Ötzi - Knowledge

687:Ötzi wore a cloak made of woven grass and a coat, a belt, a pair of leggings, a loincloth, and shoes, all made of leather of different skins. He also wore a bearskin cap with a leather chin strap. The shoes were waterproof and wide, seemingly designed for walking across the snow; they were constructed using bearskin for the soles, deer hide for the top panels, and a netting made of tree bark. Soft grass went around the foot and in the shoe and functioned like modern socks. The coat, belt, leggings and loincloth were constructed of vertical strips of leather sewn together with 759: 676: 109: 391:. Near Tisenjoch, the glacier (which has since retreated) complicated establishing the watershed and the border was drawn too far north. Although Ötzi's find site drains to the Austrian side, land surveys in October 1991 ultimately proved that the body had been located 92.56 m (101.22 yd) inside Italian territory, which was in consonance with Italy's original 1919 ownership claim. The province of South Tyrol claimed property rights but agreed to let Innsbruck University finish its scientific examinations. Since 1998, he has been on display at the 1115: 286: 824: 69: 699: 1224: 436: 293: 1279:

reduced her claim to €150,000. The provincial government's response was that the expenses it had incurred to establish a museum and the costs of preserving the Iceman should be considered in determining the finder's fee. It insisted it would pay no more than €50,000. In September 2006, the authorities appealed the case to Italy's highest court, the

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biological anthropologist Albert Zink argues that the iceman's bones display no dislocations that would have resulted from a downhill slide and that the intact blood clots in his arrow wound would show damage if the body had been moved up the mountain. In either case, the burial theory does not contradict the likelihood of a violent cause of death.

598:, the outer skin layer, was missing, a natural process from his mummification in ice. Ötzi's teeth showed considerable internal deterioration from cavities. These oral pathologies may have been brought about by his grain-heavy, high-carbohydrate diet. DNA analysis in February 2012 revealed that Ötzi was 4204: 3862:

The weighted genetic score of dark pigmentation in the Iceman is estimated to be 0.591, higher than the score of present-day southern European populations taking Sardinians as an example (Table S11), which the Iceman shares closest genetic affinity to (Figure S1) and which represent the highest level

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Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; Ball, Markus; Matzas, Mark; Boisguerin, Valesca; Maixner, Frank; Leidinger, Petra; Backes, Christina; Khairat, Rabab; Forster, Michael; Stade, Björn; Franke, Andre; Mayer, Jens; Spangler, Jessica; McLaughlin, Stephen; Shah, Minita; Lee, Clarence; Harkins, Timothy T.;

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The original caption in Wierer et al. read "The Iceman lithic assemblage. a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Borer, d) Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Small flake." The text of Wierer et al.'s paper makes it clear that this a typo and the labels for the borer and small flake have been swapped. e.g.: "The

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In 2005, the rival claims were heard by a Bolzano court. The legal case angered Mrs. Simon, who alleged that neither woman was present on the mountain that day. In 2005, Mrs. Simon's lawyer said: "Mrs. Simon is very upset by all this and by the fact that these two new claimants have decided to appear

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DNA analyses taken in 2003 are claimed to have revealed traces of blood from at least four other people on his gear: one from his knife, two from a single arrowhead in his quiver, and a fourth from his coat. Interpretations of these findings are that Ötzi killed two people with the same arrow and was

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of an axe among the retrieved objects. Tissue samples from the corpse and other accompanying materials were later analyzed at several scientific institutions and their results unequivocally concluded that the remains belonged to someone who had lived between 3359 and 3105 BC, or some 5,000 years ago.

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The leather loincloth and hide coat were made from sheepskin. Genetic analysis showed that the sheep species was nearer to modern domestic European sheep than to wild sheep; the items were made from the skins of at least four animals. Part of the coat was made from a domesticated goat belonging to a

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which asked a court in Bolzano to recognize their role in Ötzi's discovery and declare them his "official discoverers". The court decided in the Simons' favour in November 2003, and at the end of December that year the Simons announced that they were seeking US$ 300,000 as their fee. The provincial

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of the University of Innsbruck agrees that the natural process described probably caused the body to move from the ridge that includes the stone formation, he pointed out that the paper provided no compelling evidence to demonstrate that the scattered stones constituted a burial platform. Moreover,

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and his colleagues. According to their study of the items found near Ötzi and their locations, the iceman may have been placed above what has been interpreted as a stone burial mound, but his body subsequently moved with each thaw cycle that created a flowing watery mixture driven by gravity before

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mark behind the right knee and on the right ankle, and parallel lines around the left wrist. The greatest concentration of markings is found on his legs, which together exhibit 12 groups of lines. A microscopic examination of samples collected from these tattoos revealed that they were created from

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Maixner, Frank; Turaev, Dmitrij; Cazenave-Gassiot, Amaury; Janko, Marek; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Hoopmann, Michael R.; Kusebauch, Ulrike; Sartain, Mark; Guerriero, Gea; o'Sullivan, Niall; Teasdale, Matthew; Cipollini, Giovanna; Paladin, Alice; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Samadelli, Marco; Tecchiati, Umberto;

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strain found in his gastrointestinal tract was, surprisingly, the hpAsia2 strain, a strain today found primarily in South Asian and Central Asian populations, with extremely rare occurrences in modern European populations. The strain found in Ötzi's gut is most similar to three modern individuals

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In 2004, Helmut Simon died. Two years later, in June 2006, an appeals court affirmed that the Simons had indeed discovered the Iceman and were therefore entitled to a finder's fee. It also ruled that the provincial government had to pay the Simons' legal costs. After this ruling, Mrs. Erika Simon

602:, supporting the theory that lactose intolerance was still common at that time, despite the increasing spread of agriculture and dairying. Ötzi's lungs were examined endoscopically and were found to be blackened by soot, probably due to his frequent proximity to open fires for warmth and cooking. 529:

were also discovered. The pollen was very well preserved, with the cells inside remaining intact, indicating that it had been fresh (estimated about two hours old) at the time of Ötzi's death, which places the event in the spring or early summer. Einkorn wheat is harvested in the late summer, and

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By the most recent estimates, at the time of his death, Ötzi was 160 cm (5 ft 3 in) tall, weighed about 50 kg (110 lb), and was about 45 years of age. When his body was found, it weighed 13.750 kg (30 lb 5.0 oz). Because the body was covered in ice shortly

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were performed on the stomach to obtain dietary information in the time leading up to his death, and the contents themselves were also analyzed. Previously, Ötzi was believed to be vegetarian, but during this study, it was revealed that his diet was omnivorous. The presence of certain compounds

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Irish and Italian researchers were able to undertake an analysis of the mitochondrial DNA from six different items of the body's clothing and published their findings in the journal Scientific Reports. These showed that the shoelaces were made from the European genetic population of cattle. The

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was explained by positing that the genetic mixing between neolithic farmers originating from Anatolia and WHG was still an ongoing process. Also, examining the genetic sites involved in phenotypical traits, the authors concluded that the Iceman, among other things, had likely darker skin than

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Because of the presence of an arrowhead embedded in his left shoulder and various other wounds, researchers believe that Ötzi was killed by another person. The nature of his life and the circumstances of his death are the subject of much investigation and speculation. His remains and personal

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and the keeper of the nearby Similaunhütte first attempted to remove the body, which was frozen in ice below the torso, using a pneumatic drill and ice axes, but bad weather forced them to give up. Within a short time, eight groups visited the site, among whom were mountaineers

730:(a common female ancestor) that inhabits central Europe today. The coat was made from several animals from two different species and was stitched together using hides. The leggings were made from domesticated goat leather. A similar set of 5,000-year-old leggings discovered in 1105:

analysis reveal that he consumed fresh or dried wild meat. A previous study detected charcoal particles in his lower intestine, which indicate that fire was present during some part of the food preparation process, but it was likely used in drying out the meat or smoking it.

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technology, a facial reconstruction has been created for the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology in Bolzano, Italy. It shows Ötzi looking old for his 45 years, with deep-set brown eyes, a beard, a furrowed face, and sunken cheeks. He is depicted as looking tired and ungroomed.

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On 29 September 2008, it was announced that the provincial government and Mrs. Simon had reached a settlement of the dispute, under which she would receive €150,000 in recognition of Ötzi's discovery by her and her late husband and the tourist income that it attracts.

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able to retrieve it on both occasions, and the blood on his coat was from a wounded comrade he may have carried over his back. Ötzi's posture in death (frozen body, face down, left arm bent across the chest) could support a hypothesis that, before death occurred and

4196: 614:, consisting of 19 groups of black lines ranging from 1–3 mm (0.039–0.118 in) in width and 7–40 mm (0.28–1.57 in) in length. These include groups of parallel lines running along the longitudinal axis of his body and to both sides of the 1089:, implying the intake of herbs, and several nutritious minerals indicating red meat or dairy consumption. Through analysis of DNA and protein traces, the researchers were able to identify the contents of Ötzi's last meal, composed of fat and meat from 4084:

Putzer, Andreas; Palazoglu, Mine; Meissen, John; Lösch, Sandra; Rausch, Philipp; Baines, John F.; Kim, Bum Jin; An, Hyun-Joo; Gostner, Paul; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Malfertheiner, Peter; Keller, Andreas; Stark, Robert W.; et al. (23 July 2018).

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who made shoes for other people". The reproductions were found to constitute such excellent footwear that it was reported that a Czech company offered to purchase the rights to sell them. However, a more recent hypothesis by British archaeologist

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pigment manufactured out of fireplace ash or soot. This pigment was then rubbed into small linear incisions or punctures. It has been suggested that Ötzi was repeatedly tattooed in the same locations, since the majority of them are quite dark.

1046:. These are the oldest complete human blood cells ever identified. In most bodies this old, the blood cells are either shrunken or mere remnants, but Ötzi's have the same dimensions as living red blood cells and resemble a modern-day sample. 1204:

Most research has assumed that Ötzi died at roughly the spot where he was found. In 2010, it was proposed that Ötzi died at a much lower altitude and was buried higher in the mountains, as posited by archaeologist Alessandro Vanzetti of the

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Sartori, Alexander; Moreno-Estrada, Andres; Henn, Brenna; Sikora, Martin; Semino, Ornella; Chiaroni, Jacques; Rootsi, Siiri; Myres, Natalie M.; Cabrera, Vicente M.; Underhill, Peter A.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; et al. (2012).

929:. Analysis of his mitochondrial DNA showed that Ötzi belongs to the K1 subclade, but cannot be categorized into any of the three modern branches of that subclade (K1a, K1b, or K1c). The new subclade has provisionally been named 590:. During CT scans, it was observed that three or four of his right ribs had been cracked when he had been lying face down after death, or where the ice had crushed his body. One of his fingernails (of the two found) shows three 1080:Ötzi's stomach was completely full and its contents were mostly undigested. In 2018, researchers performed a thorough analysis of his stomach and intestines to gain insights on Chalcolithic meal composition and dietary habits. 1163:

from the wound, which would probably have been fatal even if modern medical techniques had been available. Further research found that the arrow's shaft had been removed before death, and close examination of the body found

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The cause of death remained uncertain until 10 years after the discovery of the body. It was initially believed that Ötzi died from exposure during a winter storm. Later it was speculated that he may have been a victim of a

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In 2001, X-rays and a CT scan revealed that Ötzi had an arrowhead lodged in his left shoulder when he died and a matching small tear on his coat. The discovery of the arrowhead prompted researchers to theorize Ötzi died of

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ancestry, the disagreement with previous results being attributed to modern human contamination. While the absence in Ötzi's genome of genetic components from Western Steppe Herders (WSH) is not surprising because these

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48.5 mm long artefact known as a borer has its maximum thickness at its maximum width (7.8 x 13.5 mm) (Fig 1F)" and "The smallest item contained in the belt poach is a small flake of 19 x 12.5 x 1.6 mm size (Fig 1C)".

