878:(1285; "Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms"). The most important myths are those concerning the Sun and the Moon, the founding of Korea by Tangun, and the lives of the ancient kings. The legends touch on place and personal names and natural phenomena. The folktales include stories about animals; ogres, goblins, and other supernatural beings; kindness rewarded and evil punished; and cleverness and stupidity. Because the compiler of the Samguk yusa was a Zen master, his collection includes the lives of Buddhist saints; the origin of monasteries, stupas, and bells; accounts of miracles performed by Buddhas and bodhisattvas; and other tales rich in shamanist and Buddhist elements. It also includes the 14 hyangga mentioned above. The compilations made in the Koryo period preserved the stories of prehistoric times, of the Three Kingdoms, and of the Silla dynasty and have remained the basic sources for such material. Later compilations made during the Yi dynasty served as a major source of materials for later Yi dynasty fiction.
1037:
Hahoe, and the okwangdae nori (five-actor play) of Chinju. Although the origin of these plays is uncertain, they are generally presumed to have developed from primitive communal ceremonies. Gradually, the ceremonial aspect of the plays disappeared, and their dramatic and comic possibilities were exploited. The dialogue was somewhat flexible, the actors being free to improvise and satirize as the occasion demanded. The plays were not performed on a stage, and there were no precise limits as to the space or time in which the performances took place. The audience also traditionally responded vocally to the play as well as passively watching it. The organization of the mask plays—through repetition and variety—achieves a remarkable effect of dramatic unity. (see also dramatic literature)
858:
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fictional works in which the viewpoints of the yangban and the commoner are combined. Most of this fiction was based on the narratives mentioned above, the author adding incidents and characters to the original story. It is not possible to assign definite dates or authors to most of these works. The stories are generally didactic, emphasizing correct moral conduct, and almost always have happy endings. Another general characteristic is that the narratives written by yangban authors are set in China, whereas those written by commoners are set in Korea.
776:. It flourished during the middle and late Koryo dynasty. It is characterized by a refrain either in the middle or at the end of each stanza. The refrain establishes a mood or tone that carries the melody and spirit of the poem or links a poem composed of discrete parts with differing contents. The theme of most of these anonymous poems is love, the joys and torments of which are expressed in frank and powerful language. The poems were sung to musical accompaniments chiefly by women entertainers, known as kisaeng. There are two distinct forms:
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forms that flourished briefly include the kyonggi-style, in the 14th and 15th centuries, and the akchang ("words for songs") in the 15th century. The most representative akchang is Yongbi och'on ka (1445–47; Songs of Flying
Dragons), a cycle compiled in praise of the founding of the Yi dynasty. Korean poetry originally was meant to be sung, and its forms and styles reflect its melodic origins. The basis of its prosody is a line of alternating groups of three or four syllables, which is probably the most natural rhythm to the language.
22:
1386:, of Yi Chang-hui and Yang Chu-dong). The literary magazines which appeared during the 1920s and 1930s laid the basis for the future development of modern Korean literature. Almost all of these magazines were ordered to discontinue publication in the 1940s as the Japanese tightened their grip with the spread of their aggressive war to the Pacific and all of Southeast Asia. The important task of the 1920s was to work out ways of introducing foreign elements into literary works dealing with the reality of colonial rule in Korea.
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1331:, later became a universal name for "New Novel". "New novel" refers to the works created for about 10 years before 1917. "New Novel" generally involved realistic problems as sanctions. Accordingly, it dealt with topics related to self-reliance, freedom of association, the promotion of new education, enlightenment, and the destruction of tradition and superstition, and the act of salvation of enlightenment.
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fiction was easily accomplished, since p'ansori were always narrative. Originally the entire p'ansori performance repertoire consisted of 12 madang ("titles"). Although all 12 remain as narrative fiction, only five of them are sung today. The texts evolved gradually from the legends, which provided their sources and were altered and expanded as they were passed from one performer to another.
