3028:
orthodoxy centered upon a sacrosanct emperor who stood both as the head of state and as the benevolent father of the family of
Japanese citizens. Although not overtly antiemperor, many of the new religions espoused doctrines that threatened the centrality of the imperial figure; prosecutors, for instance, condemned the Omoto sect for revering deities other than the Sun Goddess. The most dramatic moment in the government's campaign against "quack religions" came on December 8, 1935, when hundreds of police stormed Omoto headquarters, smashed the main shrine building, dynamited an auxiliary hall, decapitated religious statues, and arrested nearly a thousand sect members. Four years later the Diet passed the Religious Organizations Law empowering the government to disband any religious organization whose teachings did not conform with "The Imperial Way," and officials promptly suppressed other unorthodox religions. An aversion for social disorder and a desire to "unify the will of the people" around national goals prompted bureaucratic officials in the 1930s to suppress or to co-opt the support of organizations that opposed government policies. Some of the associations, notably the Omoto sect, preferred to break rather than to bend, but most tempered their demands, shifted to less contentious goals, or even dissolved themselves.
2729:
concept of the kokutai. The purpose of the text, according to its own conclusion, was to overcome social unrest and "develop a new Japan by virtue of the Way of the Empire which stands firm throughout the ages at home and abroad, and thereby more than ever to guard and maintain the prosperity of the
Imperial Throne which is coeval with heaven and earth." Following a historical overview that paid special honor to the divine origins of the imperial line, a series of overtly nationalistic essays explored the vlrtues of Japan's "special and unique" customs, culture, religion, morality, and way of life. Throughout the volume, the prose sang the praises of the national achievements of the past, credited those accomplishments to the wisdom of the imperial house, and called upon the Japanese of the 1930s to prepare themselves to make any sacrifice necessary to preserve the integrity of the emperor and nation.
2965:
to improve working conditions by disavowing violent confrontations and demonstrating their loyalty to nation and emperor. Kamino Shin'ichi, originally a foreman at the lshikawajima shipyards, organized one of the more influential
Japanist unions. In concert with other members of the conservative right, he and his followers ridiculed the political parties as being corrupt, condemned liberalism and democracy as the failed ideologies of a decadent West, and sought to build a new industrial order, premised on the "unity of emperor and subject," in which laborers and capitalists would be "of one mind and spirit, fused in an inseparable solidarity."
29:
3254:
1843:
692:
453:
295:
104:
2198:"Japanist" unions endeavoured to win support by disavowing class violence and pledging support for nation and emperor. Nevertheless, because of the mistrust of unions in such unity, the Japanese went to replace them with "councils" in every factory, containing both management and worker representatives to contain conflict. Like the Nazi councils they were copying, this was part of a program to create a classless national unity.
2324:
1855:
2857:
already united the emperor with subjects who naturally fulfilled their sacred obligation to "assist imperial rule." On a more mundane plane, senior officials within the Home
Ministry feared the loss of bureaucratic turf and complained that the proposed network of occupationally based units would interfere with local administration at a particularly crucial time in the nation's history.
2195:, Japan was always a classless society under a benevolent emperor, but the restoration had plunged the nation into Western materialism (an argument that ignored commercialism and ribald culture in the Tokugawa era), which had caused people to forget their nature. To recover their traditional identity, Japanese citizens had to actively participate in the war effort.
3027:
No group experienced more severe suppression than the new religions as Home
Ministry bureaucrats embarked upon a crusade "to eradicate evil cults" for the crime of propagating Iese majeste. As manifested in such works as kokutai no hongi, the government in the 1930s fostered the growth of an official
2964:
The growing sense of national emergency prompted many groups that earlier had assumed an oppositional stance toward the state to reassess their goals and tactics. One expression of that tendency came in the early 1930s, when thousands of workers joined so-called
Japanist unions whose leadership hoped
2856:
Conservatives such as
Hiranuma Kiichiro, who served as prime minister for eight months in 1939, objected that the proposed totalitarian IRAA was nothing but a "new shogunate" that would usurp the power of the emperor's government, and Japanists declared that the national polity, the hallowed kokutai,
2484:
Japanists further circumscribed the permissible limits of political discourse. From the middle of the Meiji period, some conservatives had begun to advocate Nihon shugi, or
Japanism, as an alternative to rapid Westernization. In particular, they wished to preserve traditional values and what they saw
2140:
It is clear that at this stage in history, they were no longer dealing with a concept to generate spiritual unity like Aizawa
Seishisai in 1825, or with a political theory of Japan designed to accommodate modern institutions of government, like the Meiji Constitution. The committee of professors from
2728:
Besides hushing its critics, the government sought to inculcate good citizenship among schoolchildren by introducing a new textbook, Kokutai no hongi ("Cardinal
Principles of the National Polity"), published by the Ministry of Education on March 30, 1937, as an official statement of the government's
2550:
At the same time that approved universal manhood suffrage, the Diet passed the Peace Preservation Law of 1925. Drafted by bureaucrats within the Ministry of Justice, the measure stipulated that anyone "who organizes a group for the purpose of changing the national polity (kokutai) or of denying the
1906:
were the justification of the emperor's authority through his divine descent and the unbroken line of emperors, and the unique relationship between subject and sovereign. The "family-state" element in it was given a great deal of prominence by political philosophy. Many conservatives supported these
636:
organs of government. Article 4 declares that "the Emperor is the head of the Empire, combining in Himself the rights of sovereignty", uniting the executive, legislative, and judicial branches of government, although subject to the "consent of the Imperial Diet". This system utilized a democratic
2788:
to describe how the legendary first emperor Jimmu extended his dominion over the other clans of the early Japanese islands, which subsequently enjoyed unparalleled prosperity and security thanks to his imperial benevolence. Superimposed upon Asia in 1940, the resuscitated ideal pictured a quasi
2783:
Konoe and Matsuoka added to the allure of a geographically extended coprosperity sphere by wrapping it in imperial shrouds. Any move south, they averred, would be accomplished "peacefully" and in accordance, as Konoe so carefully phrased it in his radio address, "with the lofty spirit of hakko
2485:
as Japan's unique national polity, or kokutai. For many conservatives in the Meiji era, the concept of the kokutai revolved around two principles. A divine line of emperors had ruled from time immemorial, and intimate familylike ties united the benevolent sovereign with his loyal subjects.