2721: 564:, it was postulated that Ötzi's lifestyle included long walks over hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other Copper Age Europeans. This may indicate that Ötzi was a high-altitude shepherd. 1029:

men belong to the same paternal lineage (Y-DNA haplogroup G-L91) as Ötzi, and may share a common ancestor with Ötzi, and/or descend from close relatives of Ötzi. Scientists from the Institute of Legal Medicine at

898:. The blade part of the head extends out of the lashing and shows clear signs of having been used to chop and cut. At the time, such an axe would have been a valuable possession, important both as a tool and as a 885:

and did not undergo mechanical hardening. Despite the fact that copper ore sources in the Alpines are known to have been exploited at the time, a 2017 study indicated that the copper in the axe came from southern

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Petraglia, Michael D.; Wierer, Ursula; Arrighi, Simona; Bertola, Stefano; Kaufmann, Günther; Baumgarten, Benno; Pedrotti, Annaluisa; Pernter, Patrizia; Pelegrin, Jacques (2018). Petraglia, Michael D. (ed.).

4709:"Oetzi The Iceman's discoverers finally compensated: A bitter dispute over the payment of a finder's fee for two hikers who discovered the world-famous Oetzi The Iceman mummy has finally been settled" 2549: 2339:

Pabst, M.A.; I Letofsky-Papst; E Bock; M Moser; L Dorfer; E Egarter-Vigl; F Hoffer (2009), "The Tattoos of the Tyrolean Iceman: A Light Microscopical, Ultrastructural and Element Analytical Study",

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in the lumbar spine and wear-and-tear degeneration in the knee and especially in the ankle joints. It has been speculated that these tattoos may have been part of pain relief treatments similar to

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Ermini, Luca; Olivieri, Cristina; Rizzi, Ermanno; Corti, Giorgio; Bonnal, Raoul; Soares, Pedro; Luciani, Stefania; Marota, Isolina; De Bellis, Gianluca; Richards, Martin B.; Rollo, Franco (2008).

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Reconstructions of Ötzi's last days, based on his last itinerary and meals, the state of his wounds, the causes of his death and the damaged and insufficient equipment, following multiple studies

479:, suggesting he had had a meal less than two hours before his death. Wheat grains were also found. It is believed that Ötzi most likely had a few slices of a dried, fatty meat, which came from a 1259:

climber, who alleged that she discovered the corpse first after falling into a crevice, and, shortly after returning to a mountain hut, asked Helmut Simon to take photographs of Ötzi. She cited

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Wierer, U., Arrighi, S., Bertola, S., Kaufmann, G., Baumgarten, B., Pedrotti, A., Pernter, P. and Pelegrin, J. (2018) "The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use".

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Di Cristofaro, Julie; Mazières, Stéphane; Tous, Audrey; Di Gaetano, Cornelia; Lin, Alice A.; Nebbia, Paul; Piazza, Alberto; King, Roy J.; Underhill, Peter; Chiaroni, Jacques (1 August 2018).

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14 years after Ötzi was found." In 2008, however, Jarc stated for a Slovene newspaper that she had written twice to the Bolzano court in regard to her claim but received no reply whatsoever.

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The shoes have since been reproduced by a Czech academic, who said that "because the shoes are actually quite complex, I'm convinced that even 5,300 years ago, people had the equivalent of a

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Wang, Ke; Prüfer, Kay; Krause-Kyora, Ben; Childebayeva, Ainash; Schuenemann, Verena J.; Coia, Valentina; Maixner, Frank; Zink, Albert; Schiffels, Stephan; Krause, Johannes (16 August 2023).

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More specific estimates find that there was a 66% chance he died between 3239 and 3105 BC, a 33% chance he died between 3359 and 3294 BC, and a 1% chance he died between 3277 and 3268 BC.

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Ruff, Christopher; Holt, BM; Sládek, V; Berner, M; Murphy, WA Jr; Zur Nedden, D; Seidler, H; Recheis, W (July 2006), "Body size, body proportions, and mobility in the Tyrolean "Iceman"",

3705: 3932: 937:. A multiplex assay study was able to confirm that the Iceman's mtDNA belongs to a previously unknown European mtDNA clade with a very limited distribution among modern data sets. By 921:

defined by the SNPs M201, P287, P15, L223 and L91 (G-L91, ISOGG G2a2b, former "G2a4"). He was not typed for any of the subclades downstreaming from G-L91; however, an analysis of his

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present-day Europeans, but not as dark as the Mesolithic Western Hunter-Gatherers, was likely affected by baldness, and may have suffered from obesity-related metabolic disorders.

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indicative of a blow to the head. One of the cuts, to the base of his thumb, reached down to the bone but had no time to heal before his death. Currently, it is believed that Ötzi

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Brida, Juan Gabriel; Meleddu, Marta; and Pulina, Manuela (1 November 2012). "Understanding Urban Tourism Attractiveness: The Case of the Archaeological Ötzi Museum in Bolzano".

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At one point, it was thought that Ötzi was the oldest tattooed human mummy yet discovered. In 2018, however, tattoos were discovered on nearly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies.

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wheat bran, quite possibly eaten in the form of bread. In the proximity of the body, and thus possibly originating from the Iceman's provisions, chaff and grains of einkorn and

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Piombino-Mascali, Dario & Krutak, Lars (2020), Sheridan, Susan Guise & Gregoricka, Lesley A. (eds.), "Therapeutic Tattoos and Ancient Mummies: The Case of the Iceman",

1823: 2823: 2711: 74: 3514:"Genotyping human ancient mtDNA control and coding region polymorphisms with a multiplexed Single-Base-Extension assay: The singular maternal history of the Tyrolean Iceman" 4509: 722:. According to this theory, the item currently interpreted as part of a backpack is actually the wood frame and netting of one snowshoe and animal hide to cover the face. 1227:

The Ötzi memorial near Tisenjoch. Ötzi was found ca. 70 m NE of here, a place indicated with a red mark (not in this photo). The mountain in the background is the

594:, indicating he was sick three times in the six months before he died. The last incident, two months before he died, lasted about two weeks. It was also found that his 881:

with a right-angled crook at the shoulder, leading to the blade. The 9.5-centimetre-long (3.7 in) axe head is made of almost pure copper. It was produced through

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Murphy, William A. Jr.; zur Nedden, Dieter; Gostner, Paul; Knapp, Rudolf; Recheis, Wolfgang; Seidler, Horst (24 January 2003), "The Iceman: Discovery and imaging",

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In addition, two people came forward, each with a claim of being part of the same mountaineering party that had come across Ötzi and of discovering the body first:

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Many of Ötzi's tattoos originally went unnoticed, since they are difficult to see with the naked eye. In 2015, researchers photographed the body using noninvasive

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scan revealed that the stomach had shifted upward to where his lower lung area would normally be. Analysis of the contents revealed the partly digested remains of

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mountain and the Tisenjoch pass. When the tourists, Helmut and Erika Simon, first saw the body, they both believed that they had happened upon a recently deceased

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were found in Ötzi's hair. This, along with Ötzi's copper axe blade, which is 99.7% pure copper, has led scientists to speculate that Ötzi was involved in copper

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of pigmentation among modern-day European groups,29 although it is lower than the score of ancient LBK farmers and the Luxembourg_Loschbour.DG hunter-gatherer.

411:, and dated. Tissues and intestinal contents have been examined microscopically, as have the items found with the body. In August 2004, frozen bodies of three 2072: 1908: 4708: 4382: 2545: 649:

1000 BC). For example, 9 of the 19 groups of his tattoos are located next to, or directly on, acupunctural areas used today, and most of the others are on

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had analysed the DNA of over 3,700 Tyrolean male blood donors and found 19 (c. 0.5%) who shared the same paternal haplogroup with the 5,300-year-old man.

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Endicott, Phillip; Sanchez, Juan J; Pichler, Irene; Brotherton, Paul; Brooks, Jerome; Egarter-Vigl, Eduard; Cooper, Alan; Pramstaller, Peter (2009).

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O'Sullivan, Niall J.; Teasdale, Matthew D.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Maixner, Frank; Pinhasi, Ron; Bradley, Daniel G.; Zink, Albert (18 August 2016).

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in South Tyrol, Italy. Analysis of Ötzi's intestinal contents showed two meals (the last one consumed about eight hours before his death), one of

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Sandra Nemeth, from Switzerland, who contended that she had found the corpse before Helmut and Erika Simon and spat on it to make sure that her

691:. His belt had a pouch sewn to it that contained a cache of useful items: a scraper, a drill, a flint flake, a bone awl and a dried fungus (see 427:. One body was sent to a museum in the hope that research on how the environment had affected its preservation would help unravel Ötzi's past. 3713: 2444:

Dorfer, L; M Moser; F Bahr; K Spindler; E Egarter-Vigl; S Giullén; G Dohr; T Kenner (September 1999), "A medical report from the stone age?",

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which makes raindrops roll off, with the comment "it was interesting that the 5,000-year-old Alpine traveler ... had a grass raincoat":

910:Ötzi's full genome was first sequenced in 2012; a new, high-coverage genome with much less modern human contamination was published in 2023. 4481: 3940: 2769: 1857: 1270:

would be found there later. She asked for a DNA test on the remains, but experts believed that there was little chance of finding any trace.

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Samadelli, M; M Melis; M Miccoli; E Egarter-Vigl; AR Zink (2015), "Complete Mapping of the Tattoos of the 5300-year-old Tyrolean Iceman",

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and other acupunctural regions of the body and over arthritic joints. Ötzi's abdominal tattoos may have assuaged the intestinal pain of

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Rollo F, et al. (2002), "Ötzi's last meals: DNA analysis of the intestinal content of the Neolithic glacier mummy from the Alps",

3564:"Ancient DNA reveals genetic relationship between today's Sardinians and Neolithic Europeans – HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology" 2982: 1831: 667:

techniques to capture images on different light wavelengths that are imperceptible by humans, revealing the remainder of his tattoos.

310:Ötzi was found on 19 September 1991 by two German tourists, at an elevation of 3,210 m (10,530 ft) on the east ridge of the 517:

was used to examine his diet from several months before. Pollen in the first meal showed that it had been consumed in a mid-altitude

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examination of Ötzi's bones showed "age-conditioned or strain-induced degeneration" corresponding to many tattooed areas, including

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The body was extracted on 22 September and salvaged the following day. It was transported to the office of the medical examiner in

79: 2890:"A whole mitochondria analysis of the Tyrolean Iceman's leather provides insights into the animal sources of Copper Age clothing" 2736: 1605: 1014: 439:Ötzi the Iceman, while still frozen in the glacier, photographed by Helmut Simon upon the discovery of the body in September 1991 5081:Ötzi Links ... Der Mann aus dem Eis vom Hauslabjoch – a list of links to websites about Ötzi in English, German and Italian 4541: 368: 5042: 5021: 5002: 4983: 4960: 4938: 3883: 3121: 3088: 2669: 2429: 2397: 1967: 1892: 1706: 1437: 1389: 1362: 5136: 4607: 3213:

Artioli, Gilberto; Angelini, Ivana; Kaufmann, Günther; Canovaro, Caterina; Dal Sasso, Gregorio; Villa, Igor Maria (2017).