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This led poetry and literature in general to become an important means of political expression. Also remarkable for the development of literature in 1960s was the influence of
Western modernism. The 1970s saw the emergence of literature that was anti-establishment and dealt with the concerns of rapid industrialization, such as the neglect of
784:(연잔체). The former is a shorter form in which the entire poem was put into a single stanza, whereas the latter is a more extended form in which the poem is put into several stanzas. The Goryeo songs are characterized by their lack of clear form, and by their increased length. Most are direct in their nature, and cover aspects of common life.
843:, although its content can include more than the expression of individual sentiment, such as moral admonitions. Gasa is a simple form of verse, with twinned feet of three or four syllables each. Some regard gasa a form of essay. Common themes in gasa were nature, the virtues of gentlemen, or love between man and woman.
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Legends include all those folk stories handed down orally and not recorded in any of the written records. These legends were for long the principal form of literary entertainment enjoyed by the common people. They deal with personified animals, elaborate tricks, the participation of the gods in human
1626:
In the 1960s many South Korean writers started to reject post-war literature as sentimental escapism. While some South Korean authors reflected traditional humanism, writings by many others reflect deep alienation and despair. They sought to engage the readers with the political reality of the time.
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is common. Sijo are characterized by a structure of three stanzas of four feet each. Each foot contains three to four syllables except on the third stanza, where the 1st foot is supposed to have 3 syllables and the 2nd foot can have as many as seven. Sijo are thought to have been popular with common
1622:
Much of the post-war literature in South Korea deals with the daily lives of ordinary people, and their struggles with national pain. The collapse of the traditional Korean value system is another common theme of the time. In the post-war period, a traditionalist movement emerged: going back to the
869:
Korean prose literature can be divided into narratives, fiction, and literary miscellany. Narratives include myths, legends, and folktales found in the written records. The principal sources of these narratives are the two great historical records compiled in
Classical Chinese during the Koryo era:
1040:
Only two puppet-show texts are extant, Kkoktukaksi nori (also called Pak Ch'omjikuk; "Old Pak's Play") and Mansok chung nori. Both titles are derived from names of characters in the plays. No theory has been formulated as to the origin and development of these plays. The plots of the puppet plays,
1036:
The mask plays are found in Hahoe, Chinju, T'ongyong, Kimhae, and
Tongnae in North and South Kyongsang provinces; Yangju in Kyonggi Province; Pongsan in Hwanghae Province; and Pukch'ong in south Hamgyong Province. The most representative plays are the sandae kuk genre of Yangju, the pyolsin kut of
1022:
In spite of the highly developed literary activity from early in Korean history, song lyrics were not recorded until the invention of Hangul (han'gul). These orally transmitted texts are categorized as ballads and are classified according to singer (male or female), subject matter (prayer, labour,
910:
The literary miscellany consists of random jottings by the yangban on four broad topics: history, biography, autobiography, and poetic criticism. Like fiction, these jottings were considered to be outside of the realm of officially sanctioned
Chinese prose (e.g., memorials, eulogies, and records),
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Classical Korean literature has its roots in traditional folk beliefs and folk tales of the Korean peninsula. There are four major traditional poetic forms: hyangga ("native songs"); byeolgok ("special songs"), or changga ("long poems"); sijo ("current melodies"); and gasa ("verses"). Other poetic
906:
and that written in Korean. Second, there are the short works of one volume, "medium" works of about 10 volumes, and long works of more than 10 volumes. Third, there are works of yangban writers and those of common writers. In respect to the last classification, however, there is also a group of
1044:
The final type of folk literature is found in the texts of p'ansori of the Yi dynasty. These texts were first recorded in the 19th century as verse, but the written forms were later expanded into p'ansori fiction, widely read among the common people. This transformation from poetry to narrative
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in 1919 came a new form of Korean literature. Many writers exhibited a more positive attitude, trying to cope with the national situation at the time. Literature focused on self-discovery, and increasingly on concrete reality. Artistic endeavors were supported by new nationalist newspapers.