2636:
In the 1930s, however, Japanists singled out Minobe for intense criticism. Battle was joined in 1934 when rightwing organizations, including the Imperial Military Reservists' Association, published accusatory books and pamphlets charging that Minobe's thoughts amounted to Ièse
2120:, first issued in March 1937 and eventually circulated in millions of copies throughout the home islands and the empire. It contained the official teaching of the Japanese state on every aspect of domestic policy, international affairs, culture, and civilization. (1982:92)
2124:
It clearly stated its purpose: to overcome social unrest and to develop a new Japan. From this pamphlet, pupils were taught to put the nation before the self, and that they were part of the state and not separate from it. It also instructed them in the principle of
2784:
ichiu." It was another skillful rhetorical flourish by the veteran wordsmith. As every Japanese schoolchild who had read Kokutai no hongi knew by heart, hakko ichiu meant "eight cords, one roof" and first appeared in the eighth-century chronicle
2148:
By 1937, "election purification", originally aimed at corruption, required that no candidate set the people in opposition to either the military or the bureaucracy. This was required because voters were required to support imperial rule.
2172:
had become a convenient term for indicating all the ways in which they believed that the Japanese nation, as a political as well as a racial entity, was simultaneously different from and superior to all other nations on earth."
2164:
already required all imperial subjects to support imperial rule. Conservative thinkers voiced concerns that the establishment of an empowered class of aides to the emperor was akin to the creation of a new shogunate.
585:, a form of government. In this understanding, the modern system of government under the Meiji Constitution, derived this time from foreign sources, was nothing more than another form of Japanese government, a new
1006:
2141:
prestigious universities sought to define the essential truths of Japan, which might be termed religious, or even metaphysical, because they required faith at the expense of logic and reason. (2006:13)
559:, National Essence, the "native Japanese", eternal, and immutable aspects of their polity, derived from history, tradition, and custom, and focused on the Emperor. The form of government,
567:, the form of government, was historically contingent and changed through time. Japan had experienced in succession direct rule by the Emperors in ancient times, then the rule of the
2338:
1198:
2789:
family of nations led by Japan and its patriarch-emperor; the "Imperial Way," Matsuoka intoned, would permit "every nation and every race" to find "its proper place in the world."
4263:
2117:
1927:(日本主義, lit. "Japan-ism") is an ideology that values the traditional Japanese spirit and sets the tone of the state and society; it emerged in this period as a reaction to the
3541:
3459:
2551:
private property system, or anyone who knowingly participates in such group" could be jailed for ten years, or even executed after the law was amended three years later.
2209:, and in 1939, the Religious Organization authorized the shutting down of any religion that did not conform to the Imperial Way, which the authorities promptly used.
4258:
3664:
2502:
531:(国体新論 "New Theory of the National Body/Structure"), which criticized traditional Chinese and Japanese theories of government and, adopting Western theories of
3694:
3201:
4147:
1902:'s rejection of some European notions as unfit for Japan, as they stemmed from European constitutional practice and Christianity. The references to the
2297:
2055:, theorized that under the Meiji Constitution, the emperor was an organ of the state and not a sacrosanct power beyond the state. This was regarded as
4293:
3228:
1885:
1662:
4165:
1493:
597:
4298:
3684:
3615:
4013:
3628:
3510:
3138:
4329:
3411:
3401:
2371:
637:
form, but in practice was closer to an absolute monarchy. The legal scholar Josefa López notes that under the Meiji Constitution,
657:
is understood as the "shape of the Estate" in the sense of "Tenno as the organ of the Estate", while the authoritarians gave the
3206:
4211:
4185:
2241:
434:
meant something still rather vague and ill defined. It was more or less the Japanese "nation's body" or "national structure".
4155:
3108:
3983:
3744:
3620:
3520:
3505:
3416:
3376:
2157:
2108:(国体の本義, "Cardinal Principles of the National Body/Structure", see Gauntlett and Hall 1949). Miller gives this description.
1418:
600:. His 1875 "Bunmeiron no Gairyaku" (文明論の概略 "An Outline of a Theory of Civilization") contradicted traditional ideas about
4339:
4283:
4278:
3998:
3500:
2381:
2354:
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in 1932 but forced to resign after an assassination attempt and vehement criticisms that he was disloyal to the emperor.
1878:
4324:
3855:
3850:
3749:
3689:
3480:
3470:
3161:
3171:
3166:
2985:
2922:
2814:
2749:
2694:
2660:
2594:
2571:
2450:
2430:
500:
342:
151:
2180:
pilots expressed, above all, that their motivations were gratitude to Japan and to its Emperor as the embodiment of
482:
324:
133:
4190:
4175:
4170:
3885:
3644:
3577:
3366:
3186:
3181:
1386:
3878:
1724:
1593:
1361:
661:
a mystical power. The Tennou was a "god" among "humans", the incarnation of the national morals. This notion of
4253:
3900:
3601:
3371:
3176:
3020:
2957:
2849:
2776:
2721:
2629:
2543:
2477:
2349:
1871:
1729:
1433:
673:
478:
320:
129:
563:, a secondary concept, then consisted of the historical arrangements for the exercise of political authority.
4319:
4180:
3610:
3525:
3515:
3131:
2201:
Because many religions had figures that distracted from the central emperor, they were attacked, such as the
1366:
1285:
763:
41:
426:(祭政一致 "unity of religion and government") or theocracy. For early Japanese Neo-Confucian scholars, linguist
4160:
4031:
3490:
3431:
3421:
2359:
2217:
2068:
Great efforts were made to foment a "Japanese spirit" even in popular culture, as in the promotion of the "
2033:
1646:
4344:
3840:
3659:
3530:
1371:
1356:
735:
2104:
to appoint a committee of Japan's leading professors to deliberate the matter. In 1937, they issued the
1580:
524:
scholars who analyzed the dominance of Western civilization and urged progress for the Japanese nation.