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and herb bread; both were eaten with roots and fruits. The grain also eaten with both meals was a highly processed

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file revealed that he belongs to the L166 and FGC5672 subclades below L91. G-L91 is now mostly found in South

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of a man who lived between 3350 and 3105 BC. Ötzi's remains were discovered on 19 September 1991, in the

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ancestry – in fact, the highest among European populations of the same time—with a lesser contribution from

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by Shirley Corriher, the point is made (in relation to cooking) that plant leaves have a waterproof, waxy

1621:"Iceman is defrosted for gene tests: New techniques may link Copper Age shepherd to present-day relatives" 1379: 1352: 5460: 4773: 4233: 3080: 2192: 2049: 1827: 1206: 650: 7033: 6762: 6563: 4769: 2661: 2158: 1280: 958: 301: 4421: 3136:

Capasso, Luigi (December 1998), "5300 years ago, the Ice Man used natural laxatives and antibiotics",

1639: 464:, north of Bolzano, but later went to live in valleys about 50 kilometres (31 mi) farther north. 6568: 6383: 5113:

RadioLab interviews Albert Zink, Head of EURAC Research and the scientist in charge of Ötzi research.

5076:"Death of the Iceman" – a synopsis of a BBC Horizon TV documentary first broadcast on 7 February 2002 4790:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing" 3760:

Ames, S. K.; Hysom, D. A.; Gardner, S. N.; Lloyd, G. S.; Gokhale, M. B.; Allen, J. E. (4 July 2013).

3738: 3592:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing" 3284:"New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing" 2490: 1236: 468: 2746: 1620: 1072:

from Northern India; the strain itself is, of course, older than the modern Northern Indian strain.

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New insights into the Tyrolean Iceman's origin and phenotype as inferred by whole-genome sequencing

1307: 251: 246: 103: 5921: 5916: 511:(small plum-like fruits of the blackthorn tree) and various seeds of berries growing in the wild. 31: 6874: 6784: 5956: 5723: 5542: 5475: 5207: 4746:, Division of Environmental and Evolutionary Biology, Institute of Biomedical and Life Sciences, 4475: 3113: 1853: 1098: 1018: 1001: 962: 351: 87: 7063: 5086: 5065: 804:(stabilizing fins), while the other 12 were unfinished and untipped. The arrows were found in a 452:

were missing, but this was later shown to be unfounded. Analysis of pollen, dust grains and the

7013: 6962: 6836: 6442: 6333: 6321: 6017: 5758: 5597: 5234: 5168: 5152: 3398:"Prehistoric migrations through the Mediterranean basin shaped Corsican Y-chromosome diversity" 3215:"Long-distance connections in the Copper Age: New evidence from the Alpine Iceman's copper axe" 2384:, Bioarchaeology and Social Theory, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 119–136, 1697:

Egarter-Vigl, Eduard (2006), "The Preservation of the Iceman Mummy", in Marco Samadelli (ed.),

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The Man in the Ice: The Preserved Body of a Neolithic Man Reveals the Secrets of the Stone Age

4444: 3814:"High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry" 3333:"High-coverage genome of the Tyrolean Iceman reveals unusually high Anatolian farmer ancestry" 1722: 816:

tool which might have been used for sharpening arrow points. There was also an unfinished yew

645:, though Ötzi lived at least 2,000 years before their previously known earliest use in China ( 6701: 6637: 6511: 6204: 6130: 5904: 5899: 5837: 5776: 5713: 5661: 5654: 5200: 5116: 4747: 6086: 4789: 346:, together with other objects found nearby. On 24 September, the find was examined there by 6967: 6918: 6913: 6896: 6891: 6869: 6659: 6373: 6226: 6118: 6022: 5815: 5500: 5299: 5242: 4804: 4270: 4039: 3603: 3409: 3295: 3226: 3021: 2903: 2584: 2348: 2089: 1763: 1499: 1010: 979: 922: 918: 758: 416: 5470: 5075: 2824:"It becometh the iceman: clothing study reveals stylish secrets of leather-loving ancient" 1672: 8: 6957: 6622: 6427: 6260: 5793: 5666: 5547: 5522: 4870:"We know Oetzi had fleas, his last supper was steak ... and he died 5,300 years ago" 4852: 4713: 4688: 4549: 3687:"Tratti genetici comuni tra la mummia Oetzi e gli attuali abitanti di Sardegna e Corsica" 2861: 2716: 2571:

Deter-Wolf, Aaron; Robitaille, Benoît; Krutak, Lars; Galliot, Sébastien (February 2016).

2080: 1486:

Bonani, Georges; Ivy, Susan D.; Hajdas, Irena; Niklaus, Thomas R.; Suter, Martin (1994).

1329: 1193: 1063: 970: 961:

from Anatolia to Europe in large numbers during the 7th millennium BC, replacing earlier

675: 664: 599: 582: 4808: 4274: 4043: 3848: 3813: 3607: 3413: 3359: 3332: 3299: 3230: 3025: 2907: 2588: 2352: 2093: 1984: 1767: 1503: 1057:

In 2016, researchers reported on a study from the extraction of twelve samples from the

862:

kit. The kit featured pieces of over a dozen different plants, in addition to flint and

6908: 6811: 6713: 6526: 5708: 5438: 5404: 4763: 4178: 4118: 4085: 4060: 4025: 3996: 3963: 3786: 3761: 3656: 3540: 3513: 3494: 3440: 3397: 3249: 3163: 3052: 3009: 2932: 2894: 2889: 2770:"How Otzi the Iceman outfitted himself: Fur from brown bears and leather from roe deer" 2600: 2526: 2469: 2403: 1931: 1787: 1579: 1488:"Ams 14 C Age Determinations of Tissue, Bone and Grass Samples from the Ötztal Ice Man" 1296: 1102: 895: 4293: 3150: 2572: 2489:

Zink, Albert; Samadelli, Marco; Gostner, Paul; Piombino-Mascali, Dario (1 June 2019).

2457: 2101: 1752:

Müller W, et al. (31 October 2003), "Origin and Migration of the Alpine Iceman",

1597: 1188:

set in, the Iceman was turned onto his belly in the effort to remove the arrow shaft.

444:

after his death, it had only partially deteriorated. Initial reports claimed that his

6950: 6940: 6930: 6879: 6536: 6454: 5748: 5733: 5718: 5698: 5589: 5568: 5379: 5222: 5038: 5017: 4998: 4979: 4972:

Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier

4956: 4934: 4908: 4900: 4822: 4515: 4450: 4298: 4182: 4170: 4162: 4123: 4105: 4065: 4030: 4001: 3983: 3853: 3835: 3791: 3621: 3545: 3486: 3445: 3427: 3364: 3313: 3254: 3214: 3155: 3117: 3107: 3084: 3077:

Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man found in an Alpine Glacier

3057: 3039: 2937: 2919: 2774: 2665: 2604: 2518: 2510: 2461: 2425: 2407: 2393: 2105: 2023: 1963: 1888: 1779: 1754: 1702: 1583: 1571: 1517: 1433: 1426:

Iceman: Uncovering the Life and Times of a Prehistoric Man Found in an Alpine Glacier

1385: 1358: 332: 254:. He is Europe's oldest known natural human mummy, offering an unprecedented view of 4598:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (29 September 2008), 3777: 3660: 3498: 3167: 2530: 2473: 1983:<Please add first missing authors to populate metadata.> (16 September 2002), 1935: 1791: 1239:

of 25% of the value of Ötzi. In 1994 the authorities offered a "symbolic" reward of

767:

a) Dagger, b) Endscraper, c) Small flake, d) Arrowhead 14, e) Arrowhead 12, f) Borer

7043: 6945: 6852: 6595: 6378: 6178: 6098: 6054: 5854: 5676: 5527: 5487: 5071:

Iceman Photoscan, published by EURAC Research, Institute for Mummies and the Iceman

4892: 4812: 4288: 4278: 4154: 4113: 4097: 4055: 4047: 3991: 3975: 3875: 3843: 3825: 3781: 3773: 3648: 3611: 3535: 3525: 3476: 3435: 3417: 3354: 3344: 3303: 3244: 3234: 3145: 3047: 3029: 2963: 2927: 2911: 2653: 2592: 2502: 2453: 2385: 2356: 2292: 2097: 2015: 1923: 1879:

Holden, T.G. (2002), "The Food Remains from the Colon of the Tyrolean Ice Man", in

1771: 1563: 1507: 1260: 703: 615: 420: 412: 336: 169: 80: 6998: 6437: 854:

properties, and was probably used for medicinal purposes. The other was a type of

6826: 6796: 6558: 6486: 6464: 6422: 6317: 6287: 6152: 6147: 5798: 5681: 5252: 5097: 4847: 4576: 4545: 4142: 3422: 3239: 3034: 2967: 2596: 2296: 2019: 1541: 1411: 1127: 1086: 966: 878: 630: 591: 435: 380: 354:. He dated the find to be "at least four thousand years old" on the basis of the 4599: 4538: 3762:"Scalable metagenomic taxonomy classification using a reference genome database" 2389: 1114: 6935: 6862: 6684: 6649: 6580: 6469: 6341: 6049: 5634: 5624: 5445: 5426: 5110: 3830: 3349: 2506: 2045: 1173: 974: 508: 323: 4896: 4344: 4316: 4101: 3652: 3481: 3464: 2360: 2232: 1927: 1806: 1512: 1487: 460:

indicates that he spent his childhood near the present South Tyrol village of

315: 238: 151: 6992: 6821: 6806: 6752: 6730: 6627: 6615: 6531: 6400: 6282: 6243: 6231: 6219: 5931: 5842: 5771: 5512: 5455: 5433: 5342: 5274: 5269: 5247: 4904: 4741: 4322: 4166: 4109: 3987: 3839: 3431: 3103: 3043: 2923: 2514: 1575: 1567: 1521: 1311: 1094: 1026: 938: 899: 855: 847: 800:

shafts. Two of the arrows, which were broken, were tipped with flint and had

773: 514: 347: 234: 195: 5362: 5080: 4655: 4051: 3530: 2712:"Now you can walk in footsteps of 5,000-year-old Iceman – wearing his boots" 2137: 1775: 1243:

10 million (€5,200), which the Simons declined. In 2003, the Simons filed a

6740: 6696: 6677: 6632: 6432: 6356: 6113: 6108: 6064: 5691: 5573: 5537: 5517: 5369: 5347: 5259: 4975: 4912: 4826: 4581: 4402: 4377: 4302: 4283: 4174: 4127: 4069: 4005: 3979: 3857: 3795: 3625: 3549: 3490: 3449: 3368: 3317: 3258: 3061: 2941: 2828: 2522: 2465: 2109: 2027: 1880: 1783: 1644: 1625: 1240: 1228: 1185: 1131: 1042:

In May 2012, scientists announced the discovery that Ötzi still had intact

984: 914: 859: 851: 561: 476: 457: 311: 255: 199: 6789: 4398:"How Oetzi the Iceman was stabbed in the back and lost his fight for life" 3159: 874: 6779: 6769: 6725: 6720: 6672: 6610: 6573: 6546: 6447: 6417: 6292: 6214: 6135: 6123: 5884: 5869: 5859: 5830: 5788: 5703: 5671: 5619: 5552: 5389: 5264: 5121: 5087:

Otzi, the 5,300 Year Old Iceman from the Alps: Pictures & Information

4631: 3010:"The Iceman's lithic toolkit: Raw material, technology, typology and use" 1211: 1169: 1143: 735: 731: 715: 642: 638: 634: 568: 472: 445: 384: 376: 372: 327: 271: 3382: 2887: 1134:. This explanation was inspired by theories previously advanced for the 823: 6923: 6816: 6774: 6590: 6553: 6516: 6412: 5999: 5911: 5738: 5639: 5612: 5532: 5330: 5284: 5195: 5163: 4817: 3616: 3591: 3308: 3283: 2282: 1649: 1147: 1043: 950: 836: 809: 747: 727: 461: 129: 4158: 2915: 2211:

Museo archeologico dell'Alto Adige (South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology)

2206: 996:

The 2023 study on Ötzi's genome found a very high proportion (90%) of

46: 6831: 6600: 6585: 6183: 6168: 6093: 6076: 5994: 5879: 5820: 5810: 5805: 5728: 5607: 5495: 5421: 5188: 5178: 4874: 4537:

A. Vanzetti, M. Vidale, M. Gallinaro, D.W. Frayer, and L. Bondioli. "

4489: 2741: 965:

as dominant population. DNA analysis also showed him at high risk of

946: 891: 801: 710: 626: 619: 595: 480: 343: 2546:"It's official: Ötzi the Iceman has the oldest tattoos in the world" 2488: 1464: 987:. A later analysis suggested the sequence may have been a different 890:. It was let into the forked end of the crook and fixed there using 698: 6605: 6541: 6388: 6346: 6081: 5989: 5864: 5686: 5649: 5629: 4843:"Oetzi the Neolithic Iceman was killed by an arrow, say scientists" 4495: 3962:

Janko, Marek; Stark, Robert W.; and Zink, Albert (7 October 2012).