1638:) became more popular. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the national division is still a common theme, but classic stories are also popular. Some North Korean writers are very highly appreciated in the South and in 2005 writers from both Koreas held a joint literary congress.
1041:
like those of the mask plays, are full of satiric social criticism. The characters—Pak Ch'omji, governor of P'yongam, Kkoktukaksi, Buddhist monk, and Hong Tongji—dance and sing, enacting familiar tales that expose the malfeasance of the ruling classes. (see also puppetry)
698:
are characterized by a number of formal rules. The poems may consist of four, eight or ten lines. The ten-line poems are the most developed, structured into three sections with four, four, and two lines respectively. Many of the ten-line poems were written by
1308:(大韓每日申報) provided for Korean writers a brief opportunity of artistic expression free from censorship, from July 1904 till May 1909, but after control of the paper was seized by the Government-General uncensored Korean publishing became impossible.
1023:
leisure), and regional singing style (capital area, western, and southern). The songs of many living performers, some of whom have been designated as "intangible national treasures" by the South Korean government, are still being recorded.
1288:(1910–1945), Japanese literature had deep connections with the establishment of modern literature in Korea due to some of the founders of modern literature in Korea having come from Korean students who had studied in Japan during the
957:-like stories were published. By the end of the Joseon period, many writers had started to deviate from the orthodox conventions of classical Chinese literature, and literature about common people such as merchants, thieves, or
911:
but they provided the yangban with an outlet for personal expression. Thus, their portrayal of the customs, manners, and spirit of the times in which they were composed make these writings an essential part of Korean prose.
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Oral literature includes all texts that were orally transmitted from generation to generation until the invention of Hangul (han'gul)--ballads, legends, mask plays, puppet-show texts, and p'ansori ("story singing") texts.
2376:
831:) was common in the Joseon period. Although its poetic form was established in the late Goryeo period, it did not become popular until the Joseon period. Many of the sijo reflected Confucian thought; the theme of
655:". Idu was a system using hanja characters to express Korean. The key to the system was to use some hanja characters for their intended purpose, their meaning, and others for their pronunciation, ignoring their
659:
meaning. On the surface, it appears to be a complicated, even incomprehensible system, but after using the system one becomes comfortable with certain characters consistently standing for Korean words.
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950:). Although based on older traditional songs, it was composed in its present form in the 1870s by the pansori writer, and characterized by human stereotypes of ordinary people of the time.
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Modern Korean literature gradually developed under the influence of
Western cultural contacts based on trade and economic development. The first printed work of fiction in Korean was
1220:
Many biographical works were published in the late Joseon period where the main character was often depicted as a hero. These works cultivated patriotism and national consciousness.
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Many novels of the 1920s centered on themes of the suffering of intellectuals. The lives of farmers were often depicted as pathetic. As the
Japanese government strengthened
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2260:
2215:
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1272:, which helped increase working class literacy rates. Hangul reached its peak of popularity in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major renaissance.
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published in 1910. However, it was mostly
Western aesthetic schools that influenced Korean literature. Music and classical poetry, formerly considered one as part of
1674:(1974) was one of the first anthologies of Korean literature published in English. In non-English-speaking countries there are fewer Korean works translated, though
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Until the 1980s Korean literature was largely ignored by non-Korean speakers. The diversity of the books translated and quality of translations have both improved.
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roots of traditional rhythms and folk sentiments. Other poets are linked to an experimentalist movement, attempting to bring new experiences to Korean poetry.
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930:-based fiction was a particularly popular form of fiction, appearing in the late 17th and early 18th century, based on the five orally transmitted pansori (
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924:. It was written in Chinese. From the 17th century onwards, fiction became increasingly popular and more readily available through book rental schemes.
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which are of significant importance to understanding the events that provoked the creation of these poems: linear events that took place in China, the
1163:'s fall. This first period of modern Korean literature is often called the "enlightenment". This period was to a large extent influenced by the 1894
2012:
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coercion during the 1930s, Korean literature was directly affected. Many novels of the time experimented with new literary styles and techniques.