4122:
4091:
1651:
1168:
4081:
4076:
4003:
3963:
3754:
3441:
2897:
2582:
1438:
1218:
1208:
4334:
3943:
3233:
2386:
746:
4195:
3978:
3925:
3873:
3495:
3323:
3124:
2069:
884:
879:
798:
758:
751:
723:
474:
463:
316:
305:
252:
168:
125:
114:
20:
4018:
3895:
3825:
3634:
3386:
3313:
2302:
1667:
1428:
962:
536:
467:
382:
309:
118:
3086:
3735:
3699:
3675:
3572:
3557:
3406:
3318:
2249:
2062:
2017:
1982:
1776:
986:
768:
741:
196:
3012:
3006:
2949:
2943:
2841:
2835:
2768:
2762:
2713:
2707:
2621:
2615:
2535:
2529:
2469:
2463:
418:
were historical facts, believing that the Emperor was directly descended from the sun goddess
3759:
3221:
2253:
1689:
1656:
1448:
862:
681:
240:
83:
604:. He reasoned that it was not unique to Japan and that every nation could be said to have a
3890:
3714:
3704:
3216:
2376:
2002:
1526:
780:
729:
274:
67:
28:
2088:
2040:
to investigate political groups that might threaten Tenno-centered social order of Japan.
2020:
of 1925 forbade both forming and belonging to any organization that proposed altering the
1701:
1290:
8:
4117:
4064:
4037:
4027:
3973:
3968:
3953:
3830:
3654:
3333:
3328:
3211:
2221:
2176:
This term, and what it meant, were widely inculcated in propaganda. The final letters of
2052:
1997:(民主主義 lit. "people rule principle/-ism") and proposed a compromise on imperial democracy
1920:
1847:
1620:
1423:
1381:
967:
957:
894:
711:
3905:
3074:
2267:
Nevertheless, some authors, including Miller (1982:95), believe that traces of Japanese
2024:
or the abolishment of private property, effectively criminalizing socialism, communism,
1310:
4086:
4023:
3845:
3815:
3356:
2233:
1800:
1396:
1391:
996:
645:
The Government created a whole perfect new cultural system around the Tennou , and the
625:
364:
1413:
1265:
1109:
4127:
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3196:
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3016:
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2818:
2810:
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2717:
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2664:
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2625:
2598:
2590:
2567:
2539:
2473:
2446:
2426:
2192:
2057:
2048:
1978:
1795:
1376:
1315:
1300:
1280:
1104:
1069:
1049:
1001:
578:
427:
63:
3276:
1990:
1260:
4268:
3988:
3709:
3381:
2257:
2168:
For the leaders of Japan's "fascist-nationalist clique", writes Miller (1982:93), "
1986:
1928:
1814:
1188:
1134:
1074:
1064:
1059:
867:
716:
609:
593:
517:
374:
370:
176:
79:
4243:
2184:. A sailor might give his life to save the picture of the Emperor on a submarine.
513:
4288:
3993:
3915:
3835:
3308:
3147:
3059:
2402:
1932:
1820:
1627:
1587:
1443:
1178:
1139:
1129:
1119:
1114:
1084:
1054:
1039:
1029:
909:
231:
3910:
1899:
1325:
181:
4238:
4132:
3958:
3948:
3805:
3769:
3191:
2101:
2082:
2037:
1599:
1487:
1305:
1270:
1089:
972:
532:
395:
4273:
4248:
2274:
In the 21st century, Japanese nationalists, such as those affiliated with the
2126:
1770:
1094:
4313:
3764:
3485:
3475:
3303:
3268:
2682:
2292:
In the illustration is the "Tokoyo no Naganakidori" (常世之長鳴鳥), a long-singing
2025:
1613:
1453:
1250:
1079:
1044:
1034:
899:
568:
3865:
3039:
2365:
1954:
1546:
3361:
3238:
2391:
2329:
2275:
1859:
1807:
1499:
1295:
1275:
1255:
919:
852:
803:
773:
521:
195:; "state political system; national governmental structure"). The Japanese
75:
3935:
3552:
2278:
lobby, have begun using the phrase "kunigara" (国柄, "national character").
1958:
1953:', which were considered unrelated to Japanese traditions, and during the
4008:
3562:
2993:
2930:
2881:
2822:
2785:
2668:
2602:
2397:
1789:
1734:
1706:
1695:
1683:
1330:
947:
924:
847:
840:
835:
691:
414:
269:
71:
2344:
1532:
1401:
577:, followed by the allegedly direct rule of the Emperors again after the
3810:
3426:
2145:
The Ministry of Education promulgated it throughout the school system.
2129:("eight cords, one roof"), which would be used to justify imperialism.
2029:
1676:
1539:
1513:
1458:
1320:
1240:
1124:
904:
820:
706:
665:
was extra-juridical, something more cultural than positive. (2006:n.p.)
360:
267:
metaphorically meaning "embodiment of the country". The 1st century AD
3719:
1024:
4137:
4112:
4107:
3920:
3791:
3724:
3396:
3054:
Kokutai no hongi: cardinal principles of the national entity of Japan
2206:
2188:
2116:
was actually a pamphlet of 156 pages, an official publication of the
1985:(1911–1925), the most important pre-World War II democracy movement "
1950:
1946:
1560:
1553:
1506:
1335:
991:
952:
929:
808:
419:
3112:
573:
452:
294:
103:
4216:
3649:
3340:
3284:
2293:
2177:
1826:
1782:
1245:
1158:
1099:
378:
3116:
3101:
Kokutai – Political Shintô from Early-Modern to Contemporary Japan
980:
653:
was the basis of the sovereignty. According to Tatsukichi Minobe,
422:. Aizawa idealized this divinely-ruled ancient Japan as a form of
2339:
An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus
1966:
1761:
1606:
889:
857:
830:
814:
74:", "national identity, essence and character", "national polity;
1989:" occurred. During the Taishō Democracy, the political theorist
4069:
3243:
2308:
2202:
1747:
1740:
1480:
914:
408:
186:
87:
37:
2886:
The Nobility of Failure: Tragic Heroes in the History of Japan
616:
did not depend upon myths of unbroken descent from Amaterasu.
