: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4248: 4244: 4241: 4240: 4239: 4238: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4226: 4223: 4220: 4216: 4215: 4214: 4213: 4210: 4207: 4206: 4203: 4200: 4199: 4195: 4191: 4190: 4182: 4174: 4170: 4165: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4141: 4137: 4127: 4123: 4113: 4112: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4079: 4069: 4067: 4063: 4057: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4042: 4038: 4034: 4030: 4026: 4022: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3991: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3979: 3976: 3969: 3967: 3964: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3938: 3936: 3933: 3926: 3924: 3921: 3920: 3917: 3914: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3889: 3886: 3883: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3864: 3862: 3859: 3858: 3855: 3852: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3823: 3821: 3818: 3817: 3814: 3811: 3804: 3802: 3799: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3786: 3783: 3780: 3773: 3771: 3768: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3752: 3749: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3724: 3721: 3718: 3711: 3709: 3706: 3699: 3697: 3694: 3693: 3690: 3687: 3680: 3678: 3675: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3662: 3659: 3656: 3654: 3651: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3633: 3626: 3622: 3612: 3610: 3606: 3601: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3558: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3541: 3536: 3535:native Korean 3526: 3524: 3520: 3515: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3488: 3486: 3482: 3478: 3474: 3468: 3466: 3465:namja-ganhosa 3462: 3458: 3454: 3450: 3446: 3441: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3372: 3368: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3352:tag questions 3349: 3345: 3339: 3335: 3333: 3329: 3325: 3321: 3311: 3309: 3304: 3296: 3286: 3281: 3273: 3263: 3257: 3251: 3247: 3246:speech levels 3243: 3239: 3237: 3236:speech levels 3232: 3226: 3219:Speech levels 3216: 3212: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3194: 3189: 3188: 3183: 3179: 3169: 3167: 3165: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3153: 3151: 3149: 3148: 3133: 3130: 3128: 3127: 3120: 3117: 3116: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3099: 3098: 3095: 3092: 3090: 3087: 3085: 3083: 3082: 3074: 3071: 3064: 3061: 3059: 3058: 3051: 3048: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3023:Korean is an 3020: 3010: 2996: 2984: 2981: 2980: 2970: 2967: 2958: 2954: 2944: 2941: 2932: 2928: 2918: 2915: 2906: 2902: 2892: 2889: 2880: 2876: 2866: 2862: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2851: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2833: 2832: 2824: 2814: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2779: 2771: 2761: 2757: 2751: 2741: 2735: 2725: 2724: 2612: 2607: 2606: 2508: 2506:Monophthongs 2505: 2504: 2498: 2494: 2487: 2483: 2465: 2463: 2452: 2450: 2445: 2436: 2434: 2423: 2421: 2416: 2407: 2405: 2394: 2392: 2387: 2386: 2385: 2368: 2366: 2362: 2358: 2351: 2349: 2345: 2340: 2334: 2321: 2313: 2295: 2289: 2283: 2281: 2277: 2273: 2270:may become a 2265: 2249: 2245: 2237: 2235: 2231: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2211: 2188: 2162: 2160: 2150: 2146: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2131: 2123: 2116: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2087: 2083: 2078: 2076: 2072: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2058: 2053: 2051: 2046: 2045: 2040: 2033: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2016: 