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1147:. Each of the poems included in the work convey deep-seated feelings of nationalism and a proud proclamation of cultural independence from the
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1300:. Many expressions of the late Joseon period, with their focus on self-reliance and independence, were no longer possible.
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period was marked by a growing use of hanja characters. Hyangga largely disappeared as a form of Korean literature, and "
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Even biographical novels, typically about heroes, focused tightly on the importance of nationalism and modern awareness.
1131:, the first and official alphabet of Korea. There are several underlying themes in addition to the establishment of the
680:", a set of biographies of prominent monks, contains eleven poems. Both these classic works were written much after the
1986:
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751: Goryeo songs) became more popular. Most of the Goryeo songs were transmitted orally and many survived into the
123:
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Sijo and gasa are closely linked to the development of hangul in the early Joseon period. As hangul was created,
1193: new poetry) was established, and contributed to the formation of modern free verse poetry which is called
1258:
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61:
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which is about a journey a cat and a dog take to retrieve a lost marble out of gratitude toward their master.
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571:. It is commonly divided into classical and modern periods, although this distinction is sometimes unclear.
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703:, and Buddhist themes predominate the poems. Another dominant theme was "death". Many of the poems are
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1354:) marking the starting point of contemporary Korean literature. The magazine was followed in 1920 by
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has also promoted translations in German, Spanish, French and Polish. The increased popularity of
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was the first uniquely Korean form of poetry. It originally indicated songs that were sung in the
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1093:) literally means "Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven". It was compiled during the reign of
97:
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Christian religion found its way into Korea, culminating in the first complete edition of the
857:
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This compilation was the first piece of Korean text to depart from a long history reliant on
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714:(Lament for My Sister; 제망매가; 祭亡妹歌) is a hyangga written by a buddhist monk named Wol-myeong(
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has increased interest in Korean mass market literature, particularly in Japan and China.
8:
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which introduced
Western-style schools and newspapers emerged. Many newspapers published
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1979:
The Korean
Vernacular Story: Telling Tales of Contemporary Chosŏn in Sinographic Writing
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1762:"KOREAN LITERATURE CHAPTER SIX: TRANSITION – ENLIGHTENMENT FICTION AND THE 'NEW' NOVEL"
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affairs, and the origin of the universe. An example of a folktale orally passed is the
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1996:
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led to the development of literature centered on the wounds and chaos of war and
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Writing Women in Korea: Translation and Feminism in the Early Twentieth Century.
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1810:리기영 in North Korean orthography, 이기영 Yi Kee-Yeoung, in South Korean orthography
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appear to be based on no-longer-extant records actually from the Silla period.
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1944:
Anthology of Korean Literature: From Early Times to the Nineteenth Century.
1821:
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916:
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656:
308:
242:
1179:, or even serial novels and led to the emergence of professional writers.
567:. For much of Korea's 1,500 years of literary history, it was written in
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1573:(이육사, 李陸史; 1904–1944) tortured to death by the Japanese military police.
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647: clerk's writings). Specifically, the variety of idu used to write
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One famous earliest poetry or lyric song was the Gonghuin (Konghu-in) by
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The first western-influenced work was perhaps the 1885 manuscript of 60
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of Korea. The Songs were composed through the efforts of a committee of
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was developed as a way to note musical scores using the Korean script.
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1824:[History & Prospect of Koreilbo for Koreo-Saram in CIS].
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and left-leaning Koreans published and read literature through the
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At the same time, literature concerned with the national division (
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Korean fiction can be classified in various ways. First, there is
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Modern Korean literature developed against the background of the
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and its ancestral heritage as the forerunners of Joseon, the
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is the body of literature produced by Koreans, mostly in the
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found in classical Korean poetry, influenced by the French
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Modern literature is often linked with the development of
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the Choechungjeon (최충전, 崔忠傳), The Story of Faithful Ch'oe.
821:
himself is credited with a compilation of Buddhist songs.