3436:
381:(水戸学 "Mito School") that supported direct restoration of the
3056:. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University press, 1949.
1754:
825:
628:
of 1889 created a form of constitutional monarchy with the
1923:), "Japanism", as an alternative to rapid Westernization.
263:; 'high minister', ' senior official') as
555:
distinction enabled conservatives to identify clearly as
281:
to mean "laws and governance" of Confucianist officials.
3103:. Eberhard Karls University Tuebingen, Tobias-lib 2016.
2978:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present
2915:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present
2807:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present
2653:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present
2587:
A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present
2036:("Special Higher Police") was established as a type of
406:
using the idea that the Japanese national myths in the
3040:
Four Stages of the Japanese Kokutai (National Essence)
2712:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp.
2620:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp.
2468:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. pp.
3011:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
2948:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
2840:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
2767:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
2534:. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. p.
608:"national sovereignty". While Fukuzawa respected the
589:. The Constitution was nothing fundamental. (2000:5)
547:(政体 "government body/structure"). Brownlee explains.
2319:
1939:" (国家主義, lit. "statism" or "nationalism") ideology.
227:, "body; substance; object; structure; form; style")
2872:, p. 246, 1976, Chelsea House Publishers, New York
2205:sect condemned for worshipping figures other than
2001:(民本主義 "people based principle/-ism"). However, as
393:(新論 "New Theses"), which also introduced the term
2734:
2220:, which announced the Japanese acceptance of the
4311:
4294:International Military Tribunal for the Far East
36:is thought of as the uniqueness of the Japanese
4264:German pre–World War II industrial co-operation
2904:p. 28, New York W.W. Norton & Company, 1956
2870:Propaganda: The art of persuasion: World War II
1965:ideology centered on the emperor as opposed to
215:
200:
3253:
3075:Beyond words: the "kokutai" and its background
3049:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1970.
2271:"are quite as vivid today as they ever were".
399:("revere the Emperor, expel the barbarians").
222:
207:
55:
3132:
2678:
2676:
1879:
596:was an influential author translator for the
571:Regents, then seven hundred years of rule by
3052:Gauntlett, John Owen and Hall, Robert King.
2801:
2799:
2797:
2051:(1873–1948), a professor emeritus of law at
1494:Japanese Society for History Textbook Reform
598:Japanese Embassy to the United States (1860)
359:go back to pre-1868 periods, especially the
3616:Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office
3070:, Vol. 13.3 (Feb., 1974), pp. 209–226.
2647:
2645:
481:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
323:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
132:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
3139:
3125:
2888:, p. 309 Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1975
2673:
2497:
2495:
2493:
1886:
1872:
4014:Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki
3629:Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors
2794:
2556:
501:Learn how and when to remove this message
343:Learn how and when to remove this message
251:; 'Guliang's Commentary') to the
152:Learn how and when to remove this message
3402:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
3066:(National Community) History and Myth",
2687:The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s
2642:
2435:
2372:National Spiritual Mobilization Movement
649:was the expression of it. Moreover, the
27:
3004:
2941:
2833:
2760:
2705:
2613:
2527:
2490:
2461:
2191:intellectuals argued that prior to the
2152:Some objections to the founding of the
1993:(1878–1933) rejected Western democracy
373:(会沢正志斎, 1782–1863) was an authority on
4312:
4212:Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
2079:In spirit a match for a million –
3120:
2902:The End of the Imperial Japanese Navy
2043:
1414:Constitutional Government Association
619:
60:, "national body/structure of state")
3621:Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff
3377:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
2248:and on 15 October repealed the 1925
2158:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
1419:Imperial Rule Assistance Association
479:adding citations to reliable sources
446:
442:
437:
321:adding citations to reliable sources
288:
212:, "country; nation; province; land")
130:adding citations to reliable sources
97:
4284:Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman
3531:East Asia Development Board (Kōain)
3146:
2382:Socialist thought in Imperial Japan
2355:Japanese Historical Text Initiative
1972:
626:Constitution of the Empire of Japan
13:
2254:Constitution of the State of Japan
2132:Brownlee concludes that after the
2005:grew, questions arose whether the
1935:policy. Nihon shugi is a kind of "
14:
4356:
2028:, democracy and other anti-Tenno
1199:An Investigation of Global Policy
539:for Japan. He contrasted between
78:; national entity; basis for the
3984:Soviet–Japanese border conflicts
3252:
3079:Història Moderna i Contemporània
2322:
2077:Brave warriors united in justice
2009:emperor could be limited by the
1910:
1853:
1841:
690:
641:acquired an additional meaning.
451:
293:
102:
4330:Politics of the Empire of Japan
3999:Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact
3047:The Culture of the Meiji Period
2998:
2970:
2935:
2907:
2891:
2875:
2862:
2827:
2754:
2699:
2187:During World War II, some anti-
1945:opposed 'Europeanism' (欧化主義), '
1594:Japanese Culture Channel Sakura
1362:Democratic Party for the People
4254:Japanese settlers in Manchuria
3372:Imperial Rescript on Education
3096:. New York: Weatherhill, 1982.
2607:
2576:
2521:
2455:
2415:
2368:(Column of the Nation Society)
2350:Imperial Rescript on Education
2288:
2118:Japanese Ministry of Education
2100:led the Prime Minister Prince
2061:. Minobe was appointed to the
402:Aizawa developed his ideas of
191:
1:
3705:Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)
3611:Imperial General Headquarters
3202:Foreign commerce and shipping
2408:
2394:(Nationalist groups of Japan)
2236:in 1945, the significance of
1367:Greater Japan Patriotic Party
32:The nationalistic essence of
4032:Hirohito surrender broadcast
3432:Greater East Asia Conference
2360:Hirohito surrender broadcast
2240:diminished. In autumn 1945,
2227:
1647:Action Conservative Movement
93:
40:as issuing from a leader of
7:
3417:Supreme Court of Judicature
3111:. Open Access publication:
3073:Valderrama López, Josefa. "
2315:
2311:as the herald of Amaterasu.