2009: 2004: 2002: 1997: 1995: 1991: 1988: 1984: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1959: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1938: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1917: 1906: 1901: 1894: 1889: 1882: 1877: 1872: 1871: 1868: 1861: 1856: 1845: 1840: 1833: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1813: 1809: 1808: 1805: 1801: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1777: 1770: 1765: 1761: 1754: 1749: 1745: 1738: 1733: 1728: 1726: 1721: 1717: 1714: 1711: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1699: 1697: 1694: 1692: 1689: 1686: 1678: 1665: 1659: 1643: 1633: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1618: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1605: 1601: 1597: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1582:and Japanese 1581: 1578: 1577:Middle Korean 1574: 1571:into Western 1570: 1566: 1565: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1520:Jeju language 1517: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1483: 1478: 1476: 1472: 1471:Korean Empire 1468: 1463: 1457: 1452: 1447: 1445: 1435: 1430: 1424: 1418: 1413: 1409: 1404: 1398: 1386: 1380: 1363: 1362:Korean Empire 1358: 1352: 1346: 1340: 1334: 1331: 1330: 1324: 1321:(literally, " 1319: 1313: 1312: 1306: 1302: 1298: 1288: 1284: 1281: 1275: 1270: 1264: 1258: 1252: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1238: 1234: 1229: 1227: 1223: 1219: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1195: 1186: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1161:somewhere in 1160: 1156: 1152: 1148: 1147:Middle Korean 1142: 1136: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:globalization 1080: 1075: 1073: 1069: 1064: 1052: 1041: 1040:Korean script 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1006: 1005:Jeju language 1002: 998: 993: 992: 986: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 953: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 930: 919: 914: 903: 899: 888: 883: 881: 876: 874: 869: 868: 866: 865: 860: 857: 855: 852: 850: 847: 845: 842: 840: 837: 835: 832: 827: 826: 824: 820: 815: 814: 812: 808: 806: 803: 801: 800: 796: 793: 789: 788: 787: 786: 782: 781: 776: 773: 769: 768: 764: 762: 759: 757: 754: 753: 752: 749: 745: 744: 740: 738: 737: 733: 732: 731: 728: 726: 723: 721: 718: 716: 713: 709: 706: 704: 701: 700: 699: 696: 695: 694: 693: 689: 688: 683: 680: 676: 673: 671: 668: 666: 663: 661: 658: 657: 655: 651: 648: 646: 643: 642: 641: 638: 634: 631: 630: 629: 626: 622: 619: 617: 614: 612: 609: 608: 607: 604: 600: 597: 595: 592: 591: 590: 587: 585: 582: 578: 575: 573: 570: 569: 568: 565: 563: 560: 559: 558: 557: 553: 552: 547: 544: 542: 539: 537: 534: 530: 527: 526: 525: 522: 520: 517: 516: 515: 514: 511: 506: 505: 501: 497: 496: 492: 488: 487: 483: 479: 478: 470: 466: 462: 458: 454: 452: 446: 442: 437: 433: 429: 427: 423: 419: 415: 413: 412: 407: 403: 399: 396: 391: 386: 381: 378: 373: 368: 363: 360: 355: 350: 329: 318: 313:국립국어원 / 國立國語院 308: 305: 304: 302: 300: 296: 291: 287: 283: 279: 271: 268: 264: 261: 255: 250: 243: 240: 237: 234: 232: 229: 228: 226: 222: 216: 213: 212: 207: 203: 197:(North Korea) 196: 193: 191:(South Korea) 190: 187: 186: 184: 178: 170: 169:Middle Korean 167: 166: 165: 162: 161: 160: 156: 150: 144: 141: 140: 139: 135: 131: 125: 121: 115: 112: 108: 105: 101: 98: 95: 91: 88:(North Korea) 86: 81:(South Korea) 79: 75: 73:Pronunciation 71: 66: 60: 55: 52:(North Korea) 45:(South Korea) 38: 33: 30: 19: 18:Korean script 11490:Other topics 11410: 11369:ISO/TR 11941 11361:Romanization 11342:Mixed script 11228:Central Asia 11043: 10909: 10868: 10856:of Knowledge 10851: 10834: 10817: 