718:). Through this hyangga he mourns the death of his sister.
1279:
2023:
1965:
Early Korean Literature: Selections and Introductions.
874:(1146; "Historical Record of the Three Kingdoms") and
1689:
1322:
1245:
914:
The first known classical work of Korean fiction is
64:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1851:Korean Fiction in Translation, by Dr. Bruce Fulton
1005:the Choegounjeon (최고운전) Choemunhonjeon (최문헌전), in
755:period, when some of them were written down using
1581:After 1945, Korea soon found itself divided into
2437:
762:The poetic form of the Goryeo songs is known as
1378:, Yi Sang-hwa and Hyon Chin-gon); and in 1923
1276:, for instance, are novels written in hangul.
707:to monks, to warriors, and to family members.
2044:
1139:of virtuous Kings proceeding the fall of the
537:
1995:Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
1316:
1239:
1198:
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920:(金鰲新話 금오신화 New stories from Mount Geumo) by
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1916:The Story of Traditional Korean Literature.
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748:
644:
2051:
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1759:
1366:, Hwang Song-u and Yom Sang-sop); in 1921
1346:and Kim Hyok founded a literary magazine,
1053:
544:
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1742:Literature Translation Institute of Korea
1154:
124:Learn how and when to remove this message
1889:, Ithaca, New York, Cornell University.
885:
856:
801:
20:
1946:Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1932:Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1930:Modern Korean Literature: An Anthology.
1904:Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press.
1667:, who eventually moved to North Korea.
623:) was written in Korean using modified
2438:
2058:
1280:Korean Literature during Japanese rule
670:period. Only twenty five survive. The
2032:
1967:New York: Columbia University Press.
1760:Montgomery, Charles (5 March 2016).
1576:
1286:the period of Japanese imperial rule
1223:
853:Chinese-language literature in Korea
62:adding citations to reliable sources
33:
1819:
1646:In the Soviet Union, ethnic Korean
1525:(The Silence of My Beloved, 1925),
990:(고대 소설) novel based on the pansori
13:
2020:(big pdfs of many Korean classics)
1918:Amherst, New York: Cambria Press.
1327:), which was published in 1906 in
1097:as an official recognition of the
1013:
14:
2457:
2006:
1465:Story of the bandit Im Kkok-chong
904:Korean fiction written in Chinese
2419:
2410:
2409:
1820:Kim, Byeong-hag (October 2018).
1706:
1692:
787:
139:
38:
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728:
49:needs additional citations for
2377:British Indian Ocean Territory
2024:KTLIT Korean Modern Literature
1958:A History of Korean Literature
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1521:, Buddhist reformer and poet:
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16:Literature produced by Koreans
1:
1981:. Columbia University Press.
1747:
1732:List of Korean-language poets
518:100 Cultural Symbols of Korea
1960:, Cambridge University Press
1869:Peter H. Lee (9780824810368)
1801:'s language lessons in 1885.
1292:. Their representatives are
7:
1993:The Korean Singer of Tales.
1881:Choe-Wall, Yang Hi (2003).
1685:
1323:
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971:The Cloud Dream of the Nine
806:Representative Sijo writer
676:contains 14 poems and the "
627:in a system that is called
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1615:
1604:
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997:Several lives of the poet
953:In the mid-Joseon period,
881:
850:
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2066:
1991:Pihl, Marshall R (1994).
1963:McCann, David R. (2000).
1887:The Poems of Hŏ Nansŏrhŏn
1822:"재소고려인 한글신문 고려일보의 역사와 전망"
2126:East Timor (Timor-Leste)
1737:List of Korean novelists
1642:Korean literature abroad
1507:Peaceful Spring on Earth
846:
2387:Cocos (Keeling) Islands
1618:South Korean literature
1607:North Korean literature
1483:(염상섭, 廉想涉; 1897–1963):
1473:(최서해, 崔曙海; 1901–1932):
1442:(리기영, 李箕永; 1895–1984):
1400:(강경애, 姜敬愛; 1907–1944):
1313:New Novel: Bloody Tears
1054:The early Joseon period
688:, yet the poems in the
1956:Lee, Peter H. (2003).