2244:forbade circulation of the
2224:(unconditional surrender).
2160:, came on the grounds that
1397:Restoration Political Party
1372:Happiness Realization Party
1357:Conservative Party of Japan
284:
216:
201:
10:
4361:
4340:Japanese words and phrases
4123:Second Philippine Republic
3901:Manchuria–Mongolia problem
3005:McClain, James L. (2002).
2942:McClain, James L. (2002).
2834:McClain, James L. (2002).
2761:McClain, James L. (2002).
2706:McClain, James L. (2002).
2614:McClain, James L. (2002).
2528:McClain, James L. (2002).
2462:McClain, James L. (2002).
2252:. By the enactment of the
2112:The document known as the
2096:The national debates over
1898:This stemmed from drafter
1169:Bushido: The Soul of Japan
1007:U.S.-Japan Security Treaty
385:. He popularized the word
355:The historical origins of
18:
16:Japanese political concept
4325:Japanese historical terms
4231:
4204:
4146:
4100:
4057:
4050:
4004:Japan during World War II
3964:Pacification of Manchukuo
3934:
3864:
3856:Invasion of Taiwan (1895)
3851:Invasion of Taiwan (1874)
3789:
3782:
3733:
3720:Control Faction (Tōseiha)
3673:
3599:
3592:
3539:
3457:
3450:
3442:Imperial Japanese Airways
3349:
3296:
3261:
3250:
3154:
2087:In the spring sky of the
2053:Tokyo Imperial University
1907:principles as central to
1439:Party for Japanese Kokoro
1219:The Dignity of the Nation
1209:The Japan That Can Say No
260:
248:
223:
208:
180:
56:
3979:Second Sino-Japanese War
3926:Racial Equality Proposal
3506:Agriculture and Commerce
2742:The Rise of Modern Japan
2564:The Rise of Modern Japan
2443:The Rise of Modern Japan
2423:The Rise of Modern Japan
2281:
1981:to the enactment of the
1387:Liberal Democratic Party
527:In 1874, Katō wrote the
253:Spring and Autumn Annals
21:Kokutai (disambiguation)
3896:Washington Naval Treaty
3841:Anglo–Japanese Alliance
3826:First Sino-Japanese War
3645:Nuclear weapons program
3387:Great Japan Youth Party
3314:National seals of Japan
3008:Japan: A Modern History
2945:Japan: A Modern History
2837:Japan: A Modern History
2764:Japan: A Modern History
2709:Japan: A Modern History
2617:Japan: A Modern History
2531:Japan: A Modern History
2465:Japan: A Modern History
2260:'s sovereignty and the
1848:Conservatism portal
1429:Japan Restoration Party
1402:Party of Do it Yourself
537:constitutional monarchy
383:Imperial House of Japan
3944:Shōwa financial crisis
3736:Imperial Japanese Navy
3676:Imperial Japanese Army
3407:Peace Preservation Law
2387:Statism in Shōwa Japan
2250:Peace Preservation Law
2143:
2122:
2094:
2081:Ready like the myriad
2018:Peace Preservation Law
1983:Peace Preservation Law
1777:Historical negationism
1725:Anti-Chinese sentiment
1434:New Conservative Party
1382:Japan Innovation Party
987:Peace Preservation Law
667:
632:sovereign emperor and
591:
169:Sino-Japanese loanword
45:
3886:Siberian Intervention
3695:Railways and Shipping
3511:Commerce and Industry
3207:Industrial production
2307:which appears in the
2138:
2110:
2074:
1730:Anti-Korean sentiment
1690:National essentialism
1392:Tokyoites First Party
683:Conservatism in Japan
643:
549:
243:. The 2nd century BC
241:Chinese classic texts
84:Japanese constitution
31:
4320:Japanese nationalism
4299:Political dissidence
4148:Occupied territories
3891:General Election Law
3715:Taiwan Army of Japan
3092:Miller, Roy Andrew.
3068:History of Religions
2212:Hirohito evoked the
2003:Japanese nationalism
1961:, it emphasized the
1527:Black Dragon Society
475:improve this section
317:improve this section
275:Emperor Cheng of Han
126:improve this section
68:system of government
62:is a concept in the
19:For other uses, see
4118:Wang Jingwei regime
4028:Potsdam Declaration
4019:Soviet–Japanese War
3974:Anti-Comintern Pact
3969:January 28 incident
3954:London Naval Treaty
3831:Triple Intervention
3660:Supreme War Council
3544:deliberative bodies
3094:Japan's Modern Myth
3060:Kitagawa, Joseph M.
3045:Daikichi, Irokawa.