10800: 10783: 10766: 10749: 10737:from Commons 10732: 10715: 10694: 10672: 10602: 10592: 10583: 10571:. Retrieved 10564:the original 10555: 10551: 10547: 10534: 10525: 10506: 10486: 10465: 10446: 10437: 10433: 10414: 10395: 10372: 10363: 10334: 10330: 10307: 10298: 10279: 10270: 10251: 10234: 10230: 10221: 10209: 10197: 10185: 10160:. Retrieved 10146: 10133: 10124: 10112:. Retrieved 10108:the original 10103: 10094: 10082:. Retrieved 10071: 10061: 10049:. Retrieved 10045:the original 10038: 10029: 10017:. Retrieved 10006: 9996: 9984:. Retrieved 9973: 9964: 9953:the original 9948: 9944: 9931: 9919:. Retrieved 9905: 9893:. Retrieved 9884: 9875: 9863:. Retrieved 9856:the original 9851: 9847: 9834: 9824:15 September 9822:. Retrieved 9808: 9789: 9777:. Retrieved 9773:the original 9763: 9758:, p. 6. 9751: 9725:. Retrieved 9718: 9709: 9697:. Retrieved 9686: 9673: 9661:. Retrieved 9643: 9628: 9609: 9605: 9599: 9587:. Retrieved 9578: 9568: 9523: 9519: 9509: 9501:the original 9495: 9488: 9463: 9459: 9453: 9436: 9432: 9426: 9416:25 September 9414:. 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Retrieved 8238: 8234: 8221: 8209: 8197:. Retrieved 8184: 8174: 8162:. Retrieved 8151: 8141: 8126: 8114:. Retrieved 8110:the original 8100: 8088:. Retrieved 8070: 8058:. Retrieved 8038: 8031: 7996: 7992: 7982: 7965: 7961: 7955: 7947: 7943: 7937: 7925:. Retrieved 7905: 7887: 7880:. Retrieved 7867: 7850: 7827:. Retrieved 7821: 7814: 7794: 7768:Korean films 7721:Korean words 7648:Korea portal 7628: 7626: 7622: 7619: 7447: 7444:Example text 7431: 7400: 7349: 7331: 7323: 7315: 7301: 7287: 7269: 7261: 7246: 7141: 7123: 7113: 7103: 7093: 7083: 7008: 6914: 6862: 6664: 6534: 6526: 6522: 6518: 6453:anae (anae) 6401: 6319: 6315: 6311: 6307: 6275: 6271: 6267: 6209: 6202: 6196: 6136: 6096:cannot read 5998: 5984: 5957: 5947: 5938: 5931: 5923: 5914: 5907: 5897: 5879: 5870: 5863: 5855: 5847: 5840: 5830: 5813: 5805: 5798: 5789: 5781: 5774: 5764: 5747: 5739: 5732: 5724: 5720: 5712: 5705: 5693: 5676: 5667: 5660: 5652: 5643: 5636: 5626: 5543: 5528: 5520: 5507:hypothesis. 5500: 5486: 5461: 5423: 5418: 5415:pitch accent 5390: 5386: 5372: 5362: 5352: 5346: 5304: 5300:romanization 5287: 5281: 5275: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5113: 5108: 5103: 5098: 5093: 5088: 5083: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4729: 4724: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4704: 4699: 4695: 4690: 4685: 4680: 4675: 4670: 4498: 4495:Symbol chart 4476: 4474: 4436: 4407:romanization 4359:ISO/TR 11941 4272:Mixed script 4166: 4161: 4152: 4139: 4135: 4121: 4109: 4081: 4061: 4058: 4053:monosyllabic 4037:star-stellar 4036: 4032: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4016: 4006: 3984: 3977: 3965: 3946: 3934: 3915: 3903: 3884: 3872: 3853: 3841: 3837: 3812: 3800: 3781: 3769: 3750: 3738: 3719: 3707: 3688: 3676: 3658:Romanization 3648:Romanization 3602: 3554: 3550: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3522: 3518: 3516: 3511: 3507: 3503: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3484: 3480: 3476: 3472: 3469: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3432:(냐). As for 3429: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3398:oe-hal-meoni 3397: 3394:oe-harabeoji 3393: 3389: 3385: 3381: 3377: 3375: 3370: 3366: 3362: 3360: 3356: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3317: 3307: 3305: 3294: 3284: 3282: 3261: 3245: 3235: 3228: 3213: 3209: 3193:speech level 3191: 3185: 3175: 3158: 3154: 3118: 3093: 3072: 3049: 3036: 3022: 3008: 2994: 2982: 2968: 2956: 2942: 2930: 2916: 2904: 2890: 2878: 2864: 2836: 2822: 2812: 2802: 2792: 2782: 2780: 2769: 2759: 2754:Grammatical 2753: 2721: 2719: 2461: 2460: 