1942:Lee, Peter H. (1981).
1928:Lee, Peter H. (1990).
1914:Lee, Peter H. (2013).
1900:Hyun, Theresa (2003).
1155:The late Joseon period
899:
866:
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651:was sometimes called "
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1977:Park, Si Nae (2020).
889:
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508:Emblem of South Korea
503:Emblem of North Korea
24:
2301:United Arab Emirates
1856:3 March 2016 at the
1799:William George Aston
1513:(Muddy Stream, 1941)
1436:, 1943 posthumously)
1207:abandoned the fixed
978:Tale of Hong Gildong
684:, in the subsequent
513:World Heritage Sites
58:improve this article
2328:limited recognition
2060:Literature of Asia
1883:Vision of a Phoenix
1797:(김재국) for diplomat
1452:North Korean author
1306:Taehan Maeil Shinbo
1127:and be recorded in
1116:in the form of 125
1001:have come down: In
722:Ode to Eternal Life
213:Arts and literature
73:"Korean literature"
2018:Kyujanggak Archive
1714:South Korea portal
1601:North Korea (DPRK)
1235:Pilgrim's Progress
1125:Chinese characters
968:(1637–1692) wrote
900:
867:
839:Gasa is a form of
811:
32:
2446:Korean literature
2433:
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2370:other territories
2001:978-0-674-50564-3
1973:978-0-231-11947-4
1952:978-0-8248-0756-6
1938:978-0-8248-1321-5
1924:978-1-60497-853-7
1910:978-0-8248-2677-2
1700:Literature portal
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1612:South Korea (ROK)
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2366:Dependencies
2296:Turkmenistan
2261:Saudi Arabia
1992:
1978:
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1901:
1886:
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1876:Bibliography
1865:
1846:
1834:. Retrieved
1829:
1825:
1815:
1806:
1795:Kim Chae-guk
1793:prepared by
1791:Corean Tales
1790:
1785:
1777:
1770:. Retrieved
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1561:(이상화, 李相和),
1522:
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1509:, 1937) and
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1488:
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1471:Choi Seo-hae
1464:
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1420:Red Mountain
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1290:Meiji period
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1165:Gabo Reforms
1158:
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1110:philologists
1064:
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917:Geumo Sinhwa
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896:Geumo Sinhwa
894:
893:, author of
868:
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838:
829:current tune
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738:
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729:Goryeo songs
724:(원왕생가; 願往生歌)
712:Jemangmae-ga
695:
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671:
663:
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657:pictographic
652:
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415:Martial arts
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56:Please help
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26:
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1358:(개벽), and
1324:Hyeorui-nu
1214:vers libre
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1058:See also:
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808:Yi Gwangsu
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114:March 2024
84:newspapers
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1107:Confucian
1073:: 용비어천가,
940:Heungbuga
780:(단련체)and
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420:Taekwondo
374:Mythology
2440:Category
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1491:, 1932)
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1263:changgok
1254:(1893).
1209:metaphor
1205:Sinchesi
1181:Sinchesi
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1832:(35–36)
1772:8 March
1768:. KTLit
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1595:tragedy
1555:Yi Sang
1537:(황석우),
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1372:Baekcho
1362:(폐허 廢墟
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1049:History
959:gisaeng
955:parable
928:Pansori
882:Fiction
833:loyalty
774:changga
696:Hyangga
664:Hyangga
649:hyangga
601:Hyangga
596:Hyangga
590:Hyangga
582:during
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442:Symbols
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367:Banchan
357:Cuisine
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309:K-drama
292:Webtoon
231:Pottery
178:History
168:Society
98:scholar
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2291:Turkey
2256:Russia
2191:Kuwait
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2161:Israel
2121:Cyprus
2106:Brunei
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2116:China
1656:(now
1587:South
1583:North
1495:(만세전)
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