3038:Brownlee, John S. "
2222:Potsdam Declaration
2218:surrender broadcast
2070:Song of Young Japan
1921:Japanese militarism
1917:Nihon gunkoku shugi
1424:Japan Renewal Party
958:Anti-Comintern Pact
229:. According to the
4345:Japanese mythology
3846:Russo-Japanese War
3816:Two Lords Incident
3471:Imperial Household
2234:surrender of Japan
2044:World War II usage
1449:People's New Party
620:Meiji Constitution
377:and leader of the
365:Tokugawa shogunate
239:usages are in two
46:
4307:
4306:
4279:Socialist thought
4227:
4226:
4166:Dutch East Indies
4128:Empire of Vietnam
4046:
4045:
3821:Satsuma Rebellion
3801:Meiji Restoration
3778:
3777:
3588:
3587:
3526:Greater East Asia
3412:Political parties
3367:Foreign relations
3109:978-3-946552-00-0
2193:Meiji Restoration
2154:Taisei Yokusankai
2089:Shōwa Restoration
2049:Tatsukichi Minobe
1979:Xinhai Revolution
1896:
1895:
1796:Politics in Japan
1702:Shōwa Restoration
1377:Japan First Party
1002:Satsuma Rebellion
579:Meiji Restoration
520:(1835–1901) were
511:
510:
503:
443:From 1868 to 1890
438:From 1868 to 1945
430:(1982:93) says, "
428:Roy Andrew Miller
420:Amaterasu-ōmikami
353:
352:
345:
162:
161:
154:
66:translatable as "
64:Japanese language
4352:
4269:Shinmin no Michi
4259:Internment camps
4171:French Indochina
4055:
4054:
3906:Taishō Democracy
3787:
3786:
3710:Japanese holdout
3597:
3596:
3521:Colonial Affairs
3455:
3454:
3382:Yokusan Sonendan
3288:
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3272:
3256:
3255:
3182:Economic history
3141:
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3031:
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2974:
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2895:
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2879:
2873:
2868:Anthony Rhodes,
2866:
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2803:
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2752:
2738:
2732:
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2298:Everlasting Land
2291:
2246:Kokutai no Hongi
2134:Kokutai no Hongi
2114:Kokutai no Hongi
2106:Kokutai no Hongi
1987:Taishō Democracy
1973:Taishō Democracy
1929:Meiji government
1912:
1888:
1881:
1874:
1860:Japan portal
1858:
1857:
1856:
1846:
1845:
1844:
1815:Yamato nadeshiko
1671:
1652:Anti-Americanism
1224:
1214:
1204:
1194:
1189:Shinmin no Michi
1184:
1174:
1164:
868:Japanese culture
694:
684:
669:
668:
610:Emperor of Japan
594:Fukuzawa Yukichi
518:Fukuzawa Yukichi
516:(1836–1916) and
506:
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495:
492:
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375:Neo-Confucianism
371:Aizawa Seishisai
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3994:Tripartite Pact
3989:Rape of Nanking
3930:
3916:Tapani incident
3860:
3836:Boxer Rebellion
3794:
3774:
3738:
3729:
3678:
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3578:Representatives
3546:
3543:
3542:Legislative and
3535:
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3324:Government Seal
3309:Rising Sun Flag
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3148:Empire of Japan
3145:
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2999:
2980:, pp. 195–196,
2976:Andrew Gordon,
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2917:, pp. 219–220,
2913:Andrew Gordon,
2912:
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2852:
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2805:Andrew Gordon,
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2740:W. G. Beasley,
2739:
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2700:
2681:
2674:
2651:Andrew Gordon,
2650:
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2589:, pp. 198–199,
2581:
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2562:W. G. Beasley,
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2526:
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2501:
2500:
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2441:W. G. Beasley,
2440:
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2421:W. G. Beasley,
2420:
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2411:
2403:Yasukuni Shrine
2377:Shinbutsu-shūgō
2328:
2323:
2321:
2318:
2300:
2284:
2264:were repealed.
2230:
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2083:cherry blossoms
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1975:
1933:Europeanization
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1821:Yasukuni Shrine
1801:Pro-Americanism
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1628:Yomiuri Shimbun
1588:Fuji Television
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3700:Imperial Guard
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3460:Administration
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3099:Antoni, Klaus
3097:
3090:
3071:
3062:"The Japanese
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2317:
2314:
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2283:
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2256:(3 May 1947),
2229:
2226:
2136:proclamation,
2102:Fumimaro Konoe
2075:
2063:House of Peers
2045:
2042:
2038:Thought Police
1991:Sakuzō Yoshino
1974:
1971:
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1719:Related topics
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1600:Sankei Shimbun
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612:, he believed
553:Kokutai-seitai
533:natural rights
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351:
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110:
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15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4357:
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4335:Shōwa Statism
4333:
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4244:Fukoku kyōhei
4242:
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4101:Puppet states
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3765:Fleet Faction
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3745:General Staff
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3638:military code
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3319:Imperial Seal
3317:
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3310:
3307:
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3304:Flag of Japan
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2987:
2986:0-19-511060-9
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2750:0-312-04077-6
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2719:
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2711:
2710:
2702:
2696:
2695:0-375-40881-9
2692:
2688:
2684:
2683:Piers Brendon
2679:
2677:
2670:
2666:
2662:
2661:0-19-511060-9
2658:
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2648:
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2610:
2604:
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2595:0-19-511060-9
2592:
2588:
2584:
2583:Andrew Gordon
2579:
2573:
2572:0-312-04077-6
2569:
2565:
2559:
2552:
2547:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2532:
2524:
2509:(in Japanese)
2508:
2504:
2498:
2496:
2494:
2486:
2481:
2475:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2458:
2452:
2451:0-312-04077-6
2448:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2431:0-312-04077-6
2428:
2425:, pp. 79–80
2424:
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2066:
2064:
2060:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2026:republicanism
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1938:
1934:
1930:
1926:
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1663:Kaikaku hoshu
1660:
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1644:
1638:
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1630:
1629:
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1614:Shufu no Tomo
1611:
1609:
1608:
1604:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1585:
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1581:Bungei Shunjū
1578:
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1478:
1477:
1476:
1471:Organisations
1468:
1467:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1454:Sunrise Party
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:Party of Hope
1442:
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1432:
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1331:Tojo (Hideki)
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1026:
1023:
1022:
1019:Intellectuals
1016:
1015:
1008:
1005:
1003:
1000:
998:
995:
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985:
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982:
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893:
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886:
885:Law and order
883:
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775:
772:
771:
770:
767:
765:
764:Paternalistic
762:
760:
757:
753:
750:
748:
747:Shōwa Statism
745:
743:
740:
738:
737:
733:
732:
731:
727:
725:
722:
718:
715:
713:
710:
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635:
631:
627:
617:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
595:
590:
588:
584:
581:. Each was a
580:
576:
575:
570:
566:
562:
558:
554:
548:
546:
542:
538:
535:, proposed a
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
514:Katō Hiroyuki
505:
502:
494:
484:
480:
476:
470:
469:
465:
460:This section
458:
454:
449:
448:
435:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
416:
411:
410:
405:
400:
398:
397:
392:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
367:(1603–1868).