3395: 3191: 2688: 2259:"A DNA Analysis Upends What We Thought Ötzi the Iceman Looked Like" 1534: 1404: 1263:, who was also present in the mountain hut, as the witness to this. 1256: 1180:

and damaged nerves and blood vessels before lodging near the lung.

1160: 1135: 1081: 989: 843: 840: 793: 785: 743: 719: 654: 587: 546: 534:

in the autumn; these must have been stored from the previous year.

488: 424: 319: 165: 4338: 4336: 4082: 3811: 3282:

Keller, Andreas; Graefen, Angela; et al. (28 February 2012).

2338: 6667: 6459: 6405: 6351: 6173: 5979: 5889: 5743: 5644: 5602: 5465: 5384: 5337: 5325: 4086:"The Iceman's Last Meal Consisted of Fat, Wild Meat, and Cereals" 2857:"Here's What the Iceman Was Wearing When He Died 5,300 Years Ago" 2648: 2570: 2491:"Possible evidence for care and treatment in the Tyrolean Iceman" 1323: 1244: 1223: 1177: 926: 887: 882: 832: 817: 797: 542: 518: 492: 484: 453: 449: 396: 267: 133: 5070: 3511: 1004:

ancestry, but (in contrast to the 2012 research) no evidence of

6735: 6272: 6250: 6103: 6039: 5984: 5374: 5352: 5320: 5294: 4949:

The Iceman and His Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results

4333: 3465:"Complete Mitochondrial Genome Sequence of the Tyrolean Iceman" 3212: 1959:

The Iceman and his Natural Environment: Palaeobotanical Results

1165: 1124: 877:

is 60 cm (24 in) long and made from carefully worked

863: 813: 805: 789: 683:). Museum: Reconstruction of the neolithic clothes worn by Ötzi 611: 538: 526: 522: 496: 68: 45:

For a definition of the term "oatsy", see the Wiktionary entry

2071:

Dickson, James H.; Oeggl, Klaus; Handly, Linda L. (May 2003),

521:

forest, and other pollens indicated the presence of wheat and

6801: 6521: 6255: 6209: 6071: 5926: 5874: 5450: 5416: 3964:"Preservation of 5300 year old red blood cells in the Iceman" 3006: 2443: 1751: 781: 777: 688: 557: 553: 504: 408: 388: 39: 4882: 4026:"The 5300-year-old Helicobacter pylori genome of the Iceman" 3706:"Ötzi the Iceman: What we know 30 years after his discovery" 2382:

Purposeful Pain: The Bioarchaeology of Intentional Suffering

6747: 6708: 6188: 6044: 5974: 5894: 5766: 5279: 5093:"Five millennia on, Iceman of Bolzano gives up DNA secrets" 4422:"USATODAY.com – 'Iceman' was murdered, science sleuths say" 1235:

Italian law entitled the Simons to a finders' fee from the

1090: 772:

Other items found with the Iceman were a copper axe with a

531: 525:, which may have been domesticated crops. Pollen grains of 500: 1699:

The Chalcolithic Mummy, Volume 3, In Search of Immortality

6059: 5825: 5783: 5107:

High definition image of a reconstruction of Ötzi's face.

5060: 5014:

La Mummia del Similaun: Ötzi, l'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio

4197:"Who Killed the Iceman? Clues Emerge in a Very Cold Case" 3178: 3176: 1906: 1267: 1139: 945:, especially to geographically isolated populations like 870: 218: 3462: 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2231:

Garlinghouse, Tom; Leggett, Jessica (14 December 2021).

154:, near Tisenjoch on the border between Austria and Italy 4677: 4675: 4673: 4260: 3588: 3281: 1199: 4554:. Volume: 84 Number: 325 Page: 681–692. September 2010 3173: 2379: 1640:"Mummy Melodrama: Top 9 Secrets About Otzi the Iceman" 1485: 1085:

suggests what kinds of food he generally ate, such as

858:, included with part of what appeared to be a complex 5012:

De Marinis, Raffaele C.; Brillante, Giuseppe (1998),

3759: 2366: 1885:

Bones and the Man: Studies in Honour of Don Brothwell

846:

with leather strings through them. One of these, the

718:

is that Ötzi's shoes were actually the upper part of

4670: 3933:"World's Oldest Blood Found in Famed "Iceman" Mummy" 3876:"Link to Oetzi the Iceman found in living Austrians" 3184:"The Axe – Ötzi – South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology" 2005: 1451: 1449: 983:, possibly making him the earliest known human with 407:

The corpse has been extensively examined, measured,

5011: 4947:Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus, eds. (2000), 4946: 4318:

Arrow points to foul play in ancient iceman's death

4023: 3000: 2687:. South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology. Archived from 2652: 2620:"Infrared Reveals Egyptian Mummies' Hidden Tattoos" 2230: 2123: 1955: 1612: 4585:, 25 September 2010. (Retrieved 19 September 2010) 4533: 4531: 2070: 1824:"Iceman's Stomach Sampled – Filled With Goat Meat" 1553: 5032: 3641:"Iceman's DNA reveals health risks and relations" 2658:Cookwise: The Hows and Whys of Successful Cooking 1446: 1414:at the South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology web site 746:, the fur hat was made from a genetic lineage of 605: 6990: 4446:In the Beginning: An Introduction to Archaeology 2798:"New details emerge about Neolithic age in Alps" 2314:"Scan finds new tattoos on 5300-year-old Iceman" 2207:"Ötzi the Iceman, Museum of Archaeology Bolzano" 1854:"Iceman Oetzi's last meal was 'Stone Age bacon'" 1371: 1025:In October 2013, it was reported that 19 modern 5033:Fleckinger, Angelika; Steiner, Hubert (2000) , 4627:Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Finder's fee lawsuits 4593: 4591: 4528: 4477:Blow to head, not arrow, killed Otzi the iceman 4263:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4019: 4017: 4015: 2734: 2307: 2305: 1428:. University of Chicago Press. p. 37 1153: 4997:, translated by Ewald Osers, London: Phoenix, 4684:"Cold case comes to court – After 5,300 years" 4619: 4617: 4143:"The Current Situation of the Tyrolean Iceman" 3961: 1907:A.G. Heiss & K. Oeggl (19 February 2008), 1301:– a 2017 fictional film about the life of Ötzi 5137: 4658:[Magdalena Won't Get Paid for Ötzi]. 4256: 4254: 4229:Was ancient alpine "Iceman" killed in battle? 3277: 3275: 1956:Bortenschlager, Sigmar; Oeggl, Klaus (2012). 1377: 38:"Oatsy" redirects here. For the company, see 4588: 4564: 4562: 4560: 4442: 4346:Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: Scientific studies 4024:Maixner F, Krause-Kyora B (8 January 2016). 4012: 3807: 3805: 2484: 2482: 2302: 1696: 1168:and cuts to the hands, wrists and chest and 1015:did not arrive in Europe until about 2900 BC 552:By examination of the proportions of Ötzi's 4614: 4140: 3129: 1344: 831:In addition, among Ötzi's possessions were 702:A replica of Ötzi the iceman's shoe at the 27:Natural mummy of a man who lived c. 3300 BC 5151: 5144: 5130: 4743:Plants and the Iceman: Ötzi's last journey 4570:Prehistoric 'Iceman' gets ceremonial twist 4251: 3272: 2577:Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 2543: 2311: 2233:"Ötzi the Iceman: The famous frozen mummy" 1670: 1320:– roughly contemporaneous Egyptian mummies 1017:, the unusually low contribution from the 305:Discovery site marked on a map of the Alps 4867: 4816: 4557: 4292: 4282: 4117: 4059: 3995: 3907:"Identifying Ötzi the Iceman's Relatives" 3904: 3847: 3829: 3802: 3785: 3720: 3704:Pinkowski, Jennifer (15 September 2021). 3703: 3689:(in Italian). Tiscali. 28 February 2012. 3615: 3539: 3529: 3480: 3439: 3421: 3358: 3348: 3307: 3248: 3238: 3149: 3051: 3033: 2931: 2737:"Iceman was wearing 'earliest snowshoes'" 2479: 1962:. Springer Science & Business Media. 1511: 73:Reconstruction of Ötzi mummy as shown in 4992: 4933:, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, p. 64, 4487: 4443:Fagan, Brian M.; Durrani, Nadia (2015). 4141:Zink, Albert R.; Maixner, Frank (2019). 3638: 2419: 2185:"Iceman Lived a While After Arrow Wound" 2042:"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face" 1378:Chwaszcza, Joachim; Bell, Brian (1993). 1350: 1222: 1113: 822: 820:that was 1.82 m (72 in) long. 757: 697: 692: 674: 434: 5105:"The Iceman Mummy: Finally Face to Face 4840: 4739: 4706: 4650: 4648: 4511:The Cambridge World History of Violence 4507: 4480:, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 4473: 4395: 4389: 3968:Journal of the Royal Society, Interface 3135: 2983:"The Final Hours of the Iceman's Tools" 2795: 2767: 2709: 2495:International Journal of Paleopathology 2039: 1887:, Oxford: Oxbow Books, pp. 35–40, 1618: 1210:being re-frozen. While archaeobotanist 1190:The Cambridge World History of Violence 738:, were made from goat leather as well. 507:were discovered, as well as kernels of 369:Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919 14: 6991: 6393: 4969: 4787: 4761: 4610:from the original on 30 September 2008 4373:"Iceman bled to death, scientists say" 4207:from the original on 26 September 2017 3667:from the original on 11 September 2016 3102: 3096: 3074: 2564: 2544:Deter-Wolf, Aaron (11 November 2015). 2256: 2165:from the original on 25 September 2011 2159:"Iceman Had Bad Teeth: Discovery News" 2040:Lorenzi, Rossella (25 February 2011). 1878: 1815: 1723:"Otzi, The Iceman – Facts and Details" 1423: 1332:– well-preserved Central Asian mummies 1061:of Ötzi to analyze the origins of the 873:was of particular interest. His axe's 753: 402: 6315: 5954: 5220: 5125: 4740:Dickson, James Holms (28 June 2005), 4656:"Magdaleni ne bodo plačali za Ötzija" 4491:Ancient murder mystery takes new turn 4463:from the original on 5 February 2017. 4410:from the original on 9 December 2007. 4353:from the original on 2 September 2015 3905:Bettinger, Blaine (16 October 2013). 2980: 2854: 2821: 2617: 2552:from the original on 15 November 2015 2320:from the original on 17 November 2015 2312:Deter-Wolf, Aaron (22 January 2015). 2033: 1049: 318:on the Austrian–Italian border, near 245: 102: 6316: 4926: 4788:Keller, Andreas (28 February 2012), 4681: 4645: 4623: 4484:from the original on 11 October 2007 4474:Lorenzi, Rossella (31 August 2007), 4342: 4314: 4225: 3930: 3886:from the original on 12 October 2013 3726: 3330: 2735:Hammond, Norman (21 February 2005). 2161:. News.discovery.com. 15 June 2011. 2133:Ötzi: Iceman of the Alps: His health 2129: 1860:from the original on 7 November 2017 1821: 1237:South Tyrolean provincial government 1200:Alternative theory of death location 670: 7029:Archaeological discoveries in Italy 4721:from the original on 2 October 2008 4707:Squires, Nick (29 September 2008), 4488:Winfield, Nicole (30 August 2007), 4370: 4329:from the original on 23 August 2014 3570:from the original on 8 October 2016 2981:Fleur, Nicholas St (21 June 2018). 2836:from the original on 30 August 2016 2768:Netburn, Deborah (18 August 2016). 1619:Carroll, Rory (26 September 2000), 905: 657:, which he is thought to have had. 24: 4868:Macintyre, Ben (1 November 2003), 4728: 4600:"'Iceman' row ends after 17 years" 4432:from the original on 27 June 2012. 4385:from the original on 13 March 2016 3727:Hall, Stephen S. (November 2011). 3693:from the original on 2 March 2012. 1995:from the original on 30 March 2015 953:. He was part of the migration of 941:, Ötzi is most closely related to 419:(1918) were found on the mountain 25: 7080: 6268:Megalithic architectural elements 5054: 4916:. Online pre-publication version. 4841:Kennedy, Frances (26 July 2001), 4666:from the original on 18 May 2015. 4624:Deem, James M. (September 2008), 4343:Deem, James M. (3 January 2008), 2855:Romey, Kristin (18 August 2016). 2724:from the original on 29 June 2011 2341:Journal of Archaeological Science 2130:Deem, James M. (3 January 2008), 2102:10.1038/scientificamerican0503-70 1608:from the original on 30 June 2006 1598:"WWI bodies are found on glacier" 1461:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology 1192:(2020) cited Ötzi as evidence of 1109: 913:According to the 2012 study, the 750:which lives in the region today. 393:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology 362: 264:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology 262:belongings are on exhibit at the 219:South Tyrol Museum of Archaeology 210:160 cm (5 ft 3 in) 5955: 4762:Fowler, Brenda (November 2002), 4662:(in Slovenian). 9 October 2008. 4597: 4315:Pain, Stephanie (26 July 2001), 2822:Davis, Nicola (30 August 2016). 2796:Bechtel, Dale (21 August 2008). 2618:Daley, Jason (5 December 2019). 1982: 1720: 1457:"The Incredible Age of the Find" 1326:– well-preserved Iranian mummies 1255:Magdalena Mohar Jarc, a retired 1218: 1002:European hunter-gatherer-related 291: 284: 67: 7004:1991 archaeological discoveries 6887:Evolutionary origin of religion 4700: 4501: 4467: 4436: 4414: 4396:Carroll, Rory (21 March 2002). 4364: 4308: 4226:Ives, Sarah (30 October 2003), 4219: 4189: 4134: 4076: 3955: 3924: 3898: 3868: 3753: 3697: 3679: 3632: 3582: 3556: 3505: 3456: 3389: 3375: 3324: 3206: 3068: 2974: 2948: 2881: 2848: 2815: 2789: 2761: 2728: 2710:Krosnar, Katka (17 July 2005), 2703: 2677: 2637: 2611: 2537: 2437: 2413: 2332: 2276: 2257:Hrodey, Matt (23 August 2023). 2250: 2224: 2199: 2177: 2151: 2064: 1999: 1976: 1949: 1900: 1872: 1846: 1745: 1733:from the original on 1 May 2017 1714: 1690: 1671:transcript (17 February 2016). 1664: 1632: 812:, an unidentified tool, and an 5089:(last updated 27 October 2004) 5083:(last updated 28 January 2006) 4682:Pisa, Nick (22 October 2005), 4514:. Cambridge University Press. 4508:LeBlanc, Steven (March 2020). 3331:Wang, Ke; et al. (2023). 1590: 1547: 1528: 1479: 1417: 1398: 1304:Similar archaeological finds: 1248:government decided to appeal. 1176:after the arrow shattered the 827:A replica of Ötzi's copper axe 808:with what is presumed to be a 606:Skeletal details and tattooing 399:, the capital of South Tyrol. 13: 1: 6500:Art of the Middle Paleolithic 6030:British megalith architecture 4630:, Mummy Tombs, archived from 3778:10.1093/bioinformatics/btt389 3151:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)79939-6 2458:10.1016/S0140-6736(98)12242-0 2424:, Phoenix, pp. 178–184, 2191:. 10 May 2017. Archived from 2136:, Mummy Tombs, archived from 1338: 1314:– high-altitude Incan mummies 646: 145: 122: 6495:Art of the Upper Paleolithic 6035:Nordic megalith architecture 3423:10.1371/journal.pone.0200641 3240:10.1371/journal.pone.0179263 3035:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292 2968:10.1371/journal.pone.0198292 2597:10.1016/j.jasrep.2015.11.007 2573:"The World's Oldest Tattoos" 2297:10.1016/j.culher.2014.12.005 2285:Journal of Cultural Heritage 2020:10.1016/j.jhevol.2006.02.001 1701:, Folio Verlag, p. 54, 1405:Description of the Discovery 1354:Carried Away: All About Bags 1318:Gebelein predynastic mummies 1154:Arrowhead and blood analyses 1032:Innsbruck Medical University 839:baskets, and two species of 681:Schnals valley / South Tyrol 292: 277: 241:(hence the nickname "Ötzi", 128:near the present village of 75:Prehistory Museum of Quinson 7: 5061:Official website about Ötzi 5035:L'uomo venuto dal ghiaccio 5016:, Venice, Italy: Marsilio, 4733: 3081:University of Chicago Press 2390:10.1007/978-3-030-32181-9_6 1290: 1207:Sapienza University of Rome 973:, with the presence of the 415:soldiers killed during the 326:. The next day, a mountain 10: 7085: 6643:British Isles and Brittany 6564:Gwion Gwion rock paintings 3931:Owen, James (2 May 2012). 3831:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 3350:10.1016/j.xgen.2023.100377 2662:William Morrow and Company 2507:10.1016/j.ijpp.2018.07.006 2008:Journal of Human Evolution 1883:; O'Connor, Terry (eds.), 1822:Than, Ker (23 June 2011). 1799:"Who was Ötzi the Iceman?" 1556:Journal of Travel Research 1075: 742:quiver was made from wild 586:(whipworm), an intestinal 36: 29: 6845: 6658: 6485: 6332: 6328: 6311: 6197: 6161: 6010: 5967: 5963: 5950: 5757: 5588: 5561: 5486: 5412: 5403: 5308: 5233: 5229: 5221: 5216: 5159: 5037:, Bolzano, Italy: Folio, 4993:Spindler, Konrad (2001), 4897:10.1148/radiol.2263020338 4371:Jha, Alok (7 June 2007), 4102:10.1016/j.cub.2018.05.067 3653:10.1038/nature.2012.10130 3482:10.1016/j.cub.2008.09.028 2420:Spindler, Konrad (1995), 2361:10.1016/j.jas.2009.06.016 2073:"The Iceman Reconsidered" 1928:10.1007/s00334-007-0140-8 1513:10.1017/S0033822200040534 1381:Italian Alps, South Tyrol 963:European hunter-gatherers 917:DNA of Ötzi belongs to a 575: 214: 206: 202:(Copper Age) European man 190: 159: 141: 118: 95: 66: 59: 4920: 4234:National Geographic News 1568:10.1177/0047287512437858 1410:13 December 2011 at the 1351:Chenoune, Farid (2005). 