2448: 2447: 2432: 2431: 2419: 2418: 2403: 2402: 2390: 2389: 2369: 2359: 2352: 2341: 2322: 2311: 2296: 2290: 2284: 2266: 2238: 2184: 2149: 1668: 1663: 1657: 1625: 1619: 1606: 1602:. Also, the 1583: 1579: 1573:Old Japanese 1562: 1555:Swadesh list 1532: 1513: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1479: 1448: 1403:Daehan Jeguk 1379:Daehan Jeguk 1335: 1323:Koryo/Goryeo 1294: 1285: 1230: 1200: 1172: 1144: 1103:World War II 1076: 1067: 1037: 1007:(Jejuan) of 997:Central Asia 995:in parts of 979:in parts of 959:in parts of 954: 918:North Korean 902:South Korean 897: 896: 797: 765: 756:Martial arts 741: 734: 562:Architecture 535: 448: 426:Linguasphere 409: 244:(historical) 238:(historical) 236:Mixed script 209: 142: 29: 11313:Punctuation 11177:North Korea 11131:South Korea 11104:North Korea 11090:South Korea 11061:South Korea 11058:North Korea 10717:Definitions 10667:‹ The 9911:"Languages" 9756:Sohn (2001) 9633:Sohn (2006) 9128:26 December 9094:26 December 9064:26 December 8945:"Korea Now" 8820:Sohn (2006) 8727:Sohn (2006) 8651:Sohn (2001) 8619:21 December 8449:Sohn (2006) 8331:22 November 8116:9 September 7927:13 December 7670:Korean Wave 7568:yangsim-eul 7496:jayuroumyeo 7452:in Korean ( 6938:South word 6932:North word 6859:Punctuation 6629:al-Qāhirah 6584:Ulan Bator 6570:Ulaanbaatar 6364:Kim Jong Un 6360:Kim Jong Il 6356:Kim Il Sung 6206:Kim Tu-bong 5903:innovative 5700:Amnok River 5437:tonogenesis 4696:r (initial) 4515:Consonants 4463:King Sejong 4331: [ 4313: [ 4219:North Korea 4155: > 3632:Sino-Korean 3615:Sino-Korean 3561:Kim Jong Il 3540:Sino-Korean 3426:Chungcheong 2736:(), though 2486:Short vowel 2286:/p,t,t͡ɕ,k/ 2254:changes to 2230:stiff voice 2212:consonants 2075:Approximant 1586:, meaning " 1311:Koryo-saram 1305:former USSR 1009:Jeju Island 991:Koryo-saram 950:South Korea 946:North Korea 828:South Korea 816:North Korea 775:Video games 660:Traditional 463:instead of 267:North Korea 263:South Korea 153:Early forms 109:, formerly 11549:Categories 11458:Literature 11423:Honorifics 11418:Count word 10950:Old Korean 10836:Phrasebook 10768:Quotations 10655:dongsa.net 10573:17 January 10114:24 October 10084:25 January 9779:19 January 9635:, p. 9000:13 October 8634:Cho (2006) 8592:(1): 7–8. 8498:Cho (2006) 8486:Cho (2006) 8090:4 December 8076:"알고 싶은 한글" 7852:Ethnologue 7806:References 7560:iseong-gwa 7512:jon-eomgwa 7136:See also: 7102:). Today, 7043:lunch box 7040:(tosirak) 6966:Apartment 6911:Vocabulary 6865:guillemets 6613:Copenhagen 6599:København 6429:on; above 5993:See also: 5491:/puːt͡ɕʰu/ 5391:pyojun-mal 4802:ɾ(initial) 4431:See also: 4411:road signs 4337:(Cyrillic) 4324:(Cyrillic) 4322:Kontsevich 4111:areubaiteu 4076:See also: 4025:sea-marine 4021:fire-flame 4017:water-aqua 3634:cardinals 3597:ch'okoletǔ 3585:hadǔdisǔkǔ 3529:Vocabulary 3285:jondaesmal 3250:imperative 3242:honorifics 3200:Honorifics 3187:honorifics 3041:word order 2803:-eseo/-seo 2783:-eul/-reul 2760:-eun/-neun 2497:Long vowel 2459:), south: 2430:), south: 2401:), south: 2365:morphology 2344:obstruents 2193:⟩ ( 1681:Consonants 1564:sprachbund 1498:, whereas 1487:Cháoxiǎnyǔ 1456:Joseon-mal 1345:hanguk-mal 1329:Koryo-mal' 1237:alphabetic 1151:Old Korean 1139:See also: 1107:Korean War 1063:Chosŏn'gŭl 1033:honorifics 645:Television 606:Literature 335:중국조선어규범위원회 164:Old Korean 111:Jaegaseung 11412:Phonology 11330:Hyangchal 11236:Koryo-mar 10819:Resources 10802:Textbooks 10548:Man'yoshū 10162:7 January 10051:9 January 9986:16 August 9865:9 January 9769:"누리-세종학당" 9737:cite news 9727:16 August 9699:16 August 9606:『朝鮮語を学ぼう』 9439:: 62–74. 9406:1598-9011 9390:영주어문 학술저널 9353:188565336 9156:CiteSeerX 9019:. 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