366:
363:ruled by the
362:
358:
347:
344:
336:
326:
322:
318:
312:
311:
307:
302:This section
300:
296:
291:
290:
282:
280:
276:
272:
271:
266:
258:
254:
246:
245:Guliang zhuan
242:
238:
235:, the oldest
234:
233:
218:
203:
198:
197:compound word
194:
188:
183:
178:
174:
171:from Chinese
170:
166:
156:
153:
145:
135:
131:
127:
121:
120:
116:
111:This section
109:
105:
100:
99:
91:
89:
85:
82:sovereignty;
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
52:
51:
43:
42:divine origin
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
4232:Other topics
4068:
3911:Taishō Roman
3665:Conscription
3635:
3627:
3602:Armed Forces
3462:(ministries)
3391:
3362:Charter Oath
3357:Constitution
3239:State Shinto
3222:Essentialism
3172:Demographics
3100:
3093:
3078:
3067:
3063:
3053:
3046:
3026:
3007:
3000:
2977:
2972:
2963:
2944:
2937:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2898:Masanori Ito
2893:
2885:
2877:
2869:
2864:
2855:
2836:
2829:
2806:
2782:
2763:
2756:
2741:
2736:
2727:
2708:
2701:
2686:
2652:
2635:
2616:
2609:
2586:
2578:
2563:
2558:
2549:
2530:
2523:
2511:. Retrieved
2506:
2483:
2464:
2457:
2442:
2437:
2422:
2417:
2392:Uyoku dantai
2337:
2330:Japan portal
2289:
2276:Nippon Kaigi
2273:
2268:
2266:
2262:lèse-majesté
2261:
2245:
2237:
2231:
2213:
2211:
2200:
2197:
2186:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2167:
2161:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2113:
2111:
2105:
2097:
2095:
2076:
2067:
2058:lèse-majesté
2056:
2047:
2021:
2015:
2013:government.
2010:
2006:
1999:minpon shugi
1998:
1995:minshu shugi
1994:
1976:
1962:
1942:
1941:
1936:
1924:
1916:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1900:Itō Hirobumi
1897:
1825:
1813:
1808:Uyoku dantai
1806:
1788:
1781:
1769:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1739:
1694:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1626:
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1586:
1579:
1559:
1552:
1545:
1538:
1531:
1520:
1519:
1512:
1505:
1500:Nippon Kaigi
1498:
1486:
1479:
1474:
1407:
1406:
1351:
1217:
1197:
1177:
1167:
1157:
979:
920:Social order
873:
872:
853:Filial piety
813:
804:Asian values
774:State Shinto
734:
662:
658:
654:
650:
646:
644:
638:
633:
629:
623:
613:
605:
601:
592:
586:
582:
572:
564:
560:
556:
552:
550:
544:
540:
528:
526:
522:Meiji period
512:
497:
488:
473:Please help
461:
431:
424:saisei icchi
423:
413:
407:
403:
401:
394:
390:
389:in his 1825
386:
369:
356:
354:
339:
330:
315:Please help
303:
278:
268:
264:
256:
244:
236:
230:
190:
172:
164:
163:
148:
139:
124:Please help
112:
76:body politic
49:
48:
47:
33:
25:
4274:Shōwa Modan
4249:Hakkō ichiu
4186:Philippines
4073:after 1943)
4051:Territories
4009:Pacific War
3874:World War I
3750:Air Service
3690:Air Service
3563:Gozen Kaigi
3279:(Yoshihito)
3271:(Mutsuhito)
3217:Nationalism
3162:Agriculture
2882:Ivan Morris
2786:Nihon Shoki
2507:kotobank.jp
2398:Yangmingism
2301: [
2127:hakkō ichiu
1943:Nihon Shugi
1937:kukka shugi
1931:'s radical
1925:Nihon shugi
1911:Nihon shugi
1790:Nihonjinron
1771:Hakkō ichiu
1696:Nihon shugi
1684:Netto-uyoku
1666: [
1336:Tojo (Yuko)
1235:Politicians
948:1955 System
925:Sovereignty
880:Imperialism
848:Familialism
841:Meritocracy
836:Aristocracy
730:Nationalist
415:Nihon Shoki
273:history of
270:Book of Han
72:sovereignty
4314:Categories
4038:Occupation
3866:Taishō era
3811:Boshin War
3655:War crimes
3451:Government
3427:Tonarigumi
3334:Privy Seal
3329:State Seal
3287:(Hirohito)
3212:Militarism
3167:Censorship
3022:0393041565
2959:0393041565
2851:0393041565
2809:, p. 196,
2778:0393041565
2723:0393041565
2655:, p. 199,
2631:0393041565
2545:0393041565
2479:0393041565
2409:References
2366:Kokuchūkai
2085:to scatter
2030:ideologies
1677:Minzoku-ha
1547:Kokuryūkai
1540:Kenkokukai
1514:Zaitokukai
1459:Your Party
1152:Literature
905:Patriotism
900:Monarchism
895:Militarism
821:Discipline
793:Principles
707:Capitalist
701:Ideologies
491:March 2023
361:Edo period
333:March 2023
142:March 2023
4239:Sonnō jōi
4191:Singapore
4176:Hong Kong
4138:Azad Hind
4113:Mengjiang
4108:Manchukuo
4082:Kantō-shū
4024:Surrender
3936:Shōwa era
3921:Truku War
3792:Meiji era
3760:Tokkeitai
3725:Kempeitai
3636:Senjinkun
3553:Daijō-kan
3516:Munitions
3397:Mokusatsu
3187:Education
3087:1696-4403
2744:, p. 187
2689:, p. 441
2566:, p. 184
2296:from the
2228:Post-1945
2207:Amaterasu
2189:modernist
1977:From the
1959:Shōwa era
1951:socialism
1947:democracy
1803:(postwar)
1641:Movements
1561:Tatenokai
1554:Sakurakai
1507:Seikijuku
1261:Hashimoto
1075:Mizushima
1055:Kobayashi
997:Red Scare
992:Red Purge
953:Abenomics
930:Tradition
863:Hierarchy
809:Authority
769:Religious
724:Corporate
462:does not
396:Sonnō jōi
304:does not
113:does not
94:Etymology
80:Emperor's
4217:Yen bloc
4205:Ideology
4196:Thailand
4065:Karafuto
4058:Colonies
3650:Kamikaze
3593:Military
3496:Treasury
3350:Policies
3341:Kimigayo
3262:Emperors
3229:Politics
3197:Eugenics
3155:Overview
3081:, 2006.