1308:Children of Llullaillaco 1093:and red deer as well as 1037: 1019:Western Hunter Gatherers 998:Anatolian farmer-related 258:(Copper Age) Europeans. 7049:People from South Tyrol 6875:Evolutionary musicology 6278:Oldest extant buildings 6205:Archaeological features 5724:Prepared-core technique 4970:Fowler, Brenda (2000), 4052:10.1126/science.aad2545 3911:The Genetic Genealogist 3639:Callaway, Ewen (2012). 3531:10.1186/1471-2156-10-29 3114:Oxford University Press 3075:Fowler, Brenda (2001), 1776:10.1126/science.1089837 1424:Fowler, Brenda (2001). 1099:atomic force microscopy 610:Ötzi had a total of 61 430: 352:University of Innsbruck 350:Konrad Spindler of the 148:3230 BC (aged about 45) 88:Alpes-de-Haute-Provence 7059:Deaths by arrow wounds 7024:32nd-century BC people 6837:Unchambered long cairn 6685:Mound Builders culture 6018:Neolithic architecture 5153:Prehistoric technology 4765:The Iceman's last meal 4539:The iceman as a burial 4284:10.1073/pnas.192184599 3980:10.1098/rsif.2012.0174 1463:. 2013. Archived from 1232: 1130:, perhaps for being a 1119: 1059:gastrointestinal tract 955:early European farmers 828: 769: 764:Ötzi lithic assemblage 706: 684: 440: 173: 6512:List of Stone Age art 5714:Microblade technology 5662:Langdale axe industry 5260:Ard / plough 4797:Nature Communications 4748:University of Glasgow 3716:on 15 September 2021. 3596:Nature Communications 3288:Nature Communications 1985:"Iceman's final meal" 1916:Veget Hist Archaeobot 1226: 1117: 1011:"Proto-Indo-European" 866:for creating sparks. 826: 761: 701: 678: 438: 371:, the border between 132:(Velturno), north of 100:German pronunciation: 32:Ötzi (disambiguation) 7069:Austria–Italy border 7054:Deaths from bleeding 6919:Prehistoric medicine 6914:Prehistoric counting 6897:Prehistoric religion 6892:Paleolithic religion 6870:Behavioral modernity 6227:Causewayed enclosure 6119:Abri de la Madeleine 5243:Neolithic Revolution 4927:Deem, James (2008), 4096:(14): 2348–2355.e9. 3566:. 19 November 2015. 3083:, pp. 105–106, 2685:"The Belt and Pouch" 2624:Smithsonian Magazine 1809:on 17 December 2007. 1384:. Houghton Mifflin. 980:Borrelia burgdorferi 923:Binary Alignment Map 693:#Tools and equipment 580:Ötzi apparently had 537:High levels of both 417:Battle of San Matteo 302:class=notpageimage| 252:Austria–Italy border 180:Man from Hauslabjoch 30:For other uses, see 7039:History of the Alps 6958:Prehistoric warfare 5704:Magdalenian culture 5667:Levallois technique 5598:Earliest toolmaking 4930:Bodies from the Ice 4809:2012NatCo...3..698K 4803:, nature.com: 698, 4714:The Daily Telegraph 4689:The Daily Telegraph 4275:2002PNAS...9912594R 4269:(20): 12594–12599, 4044:2016Sci...351..162M 3937:National Geographic 3882:. 10 October 2013. 3734:National Geographic 3710:National Geographic 3608:2012NatCo...3..698K 3414:2018PLoSO..1300641D 3300:2012NatCo...3..698K 3231:2017PLoSO..1279263A 3194:on 16 November 2010 3026:2018PLoSO..1398292W 2908:2016NatSR...631279O 2862:National Geographic 2749:on 29 November 2014 2717:The Daily Telegraph 2654:Shirley O. Corriher 2589:2016JArSR...5...19D 2452:(9183): 1023–1025, 2353:2009JArSc..36.2335P 2140:on 13 November 2006 2094:2003SciAm.288e..70D 2081:Scientific American 1828:National Geographic 1768:2003Sci...302..862M 1727:factsanddetails.com 1535:The Border Question 1504:1994Radcb..36..247B 1357:. Harry N. Abrams. 1330:Tarim Basin mummies 1194:prehistoric warfare 1064:Helicobacter pylori 971:lactose intolerance 850:, is known to have 754:Tools and equipment 583:Trichuris trichiura 487:meat, the other of 475:meat, confirmed by 456:composition of his 403:Scientific analyses 379:was defined as the 174:Mummia del Similaun 6909:Origin of language 6902:Spiritual drug use 6812:Rectangular dolmen 6714:Dartmoor kistvaens 6527:Carved stone balls 6239:Circular enclosure 6198:Other architecture 6141:Alp pile dwellings 5729:Solutrean industry 5640:Gravettian culture 5290:Secondary products 5111:"An Ice Cold Case" 4951:, Wien; New York: 4818:10.1038/ncomms1701 4696:on 6 December 2008 4634:on 2 November 2008 4575:2010-08-30 at the 4544:2010-09-06 at the 4240:on 15 October 2007 4201:The New York Times 3741:on 19 October 2011 3617:10.1038/ncomms1701 3309:10.1038/ncomms1701 2987:The New York Times 2895:Scientific Reports 2422:The man in the ice 2195:on 19 August 2012. 2119:on 12 October 2008 1604:, 23 August 2004, 1540:2011-10-08 at the 1281:Court of Cassation 1233: 1120: 1103:Raman spectroscopy 943:Southern Europeans 894:and tight leather 829: 792:of 14 arrows with 770: 707: 685: 600:lactose intolerant 441: 178:Man from Tisenjoch 7034:Copper Age Europe 6986: 6985: 6982: 6981: 6978: 6977: 6931:Prehistoric music 6880:music archaeology 6537:Cup and ring mark 6362:Clothing/textiles 6307: 6306: 6303: 6302: 5946: 5945: 5942: 5941: 5749:Yubetsu technique 5734:Striking platform 5699:Lithic technology 5584: 5583: 5569:Game drive system 5488:Projectile points 5380:Mortar and pestle 5044:978-88-86857-03-1 5023:978-88-317-7073-6 5004:978-0-7538-1260-0 4985:978-0-679-43167-1 4962:978-3-211-82660-7 4940:978-0-618-80045-2 4203:. 26 March 2017. 4159:10.1159/000501878 4038:(6269): 162–165. 3974:(75): 2581–2590. 3772:(18): 2253–2260. 3475:(21): 1687–1693. 3383:"G-FGC5672 YTree" 3123:978-0-19-820171-7 3109:Europe: A History 3090:978-0-226-25823-2 3079:, Chicago, Ill.: 2916:10.1038/srep31279 2869:on 19 August 2016 2775:Los Angeles Times 2671:978-0-688-10229-6 2431:978-0-7538-1260-0 2399:978-3-030-32181-9 2347:(10): 2335–2341, 2263:Discover Magazine 1969:978-3-7091-6758-8 1894:978-1-84217-060-1 1762:(5646): 862–866, 1708:978-3-85256-337-4 1652:. 9 November 2012 1439:978-0-226-25823-2 1391:978-0-395-65772-0 1364:978-0-86565-158-6 1097:. The results of 671:Clothes and shoes 333:Hans Kammerlander 224: 223: 16:(Redirected from 7076: 6946:Divje Babe flute 6853:Archaeoastronomy 6596:Petrosomatoglyph 6330: 6329: 6313: 6312: 6162:Water management 5965: 5964: 5952: 5951: 5855:Denticulate tool 5677:Lithic reduction 5410: 5409: 5231: 5230: 5218: 5217: 5146: 5139: 5132: 5123: 5122: 5050: 5047: 5029: 5026: 5007: 4988: 4965: 4943: 4915: 4878: 4863: 4862: 4860: 4851:, archived from 4836: 4835: 4833: 4820: 4794: 4783: 4782: 4780: 4757: 4756: 4754: 4723: 4722: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4692:, archived from 4679: 4668: 4667: 4660:Slovenske novice 4652: 4643: 4642: 4641: 4639: 4621: 4612: 4611: 4595: 4586: 4566: 4555: 4535: 4526: 4525: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4485: 4471: 4465: 4464: 4440: 4434: 4433: 4418: 4412: 4411: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4360: 4358: 4340: 4331: 4330: 4323:NewScientistTech 4312: 4306: 4305: 4296: 4286: 4258: 4249: 4248: 4247: 4245: 4236:, archived from 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4138: 4132: 4131: 4121: 4080: 4074: 4073: 4063: 4021: 4010: 4009: 3999: 3959: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3939:. Archived from 3928: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3917: 3902: 3896: 3895: 3893: 3891: 3872: 3866: 3865: 3851: 3833: 3809: 3800: 3799: 3789: 3757: 3751: 3750: 3748: 3746: 3737:. Archived from 3729:"Iceman Autopsy" 3724: 3718: 3717: 3712:. Archived from 3701: 3695: 3694: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3674: 3672: 3636: 3630: 3629: 3619: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3577: 3575: 3560: 3554: 3553: 3543: 3533: 3509: 3503: 3502: 3484: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3425: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3379: 3373: 3372: 3362: 3352: 3328: 3322: 3321: 3311: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3267: 3265: 3252: 3242: 3210: 3204: 3203: 3201: 3199: 3190:. Archived from 3180: 3171: 3170: 3153: 3133: 3127: 3126: 3100: 3094: 3093: 3072: 3066: 3065: 3055: 3037: 3004: 2998: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2978: 2972: 2952: 2946: 2945: 2935: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2876: 2874: 2865:. Archived from 2852: 2846: 2845: 2843: 2841: 2819: 2813: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2793: 2787: 2786: 2784: 2782: 2765: 2759: 2758: 2756: 2754: 2745:. Archived from 2732: 2726: 2725: 2707: 2701: 2700: 2698: 2696: 2691:on 11 March 2009 2681: 2675: 2674: 2641: 2635: 2634: 2632: 2630: 2615: 2609: 2608: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2557: 2541: 2535: 2534: 2486: 2477: 2476: 2441: 2435: 2434: 2417: 2411: 2410: 2377: 2364: 2363: 2336: 2330: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2309: 2300: 2299: 2280: 2274: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2254: 2248: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2181: 2175: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2155: 2149: 2148: 2147: 2145: 2127: 2121: 2120: 2118: 2112:, archived from 2077: 2068: 2062: 2061: 2059: 2057: 2048:. Archived from 2037: 2031: 2030: 2003: 1997: 1996: 1980: 1974: 1973: 1953: 1947: 1946: 1944: 1938:, archived from 1913: 1904: 1898: 1897: 1876: 1870: 1869: 1867: 1865: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1830:. Archived from 1819: 1813: 1810: 1805:. Archived from 1794: 1749: 1743: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1718: 1712: 1711: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1685: 1683: 1668: 1662: 1661: 1659: 1657: 1636: 1630: 1629: 1616: 1610: 1609: 1594: 1588: 1587: 1551: 1545: 1532: 1526: 1525: 1515: 1483: 1477: 1476: 1474: 1472: 1453: 1444: 1443: 1421: 1415: 1402: 1396: 1395: 1375: 1369: 1368: 1348: 1261:Reinhold Messner 1067:in his gut. The 906:Genetic analysis 902:for the bearer. 704:Bata Shoe Museum 648: 448:and most of his 421:Punta San Matteo 413:Austro-Hungarian 337:Reinhold Messner 295: 294: 288: 249: 244: 160:Other names 147: 124: 114: 113: 112: 106: 101: 85: 82: 71: 57: 56: 50: 43: 21: 7084: 7083: 7079: 7078: 7077: 7075: 7074: 7073: 7019:1991 in science 7009:1991 in Austria 6989: 6988: 6987: 6974: 6841: 6827:Stone box grave 6797:Megalithic tomb 6702:Cotswold-Severn 6654: 6559:Guardian stones 6487:Prehistoric art 6481: 6324: 6299: 6288:Timber trackway 6193: 6157: 6153:Wattle and daub 6006: 5985:Standing stones 5959: 5938: 5753: 5580: 5557: 5482: 5399: 5309:Food processing 5304: 5253:New World crops 5225: 5212: 5155: 5150: 5101:, 2 August 2010 5098:The Independent 5057: 5048: 5045: 5027: 5024: 5005: 4986: 4963: 4941: 4923: 4858: 4856: 4848:The Independent 4831: 4829: 4792: 4778: 4776: 4752: 4750: 4736: 4731: 4729:Further reading 4726: 4705: 4701: 4680: 4671: 4654: 4653: 4646: 4637: 4635: 4622: 4615: 4596: 4589: 4577:Wayback Machine 4567: 4558: 4546:Wayback Machine 4536: 4529: 4522: 4506: 4502: 4472: 4468: 4457: 4441: 4437: 4420: 4419: 4415: 4394: 4390: 4369: 4365: 4356: 4354: 4341: 4334: 4313: 4309: 4259: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4195: 4194: 4190: 4139: 4135: 4090:Current Biology 4081: 4077: 4022: 4013: 3960: 3956: 3946: 3944: 3943:on 4 March 2016 3929: 3925: 3915: 3913: 3903: 3899: 3889: 3887: 3874: 3873: 3869: 3810: 3803: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3742: 3725: 3721: 3702: 3698: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3670: 3668: 3637: 3633: 3587: 3583: 3573: 3571: 3562: 3561: 3557: 3510: 3506: 3469:Current Biology 3461: 3457: 3408:(8): e0200641. 3394: 3390: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3329: 3325: 3280: 3273: 3263: 3261: 3225:(7): e0179263. 3211: 3207: 3197: 3195: 3182: 3181: 3174: 3134: 3130: 3124: 3101: 3097: 3091: 3073: 3069: 3020:(6): e0198292. 3005: 3001: 2991: 2989: 2979: 2975: 2962:(6): e0198292. 2953: 2949: 2886: 2882: 2872: 2870: 2853: 2849: 2839: 2837: 2820: 2816: 2806: 2804: 2794: 2790: 2780: 2778: 2766: 2762: 2752: 2750: 2733: 2729: 2708: 2704: 2694: 2692: 2683: 2682: 2678: 2672: 2664:, p. 312, 2642: 2638: 2628: 2626: 2616: 2612: 2569: 2565: 2555: 2553: 2542: 2538: 2487: 2480: 2442: 2438: 2432: 2418: 2414: 2400: 2378: 2367: 2337: 2333: 2323: 2321: 2310: 2303: 2281: 2277: 2267: 2265: 2255: 2251: 2241: 2239: 2229: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2205: 2204: 2200: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2168: 2166: 2157: 2156: 2152: 2143: 2141: 2128: 2124: 2116: 2075: 2069: 2065: 2055: 2053: 2052:on 19 June 2011 2038: 2034: 2004: 2000: 1981: 1977: 1970: 1954: 1950: 1942: 1911: 1905: 1901: 1895: 1877: 1873: 1863: 1861: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1834:on 26 June 2011 1820: 1816: 1797: 1750: 1746: 1736: 1734: 1721:Hays, Jeffrey. 1719: 1715: 1709: 1695: 1691: 1681: 1679: 1673:"Iceman Reborn" 1669: 1665: 1655: 1653: 1638: 1637: 1633: 1617: 1613: 1596: 1595: 1591: 1552: 1548: 1542:Wayback Machine 1533: 1529: 1484: 1480: 1470: 1468: 1467:on 24 June 2015 1455: 1454: 1447: 1440: 1422: 1418: 1412:Wayback Machine 1403: 1399: 1392: 1376: 1372: 1365: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1293: 1221: 1202: 1170:cerebral trauma 1156: 1138:recovered from 1112: 1087:gamma-terpinene 1078: 1055: 1040: 967:atherosclerosis 908: 768: 766: 756: 673: 631:osteochondrosis 618:, as well as a 608: 578: 499:, and seeds of 433: 405: 365: 308: 307: 306: 304: 298: 297: 296: 280: 242: 186:Tyrolean Iceman 185: 183: 181: 179: 177: 164: 163:Ötzi the Iceman 155: 149: 137: 126: 108: 107: 104:[ˈœtsi] 99: 91: 77: 62: 51: 44: 37: 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Konrad Spindler 15: 12: 11: 5: 7082: 7072: 7071: 7066: 7061: 7056: 7051: 7046: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6984: 6983: 6980: 6979: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6960: 6955: 6954: 6953: 6948: 6943: 6938: 6936:Alligator drum 6928: 6927: 6926: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6905: 6904: 6899: 6894: 6884: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6867: 6866: 6865: 6863:lunar calendar 6860: 6849: 6847: 6846:Other cultural 6843: 6842: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6799: 6794: 6793: 6792: 6787: 6777: 6772: 6767: 6766: 6765: 6760: 6750: 6745: 6744: 6743: 6733: 6728: 6723: 6718: 6717: 6716: 6706: 6705: 6704: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6682: 6681: 6680: 6675: 6664: 6662: 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6650:Venus figurine 6647: 6646: 6645: 6640: 6630: 6625: 6620: 6619: 6618: 6613: 6603: 6598: 6593: 6588: 6583: 6581:Megalithic art 6578: 6577: 6576: 6571: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6550: 6549: 6539: 6534: 6532:Cave paintings 6529: 6524: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6508: 6507: 6497: 6491: 6489: 6483: 6482: 6480: 6479: 6478: 6477: 6472: 6462: 6457: 6452: 6451: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6415: 6410: 6409: 6408: 6398: 6397: 6396: 6391: 6381: 6376: 6371: 6370: 6369: 6359: 6354: 6349: 6344: 6338: 6336: 6334:Material goods 6326: 6325: 6309: 6308: 6305: 6304: 6301: 6300: 6298: 6297: 6296: 6295: 6285: 6280: 6275: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6263: 6253: 6248: 6247: 6246: 6236: 6235: 6234: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6212: 6207: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6192: 6191: 6186: 6181: 6176: 6171: 6165: 6163: 6159: 6158: 6156: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6144: 6143: 6133: 6128: 6127: 6126: 6121: 6116: 6106: 6101: 6096: 6091: 6090: 6089: 6079: 6074: 6069: 6068: 6067: 6057: 6052: 6050:Cliff dwelling 6047: 6042: 6037: 6032: 6027: 6026: 6025: 6014: 6012: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6004: 6003: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5982: 5977: 5971: 5969: 5961: 5960: 5948: 5947: 5944: 5943: 5940: 5939: 5937: 5936: 5935: 5934: 5924: 5919: 5914: 5909: 5908: 5907: 5897: 5892: 5887: 5882: 5877: 5872: 5867: 5862: 5857: 5852: 5847: 5846: 5845: 5835: 5834: 5833: 5828: 5818: 5813: 5808: 5803: 5802: 5801: 5791: 5786: 5781: 5780: 5779: 5769: 5763: 5761: 5755: 5754: 5752: 5751: 5746: 5741: 5736: 5731: 5726: 5721: 5716: 5711: 5706: 5701: 5696: 5695: 5694: 5689: 5684: 5674: 5669: 5664: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5647: 5642: 5637: 5635:Fire hardening 5632: 5627: 5625:Clovis culture 5622: 5617: 5616: 5615: 5610: 5605: 5594: 5592: 5586: 5585: 5582: 5581: 5579: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5565: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5555: 5550: 5548:Manis Mastodon 5545: 5540: 5535: 5530: 5525: 5520: 5515: 5510: 5505: 5504: 5503: 5492: 5490: 5484: 5483: 5481: 5480: 5479: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5442: 5441: 5431: 5430: 5429: 5427:throwing stick 5419: 5413: 5407: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5397: 5392: 5387: 5382: 5377: 5372: 5367: 5366: 5365: 5360: 5350: 5345: 5340: 5335: 5334: 5333: 5323: 5318: 5312: 5310: 5306: 5305: 5303: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5256: 5255: 5250: 5239: 5237: 5227: 5226: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5205: 5204: 5203: 5193: 5192: 5191: 5186: 5181: 5176: 5171: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5149: 5148: 5141: 5134: 5126: 5120: 5119: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5056: 5055:External links 5053: 5052: 5051: 5043: 5030: 5022: 5009: 5003: 4990: 4984: 4967: 4961: 4944: 4939: 4922: 4919: 4918: 4917: 4891:(3): 614–629, 4880: 4865: 4855:on 18 May 2007 4838: 4785: 4759: 4735: 4732: 4730: 4727: 4725: 4724: 4699: 4669: 4644: 4613: 4587: 4556: 4527: 4520: 4500: 4466: 4456:978-1317346432 4455: 4435: 4413: 4388: 4363: 4332: 4307: 4250: 4218: 4188: 4153:(6): 699–706. 4133: 4075: 4011: 3954: 3923: 3897: 3867: 3801: 3766:Bioinformatics 3752: 3719: 3696: 3678: 3631: 3581: 3555: 3504: 3455: 3388: 3374: 3323: 3271: 3205: 3172: 3144:(9143): 1864, 3128: 3122: 3104:Davies, Norman 3095: 3089: 3067: 2999: 2973: 2947: 2880: 2847: 2814: 2788: 2760: 2727: 2702: 2676: 2670: 2636: 2610: 2563: 2536: 2478: 2436: 2430: 2412: 2398: 2365: 2331: 2301: 2291:(5): 753–758, 2275: 2249: 2223: 2198: 2176: 2150: 2122: 2063: 2046:Discovery News 2032: 1998: 1975: 1968: 1948: 1945:on 5 July 2017 1899: 1893: 1871: 1845: 1814: 1812: 1811: 1744: 1713: 1707: 1689: 1663: 1631: 1611: 1589: 1562:(6): 730–741. 1546: 1527: 1498:(2): 247–250. 1478: 1445: 1438: 1416: 1397: 1390: 1370: 1363: 1342: 1340: 1337: 1336: 1335: 1334: 1333: 1327: 1321: 1315: 1302: 1292: 1289: 1272: 1271: 1264: 1220: 1217: 1201: 1198: 1155: 1152: 1111: 1110:Cause of death 1108: 1077: 1074: 1054: 1048: 1039: 1036: 1006:Steppe-related 907: 904: 869:Ötzi's copper 762: 755: 752: 726:mitochondrial 672: 669: 607: 604: 577: 574: 541:particles and 432: 429: 404: 401: 383:of the rivers 364: 363:Border dispute 361: 300: 299: 290: 289: 283: 282: 281: 279: 276: 247:[œtsi] 229:, also called 222: 221: 216: 212: 211: 208: 204: 203: 192: 191:Known for 188: 187: 161: 157: 156: 150: 143: 139: 138: 127: 120: 116: 115: 97: 93: 92: 72: 64: 63: 60: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7081: 7070: 7067: 7065: 7062: 7060: 7057: 7055: 7052: 7050: 7047: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7014:1991 in Italy 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6996: 6994: 6969: 6966: 6965: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6952: 6949: 6947: 6944: 6942: 6939: 6937: 6934: 6933: 6932: 6929: 6925: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6903: 6900: 6898: 6895: 6893: 6890: 6889: 6888: 6885: 6881: 6878: 6877: 6876: 6873: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6838: 6835: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6822:Simple dolmen 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6807:Passage grave 6805: 6803: 6800: 6798: 6795: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6781: 6778: 6776: 6773: 6771: 6768: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6754: 6753:Gallery grave 6751: 6749: 6746: 6742: 6739: 6738: 6737: 6734: 6732: 6729: 6727: 6724: 6722: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6711: 6710: 6707: 6703: 6700: 6699: 6698: 6695: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6668:Burial mounds 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6628:Statue menhir 6626: 6624: 6621: 6617: 6616:Stone carving 6614: 6612: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6604: 6602: 6599: 6597: 6594: 6592: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6582: 6579: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6566: 6565: 6562: 6560: 6557: 6555: 6552: 6548: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6506: 6503: 6502: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6484: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6467: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6455:Sewing needle 6453: 6449: 6446: 6444: 6441: 6439: 6436: 6434: 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6420: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6386: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6368: 6365: 6364: 6363: 6360: 6358: 6355: 6353: 6350: 6348: 6345: 6343: 6340: 6339: 6337: 6335: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6314: 6310: 6294: 6291: 6290: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6283:Timber circle 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6262: 6259: 6258: 6257: 6254: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6242: 6241: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6232:Tor enclosure 6230: 6229: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6220:fulacht fiadh 6218: 6217: 6216: 6213: 6211: 6208: 6206: 6203: 6202: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6187: 6185: 6182: 6180: 6177: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6164: 6160: 6154: 6151: 6149: 6146: 6142: 6139: 6138: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6120: 6117: 6115: 6112: 6111: 6110: 6107: 6105: 6102: 6100: 6097: 6095: 6092: 6088: 6085: 6084: 6083: 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6066: 6063: 6062: 6061: 6058: 6056: 6053: 6051: 6048: 6046: 6043: 6041: 6038: 6036: 6033: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6021: 6020: 6019: 6016: 6015: 6013: 6009: 6001: 5998: 5996: 5993: 5991: 5988: 5987: 5986: 5983: 5981: 5978: 5976: 5973: 5972: 5970: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5949: 5933: 5930: 5929: 5928: 5925: 5923: 5920: 5918: 5915: 5913: 5910: 5906: 5903: 5902: 5901: 5898: 5896: 5893: 5891: 5888: 5886: 5883: 5881: 5878: 5876: 5873: 5871: 5868: 5866: 5863: 5861: 5858: 5856: 5853: 5851: 5848: 5844: 5841: 5840: 5839: 5836: 5832: 5829: 5827: 5824: 5823: 5822: 5819: 5817: 5814: 5812: 5809: 5807: 5804: 5800: 5797: 5796: 5795: 5792: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5778: 5775: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5768: 5765: 5764: 5762: 5760: 5756: 5750: 5747: 5745: 5742: 5740: 5737: 5735: 5732: 5730: 5727: 5725: 5722: 5720: 5717: 5715: 5712: 5710: 5707: 5705: 5702: 5700: 5697: 5693: 5690: 5688: 5685: 5683: 5680: 5679: 5678: 5675: 5673: 5670: 5668: 5665: 5663: 5660: 5656: 5653: 5652: 5651: 5648: 5646: 5643: 5641: 5638: 5636: 5633: 5631: 5628: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5618: 5614: 5611: 5609: 5606: 5604: 5601: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5587: 5575: 5572: 5571: 5570: 5567: 5566: 5564: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5529: 5526: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5497: 5494: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5456:spear-thrower 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5440: 5437: 5436: 5435: 5434:Bow and arrow 5432: 5428: 5425: 5424: 5423: 5420: 5418: 5415: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5381: 5378: 5376: 5373: 5371: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5359: 5356: 5355: 5354: 5351: 5349: 5346: 5344: 5343:Grinding slab 5341: 5339: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5328: 5327: 5324: 5322: 