3042:", 2000.
2994:49704795
2931:49704795
2823:49704795
2669:49704795
2637:majesté.
2603:49704795
2513:12 March
2445:, p. 80
2345:Gekokujō
2316:See also
2294:cockerel
2178:kamikaze
1827:Zaibatsu
1783:Kokugaku
1735:Nobility
1707:Trumpism
1533:Genyōsha
1316:Nakasone
1311:Nakagawa
1291:Kiichirō
1286:Kawamura
1281:Ishihara
1271:Hiranuma
1266:Hatoyama
1159:Hagakure
1135:Tadayuki
1130:Sugiyama
1110:Oshikawa
1065:Mayuzumi
1050:Kanokogi
742:Populist
674:a series
672:Part of
569:Fujiwara
379:Mitogaku
285:Pre-1868
255:glosses
3783:History
3755:Marines
3392:Kokutai
3297:Symbols
3277:Taishō
3234:Statism
3177:Economy
3064:Kokutai
2714:465–466
2470:427–428
2269:kokutai
2238:kokutai
2232:By the
2216:in his
2214:Kokutai
2182:kokutai
2170:kokutai
2162:kokutai
2098:kokutai
2022:kokutai
2007:kokutai
1967:Marxism
1963:Kokutai
1949:' and '
1904:kokutai
1762:Samurai
1607:Shokun!
1521:Defunct
1408:Defunct
1348:Parties
1301:Koizumi
1140:Watsuji
1115:Sakurai
1090:Nishibe
1080:Mishima
1045:Hyakuta
942:History
890:Loyalty
874:Kokutai
858:Heroism
831:Elitism
815:Bushido
736:Minzoku
663:kokutai
659:kokutai
655:kokutai
651:kokutai
647:kokutai
639:kokutai
630:kokutai
614:kokutai
606:kokutai
602:kokutai
574:shōguns
557:Kokutai
541:kokutai
483:removed
468:sources
432:kokutai
404:kokutai
391:Shinron
387:kokutai
357:kokutai
325:removed
310:sources
177:Chinese
165:Kokutai
134:removed
119:sources
50:Kokutai
34:kokutai
4181:Malaya
4156:Borneo
4092:Taiwan
4087:Nan'yō
4077:Chōsen
4070:naichi
3285:Shōwa
3269:Meiji
3244:Kazoku
3192:System
3107:
3085:
3019:
2992:
2984:
2956:
2929:
2921:
2848:
2821:
2813:
2775:
2748:
2720:
2693:
2667:
2659:
2628:
2601:
2593:
2570:
2542:
2503:"日本主義"
2476:
2449:
2429:
2309:Kojiki
2203:Oomoto
2032:. The
2011:seitai
1955:Taishō
1748:Kazoku
1741:Daimyo
1481:Dentsu
1475:Active
1352:Active
1321:Sugita
1256:Fukuda
1223:(2005)
1213:(1989)
1203:(1943)
1193:(1941)
1183:(1906)
1173:(1899)
1163:(1716)
1085:Miyake
1070:Minobe
1060:Masaki
1040:Hirata
1035:Hasuda
1030:Fukuda
968:Empire
915:Shinto
910:Racism
728:
712:Fiscal
634:seitai
587:seitai
583:seitai
565:Seitai
561:Seitai
545:seitai
409:Kojiki
199:joins
189::
187:pinyin
179::
88:nation
38:polity
4161:Burma
3879:Entry
3573:Peers
3437:Senbu
3422:Tokkō
2305:]
2282:Notes
2258:Tenno
2034:Tokkō
1670:]
1657:Green
1574:Media
1306:Konoe
1296:Koike
1276:Inada
1120:Shiga
1105:Ōkawa
981:Tenkō
781:Ultra
752:Ultra
717:State
279:guoti
277:used
265:guoti
237:guoti
192:guótǐ
173:guoti
86:" or
3491:Navy
3486:Army
3105:ISBN
3083:ISSN
3017:ISBN
2990:OCLC
2982:ISBN
2954:ISBN
2927:OCLC
2919:ISBN
2846:ISBN
2819:OCLC
2811:ISBN
2773:ISBN
2746:ISBN
2718:ISBN
2691:ISBN
2665:OCLC
2657:ISBN
2626:ISBN
2599:OCLC
2591:ISBN
2568:ISBN
2540:ISBN
2515:2024
2474:ISBN
2447:ISBN
2427:ISBN
2016:The
1957:and
1755:Kuge
1326:Tarō
1246:Akao
1125:Sono
826:Duty
624:The
551:The
543:and
466:any
464:cite
412:and
308:any
306:cite
257:dafu
214:and
202:koku
117:any
115:cite
70:", "
3481:War
3077:".
3013:469
2950:467
2842:454
2769:470
2622:428
2536:390
2242:GHQ
2156:or
2072:."
1251:Asō
1241:Abe
1095:Ōen
1025:Etō
759:Neo
477:by
319:by
249:榖梁傳
217:tai
128:by
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4030:,
3025:.
3015:.
2988:,
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2952:.
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2900:,
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2854:.
2844:.
2817:,
2796:^
2781:.
2771:.
2726:.
2716:.
2685:,
2675:^
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2644:^
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2303:ja
2287:1.
2091:.
1969:.
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1668:ja
1211:”
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1100:Oh
676:on
261:大夫
185:;
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