5319: 5317: 5314: 5313: 5311: 5307: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5275:Domestication 5273: 5271: 5270:Digging stick 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5248:Founder crops 5246: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5240: 5238: 5236: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5219: 5215: 5209: 5206: 5202: 5199: 5198: 5197: 5194: 5190: 5189:New Stone Age 5187: 5185: 5182: 5180: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5166: 5165: 5162: 5161: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5142: 5140: 5135: 5133: 5128: 5127: 5124: 5118: 5117:"Ötzi's Shoes 5115: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5099: 5095:Michael Day, 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5077: 5074: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5058: 5046: 5040: 5036: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5015: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4996: 4991: 4987: 4981: 4977: 4973: 4968: 4964: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4945: 4942: 4936: 4932: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4902: 4898: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4881: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4854: 4850: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4828: 4824: 4819: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4786: 4775: 4771: 4767: 4766: 4760: 4749: 4745: 4744: 4738: 4737: 4720: 4716: 4715: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4690: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4665: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4649: 4633: 4629: 4628: 4620: 4618: 4609: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4592: 4584: 4583: 4578: 4574: 4571: 4565: 4563: 4561: 4553: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4540: 4534: 4532: 4523: 4521:9781316341247 4517: 4513: 4512: 4504: 4497: 4493: 4492: 4483: 4479: 4478: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4452: 4449:. Routledge. 4448: 4447: 4439: 4431: 4427: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4404: 4399: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4374: 4367: 4352: 4348: 4347: 4339: 4337: 4328: 4324: 4320: 4319: 4311: 4304: 4300: 4295: 4290: 4285: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4257: 4255: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4230: 4222: 4206: 4202: 4198: 4192: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4160: 4156: 4152: 4148: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4107: 4103: 4099: 4095: 4091: 4087: 4079: 4071: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4053: 4049: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4032: 4027: 4020: 4018: 4016: 4007: 4003: 3998: 3993: 3989: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3973: 3969: 3965: 3958: 3942: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3912: 3908: 3901: 3885: 3881: 3877: 3871: 3864: 3859: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3832: 3827: 3824:(9): 100377. 3823: 3819: 3818:Cell Genomics 3815: 3808: 3806: 3797: 3793: 3788: 3783: 3779: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3740: 3736: 3735: 3730: 3723: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3700: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3666: 3662: 3658: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3635: 3627: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3593: 3585: 3569: 3565: 3559: 3551: 3547: 3542: 3537: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3515: 3508: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3488: 3483: 3478: 3474: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3411: 3407: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3384: 3378: 3370: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3343:(9): 100377. 3342: 3338: 3337:Cell Genomics 3334: 3327: 3319: 3315: 3310: 3305: 3301: 3297: 3293: 3289: 3285: 3278: 3276: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3246: 3241: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3220: 3216: 3209: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3179: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3125: 3119: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3105: 3099: 3092: 3086: 3082: 3078: 3071: 3063: 3059: 3054: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3036: 3031: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3015: 3011: 3003: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2965: 2961: 2957: 2951: 2943: 2939: 2934: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2891: 2884: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2835: 2831: 2830: 2825: 2818: 2803: 2799: 2792: 2777: 2776: 2771: 2764: 2748: 2744: 2743: 2738: 2731: 2723: 2719: 2718: 2713: 2706: 2690: 2686: 2680: 2673: 2667: 2663: 2659: 2655: 2650: 2646: 2640: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2567: 2551: 2547: 2540: 2532: 2528: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2512: 2508: 2504: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2485: 2483: 2475: 2471: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2440: 2433: 2427: 2423: 2416: 2409: 2405: 2401: 2395: 2391: 2387: 2383: 2376: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2362: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2319: 2315: 2308: 2306: 2298: 2294: 2290: 2286: 2279: 2264: 2260: 2253: 2238: 2234: 2227: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2164: 2160: 2154: 2139: 2135: 2134: 2126: 2115: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2099: 2095: 2091: 2087: 2083: 2082: 2074: 2067: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2036: 2029: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2014:(1): 91–101, 2013: 2009: 2002: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1979: 1971: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1952: 1941: 1937: 1933: 1929: 1925: 1921: 1917: 1910: 1903: 1896: 1890: 1886: 1882: 1881:Dobney, Keith 1875: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1818: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1795: 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1777: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1748: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1717: 1710: 1704: 1700: 1693: 1678: 1674: 1667: 1651: 1647: 1646: 1641: 1635: 1628: 1627: 1622: 1615: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1543: 1539: 1536: 1531: 1523: 1519: 1514: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1489: 1482: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1452: 1450: 1441: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1420: 1413: 1409: 1406: 1401: 1393: 1387: 1383: 1382: 1374: 1366: 1360: 1356: 1355: 1347: 1343: 1331: 1328: 1325: 1322: 1319: 1316: 1313: 1312:Mummy Juanita 1309: 1306: 1305: 1303: 1300: 1299: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1284: 1282: 1276: 1269: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1253: 1252: 1249: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1230: 1225: 1219:Legal dispute 1216: 1213: 1208: 1197: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1179: 1175: 1174:bled to death 1171: 1167: 1162: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1126: 1116: 1107: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1095:einkorn wheat 1092: 1088: 1083: 1073: 1070: 1066: 1065: 1060: 1052: 1047: 1045: 1035: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1007: 1003: 999: 994: 992: 991: 986: 982: 981: 976: 972: 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 939:autosomal DNA 936: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:subclade of G 916: 911: 903: 901: 900:status symbol 897: 893: 889: 884: 880: 876: 872: 867: 865: 861: 857: 856:tinder fungus 853: 849: 845: 842: 838: 834: 825: 821: 819: 815: 811: 807: 803: 799: 795: 791: 788:handle and a 787: 783: 779: 775: 765: 760: 751: 749: 745: 739: 737: 733: 729: 723: 721: 717: 712: 705: 700: 696: 694: 690: 682: 677: 668: 666: 665:multispectral 661: 658: 656: 652: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 621: 617: 613: 603: 601: 597: 593: 589: 585: 584: 573: 570: 567:Using modern 565: 563: 559: 555: 550: 548: 544: 540: 535: 533: 528: 524: 520: 516: 515:Hair analysis 512: 510: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 470: 465: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 437: 428: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 400: 398: 394: 390: 386: 382: 378: 374: 370: 360: 357: 353: 349: 348:archaeologist 345: 340: 338: 334: 329: 325: 321: 317: 313: 303: 287: 275: 273: 269: 265: 259: 257: 253: 248: 240: 236: 235:natural mummy 232: 228: 220: 217: 213: 209: 205: 201: 197: 196:natural mummy 193: 189: 175: 171: 167: 162: 158: 153: 144: 140: 135: 131: 121: 117: 111: 105: 98: 96:Pronunciation 94: 89: 83: 76: 70: 65: 58: 55: 53: 48: 41: 33: 19: 6763:wedge-shaped 6748:Funeral pyre 6741:Great dolmen 6697:Chamber tomb 6678:Round barrow 6633:Stone circle 6505:Blombos Cave 6433:Grooved ware 6357:Chalcolithic 6261:Thornborough 6179:Flush toilet 6114:Blombos Cave 6109:Rock shelter 6065:Quiggly hole 5957:Architecture 5932:illustration 5574:Buffalo jump 5395:Storage pits 5358:Aşıklı Höyük 5348:Ground stone 5184:Subdivisions 5096: 5049:(in Italian) 5034: 5028:(in Italian) 5013: 4994: 4976:Random House 4974:, New York: 4971: 4948: 4929: 4888: 4884: 4873: 4857:, retrieved 4853:the original 4846: 4830:, retrieved 4800: 4796: 4777:, retrieved 4764: 4751:, retrieved 4742: 4712: 4702: 4694:the original 4687: 4659: 4636:, retrieved 4632:the original 4626: 4603: 4582:Science News 4580: 4550: 4510: 4503: 4490: 4476: 4469: 4445: 4438: 4425: 4416: 4403:The Guardian 4401: 4391: 4378:The Guardian 4376: 4366: 4355:, retrieved 4345: 4317: 4310: 4266: 4262: 4242:, retrieved 4238:the original 4228: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4200: 4191: 4150: 4146: 4136: 4093: 4089: 4078: 4035: 4029: 3971: 3967: 3957: 3945:. Retrieved 3941:the original 3936: 3926: 3914:. Retrieved 3910: 3900: 3888:. Retrieved 3879: 3870: 3861: 3821: 3817: 3769: 3765: 3755: 3743:. Retrieved 3739:the original 3732: 3722: 3714:the original 3709: 3699: 3681: 3669:. Retrieved 3644: 3634: 3599: 3595: 3584: 3572:. Retrieved 3558: 3521: 3518:BMC Genetics 3517: 3507: 3472: 3468: 3458: 3405: 3401: 3391: 3377: 3340: 3336: 3326: 3291: 3287: 3262:. Retrieved 3222: 3218: 3208: 3198:12 September 3196:. Retrieved 3192:the original 3187: 3141: 3137: 3131: 3108: 3098: 3076: 3070: 3017: 3013: 3002: 2990:. Retrieved 2986: 2976: 2959: 2955: 2950: 2899: 2893: 2883: 2871:. Retrieved 2867:the original 2860: 2850: 2838:. Retrieved 2829:The Guardian 2827: 2817: 2805:. Retrieved 2802:swissinfo.ch 2801: 2791: 2779:. Retrieved 2773: 2763: 2751:. Retrieved 2747:the original 2740: 2730: 2715: 2705: 2693:. Retrieved 2689:the original 2679: 2660:, New York: 2657: 2644: 2643:In the book 2639: 2627:. Retrieved 2623: 2613: 2580: 2576: 2566: 2554:. Retrieved 2539: 2498: 2494: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2421: 2415: 2381: 2344: 2340: 2334: 2322:. Retrieved 2288: 2284: 2278: 2266:. Retrieved 2262: 2252: 2240:. Retrieved 2237:Live Science 2236: 2226: 2214:. Retrieved 2210: 2201: 2193:the original 2188: 2179: 2169:15 September 2167:. Retrieved 2153: 2142:, retrieved 2138:the original 2132: 2125: 2114:the original 2088:(5): 70–79, 2085: 2079: 2066: 2054:. Retrieved 2050:the original 2035: 2011: 2007: 2001: 1988: 1978: 1958: 1951: 1940:the original 1919: 1915: 1902: 1884: 1874: 1862:. Retrieved 1848: 1836:. Retrieved 1832:the original 1817: 1807:the original 1802: 1759: 1753: 1747: 1735:. Retrieved 1726: 1716: 1698: 1692: 1682:13 September 1680:. Retrieved 1676: 1666: 1654:. Retrieved 1645:Live Science 1643: 1634: 1626:The Guardian 1624: 1614: 1601: 1592: 1559: 1555: 1549: 1530: 1495: 1491: 1481: 1469:. 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